Mastodon - Knowledge

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been repeatedly challenged by other authors. Based on anatomical reevaluations, they determined that the bone fragments were embedded in the Manis mastodon rib while it was alive, as evident by the visible healing around the wounded area. Waters and his colleagues stated that the bone pieces were from an external source, explainable by human-made projectile points. They rejected alternate explanations for why bone fragments ended up in the Manis mastodon rib. Based on this, they envisioned that the mastodon individual was wounded by pre-Clovis hunters and got away, giving it time to heal. Afterwards, it died either by natural causes and was scavenged by humans, or it was killed by them on another attack then butchered. This site proves the existence of pre-Clovis hunting technology that the earliest people brought with them when dispersing to North America and made localized adaptations of.

5927:. The Overmyer Mastodon individual, recovered from northern Indiana with 41-48% complete remains recovered, exhibits no evidence of weathering or gnawing by other animals. The individual dates from 11,795 to 11,345 years Before Present for a median of 11,576 calibrated years BP, therefore having a secure calibrated radiocarbon date dating to the early Holocene unlike most other extinct North American genera of the terminal Pleistocene. Neal Woodman and Nancy Beavan Athfield stressed that although the early Holocene survival of the species does not eliminate the possibilities that Clovis hunters and/or Younger Dryas impacted their populations in the long term, its survival meant that the genus was not immediately brought to extinction by either factor. 5863:

attributed to human hunting, climate change, or some combination of the two (there are alternate but lesser-supported hypotheses). Many researchers have struggled to explained the North American extinctions, with both human hunting and climate change explanations alone being challenged. In recent years, research has shifted towards studying the extinctions of North American faunas by individual taxon and/or region rather as a homogenous group. The results vary in regions such as the northeast, with some authors suggesting that there was minimal evidence for Clovis hunting being the major factor behind proboscidean population drops and some others arguing that environmental shifts prior to human arrival were not detrimental enough to the proboscideans.

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consisted of adult females and young, living in bonded groups called mixed herds. The males abandoned the mixed herds once reaching sexual maturity and lived either alone or in male bond groupings. As in modern elephants, there probably was no seasonal synchrony of mating activity, with both males and females seeking out each other for mating when sexually active. Mastodons and other Pleistocene proboscideans may have used landscapes seasonally then migrated to suitable areas to mate or give birth. It is estimated that it may have taken 9 to 12 years for American mastodon females to become mature enough for reproduction, and they may have slowly reproduced single calves at a time.

5600: 5975: 4955: 3768: 2335: 5842:(MIS 4). The local extirpation, occurring long before human arrival, caused the mastodon range to be limited to areas south of North American ice sheets. The steppe-tundra faunas thrived there during the event whereas boreal forest-adapted faunas underwent declines. The trend of recolonization and extirpation appears to have had been a recurring trend in the Pleistocene correlated with repeated returns of forests and wetlands, but what is unclear is why faunas that were able to repeatedly recolonize northern North America during previous interglacial periods were unable to do so again after the 1510: 5936: 3927: 3060: 4259: 3611: 5123: 3449: 1863: 3589: 5792: 4072: 3320: 1554: 4485: 4663: 6124: 5158: 3089: 3759: 13006: 2654: 161: 1955: 1313: 3555: 3493: 2855: 3524: 3249: 12993: 1402: 4909: 4941:

from male-male musth fighting. The Buesching mastodon likely considered central Indiana his main home but went on seasonal migrations in his lifetime. He could have traveled hundreds of kilometers in the process and engaged with mates outside of the herd he was born from. Around his last moments, he probably wandered around in vagabondlike behaviors and spent little time in the area where his skeleton was found. His inferred behavior is quite similar to extant elephants.

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hunters while mastodons have much fewer in comparison. Todd A. Surovell and Nicole M. Waguespack in 2008 hypothesized that Clovis hunters in North America hunted proboscideans more often than those in any other continent. They addressed that preservation biases of larger mammals in archeological sites may have caused higher representations of proboscidean kill sites but suggested that regardless, Clovis hunters were likely specialized in hunting large game.

3471: 3118: 3349: 5665:, Michigan. Whether various other sites can be confirmed as proboscidean butchery sites appear subjective, largely depending on the views of different authors. It is uncertain if Clovis people had hunting strategies of proboscideans similar to tribal Africans, but the Clovis points likely indicate usage as spears for thrusting or throwing at proboscideans (there are disagreements to whether they indicate multiple other usages, however). 13000: 3403: 3227: 3371: 5676:, Michigan, which recovered about 50% of the skeleton, was proof of meat caching in a pond by Paleoindians in the late Pleistocene. This hypothesis opposes the notion that proboscideans ended up unable to disentangle themselves in marsh wetlands, which he said there is no evidence of. His hypothesis was based on his experiment with partial carcasses of a horse that was preserved in a shallow lake then extracted as well as a 4720: 3145: 4086: 1751: 136: 4859:) that surrounded lakes. They may have additionally ingested other aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates while consuming more than 100 L (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) of water from lakes a day. The temporal shifts in molar and limb bone sizes in mastodon populations from Missouri and Florida as well as apparent differences in body size between western and eastern populations suggest that 4584: 4555:) were not thought to be hairy, it is unclear why mastodons would need thick coats in comparison. The former was typically depicted as hairless and the latter as hairy in paleoart, but the mastodon's preferences for closed or mixed habitats puts the speculations into question. They felt the need to portray the latter as hairy so that the average person could differentiate between the two species. 1290:, or some combination of the two. The American mastodon had its last recorded occurrence in the earliest Holocene around 11,000 years ago, which is considerably later than other North American megafauna species. Today, the American mastodon is one of the most well-known fossil species in both academic research and public perception, the result of its inclusion in American popular culture. 4567:) evolved to have thick coats of hair and a very short tail in response to cold climates. The idea that the American mastodon had hair is possible because of the seasonal climates, but there are few preserved soft tissues to support this idea, referencing the hairs found in Wisconsin. The supposed evidence of hair reported in the 19th century were actually just 4833:, which may have preferred living in closed forests and consuming conifers to avoid active competition with the bunodont gomphotheres and lophodont deinotheres in the Miocene of Europe. Most accounts of gut contents have identified coniferous twigs as the dominant element in their diet. In addition to twigs and leaves, as indicated by the "Heisler mastodon" of 1546:, countering it by using extant and extinct animal measurements, including those of "mammoths," as proof that North America faunas were not "degenerative" in size. Semonin pointed out that social degeneracy was an offensive concept to Anglo-American naturalists and that the American proboscidean fossils were used as political tools to inspire 5489:, although the latter failed to survive past the early Irvingtonian. The Middle Pleistocene sites are scarce in North America compared to the Late Pleistocene sites, but from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean, repeated glacial events occurred that led to repeated formations of major ice sheets in northern North America. The 4242:

