157:
391:, England. During the Napoleonic Wars, a French ship was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Hartlepool. The only survivor from the ship was a monkey, allegedly dressed in a French army uniform to provide amusement for the crew. On finding the monkey on the beach, some locals decided to hold an impromptu trial; since the monkey was unable to answer their questions and because they had seen neither a monkey nor a Frenchman before, they concluded that the monkey must be a French spy. Being found guilty, the animal was sentenced to death and was hanged on the beach. The colloquial name for the resident people of Hartlepool is "
460:
figures to exempt the possibility of continuing with the process, as an example of the objection for lack of jurisdiction, since the animals could not commit crimes as they were incapable before the law. Another option for the defense was to argue that the notification was not made in accordance with the law, since they were directed directly against locusts, rats or other insects, who did not have the will, much less the possibility of making use of reason to appear at a trial. The trials and arguments of the defense sometimes alluded to the role of animals in the world according to teleology, such is the case of
27:
220:
medieval society delivered the death penalty to convicted beasts, including hanging and strangling. Evans quotes Jean Duret’s
Treatise of Pains and Punishments, saying how Duret wrote about if an animal murdered or consumed a person, the animal was to be strangled or hanged so the memory of the crime could be expunged. Additionally, animals found guilty were also often immolated. Sometimes this would be while they were still alive, other times, when the judge was more merciful, the animal would be singed, strangled, then flamed.
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419:. In cases such as these it was usual that the animal would also be sentenced to death, but in this case the she-ass was acquitted. The court decided that the animal was a victim and had not participated of her own free will. A document, dated 19 September 1750, was submitted to the court on behalf of the she-ass that attested to the virtuous nature of the animal. Signed by the
153:(this was not the case in secular courts, but for most of the period concerned, neither were human defendants). If convicted, it was usual for an animal to be executed or exiled. However, in 1750, a female donkey was acquitted of charges of bestiality due to witnesses to the animal's virtue and good behaviour while her co-accused human was sentenced to death.
431:
In contrast to the ease of capturing an animal such as those indicated above, animal trials also sought to condemn pests for killing crops, in order to expel them. The ecclesiastical tribunal had to resort to other types of questions and techniques to judge them, so they requested the intervention of
537:
plays the pig's defence lawyer, but there is no recorded instance of a lawyer representing an animal charged with murder. (There are several cases, by contrast, where lawyers appeared for creatures in ecclesiastical courts – and several rats and beetles, for example, won famous court victories as a
219:
There were trials of animals accused of killing humans; the criminal procedure had some similarities with trials of humans: they had to be arrested and go through a trial hearing held by a secular court. If found guilty of homicide, the animal might suffer the death penalty. There were varying ways
459:
When an animal was accused of committing a crime against a human being or against his property, he was notified and assigned a lawyer to defend him during the trial. The
Israeli academic Esther Cohen remarked on the advocate role when an animal was called to trial, who constantly used procedural
438:
collects several techniques of conjuration used for the expulsion and extermination of pests: the author mentions a treatise by
Kassianos Bassos, a Byzantine Bithynian who lived during the tenth century, in which he describes, step by step, a recipe to finish off the field mice, who are asked to
94:
occurred most frequently in the United States during the carnival-circus era of roughly 1850 to 1950; at least 36 elephants were executed between the 1880s and the 1920s. During this era, elephant behavior was often explained anthropomorphically, and thus granted a moral dimension wherein their
231:
In the same way, it is through the trials of pigs that not only the direct author of the crime is recognized, but there could also be "accomplices", as in the case of the village of Saint-Marcel-le-Jeussey in 1379, in which two herds of these animals were said to have rioted and expressed the
446:
It is found that the animals most judged through this kind of process were rats, locusts, mice, snails, weevils, flies, bumblebees, caterpillars and other kinds of insects or "vermin" that attacked crops or vineyards, according to the explanations of the church for "instigation of Satan".
