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Of the 15-18 young bull elephants in the control group, three were reportedly shot. Some scientists opined that this was an example of young male elephants permanently changed by the trauma of witnessing their breeding herds culled due to overcrowding. The survivors had been spared themselves due to their age and size although herd culls are properly done in entirety, i.e. leaving no survivors to suffer the equivalents of PTSD, survivor guilt, and other disorders or traumas later in life which can then create or exacerbate human-elephant conflicts or other forms of violence, according to Ron
Thomson, a late 20th-century Zimbabwe game warden and Parks Board veteran. In the absence of older males whose presence inhibits musth in smaller younger bulls, these adolescent bulls had reached puberty (musth) prematurely which they could not control, resulting in the "warped behavior of animals who have lost their elders, and who are now flailing in a diminished, disarranged world." It is established that functionally important decision-making abilities may be significantly altered by disruption of the natural structure of kin-based social relationships and that violent disruption "appears capable of driving aberrant behaviours in social animals that are akin to the
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The mahout, who needs money, takes his temple-trained elephant to do this job, in the vain hope that wild elephants will not come in. But wild elephants start attacking the village on the harvest day. The temple-trained elephant enters musth and thus fights with the wild elephants, kills the most notorious among the herd but dies from injuries sustained during the fight.
201:, Kenya. Poole noticed a period of heightened reproductive activity and aggression in male African elephants. She began documenting and describing the physical and behavioral characteristics and temporal patterning among individual males. This led to scientifically identifying musth in African elephants.
554:
which confronts wild elephants and prevents them from entering villages. Elephants trained for temple duties are of a gentle nature and cannot face wild elephants. In this movie, a tribal village wants to hire a kumki elephant to chase away wild elephants which enter the village every harvest season.
345:
national parks was attributed to an aberrant form of musth. After being rebuffed by older female elephants, they went after the female white rhinos, an endangered species, the largest available pachyderm in the neighborhood, raping and killing them. Estimates of the dead rhinos ranged from 36 to 63.
322:
known as "musth rumble" which other elephants can hear from miles away. The rumble has been shown to prompt not only attraction in the form of reply vocalizations from cows in heat, but also silent avoidance behavior from other bulls, particularly juveniles and non-receptive females, suggesting an
301:
levels in an elephant in musth can be on average 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times (in specific individuals these testosterone levels can even reach as much as 140 times the normal). Whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth or merely a contributing factor is
368:
700:
Cherney, Michael D.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Auchus, Richard J.; Rountrey, Adam N.; Selcer, Perrin; Shirley, Ethan A.; Beld, Scott G.; Buigues, Bernard; Mol, Dick; Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Vartanyan, Sergey L.; Tikhonov, Alexei N. (18 May 2023).
1137:
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buys an elephant which was being fed sugar and butter so it would go into musth for combat purposes; however, the animal had been on this regimen only for a relatively short time so the condition has not yet
426:(300 BCE to 300 CE) musth is described with "Excitement, swiftness, odor, love passion, complete florescence of the body, wrath, prowess, and fearlessness are declared to be the eight excellences of musth.".
883:
Physiological
Correlates of Musth: Lipid Metabolites and Chemical Composition of Exudates. L.E.L Rasmussen and Thomas E Perrin, Physiology & Behavior, October 1999, Volume 67, Issue 4, pp. 539–549,
353:
Another, interrelated but more generalized, theory was that the young elephants went wild was that, owing to culls and herd fragmentation, there were no older elephants to teach and discipline them.
440:
It was sweet to hear of your victories and fame and I came here desiring to see you. I came with my big family, passing few mountains where noble, young male elephants with coarse hair
392:, are also sometimes used. Zoos keeping adult male elephants need strong, purpose-built enclosures to isolate males during their musth, which greatly complicates attempts to
360:, who thought of the idea of reintroducing older males into the parks to prevent younger males from entering musth, noted that no further rhinoceros killings were observed.
350:
experienced by humans following extremely traumatic events" due to the pachyderms' advanced intelligence, sentience, intense family relationships, and prodigious memories.
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and his trained elephant, shows the elephant in musth towards the climax. Captive elephants are either trained for duties in temples and cultural festivals or trained as a
535:
was driven to become a cold-blooded assassin after authorities shot an elephant that he had ridden in his circus act because the elephant went on a rampage while in musth.