older individuals have larger tusk circumferences than younger ones. Adult individuals of comparable ages have similar tusk sizes, but older individuals do not necessarily have larger tusk sizes. Tusk sizes may have depended on external factors like nutritional stress, geographic location, and reproductive status. The tusks of

1883:." He reinforced the idea that the extinct "mastodon" was an animal close in relationship to elephants that differed by jaws with large tubercles. He suggested that "mammoth" and "carnivorous elephant" be discontinued as names for the species and that it receive a new genus name instead. Cuvier said that for " 10196:

Karpinski, Emil; Hackenberger, Dirk; Zazula, Grant; Widga, Chris; Duggan, Ana T.; Golding, G. Brian; Kuch, Melanie; Klunk, Jennifer; Jass, Christopher N.; Groves, Pam; Druckenmiller, Patrick; Schubert, Blaine W.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Simpson, William F.; Hoganson, John W.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Ho,

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cold phase from 12,900 to 11,700 years ago. The extinctions of mammalian megafauna in North America are particularly high akin to those of South America and Australia rather than Eurasia and Africa. As a result, the extinctions that occurred in the latest Pleistocene of North America have been mainly

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late in his life with other males during the spring or early summer, and he had tusk fractures and may have been severely wounded from a 4 cm (1.6 in) to 5 cm (2.0 in) puncture to the right-sided temporal fossa. Multiple other males are recorded to have had severe wounds resulting

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suggests thus that it was grazing-specialized. A more well-known example of niche partitioning occurred between mastodons and mammoths within the later Pleistocene (Irvingtonian-Rancholabrean). Mammoths had a broader range of diets that allow them to occupy mixed feeding to specialized grazing habits

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to bilophodont molars). The zygodont morphologies of the molars of mammutids were conservative, meaning that they hardly changed in the evolutionary history of the family. Mammutids also exhibited evidences of horizontal tooth displacement where milk teeth were gradually replaced by permanent molars,

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took the skeleton to Europe used to promote the fossil proboscidean and have it used as support for Jefferson's final rebuttals against Buffon's arguments for supposed inferiority of American faunas. Author Keith Stewart Thomson argued that the promotion of the "mastodon" skeleton made it a symbol of

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In 1785, Reverend Robert Annan wrote an account recalling an event in which workers discovered bones in his farm near the Hudson River in New York in fall of 1780. The workers found four molars in addition to another that was broken and thrown away. They also uncovered bones, including vertebrae that

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introduced a bipartisan bill to make the mastodon the US national fossil is what is called the "National Fossil Act." Section 1 aims to define the bill's name, Section 2 would investigate the roles of the mastodon in American public life, and Section 3 would designate it as the national fossil under

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state supported evidence of a mastodon hunt ~13,900 cal. years BP, some 900 years before Clovis culture. Their study was a continuation of a 2011 anatomical study that proposed that osseous (bone) pieces found in a right rib of a mastodon represented fragmented tips of a projectile point, but it had

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The overall paleontological record of the Neogene of North America is relatively incomplete compared to other areas of the world. This is the result of a greater fossil record bias of western North America compared to eastern North America, meaning that the western half is better understood in terms

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may have only had subtle and complex differences within the two genera. The bones within both the front feet and back feet have their own subtle and complex differences by genus, but both have smaller and more narrow hind feet than fore feet so that the latter bears more weight of the proboscideans.

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in the 19th century before eventually being reclassified into distinct genera. In addition to still-valid species names, several synonymous or dubious species names ultimately belonging to different genera were erected within the Americas as well throughout the 19th century. Also, many species names

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Kjær, Kurt H.; Winther Pedersen, Mikkel; De Sanctis, Bianca; De Cahsan, Binia; Korneliussen, Thorfinn S.; Michelsen, Christian S.; Sand, Karina K.; Jelavić, Stanislav; Ruter, Anthony H.; Schmidt, Astrid M. A.; Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Tesakov, Alexey S.; Snowball, Ian; Gosse, John C.; Alsos, Inger G.

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by the nearly straight but downward-facing upper tusk, whereas males of the latter two species have large and upward-facing upper tusks while females had upward or straight but frontward-directed upper tusks. The reduction to loss of the lower tusks plus reduction of the mandibular symphysis of the

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also described known fossil proboscidean species back in 1796, although his account was later published in 1799. He considered that the remains uncovered from Siberia were true "mammoths" that had similar dentitions to extant elephants but had some morphological differences. He mentioned the fossil

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are thought to have been have been 275 cm (9.02 ft) to 305 cm (10.01 ft) at shoulder height and from 6.8 t (6.7 long tons; 7.5 short tons) to 9.2 t (9.1 long tons; 10.1 short tons) in body mass on average. The size estimates suggest that American mastodon males were on

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in 1976, was estimated by Neal Woodman and Jon W. Branstrator in 2008. They estimated based on the length of the humerus (829 mm (32.6 in)) that the shoulder height of the individual was 230.2 cm (90.6 in), which they said was close to the average shoulder height of the species

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also has degrees of sexual dimorphism indicated by the sizes of the upper tusks. Adult males have tusks 1.15–1.25 times as large as those of adult females, also reflecting general body size differences between the two sexes. The sizes of the tusk also depend on the ages of the individuals, as