227:
were pigs. The work of Evans and Cohen has been used in jurisprudence about animal abuse that is currently debated in the
Constitutional Court of Colombia, an institution that has cited this compilation of animal trials to debate animals' capacity and possibility to be subjects of law.
232:
approval of an infanticide committed by other pigs; although the pigs found guilty of homicide were sentenced to execution, thanks to the request of the owner of the two herds to the Duke of
Burgundy, the animals accused of complicity were pardoned.
133:. Newer research, however, suggests that this reading might be mistaken and no trial took place in that particular incident. Notwithstanding this controversy, such trials remained part of several legal systems until the 18th century. Animal
450:
Evans' compilation covers trials from the 8th century until the early 20th century. He does not merely list them, but delves into the metaphysical, religious, legal and legislative issues that led humans to make judgments against animals.
532:
in the United States, centers on the prosecution of a homicidal pig. Several episodes reflect historical events, and its scriptwriters evidently consulted actual trial transcripts, though the plot revolves around a historical conceit –
187:, defender of animals, more than once called to represent animals in the trials held. Thanks to Evans's research and analysis of the sources indicated, with special reference to Amira, a division can be made between
464:, who indicated that there should not be such judgments because the animals were creations of God and in this sense if an earthly judge accused them of committing crimes they were going against the divine will.
368:. The bear was released from imprisonment and allowed to congregate with other bears after serving a fifteen-year sentence. Handlers report Katya socializing well with other bears after her long imprisonment.
423:
and other principal residents of the commune it proclaimed that "they were willing to bear witness that she is in word and deed and in all her habits of life a most honest creature."
752:
203:(Random House, 2006) contains another detailed examination of the subject. Kadri shows that such trials of animals were part of a broader state of affairs, with prosecutions of
321:, a pig caused the death of a child by mangling its face and arms and was punished by having its own head and forelegs maimed, then dressed in clothes and publicly executed.
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36:
depicting a sow and her piglets being tried for the murder of a child. The trial allegedly took place in 1457, the mother being found guilty and the piglets acquitted.
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384:. The judge dismissed the case, ruling that the monkey did not have legal standing. PETA later appealed the ruling, and the appeal was rejected on April 23, 2018.
953:
551:, the main protagonist writes to police using historical examples of animal trials to justify her theory that animals are responsible for recent local murders.
3804:
443:, knowing the pope had the ability to condemn and curse pests without having to undergo legal technicalities, paid a pope to conjure up a hexing document.
125:
charges for several centuries across many parts of Europe. The earliest extant record of an animal trial is often assumed to be found in the execution of a
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the church to begin with the pertinent metaphysical actions, such as exorcisms and incantations having as their main element the holy water.
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who was imprisoned in 2004 after being found guilty of mauling two people in separate incidents. Katya was held in the
Arkalyk Prison in
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and inanimate objects, and argues that an echo of such rituals survives in modern attitudes towards the punishment of children and the
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for "the heinous and unnatural crime of laying an egg", which the townspeople were concerned was spawned by Satan and contained a
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317:, a pig bit the ears off of a one-year-old female infant and was sentenced to have its body cut up and fed to dogs. In 1386 in
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This article is about legal proceedings involving animals. For the use of animals in drug trials and other experiments, see
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leave the fields on pain of cutting them into seven pieces. He also mentions how in the 17th century the people of the
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1172:"The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals, by E. P. Evans—A Project Gutenberg eBook"
889:"The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals, by E. P. Evans—A Project Gutenberg eBook"
648:"The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals, by E. P. Evans—A Project Gutenberg eBook"
183:, who dealt with the matter from a jurisprudential approach to the work "Consilia" made by the lawyer
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1995:
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1197:"The Prosecution and Punishment of Animals and Lifeless Things in the Middle Ages and Modern Times"
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In addition, there are also convictions of animals such as donkeys, horses, cows, bulls and mules.
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appeared before both church and secular courts, and the offences alleged against them ranged from
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90:, until the mid-twentieth century, with the trial often ending with the execution of the animal.
