76:
126:). The locomotive then crashed into the lion cage, killing the female and releasing the male. (The fate of Hercules himself is unclear.) In the mind of the animal trainer or carnival owner of the era, a bull elephant was "an unruly brute…who required frequent punishment, without which he would become completely uncontrollable and destroy what showmen built." Non-compliance with human commands was viewed as an elephant "trying to avoid work."
194:
24:
98:(in which the animal is put down because it is ill, has behavioral problems, or simply can not be maintained) and from killing an elephant that is in the midst of an ongoing attack or "rampage." Elephant execution is a ritual process with a pseudo-legal or performative aspect. Documenting the execution or the body with film or still photos was not uncommon.
106:
Elephant executions occurred most frequently in the United States during the carnival-circus era of roughly 1850 to 1950; at least 36 elephants were executed between the 1880s and the 1920s. During this era, elephant behavior was often explained anthropomorphically, and thus granted a moral dimension
129:
Execution of elephants was thus viewed as appropriate retribution for "criminal" behavior, especially when an elephant had harmed or killed trainers or bystanders. There was a clear-cut parallel between elephant executions and the
114:, a period of late adolescence when juvenile bull elephants begin to transition hormonally and behaviorally to adulthood. The consequences of this ignorance were reliably disastrous: for example, in
118:
in March 1869 during a phase now recognized as musth, a bull elephant named
Hercules became enraged, broke his chains, charged a freight train, and succeeded in derailing the
94:, was the killing of an elephant in order to punish it for behaviors that had inconvenienced, threatened, injured, or killed humans. Elephant execution is distinct from both
718:
579:
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Fritz, Barnum & Bailey
European Tour, Tours, France, 1902 - garrotted - souvenir photo captioned "Dead elephants are good elephants."
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Time is money! : the
Century, Rainbow, and Stern Brothers comedies of Julius and Abe Stern
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468:"Large and at-large in 1926: the year more than a dozen elephants were on the loose in B.C."
240:
8:
143:
Albert, Keene, New
Hampshire, 1885 - firing squad, first public execution of an elephant
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134:, which was both recognized at the time and remains a subject of scholarship today.
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631:""Killing the Elephant": Murderous Beasts and the Thrill of Retribution, 1885–1930"
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176:
110:
American animal trainers had little understanding of or experience with elephant
689:. Animals, history, culture series. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
235:
646:
438:
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654:
596:
Entertaining
Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus
33:
617:
230:
589:. New York: Yale University Press/Bard Graduate Center. pp. 232–249.
115:
662:
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Men gathered in San
Francisco, 1936, to shoot an elephant called Wally (
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155:, Universal City, California, 1923 - method disputed, probably garroted
119:
75:
621:
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Charlie Ed (later known as Wally), San
Francisco, 1936 - shot
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585:. In Weber, Susan; Ames, Kenneth; Wittman, Matthew (eds.).
123:
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by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the
303:
301:
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Pilot, location unknown (possibly New York), 1883 - shot
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406:"Heaven Have Mercy on Our Souls [part 2 of 2]"
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Columbia, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1907 - garrotted
687:Elephant Trails: A History of Animals and Cultures
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635:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
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719:Animal welfare and rights in the United States
161:Chief, 1860s - unknown, possibly electrocuted
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107:wherein their actions were "good" or "bad."
451:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
173:Mandarin, Atlantic coast, 1902 - strangled
170:Gypsy, Valdosta, Georgia, 1902 - head shot
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39:Manual of Style for standalone lists
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580:"Elephants and the American Circus"
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185:Tip, New York City, 1894 - poisoned
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598:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
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14:
735:
388:"Heaven Have Mercy on Our Souls!"
179:, Erwin, Tennessee, 1916 - hanged
466:Deshais, Nicholas (2016-03-13).
386:Bradford, Gardner (1936-07-19).
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149:, Corsicana, Texas, 1929 - shot
714:Elephants in the United States
243: – essay by George Orwell
122:(at the expense of one of his
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138:List of executed elephants
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34:precise inclusion criteria
647:10.1017/S1537781412000266
629:Wood, Amy Louise (2012).
685:Rothfels, Nigel (2021).
471:Spokane Spokesman-Review
68:Not to be confused with
419:Reeder, Thomas (2021).
132:lynching of minorities
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594:Nance, Susan (2013).
578:Nance, Susan (2012).
392:The Los Angeles Times
81:UC Berkeley Libraries
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70:Execution by elephant
423:. Orlando, Florida.
241:Shooting an Elephant
206:adding missing items
83:, BANC PIC 2006.029)
45:improve this article
37:as described in the
587:The American Circus
528:, pp. 187–194.
516:, pp. 162–163.
504:, pp. 214–219.
492:, pp. 116–117.
390:. Sunday Magazine.
310:, pp. 114–115.
295:, pp. 111–112.
724:Cruelty to animals
604:10.1353/book.21987
204:; you can help by
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696:978-1-4214-4259-4
618:Project MUSE
613:978-1-4214-0873-6
430:978-1-62933-798-2
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394:. p. 3
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344:Wood (2012)
269:Wood (2012)
116:Mississippi
57:August 2024
708:Categories
476:2023-12-06
439:1273678339
398:2023-12-05
251:References
202:incomplete
120:locomotive
671:159833924
655:1537-7814
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256:Citations
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225:See also
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153:Charlie
102:History
43:Please
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