1501:"), was an animal species separate from elephants that might have also been the same as the proboscideans found in Siberia. He concluded his article with the opinion that although regrettable to philosophers, humanity should be thankful to heaven that the animal, if truly carnivorous, was extinct. 5637:

phase, there is evidence that Clovis hunters targeted contemporary proboscideans based on archeological "kill sites." Clovis projectile points and other artifacts have been found in association with both mammoths and mastodons. The former has more frequent evidence of having been hunted by Clovis

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is debated. Some authors had argued that the olfactory bulbs are visible in the brain's back area while some other authors did not portray them as being visible. The researchers confirmed based on one specimen that the olfactory bulbs are only partially visible in the brain's back area. They also

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is a large-sized replica of a mastodon based on a skeleton recovered from Nova Scotia. It was sculpted as a clay model, has a weight of ~1,400 kg (3,100 lb), is 3.5 m (11 ft) in shoulder height, and measures 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The sculpture took about 8 weeks to be

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retrieving caribou carcasses from lakes that they probably placed as storage in the cases of excess meat or future limited hunting successes. Fisher said that if his theory is true, then Paleoindian interactions with megafauna (hunting and scavenging) are far more complex than initially thought.

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by the early Miocene, and the latter dispersed into Eurasia by around 19-18 million years ago, and into North America by the middle Miocene. The dispersal of mammutids between Africa and Eurasia may have occurred multiple times. The Mammutidae eventually went extinct in Africa prior to the late

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having thick coats of fur was also subjected to study by Asier Larramendi in 2015. He acknowledged that hair is important for thermoregulation in extant elephants but that there is a negative correlation between body size and hair density in mammals. Some mammals have broken this trend before,

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Bell, Christopher J.; Lundelius Jr., Ernest L.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Graham, Russell W.; Lindsay, Everett H.; Ruez, Dennis R.; Semken, Holmes A.; Webb, S. David; Zakrzewski, Richard J. (2004). "Chapter 7: The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages". In Woodburne, Michael (ed.).

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Wang, Shi-Qi; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen (2015). "Occurrence of the Gomphotherium angustidens group in China, based on a revision of Gomphotherium connexum (Hopwood, 1935) and Gomphotherium shensiensis Chang and Zhai, 1978: continental correlation of Gomphotherium species across the

6034:. Peters justified that the mastodon represents a unique aspect of Michigan's history and American history, stating that he hoped that its establishment as the national fossil would preserve the histories and encourage new generations of scientists and other researchers to pursue their goals. 4919:

American mastodons may have lived in herds, and it is possible that they were smaller than mammoth herds on average. Based on the characteristics of mastodon bone sites and strontium and oxygen isotopes from tusks, it can be inferred that, as in modern proboscideans, the mastodon social group

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was much smaller, but it was still large in its own right compared to extant elephants. The American mastodon did not grow taller than living elephants but it was much more robust in body build than them, in part due to its very broad pelvis. The Warren mastodon produces a body mass of nearby

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The family Mammutidae is defined by zygolophodont molars with compressed and sharp transverse ridges plus lack of accessory conules (smaller cusps). The intermediate molars, or the first two molars, are consistently trilophodont, or three-cusped. The dental morphologies of the clade Mammutida

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suggested to have depicted prehistoric proboscideans in North America like mastodons are known within the United States, but they are either fraudulent or depict entities other than mastodons. As a result, suggested rock art of mammoths and mastodons within North America are not sufficiently

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and comparable to a large female or small male. Similar to extant elephants, male American mastodon individuals tended to be larger than female individuals and tend to have larger and more strongly curved tusks, although the degree to which the body size is a factor in molar size is unclear.

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Waters, Michael R.; Stafford Jr., Thomas W.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Gustafson, Carl; Rasmussen, Morten; Cappelini, Enrico; Olsen, Jesper V.; Szklarczyk, Damian; Jensen, Lars Juhl; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Willerslev, Eske (2011). "Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunting 13,800 Years Ago at the Manis Site,

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arguing that the site was non-credible, and various other archeologists arguing that the claim is insufficiently supported. Haynes pointed out that the article's claim was "extraordinary" and must therefore be met with rigorous skepticism. He wrote that there were no traces of archeological

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grasslands spread throughout the North American continent and replaced woodland habitats. In eastern North America were relict woodlands in an increasingly drier climate followed by a large faunal turnover. There was a long-term decline of genus-level faunal diversity, with many large-sized

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Late Pleistocene proboscideans of the Americas such as the American mastodon could have been recognized in Native American oral histories, but they are unlikely to have referenced any specific species. Typically, they may have been depicted in Native American oral history as aggressive and

1930:, giving it the informal name "great mastodon" and writing that that it is designated to the Ohio proboscidean with abundant fossil evidence, equal size but greater proportions to modern elephants, and diamond-shaped points of the molars. The naturalist also created the second species name 1816:

based on fossil bones dug up from Ohio in North America. He said that the species was distinguished from other animals of the prehistoric world based on the unusual shapes of the large molars. The genus name "Mammut" refers to the German translation for "mammoth." The naming of the genus

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Holen, Steven R.; Deméré, Thomas A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Fullagar, Richard; Paces, James B.; Jefferson, George T.; Beeton, Jared M.; Cerutti, Richard A.; Rountrey, Adam N.; Vescera, Lawrence; Holen, Kathleen A. (2017). "A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA".

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individuals are suggested to have had shoulder heights ranging from 275 cm (108 in) to 305 cm (120 in) and body masses ranging from 6.8 t (6.7 long tons; 7.5 short tons) to 9.2 t (9.1 long tons; 10.1 short tons) in body mass, with an average fully grown

5952:. In 1987, Carl E. Gustafson recovered fossil evidence of a late Pleistocene mastodon far away from where the species would typically roam, the radiocarbon dating confirming a date of about 13,800 years ago. The local tribal members identified the remains as being of game pieces for 5919:

did not exhibit any significant population bust until after Clovis culture and during the Younger Dryas at ~12,650 years ago. They concluded that the declines of megafauna are of mixed causes and that the extinction processes and causes therefore vary by individual taxon and region.