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from the thirteenth century until the eighteenth. The most documented of these trials being from
759:. Volume 40, issue 1, page 127. Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature.
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In modern times, it is considered in most criminal justice systems that non-human animals lack
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313:, a common crime was killing, wounding, or devouring one or more children. Around 1860 in
8:
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728:"The pig that was not convicted of homicide, or: The first animal trial that was none"
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1387:""Killing the Elephant": Murderous Beasts and the Thrill of Retribution, 1885–1930"
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973:"Brown bear serving prison sentence in human jail for GBH released after 15 years"
954:"Brown Bear Released from 15-Year Prison Life in a Human Jail, to Live in Zoo Now"
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Animals put on trial were almost invariably either domesticated ones (most often
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86:, extra-judicial trials were conducted by the "owners" of the animals, chiefly
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179:, published in 1906. The text alludes to research such as that carried out by
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Entertaining
Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus
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Curiosités judiciaires et historiques du moyen âge. Procès contre les animaux
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1484:""The Historical and Contemporary Prosecution and Punishment of Animals""
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992:"Copyright Protection for Monkey Selfie Rejected by U.S. Appeals Court"
696:
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361:
357:
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4284:
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2956:
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2623:
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2020:
1927:
1907:
1882:
1817:
750:"Mean, dangerous, and uncontrollable beasts": Mediaeval Animal Trials
488:
484:
404:
171:
Translations of several of the most detailed records can be found in
134:
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2919:
1837:
1787:
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314:
122:
72:
1377:
2149:
2103:
1762:
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440:
416:
334:
204:
1559:
840:
1700:
1602:
1201:
University of
Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register
412:
408:
279:
271:
150:
138:
118:
114:
64:
60:
1134:
Other
Animals: Beyond the Human in Russian Culture and History
3778:
2364:
338:
303:
299:
267:
76:
68:
49:
824:"The criminal prosecution and capital punishment of animals"
802:"The criminal prosecution and capital punishment of animals"
776:"The criminal prosecution and capital punishment of animals"
3550:
1055:
1053:
914:"Nature on Trial: The Case of the Rooster That Laid an Egg"
575:
295:
263:
1455:
The
Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals
1442:
The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals
1328:
The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals
1196:
249:
The criminal prosecution and capital punishment of animals
177:
The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals
162:
The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals
1537:
1075:
Ever since Adam and Eve: the evolution of human sexuality
492:
310:
287:
275:
259:
126:
2281:
University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
1050:
1300:
Cohen, Esther (1986), "Law, Folklore and Animal Lore",
841:
Constitutional Court of Colombia, (January 23, 2020).
407:
who was tried and hanged in 1750 for copulation with a
3805:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
586:
387:
According to local folklore, a monkey was hanged in
306:
were put on trial, however, much more infrequently.
59:. Such trials are recorded as having taken place in
676:
994:. The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal
664:
1391:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
1006:
201:The Trial: Four Thousand Years of Courtroom Drama
4425:
1660:List of international animal welfare conventions
847:Constitutional Court of Colombia, rapporteurship
238:
3957:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
1131:
1072:Potts, Malcolm; Short, Roger Valentine (1999).
3388:
426:
380:sued David Slater on behalf of a monkey named
1575:
1194:
1014:"The Hartlepool Monkey, Who hung the monkey?"
563:Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Dual Destinies
415:and Ferron was found guilty and sentenced to
411:(female donkey). The trial took place in the
223:The animals that were most often punished by
1665:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
1156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1117:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3632:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
3576:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1603:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
487:dreams about the trial of a pig accused of
378:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
145:. Human witnesses were often heard, and in
109:
1582:
1568:
1453:""The Law is an Ass: Reading E. P. Evans'
1071:
1036:Pies and Prejudice: In search of the North
548:Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead
3779:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
3716:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
948:
946:
214:
149:the animals were routinely provided with
3837:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
2089:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
989:
454:
247:Execution of a pig, image from the book
242:
155:
25:
1680:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
1102:
970:
817:
815:
4426:
1757:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
964:
943:
769:
767:
765:
516:A History of the World in 10½ Chapters
3973:Political Animals and Animal Politics
3777:
3561:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
3486:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
3387:
2363:
1893:Concentrated animal feeding operation
1670:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
1625:Animal rights by country or territory
1601:
1563:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1264:
1233:
1059:
911:
870:
859:
853:
821:
799:
773:
725:
694:
682:
467:
3704:Animalist Party with the Environment
1986:Animal testing on non-human primates
1384:
1107:. Taylor & Francis. p. 153.