986:
326:
A bull elephant in musth, wild or otherwise, is extremely dangerous to humans, other elephants, and other species. Bull elephants in musth have killed keepers/
468:
wrote that the king's elephants drip ichor in seven streams to match the scent put forth by the seven-leaved 'sapta-cchada' (= "seven-leaf") tree (perhaps
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from the temporal gland during musth. Behavioral management for captive bull elephants in musth includes physical restraint and a
1011:
216:, given the testosterone histories from their tusks. Musth-like behaviour is also suggested to have occurred in South American
444:
cheek glands and elephant mothers with calves wave wild jasmine twigs, chasing striped bees that swarm on the sweet musth.
1410:
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from several days to a week which shortens the duration of the musth, typically to five to eight days. Sedatives, like
384:, domesticated Asian elephants in musth are traditionally tied to a strong tree and denied food and water or put on a
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1097:
330:, as well as other bull elephants, female elephants, and calves (the last usually inadvertently or accidentally).
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El Adli, Joseph J.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Cherney, Michael D.; Labarca, Rafael; Lacombat, Frédéric (July 2017).
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Miller, Joshua H.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Crowley, Brooke E.; Secord, Ross; Konomi, Bledar A. (21 June 2022).
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966:"Killing of black and white rhinoceroses by African elephants in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa"
434:(300 BCE to 300 CE) describes musth. Kummatoor Kannanaar in Pathitrupatthu 12 describes it as follows:
923:"Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations in Elephant Serum and Temporal Gland Secretions"
1790:
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collected from zoo elephants have been shown to contain elevated levels of various highly odorous
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had an attack of musth and killed an Indian, which in turn led to the shooting of the elephant.
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Rasmussen, Lois E.; Buss, Irven O.; Hess, David L.; Schmidt, Michael B. (1 March 1984).
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805:"Male mastodon landscape use changed with maturation (late Pleistocene, North America)"
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An Asian elephant bull chained during musth, with discharge from the temporal glands.
1140:, frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com. 23 October 2013. Accessed September 5, 2024.
1051:, frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com. 23 October 2013. Accessed September 5, 2024.
766:"First analysis of life history and season of death of a South American gomphothere"
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mountain shedding water like an elephant's rut juice upon being pressed by
Hanuman.
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in that musth most often takes place in winter, whereas the female elephant's
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Musth in elephants. Deepa Ananth, Zoo's print journal, 15(5), pages 259–262 (
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703:"Testosterone histories from tusks reveal woolly mammoth musth episodes"
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Effects of social disruption in elephants persist decades after culling
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Effects of social disruption in elephants persist decades after culling
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338:
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The living elephants: evolutionary ecology, behavior, and conservation
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in 1981. There is evidence that similar behaviour occurred in extinct
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Elephants in musth often discharge a thick tar-like secretion called
96:
1371:
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318:, Wild bulls in musth often produce a characteristic low, pulsating
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Bruce Page, Joyce Poole, Adam Klocke, Gus van Dyk, and Rob Slotow.
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337:, who had survived culls and translocation, raped and gored female
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of the
Ramayana (7th to 4th centuries BCE), made reference to the
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Kruger should cull 88% of its elephants, says hunter Ron
Thomson
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Parag Nigam, Samir Sinha, Pradeep Malik, and
Sushant Chowdhary
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Elephants often discharge a thick, tar-like secretion called
1388:
1176:, cbsnews.com, August 22, 2000. Accessed September 5, 2024.
1152:, nytimes.com. October 8, 2006. Accessed September 5, 2024.
1087:, cbsnews.com, August 22, 2000. Accessed September 5, 2024.
1063:, nytimes.com. October 8, 2006. Accessed September 5, 2024.
972:
31 (July–December, 2001):14–20. Accessed 14 September 2007.
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written in 1936, in which he describes how an elephant in
802:
1162:"Elephants Never Forget When You Slaughter Their Family"
1104:. Vol. 381, no. 6583. June 1996. p. 569.
1073:"Elephants Never Forget When You Slaughter Their Family"
920:
621:
The Oxford
Dictionary and Thesaurus: American edition
323:
evolutionary benefit to advertising the musth state.
639:"Musth in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana"
1039:, africageographic.com. Accessed 5 September 2024.
583:
208:An African elephant chases a giraffe during musth.
1307:, learnsangamtamil.com. Accessed 3 December 2017.
1012:"Elephant kills 12 females over spurned advances"
637:Poole, Joyce H.; Moss, Cynthia J. (August 1981).
1777:
1252:15(5):259-262; DOI:10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.15.5.259-62
1377:Transport and Maintenance of Musth in Elephants
809:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
442:and swaying walks have musth flowing from their
1211:408 (23 November 2000). Accessed 19 July 2019.