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observed that the teeth were not like those of modern elephants. He determined that the "grinders" from Ohio were of a carnivorous animal but believed that the tusks belonged to the same animal. After examining fossils from Franklin and Lord Shelburne, Hunter was convinced that the

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individuals could have been up to 80% heavier than an elephant with the same shoulder height. Larger than average individuals may have possibly had a shoulder height of 325 cm (128 in) and weighed up to 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons). 90% of fully grown male

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remains that were brought back by Longueil from Ohio back in 1739 and several researchers from previous decades who noted the unusual molars and thought that they belonged to different animals like hippopotamuses. He followed recognition in the previously established species "

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Hodgson, Jennifer A.; Allmon, Warren D.; Nester, Peter L.; Sherpa, James M.; Chiment, John J. (2008). "Comparative osteology of late Pleistocene mammoth and mastodon remains from the Watkins Glen site, Chemung County, New York". In Allmon, Warren D.; Nester, Peter L. (eds.).

5956:, a gambling game for dispute settlements and entertainment. The bone sticks, carved from mastodon bones, are not easily interpretable archeologically, but tribal members saw the recovery of the items as evidence of the endurance of ancient cultural practices like slahal. 7505:

Hautier, Lionel; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Tassy, Pascal; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (2009). "New material of Anancus kenyensis (proboscidea, mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): Contribution to the systematics of African anancines".

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Fisher, Daniel C. (2021). "Chapter 16: Underwater carcass storage and processing of marrow, brains, and dental pulp: Evidence for the role of proboscideans in human subsistence". In Konidaris, George Dimitri; Barkai, Ran; Tourloukis, Vangelis; Harvati, Katerina (eds.).

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The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus. containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young Class I

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was one of the many genera recorded within North America whose extinction causes are currently unresolved. During the latest Pleistocene of North America, two major events occurred: the development of Clovis culture from 13,200 to 12,800 years ago and the onset of the

4774:, which are large-sized similar to extant elephants and predominantly consist of consumed woody contents but no grass. Of the Pleistocene New World proboscideans, the American mastodon appears to have been the most consistent in browsing rather than grazing, consuming 10402:

McDonald, H. Gregory; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar (2017). "Increased xenarthran diversity of the Great American Biotic Interchange: a new genus and species of ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from the Hemphillian (late Miocene) of Jalisco, Mexico".

1922:, reaffirming that it is extinct and has left no living descendants. He established that it had an overall body form similar to elephants but had molars more similar to hippopotamuses and pigs that did not serve to grind meat. The first species he erected within 7569:

Konidaris, George; Koufos, George D.; Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.; Merceron, Gildas (2016). "Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Miocene of SE Europe-SW Asia: Implications for phylogeny and biogeography".

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fossil evidence of the mysterious proboscideans, using them for his studies. He concluded that the peculiar grinders (the molars) were built for herbivorous diets of branches of trees and shrubs as well as other vegetation, a view later followed by Franklin.

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In 1806, Cuvier wrote multiple extended research articles on fossil proboscideans of Eurasia and the Americas. He stated that the bones that Buffon previously described from North America were not of elephants but another animal that he referred to as the

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Webb, S. David; Hulbert Jr., Richard C.; Morgan, Gary S.; Evans, Helen F. (2008). "Terrestrial mammals of the Palmetto Fauna (early Pliocene, latest Hemphillian) from the Central Florida Phosphate District". In Wang, Xiaoming; Barnes, Lawrence G. (eds.).

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Morgan, Gary S.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2011). "Stegomastodon (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Blancan and Irvingtonian (Pliocene and early Pleistocene) of New Mexico". In Sullivan, Robert M.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Spielmann, Justin A. (eds.).

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the strength of American nationalism and that "mammoth" as a term became associated with gigantism. Decades later, the museum bankrupted, and the first skeleton's specimens were sold to some German spectators in around 1848, who eventually sold it to

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Zazula, Grant D.; MacPhee, Ross; Metcalfe, Jessica; Reyes, Alberto V.; Brock, Fiona; Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Groves, Pamela; Harington, C. Richard; Hodgins, Gregory; Kunz, Michael L.; Longstaffe, Fred John; Mann, Dan; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014).

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Wang, Shi-Qi; Saegusa, Haruo; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2017). "A new species of Tetralophodon from the Linxia Basin and the biostratigraphic significance of tetralophodont gomphotheres from the Upper Miocene of northern China".

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in 1792 based on fossil tusks and "grinders" from the Big Bone Lick locality. He stated that the tusks were similar to elephants while the molars were completely different because they were covered with enamel and had a double row of high conical

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broke shortly thereafter. Annan expressed his confusion at what the animal could be but speculated based on its "grinders" that it was carnivorous in diet. He speculated also that it was probably extinct due to some catastrophe within the globe.

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is stable and therefore unlikely to change. In 2018, Jack M. Broughton and Elic M. Weitzel calculated populated dynamics of some of the North American late Pleistocene megafauna based on summed probability distributions (SPDs) using calibrated

6006:, arranged petition drives that collected thousands of signatures, and attended state hearings. Bradley's students participated in the "Mastodon for Michigan" campaign, which built a life-sized replica out of paper and raised $ 1,000 for the 5775:) in the Cerutti site. Additionally, he brought up the possibilities of the fossil bones being affected by sediment pressures or damage done by earth-moving construction equipments despite the original authors denying the latter possibility. 4170:, correlating potentially with the need to reduce heat loss due to the decrease of global temperature and humidity during the late Miocene and Pliocene. Despite the reductions of the lower tusks, they were still present in Neogene species of 4646:

male estimated at 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) in shoulder height and 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) in body mass. These estimates place males as larger on average in weight and shoulder height than those of both the living

1538:(published by 1785) that the fossil proboscideans may have been carnivorous, still exist in the northern parts of North America, and are related to mammoths whose remains were found in Siberia. Jefferson referenced the theory of American 1216:

for proboscidean species with superficially similar molar teeth morphologies but today includes 7 definite species, 1 of questionable affinities, and 4 other species from Eurasia that are pending reassessments to other genera.

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period when human populations were present. The Buesching mastodon's tusks grew for about 30 years, and he lived for 34 years total, an approximate lifespan comparable to other males. He may have had engaged in aggressive behavior from

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in 1804, and its exhibit was open first to invited members of the American Philosophical Society on December 24 then to the general public on December 25 for an exhibit admission fee in addition to the general admission fee.