812:
795:
793:
791:
789:
670:
642:
640:
16:Criminal proceedings against animals
4128:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
2333:World Day for the End of Speciesism
1132:Costlow, Nelson, Jane, Amy (2010).
762:
748:Srivastava, Anila. (March 1, 2007)
566:offers an additional court case as
13:
4253:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
3596:United Activists for Animal Rights
3506:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
1640:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
1504:""Bugs and Beasts Before the Law""
1354:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1195:Woodburn Hyde, Walter (May 1916).
971:Stewart, Will (17 November 2019).
14:
4455:
3797:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
3757:Animal Rights National Conference
3680:Animal Protection Party of Canada
3637:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
3491:Chinese Animal Protection Network
3416:American Anti-Vivisection Society
2890:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
1645:Animal rights in Indian religions
1635:Animal rights and punk subculture
1589:
1434:
990:Randazzo, Sara (April 23, 2018).
786:
688:
637:
348:
4404:
4403:
3965:Animal Rights Without Liberation
3616:Voice for Animals Humane Society
2343:World Day for the End of Fishing
2338:World Day for Laboratory Animals
1768:Equal consideration of interests
918:Comparative Civilizations Review
589:
337:was put on trial in the city of
3686:Animal Justice Party of Finland
3571:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
2780:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
2368:(academics, writers, activists)
2261:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
1267:"Law, Folklore and Animal Lore"
1265:Cohen, Esther (February 1986).
1258:
1236:"Law, Folklore and Animal Lore"
1234:Cohen, Esther (February 1986).
1227:
1188:
1164:
1125:
1096:
1065:
1027:
983:
905:
881:
864:
834:
697:"Law, Folklore and Animal Lore"
695:Cohen, Esther (February 1986).
329:According to Johannis Gross in
95:actions were "good" or "bad."
3909:Animals, Property, and the Law
1981:Alternatives to animal testing
1650:Christianity and animal rights
742:
719:
398:
1:
3546:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
2251:Cambridge University primates
1783:Ethics of uncertain sentience
1553:Bugs and Beast Before the Law
1293:
324:
239:Types of animals put on trial
3606:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
1751:Argument from marginal cases
1548:, broadcast on 15 March 2011
1285:– via Oxford Academic.
1254:– via Oxford Academic.
1105:Patterns of Sexual Behaviour
732:Global Journal of Animal Law
715:– via Oxford Academic.
509:describes a trial against a
67:, but they also occurred in
7:
4439:History of criminal justice
3893:Morals, Reason, and Animals
3521:Farm Animal Rights Movement
3471:Anonymous for the Voiceless
2155:International primate trade
1630:Anarchism and animal rights
1556:in The Public Domain Review
1479:, Volume 2, Number 1 (1994)
871:Agnel, Émile (2007-10-27).
828:The Project Gutenberg EBook
806:The Project Gutenberg EBook
780:The Project Gutenberg EBook
582:
427:Proceedings against animals
191:("animal punishment"), and
121:, faced the possibility of
10:
4460:
4013:Making a Stand for Animals
3885:The Case for Animal Rights
3536:Hunt Saboteurs Association
3496:Cruelty Free International
3466:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
1991:Animal testing regulations
1080:Cambridge University Press
499:this features as the song
371:
18:
4399:
4372:
4319:
4269:
4209:
4202:
4168:The Ghosts in Our Machine
4023:
4005:Animal Ethics in the Wild
3788:
3784:
3773:
3749:
3660:
3624:
3441:Animal Legal Defense Fund
3408:
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3397:
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2735:William Hamilton Drummond
2677:
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2130:
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2094:Welfare of farmed insects
2039:
1971:
1863:
1856:
1721:Animal–industrial complex
1688:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1403:10.1017/S1537781412000266
1385:Wood, Amy Louise (2012).