372:An elephant in musth trying to break his chain
1404:
305:
1566:
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212:Musth is also suggested to have occurred in
1765:List of elephants in mythology and religion
1248:, by Deepa Ananth; published April 2000 in
1090:
964:Rob Slotow, Dave Balfour, and Owen Howison.
238:
151:
150:term for intoxication; in Persian it means
80:
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1411:
1397:
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1199:"Older Bull Elephants Control Young Males"
1186:"Why we need grandpas and grandmas, part I
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1318:"Vikram Prabhu: Kumki climax is the same"
1263:MANAGING ELEPHANT IN MUSTH: A CASE REPORT
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111:for 3000 years but was only described in
95:) is a periodic condition in bull (male)
1342:Rangarajan, Malathi (15 December 2012).
1278:
1255:
1222:"Teenage elephants need a father figure"
1214:
871:"Musth of the elephant bulls – Upali.ch"
450:References to elephants in musth (whose
367:
203:
63:
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43:
31:
20:
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1164:, smithsonianmag.com. November 6, 2013.
1075:, smithsonianmag.com. November 6, 2013.
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333:In the 1990s, an episode of young bull
247:from the temporal gland located on the
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182:1500–1000 B.C.) but was recognized in
68:Elephants in musth fighting each other
1392:
1188:, npr.org. Accessed 5 September 2024.
399:
283:and its derivatives). Secretions and
251:sides of the head. Temporin contains
1098:"The Dangers of Elephant Relocation"
341:to death without provocation in two
1603:
1281:"Sundara kaanda reference to Musth"
1004:
985:Siebert, Charles (8 October 2006).
454:secretion is often referred to as "
356:South African ecologist and ranger
103:and accompanied by a large rise in
13:
1335:
1310:
504:is an autobiographical account by
310:Musth is believed to be linked to
14:
1802:
1365:
1279:Ramayana, Valmiki (August 2008).
178:for 3000 years (described in the
48:An elephant in musth digging its
1741:Cultural depictions of elephants
1174:"60 Minutes II: The Delinquents"
1085:"60 Minutes II: The Delinquents"
590:. USA: Oxford University Press.
546:(2012), which revolves around a
235:cycle is not seasonally linked.
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486:Around the World in Eighty Days
186:only in the twentieth century.
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348:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
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1269:21(5): 2265-2266 (May 2006).
890:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00114-6
559:
363:
1760:List of fictional pachyderms
1746:List of individual elephants
790:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.016
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138:for several days to a week.
7:
1372:Musth of the elephant bulls
524:The Man With the Golden Gun
464:(4th–5th century CE), wher
16:Condition in male elephants
10:
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940:10.1095/biolreprod30.2.352
727:10.1038/s41586-023-06020-9
458:") are for example in the
306:Behavioral characteristics
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1344:"Kumki: Close encounters"
770:Quaternary International
239:Physical characteristics
174:Musth has been known in
1488:African forest elephant
991:New York Times Magazine
927:Biology of Reproduction
830:10.1073/pnas.2118329119
625:Oxford University Press
531:wrote that the villain
107:. It has been known in
1476:North African elephant
1150:"An Elephant Crackup?"
1061:"An Elephant Crackup?"
987:"An Elephant Crackup?"
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199:Amboseli National Park
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28:secretion during musth
1752:Elephant Encyclopedia
1471:African bush elephant
1451:Seismic communication
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105:reproductive hormones
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623:, published 1996 by
533:Francisco Scaramanga
501:Shooting an Elephant
189:In 1975, scientists
146:Musth comes from an
1508:Sri Lankan elephant
1267:Zoos' Print Journal
1250:Zoos' Print Journal
821:2022PNAS..11918329M
815:(25): e2118329119.
782:2017QuInt.443..180E
719:2023Natur.617..533C
655:1981Natur.292..830P
582:Sukumar, R (2003).
227:Musth differs from
220:and North American
101:aggressive behavior
1382:2012-02-20 at the
1322:The Times of India
1285:valmikiramayan.net
1246:Musth in Elephants
1204:2021-05-25 at the
907:2018-06-04 at the
873:. 9 November 2016.
609:temporin elephant.
471:Alstonia scholaris
400:In popular culture
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1616:Executions
1353:2 November
1231:5 December
1123:5 December
560:References
519:James Bond
494:presented.
461:Raghuvaṃśa
364:Management
1786:Elephants
1560:Human use
1441:Cognition
1420:Elephants
1348:The Hindu
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293:aldehydes
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