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Lambert, W. David (2023). "Implications of discoveries of the shovel-tusked gomphothere Konobelodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) in Eurasia for the status of Amebelodon with a new genus of shovel-tusked gomphothere, Stenobelodon".

1248:. It is thought that mastodon behaviors were not much different from elephants and mammoths, with females and juveniles living in herds and adult males living largely solitary lives plus entering phases of aggression similar to the 5106:, 2 million years ago, identified preserved DNA fragments of mastodons. This suggests that the mammutids ranged as far north as Greenland during optimal conditions. Around this time, northern Greenland was 11–19 °C warmer than the 7315:

Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Wang, Shi-Qi; Deng, Tao; Jintasakul, Pratueng (2016). "The first Neogene record of Zygolophodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in Thailand: implications for the mammutid evolution and dispersal in Southeast Asia".

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is diagnosed as being strongly zygodont and having no conules. The lophs extend to the long axis of the molars. The first two molars in the dental row have no more than three lophs while the third molars have four lophs plus a

4016:(EQ) compared to the other mammutid species, supporting the idea that the evolution of proboscidean encephalization is tied with phylogeny. The Mammutida, as the most basal clade of the Elephantimorpha, has an EQ twice that of 9600:

Birks, Hilary H.; van Geel, Bas; Fisher, Daniel C.; Grimm, Eric C.; Kuijper, Wim J.; van Arkel, Jan; van Reenen, Guido B.A. (2019). "Evidence for the diet and habitat of two late Pleistocene mastodons from the Midwest, USA".

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Pérez-Crespo, Victor A.; Prado, José L.; Alberdi, Maria T.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Johnson, Eileen (2016). "Diet and Habitat for Six American Pleistocene Proboscidean Species Using Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotopes".

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in the American colonies. Because of the uniquely shaped molars with modern analogues in terms of large animals, the species caught wide attention of European researchers and influential Americans before and after the

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whereas mastodons were specialized browsers that nonetheless still could have consumed a variety of plants. Mammoth diets varied by region whereas those of mastodons remain unclear still. Both at times overlapped in C

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was an adaptable species for local environmental shifts. Regardless, it depended heavily on forested environments similar to tapirs, so significant closed vegetation losses of any sort could have impacted them.

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tradition, the proboscideans roamed in herds and were hunted by giants, who both eventually died out. The accounts told by the Shawnee individuals in 1762 are the oldest known documented interpretations of the

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Kilby, J. David; Surovell, Todd A.; Huckell, Bruce B.; Ringstaff, Christopher W.; Hamilton, Marcus J.; Haynes Jr., C. Vance (2022). "Evidence supports the efficacy of Clovis points for hunting proboscideans".

3866:(or ancestral traits) that can be observed, namely the low and flat brain case, a slightly vertical basicranium, a narrow nasal aperture inlet of the nose with no step-like perinasal fossa, and a backside 11530:

Feranec, Robert S.; Kozlowski, Andrew (2016). "Implications of a Bayesian radiocarbon calibration of colonization ages for mammalian megafauna in glaciated New York State after the Last Glacial Maximum".

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Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (2012). "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands".

3825:

species pending reassessments. The shortening of the symphysis is one of the major evolutionary trends observed in Neogene mammutids, making it critical in understanding the evolutionary transition from

4157:

represents the earliest case of a North American mammutid species without any enamel band, although the possibility of it being worn off by wear cannot automatically be eliminated. It differs from

5742:

were broken by hominins, and alternate explanations have been offered. For instance, in the same year the article was published, Gary Haynes expressed concern of it being published in the journal

4612:, males of which are suggested to have had an average body mass of 16 t (16 long tons; 18 short tons) making it the largest known proboscidean alongside the extinct Indian elephant species 5963:

would eventually yield evidence of living mastodons in the western frontier of the United States. It was a defining symbol of museums according to Brett Barney as evident by a mention of it by

5959:

The American mastodon had long been a stand-in within the United States for American nationalism since early American history, and Thomas Jefferson was famously known for having hoped that the

1375:, New York where the original bones were found. American historian Paul Semonin said that the accounts written by Cornbury and Abeel match up with that written by in the July 30, 1705 entry in 4698:, which was first uncovered in 2015, dates to the latest Hemphillian, and has an elongated mandibular symphysis and large mandibular tusks, is thought to have been several tonnes larger than 4225:

had very large tusks, with some records suggesting lengths of 3 m (9.8 ft) and diameters exceeding 200 mm (7.9 in) were not unusual. In the skull of the earlier-appearing

3006:. The age of the formation where the mammutid specimen was found dates to about 3.75 Ma. It is also known from multiple other Blancan sites such as Fish Springs Flat in Nevada. From the 11941: 4520:(SEM). K.F. Hallin and D. Gabriel in 1981 speculated that mastodons were indeed hairy but were more suited for semiaquatic lifestyles than tolerance of colder climates. Matt Davis 9044:

Parray, Khursheed A.; Jukar, Advait M.; Paul, Abdul Qayoom; Ahmad, Ishfaq; Patnaik, Rajeev (2022). "A gomphothere (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Quaternary of the Kashmir valley, India".

7742:

The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska : Including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America

1798:

also followed up with more taxonomic descriptions of fossil proboscideans in 1799. The first fossil species, recovered from Germany, was described as belonging to the newly erected species

5830:, or more specifically the American mastodon, experienced an initial decline in geographical range when it was extirpated from the northernmost ranges of North America ~75,000 years ago. 4923:

The social behaviors of male mastodon were inferred from one individual skeleton known as the "Buesching mastodon" (known informally as "Fred"), which was recovered from a peat farm near

4738:, because they retained zygodont molars, were built to browse on higher vegetation and did not shift towards grazing specializations or consistent mixed feeding. The stomach contents of 3022:

are recorded, the former having an exceptional level of diversity based on abundant skeletal evidences from the late Pleistocene that is unusual for the typical mammutid fossil record.

11707: 10138:

Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Polaco, Oscar J.; Laurito, César; Johnson, Eileen; Alberdi, María Teresa; Zamora, Ana Lucía Valerio (2007). "The proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica".