4246:Journal of Animal Ethics
4112:Your Mommy Kills Animals
3501:Direct Action Everywhere
2905:Johann Heinrich Winckler
2850:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
2307:Direct Action Everywhere
2011:Huntingdon Life Sciences
1996:Labcorp Drug Development
1953:Feedback (pork industry)
1918:Intensive animal farming
1655:History of animal rights
1033:Maconie, Stuart (2008),
630:
570:, where the protagonist
480:The Hunting of the Snark
282:. Other animals such as
110:Historical animal trials
4381:Holocaust on your Plate
4152:An Apology to Elephants
3933:Do Animals Have Rights?
3869:Animals, Men and Morals
3845:Better-World Philosophy
3722:Italian Animalist Party
3601:United Poultry Concerns
3556:Last Chance for Animals
3451:Animal Liberation Front
3338:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
1823:Replaceability argument
1741:Animal-free agriculture
1528:Oxford University Press
1310:Oxford University Press
1103:Ford, Beach, C.S, F.A.
79:, and other countries.
4354:Salvation of Innocents
3901:Zoos and Animal Rights
3476:Beauty Without Cruelty
3436:Animal Justice Project
2770:John Zephaniah Holwell
2424:Stephen St. C. Bostock
2001:Great ape research ban
1620:Animal rights movement
1325:Evans, E. P. (1987) ,
912:E. V., Walter (1985).
822:Evans, Edward (1906).
800:Evans, Edward (1906).
774:Evans, Edward (1906).
497:the musical adaptation
477:'s humorous 1876 poem
255:
215:Punishments of animals
168:
102:and so cannot be held
37:
4373:Fairs and exhibitions
4260:The Animals' Defender
4232:Cahiers antispécistes
4160:Speciesism: The Movie
3981:Animal (De)liberation
3941:Striking at the Roots
3853:The Universal Kinship
3813:The Rights of Animals
3734:People Animals Nature
3728:Party for the Animals
3541:In Defense of Animals
3303:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
2690:David Renaud Boullier
2276:Silver Spring monkeys
2175:Wild animal suffering
2084:Pain in invertebrates
1923:Intensive pig farming
1813:Opposition to hunting
1778:Ethics of eating meat
1350:Nance, Susan (2013).
726:Frank, Colin (2021).
455:The insects' advocate
403:Jacques Ferron was a
246:
185:Bartholomew Chassenée
159:
147:ecclesiastical courts
33:Chambers Book of Days
29:
3989:Sentientist Politics
3917:The Lives of Animals
3668:Animal Justice Party
3481:Born Free Foundation
3318:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
3192:Wendy Turner-Webster
2900:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
2122:Recreational fishing
1963:Ventilation shutdown
1731:Animal protectionism
1711:Animal consciousness
1526:, pp. 235–254,
1318:10.1093/past/110.1.6
1283:10.1093/past/110.1.6
1252:10.1093/past/110.1.6
1016:. This is Hartlepool
713:10.1093/past/110.1.6
568:downloadable content
559:adventure video game
331:Kurze Basler Chronik
4413:( 139 )
4239:Etica & Animali
4225:Between the Species
3949:An American Trilogy
3642:Humanitarian League
3253:Frances Power Cobbe
2865:Arthur Schopenhauer
2860:Henry Stephens Salt
2740:Edward Payson Evans
2434:Stephen R. L. Clark
2291:War of the currents
2180:Wildlife management
2074:Pain in crustaceans
2069:Pain in cephalopods
1524:The Mind Made Flesh
1477:Society and Animals
1062:, pp. 150–151.
960:. 18 November 2019.
843:"Sentence SU016/20"
610:Damnatio ad bestias
525:The Hour of the Pig
376:In September 2015,
274:) or pests such as
253:Edward Payson Evans
166:Edward Payson Evans
92:Elephant executions
4176:Unlocking the Cage
3997:Wild Animal Ethics
3821:The Ethics of Diet
3698:Animalist Movement
3674:Animal Politics EU
3586:Sentience Politics
3212:That Vegan Teacher
2825:Siobhan O'Sullivan
2810:José Ferrater Mora
2619:Steve F. Sapontzis
2112:Commercial fishing
2064:Pain in amphibians
2054:Cruelty to animals
2026:Operation Backfire
1865:Animal agriculture
1773:Emotion in animals
1360:10.1353/book.21987
1271:Past & Present
1240:Past & Present
1223:– via JSTOR.
755:2019-10-21 at the
701:Past & Present
578:accused of murder.
468:In popular culture
333:(1624), in 1474 a
256:
195:("animal trial").
169:
131:Fontenay-aux-Roses
38:
30:Illustration from
4421:
4420:
4414:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4362:Onward to Freedom
4330:Animal Liberation
4315:
4314:
4136:Forks Over Knives
4088:Peaceable Kingdom
4048:Shores of Silence
4040:A Cow at My Table
3925:Eternal Treblinka
3877:Animal Liberation
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3656:
3655:
3591:Uncaged Campaigns
3566:Mercy for Animals
3531:Great Ape Project
3446:Animal Liberation
3392:(groups, parties)
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3278:Elizabeth Farians
3187:Christine Townend
3127:Heather Nicholson
3052:Brigitte Gothière
3042:Antoine Goetschel
2928:
2927:
2589:Charles Patterson
2494:Gary L. Francione
2469:Josephine Donovan
2459:Daniel Dombrowski
2439:Alasdair Cochrane
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2234:
2233:
2165:Predation problem
2049:Animal euthanasia
1958:Foam depopulation
1793:Insects in ethics
1542:BBC World Service
1499:Nicholas Humphrey
1374:Project MUSE
1369:978-1-4214-0873-6
1342:978-0-571-14893-6
1176:www.gutenberg.org
1143:978-0-8229-6063-8
1089:978-0-521-64404-4
893:www.gutenberg.org
652:www.gutenberg.org
513:in his 1989 book
413:commune of Vanves
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4218:Animal Sentience
4207:
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4072:Legally Blonde 2
4032:The Animals Film
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3581:Rise for Animals
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3405:
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3248:Edith Carrington
3152:Craig Rosebraugh
3112:Virginia McKenna
3102:Jo-Anne McArthur
3032:Juliet Gellatley
2937:
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2895:Mary Anne Warren
2835:Humphrey Primatt
2820:Edward Nicholson
2790:Charles R. Magel
2755:Thomas G. Gentry
2614:Richard D. Ryder
2554:Thomas Lepeltier
2384:
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2328:World Animal Day
2286:Unnecessary Fuss
2246:Brown Dog affair
2216:Animals in sport
2206:Animal slaughter
2201:Animal sacrifice
2140:Culling wildlife
1943:Wildlife farming
1861:
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1706:Animal cognition
1675:Total liberation
1610:
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1534:Animals on Trial
1522:, Chapter 18 of
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2915:Jon Wynne-Tyson
2805:J. Howard Moore
2750:John Galsworthy
2730:Wilhelm Dietler
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3426:Animal Ethics
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3202:Louise Wallis
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3022:John Feldmann
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3648:Oxford Group
3516:Every Animal
3409:Contemporary
3358:Andrew Tyler
3348:Nell Shipman
3288:André Géraud
3197:Jerry Vlasak
3172:Lynda Stoner
3147:Alex Pacheco
3077:Evanna Lynch
3072:Howard Lyman
3057:Wayne Hsiung
3017:Chris DeRose
3007:Rod Coronado
2940:Contemporary
2880:Thomas Tryon
2800:Mary Midgley
2795:Jean Meslier
2775:Soame Jenyns
2765:John Hildrop
2760:Arthur Helps
2725:Richard Dean
2700:Peter Buchan
2639:Gary Steiner
2634:Peter Singer
2629:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
2594:David Pearce
2584:Clare Palmer
2574:David Nibert
2564:Clair Linzey
2474:Joan Dunayer
2399:Aysha Akhtar
2387:Contemporary
2256:McLibel case
2211:Animal trial
2210:
2170:Seal hunting
2132:Wild animals
2117:Fishing bait
2079:Pain in fish
1898:Fish farming
1878:Battery cage
1798:Meat paradox
1755:
1696:Abolitionism
1551:
1544:documentary
1523:
1511:the original
1476:
1464:the original
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1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1133:
1127:
1104:
1098:
1074:
1067:
1047:(p. 300-301)
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1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1008:
996:. Retrieved
985:
976:
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957:
933:. Retrieved
921:
917:
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896:. Retrieved
892:
883:
877:(in French).