8668:

Konidaris, George E.; Aytek, Ahmet I.; Yavuz, Alper Y.; Tarhan, Erhan; Alçiçek, M. Cihat (2023). "First Report of "Mammut" (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Upper Miocene of Turkey".

9389:

Newsom, Lee A.; Mihlbachler, Matthew C. (2006). "Chapter 10: Mastodons (Mammut americanum) Diet Foraging Patterns Based on Analysis of Dung Deposits". In Webb, S. David (ed.).

8695:

Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo dos Santos; Zhao, Desi; Xie, Guangpu; Sun, Boyang (2016). "A new Mammutidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Gansu Province, China".

4887:

showed progressive developments in response to increasingly arid and extensive grasslands from the Blancan up to the early Irvingtonian, with molar complexities resembling those of

1603:. In addition to the first skeleton, the second was excavated using a mill-like device to drain a 12 ft (3.7 m) deep marl pit. Peale assembled a complete skeleton in his 1179:, known as an "American mastodon" or simply "mastodon," had a long and complex paleontological history spanning all the way back to 1705 when the first fossils were uncovered from 10021:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Guillermo, Alvarado Induni (2010). "Fossil Proboscidea from the upper Cenozoic of Central America: taxonomy, evolutionary and paleobiogeographic significance".

4285:, mentioning that their postcranial anatomies were studied previously by Stanley John Olsen in 1972 and recognizing that the two genera were only distantly related to each other. 1591:

visited the locality in 1801, where he first sketched the fossils then purchased excavation privileges and full ownership of the fossils from Masten and borrowed a loan from the

8401:

Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mario A. (2012). "The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography".

2704:

clade, meaning that it did not leave any derived descendant groups in its evolutionary history. The monophyly of the Mammutidae makes it differ from the Elephantida, where the

10974:

Mackie, Madeline E.; Haas, Randall (2021). "Estimating the frequency of coincidental spatial associations between Clovis artifacts and proboscidean remains in North America".

3949:

is known by several brain endocasts stored in American museums, although they are seldom subjected to studies. In 1973, neuroscientist Harry J. Jerison studied an endocast of

6142: 5880:

were far less frequently associated with human sites, potentially suggesting that Paleoindians hunted them less than mammoths. They stated that the current understanding of

2692:). The Mammutidae is characterized by molars with zygodont-form crests, which have remained morphologically conservative throughout the evolutionary history of the family. 11820: 11676: 10536:"Paleoecology of Aphelops and Teleoceras (Rhinocerotidae) through an interval of changing climate and vegetation in the Neogene of the Great Plains, central United States" 5154:

herbivores going extinct. Many of the surviving herbivorous faunas were thus adapted for drier and more open habitats resulting from cooling and increase in seasonality.

5067:

already had an eastern range in the United States by the latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene. Similarly, the same species is recorded from the Palmetto Fauna locality (

2696:

is considered to be a derived genus of the family because of strong zygodont development. As a family of the Elephantimorpha clade, it is only distantly related to the

5838:(~125,000-75,000 years ago) back when suitable forested habitats were present there but was subsequently extirpated in correlation with environmental changes from the 2371: 11880: 11850: 9372:

van der Made, Jean (2010). "The evolution of the elephants and their relatives in the context of a changing climate and geography". In Höhne, D.; Schwarz, W. (eds.).

12140: 6453: 6428: 5738:(MIS 5e) temporal range of the early late Pleistocene. The proposal was highly controversial, as many archeologists were skeptical about the claim that the bones of 4762:

survived in North America and became abundant, although the reason for the latter faunal trend does not have any offered explanation. The browsing specialization of

5748:

due to how highly prolific it is. Reporters from print presses and digital media published reactions of the article from various North American archeologists, with

5531:. The Big Bone Lick locality in Kentucky, which dates to the latest Pleistocene (Rancholabrean), indicates the coexistence of the American mastodon with the extant 11460:

Scott, Eric (2010). "Extinctions, scenarios, and assumptions: Changes in latest Pleistocene large herbivore abundance and distribution in western North America".

8865:

Shoshani, Jeheskel; Kupsky, William J.; Marchant, Gary H. (2006). "Elephant brain: Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution".

1808:). The second was what he considered to be an unknown "colossal land monster of the prehistoric world," considering it to be the "mammoth." He created the genus 8814:"Remarks on the cranium of Eozygodon morotoensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Africa, and the question of the monophyly of Elephantimorpha" 7874:

The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95°

5052: 9102:

Smith, Kathlyn M.; Fisher, Daniel C. (2011). "Sexual dimorphism of structures showing indeterminate growth: tusks of American mastodons (Mammut americanum)".

7077:

Cuvier, Georges (1824). "Résumé général: Des Animaux dont les caractères ont été indiqués ou rectifiés, ou dont l'Ostéologie a été décrite dans cet ouvrage".

4508:

was actually covered in hair. Supposedly, only one find of fur belonging to the mastodon is of a skull with two small hairy patches of skin from the state of

2326:

and that people had refused to use it. He stated that he did not want to either but reluctantly set aside his personal preferences to follow taxonomic rules.

1156:

separately in elephantids. Mastodons had an overall stockier skeletal build, a lower-domed skull, and a longer tail compared to elephantids. Fully grown male

10699:

Schultz, Gerald E. (2010). "Pleistocene (Irvingtonian, Cudahyan) vertebrates from the Texas Panhandle, and their geographic and paleoecologic significance".

10323: 8262:

Shiqi, Wang; Chun-Xiao, Li; Xiao-Xiao, Zhang (2021). "On the scientific names of mastodont taxa: nomenclature, Chinese translation, and taxonomic problems".

2765:(~27-24 Ma). The Mammutidae, like other Paleogene proboscideans, was therefore an endemic radiation within the continent akin to other endemic mammals like 6667:

McMillan, R. Bruce (2022). "Albert C. Koch's Missourium and the debate over the contemporaneity of humans and the Pleistocene megafauna of North America".