873:
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735:
731:
721:
704:
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683:Nance (2013)
678:
666:
655:. Retrieved
651:
561:
556:visual novel
546:
530:The Advocate
529:
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356:is a female
353:
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330:
328:
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284:caterpillars
257:
248:
234:
230:
225:Thierstrafen
224:
222:
218:
209:mentally ill
200:
192:
189:Thierstrafen
188:
176:
170:
161:
117:, including
113:
106:for an act.
100:moral agency
97:
81:
46:animal trial
45:
39:
31:
4203:Periodicals
4080:The Meatrix
4056:The Witness
3670:(Australia)
3644:(1891–1919)
3526:Faunalytics
3353:Henry Spira
3343:Hans Ruesch
3333:Jill Phipps
3328:Norm Phelps
3308:Barry Horne
3268:Royal Dixon
3263:Karen Davis
3243:Ernest Bell
3137:Ric O'Barry
3132:Jack Norris
3097:Dan Mathews
3002:Jake Conroy
2972:Barbi Twins
2947:James Aspey
2885:Gary Varner
2875:John Styles
2715:Henry Crowe
2664:Paul Waldau
2654:Michael Tye
2549:Renan Larue
2534:Melanie Joy
2519:Oscar Horta
2514:John Hadley
2484:Catia Faria
2479:Mylan Engel
2449:Alice Crary
2419:Steven Best
2414:Marc Bekoff
2380:and writers
2321:Observances
2226:Live export
2160:Ivory trade
2031:Vivisection
2006:Green Scare
1903:Fur farming
1808:Open rescue
1803:Nonviolence
671:Wood (2012)
574:defends an
535:Colin Firth
399:Ferron case
262:, but also
251:written by
173:E. P. Evans
164:written by
129:in 1266 at
4434:Animal law
4428:Categories
4192:Seaspiracy
4096:Earthlings
3736:(Portugal)
3710:DierAnimal
3625:Historical
3421:Animal Aid
3313:Marie Huot
3258:Joan Court
3238:Bob Barker
3221:Historical
3107:LuĂsa Mell
3087:Keith Mann
3082:Bill Maher
3067:Ronnie Lee
3037:Tal Gilboa
3012:Karen Dawn
2952:Greg Avery
2830:Rod Preece
2745:T. Forster
2705:Mona Caird
2678:Historical
2539:Hilda Kean
2509:Lori Gruen
1843:Vegaphobia
1833:Speciesism
1726:Animal law
1294:References
1181:2024-04-24
1060:Evans 1987
1020:2010-09-29
898:2024-04-27
860:Evans 1987
657:2024-04-20
389:Hartlepool
362:Kazakhstan
360:native to
358:brown bear
343:cockatrice
325:Basel case
135:defendants
4346:Manifesto
4285:Bite Back
4270:Magazines
4144:Vegucated
3742:(Germany)
3740:V-ParteiÂł
3718:(Germany)
3712:(Belgium)
3688:(Finland)
3511:Equanimal
3117:Morrissey
3092:Jim Mason
3047:Mark Gold
2982:Gene Baur
2957:Matt Ball
2933:Activists
2845:Tom Regan
2624:Jeff Sebo
2569:Dan Lyons
2378:Academics
2366:Advocates
2221:Live food
2021:Nafovanny
1928:Livestock
1908:Fur trade
1883:Bile bear
1818:Personism
1613:Overviews
1427:159833924
1411:1537-7814
1152:cite book
1113:cite book
930:0733-4540
554:The 2013
489:deserting
485:Barrister
405:Frenchman
160:Cover of
88:elephants
4409:Category
4278:Arkangel
4210:Journals
4184:Dominion
4120:The Cove
3750:Activism
3694:(Sweden)
3682:(Canada)
3676:(Europe)
3390:Movement
2920:Voltaire
1838:Veganism
1788:Ethology
1689:Concepts
1419:23249163
1312:: 6–37,
1277:: 6–37.