4423:

has shorter and more robust limb bones compared to those of derived elephantids, probably the result of it retaining primitive anatomical traits. Both the

1632: 4788:

plants, and occupying closed forests versus more open habitats. This dietary inflexibility may have prevented them from invading South America during the

2840:, but this relationship has been doubted. As a result, these Eurasian species may belong to either other existing mammutid genera or entirely new genera. 1846:

The proboscidean species was subject to several other species names given by other taxonomists within the earliest 18th century as well as the genus name

11495:

Boulanger, Matthew T.; Lyman, R. Lee (2014). "Northeastern North American Pleistocene megafauna chronologically overlapped minimally with Paleoindians".

9172:

Mastodon Paleobiology, Taphonomy, and Paleoenvironment in the Late Pleistocene of New York State: Studies on the Hyde Park, Chemung, and North Java Sites

7409:

Mead, Jim I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Swift, Sandra L. (2019). "Late Pleistocene Mammuthus and Cuvieronius (proboscidea) from Térapa, Sonora, Mexico".

5853:

that resulted in the disappearances of over 30 genera of mammals, the majority of which are considered "megafauna" (~45 kg (99 lb) or larger).

5749: 5587: 2905:

from the Black Butte in Oregon also dates back to the Clarendonian stage, but the affinities of the species remains unclear. If it truly is a species of

1688:, was much larger than an elephant, had horizontal tusks plus trunks, and occupied aquatic habitats. He acquired additional fossils from a spring on the 9355:

Manus biomechanics of a giant mastodon from the Gray Fossil Site suggests the ability to transverse uneven terrain in a karstic and mountainous refugium

9353: 7060:

Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée

11623:

Woodman, Neal Woodman; Athfield, Nancy Beavan (2009). "Post-Clovis survival of American Mastodon in the southern Great Lakes Region of North America".

9744:

Bonhof, Wouter J.; Pryor, Alexander J.E. (2022). "Proboscideans on Parade: A review of the migratory behaviour of elephants, mammoths, and mastodons".

5949: 5345: 12125: 8974:

Ekdale, Eric Gregory (2011). "Morphological variation in the ear region of pleistocene elephantimorpha (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from central Texas".

8319:

Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2021). "The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece". In Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.).

12168: 11949: 9586: 8571: 6408: 6038: 6007: 5979: 5333: 4591: 2220:. Isaac Hays comparatively defended Godman's taxon, which led to a bitter debate regarding the validity of the genus amongst American naturalists. 1966: 1673: 520: 9489:"A middle Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Czech part of the Vienna Basin: Implications for the paleoenvironments of the Central Paratethys" 8813: 4476:

by the presence of six as opposed to five sacral vertebrae and the femur having a larger diameter of the middle shaft (or main cylindrical area).

13164: 12615: 8545:

Effects of climate change on mammalian fauna composition and structure during the advent of North American continental glaciation in the Pliocene

8239:

Yaghoubi, Sadaf; Ashouri, Ali Reza; Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie; Ghaderi, Abbas (2023). "First true mastodon from the Late Miocene of Western Asia".

2727:

Although the separation of the Mammutida and Elephantida is strongly supported based on morphological differences, their origins within the late

1148:

is characterized by particularly long and upward curving upper tusks, reduced or absent tusks on the lower jaw, as well as the shortening of the

771: 7080:

Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, où l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces

4632:

7.8 t (7.7 long tons; 8.6 short tons) and had a shoulder height measuring 289 cm (114 in). This robustness is so pronounced that

12645: 5056: 4997:

faunal stages and in locations from as far north as Alaska, as far east as Florida, and as far south as the state of Puebla in central Mexico.

2515: 1286:

around the end of the Late Pleistocene-early Holocene, the causes typically being attributed to human hunting, severe climatic phases like the

13289: 13177: 12360: 12178:

The Florida Museum of Natural History Virtual Exhibit – The Aucilla River Prehistory Project:When The First Floridians Met The Last Mastodons

11715: 9705:"Interpreting spatially explicit variation in dietary proxies through species distribution modeling reveals foraging preferences of mammoth ( 1718:

to fertilize the neighboring fields. They were observed by a large amount of spectators and uncovered relatively complete fossil evidence of

5340:, antilocaprids). North America in the late Neogene is understood to have undergone a long-term decline in large mammal diversity (i.e. the 12245: 9638:"Regional variation in the browsing diet of Pleistocene Mammut americanum (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as recorded by dental microwear textures" 5192:

in the Thousand Creek Formation in Nevada. Coexistent with the mammutid species were a large variety of other mammals, namely those of the

5133: 2741:

was truly ancestral to both the Elephantida and Mammutida. An alternate hypothesis suggests that the Elephantimorpha is diphyletic because

12135: 6294:

Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Année MDCCLXII, avec les Mémoires de Mathématiques & de Physique, pour la même année, 1762

4936:, although it may have been season-specific compared to living elephants given climatic conditions in North America. He likely engaged in 1839:" and argued that the species was different from elephants and mammoths and cannot be found amongst living animals due to extinction from 5999: 12145: 9009:

Sanders, William J. (2017). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans".

6014:. Similarly, the mastodon became the state fossil of Indiana as recently as 2022 due to House Bill 1013, authored by the representative 2998:(known popularly as an "American mastodon" or simply "mastodon") is also stratigraphically recorded first from the early Blancan of the 1212:

in 1799, thus making it amongst the first fossil mammal genera to be erected with undisputed taxonomic authority. The genus served as a

13299: 12092: 11910: 2216:. They therefore argued that there was no reason to assume that the tusks were not just individual variations, a view followed also by 11088:"Late Pleistocene osseous projectile point from the Manis site, Washington—Mastodon hunting in the Pacific Northwest 13,900 years ago" 11086:

Waters, Michael R.; Newell, Zachary A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Han, Jiwan; Moreno, Michael; Robbins, Andrew (2023).

4115:. The Mammutidae was not the only proboscidean family to have acquired zygodont crested molars, as Neogene species of the gomphothere 1989:" was riddled with major taxonomic problems since species now determined as belonging to other proboscidean genera were classified to 13269: 9295:. Geological Society of America 34th Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Section, Abstracts with Program. Vol. 13. p. 199. 8451:

Sanders, William J. (2023). "Chapter 3: Early and Middle Miocene Diversification of Proboscideans and Dominance of Elephantimorphs".