1246:: 6–37.
998:24 April
753:Archived
707:: 6–37.
583:See also
538:result.)
511:woodworm
366:Kostanay
315:Slovenia
309:Amongst
123:criminal
104:culpable
73:Portugal
50:criminal
48:was the
3724:(Italy)
3706:(Spain)
3700:(Italy)
3661:Parties
2150:Hunting
2104:Fishing
1763:Carnism
1546:podcast
1221:3313677
935:2 April
441:Lucerne
372:Monkeys
335:rooster
319:Falaise
304:leeches
280:weevils
205:corpses
151:lawyers
119:insects
115:Animals
82:In the
4411:
4384:(2003)
4365:(2014)
4357:(2014)
4349:(2008)
4341:(1991)
4333:(1987)
4321:Albums
4195:(2021)
4187:(2018)
4179:(2016)
4171:(2013)
4163:(2013)
4155:(2013)
4147:(2011)
4139:(2011)
4131:(2009)
4123:(2009)
4115:(2007)
4107:(2006)
4099:(2005)
4091:(2004)
4083:(2003)
4075:(2003)
4067:(2002)
4059:(2000)
4051:(2000)
4043:(1998)
4035:(1981)
4016:(2022)
4008:(2022)
4000:(2020)
3992:(2018)
3984:(2016)
3976:(2014)
3968:(2012)
3960:(2010)
3952:(2009)
3944:(2008)
3936:(2005)
3928:(2001)
3920:(1999)
3912:(1995)
3904:(1993)
3896:(1987)
3888:(1983)
3880:(1975)
3872:(1971)
3864:(1907)
3856:(1906)
3848:(1899)
3840:(1897)
3832:(1892)
3824:(1883)
3816:(1838)
3808:(1824)
3402:Groups
1857:Issues
1701:Ahimsa
1530:(2002)
1518:
1495:(2003)
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1425:
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1339:
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977:mirror
958:News18
928:
924:(10).
483:, the
382:Naruto
302:, and
300:snails
270:, and
268:horses
139:murder
65:France
61:Europe
4306:Satya
4024:Films
3789:Books
3611:Viva!
2239:Cases
2189:Other
1514:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1423:S2CID
1415:JSTOR
1217:JSTOR
631:Notes
495:. In
436:Evans
409:jenny
339:Basel
296:worms
292:moles
288:flies
264:bulls
77:Spain
69:Italy
55:of a
53:trial
44:, an
3551:L214
2271:SHAC
1407:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1158:link
1138:ISBN
1119:link
1084:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1000:2018
937:2018
926:ISSN
576:orca
491:its
311:pigs
278:and
276:rats
272:cows
260:pigs
1540:),
1538:MP3
1399:doi
1356:doi
1314:doi
1306:110
1279:doi
1275:110
1248:doi
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