7388:"New mammutids (Proboscidea) from the Clarendonian and Hemphillian of Oregon – a survey of Mio-Pliocene mammutids from North America" 12061: 10735: 10367:

Fox, David L. (2000). "Growth increments in Gomphotherium tusks and implications for late Miocene climate change in North America".

13309: 13138: 10805:"Terminal Pleistocene human occupation of the upper Copper River basin, southern Alaska: Results of test excavations at Nataeł Na'" 7444:

Nanda, A.C.; Sehgal, Ramesh Kumar; Chauhan, Parth R. (2018). "Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia".

1727: 10845:

Surovell, Todd A.; Waguespack, Nicole M. (2008). "How many elephant kills are 14?: Clovis mammoth and mastodon kills in context".

8635:

Tobien, Heinz (1996). "Chapter 9: Evolution of zygodons with emphasis on dentition". In Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (eds.).

8122:

Lambert, W. David; Shoshani, Jeheskel (1998). "Proboscidea". In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.).

6449:"V. Observations on the bones, commonly supposed to be elephants bones, which have been found near the river Ohio in America" 12187: 9526:

Lepper, Bradley T.; Frolking, Tod A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Goldstein, Gerald; Sanger, Jon E.; Wymer, Dee Anne; et al. (1991).

8791:"Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae" 8380:"Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae" 5086:

periods, with mitochondrial genome analysis suggesting that separate populations repeatedly colonised the region before becoming

4758:. Of note is that whereas mammutids of Eurasia went extinct by the early Pleistocene in association with more seasonal climates, 2421:

by differences in the skull and that the etymology of the species name was made in honor of paleontological contributions by the

2018:

has many synonymous names. The issue of synonymous species names were especially apparent in the first half of the 19th century.

11828: 11684: 6622:

Hoffman, Sheila K. (2018). "The origins of Puritan politics in U.S. museums: Nation building and "the arts" from 1776 to 1806".

13254: 11286:"American mastodon extirpation in the Arctic and Subarctic predates human colonization and terminal Pleistocene climate change" 8476:"Northeastern Asia humidification at the end of the Miocene drives the boost of mammalian dispersals from the Old to New World" 8078:

Shotwell, J. Arnold; Russell, Donald E. (1963). "Mammalian fauna of the upper Juntura Formation, the Black Butte local fauna".

3910:

with a hole known as the lacrimal foramen. Unlike elephantidans, it has another primitive trait of a short and high-positioned

1543: 1271:, who were the first humans to have inhabited North America. Evidence has been found that Paleoindians (including those of the 10776:

Storrs, Glenn W.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Scott, Eric; Genheimer, Robert A.; Hedeen, Stanley E.; Schwalbach, Cameron E. (2023).

10654:"Co-Occurrence of the Proboscideans Cuvieronius, Stegomastodon, and Mammuthus in the Lower Pleistocene of Southern New Mexico" 10089:"The easternmost occurrence of Mammut pacificus (Proboscidea: Mammutidae), based on a partial skull from eastern Montana, USA" 8515:

Pasenko, Michael (2011). "A Specimen of Mammut americanum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Yavapai County, West-Central Arizona".

11414: 9912: 9203: 8849: 8652: 8616: 8428:

Sanders, William J. (2023). "Chapter 3:Late Paleogene: First Major Diversification and Adaptive Radiation of Proboscideans".

8336: 8106: 5728:

that dates to approximately 130,000 years ago. If true, they stated, the site would imply evidence of now-extinct species of

5051:

in the late Hemphillian. It has also apparently been identified from the latest Hemphillian based on skull material from the

4367: 1672:

were excavated within the United States in the first half of the 19th century. One of them was collected by American showman

1587:, New York, and subsequent excavations were observed by a crowd of over a hundred people. American painter and exhibitionist 12202: 8379: 6838:

The Mastodons, Mammoths and Other Pleistocene Mammals of New York State: Being a Descriptive Record of All Known Occurrences

4153:

retains a very narrow strip of enamel in the upper tusks. The lower (or mandibular) tusks tend to be reduced in comparison.

4149:

by the generally larger sizes, tendency to either straighten or curve up, and the typical lack of any enamel band, although

1934:

and gave it the informal name "narrow-toothed mastodon," diagnosing it as having narrower molars, smaller sizes compared to

1200:

and contributing to a greater understanding of extinctions. Taxonomically, it was first recognized as a distinct species by

13264: 11888: 11858: 10199:"American mastodon mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple dispersal events in response to Pleistocene climate oscillations" 6904:"Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)" 6751:

Proboscidea: a monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world

6011: 4304:, but the spines gradually decrease in length then increase slightly in the rear area. The number of ribs and vertebrae of 4269:

As a result of proboscidean diagnoses focusing mostly on dentition, the postcranial anatomies of fossil proboscideans like

9378:. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archälogie Sachsen-Anhalt & Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle. pp. 341–360. 6322:

Barnett, Lydia (2019). "Showing and hiding: The flickering visibility of earth workers in the archives of earth science".

1611:

The special exhibition attracted thousands of visitors, and the skeleton became a US national symbol. Charles Peale's son

5607: 5288:). The latest Hemphillian of Florida based on the Palmetto Fauna of the Bone Valley Formation records the coexistence of 4500:) has typically been depicted as having shaggy and brown-colored fur in reconstructions, especially in over a century of 11971: 8592:

Benoit, Julien; Lyras, George A.; Schmitt, Arnaud; Nxumalo, Mpilo; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Obada, Teodor; et al. (2022).

8154:

Dooley Jr., Alton C.; Scott, Eric; Green, Jeremy; Springer, Kathleen B.; Dooley, Brett S.; Smith, Gregory James (2019).

2464:

based on fossils from the Thousand Creek Beds of northwestern Nevada. In 1937, John R. Schultz created the species name

13294: 13249: 12183:

Western Center for Archaeology & Paleontology, home of the largest mastodon ever found in the Western United States

10880:

Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (2015). "Revisiting Paleoindian exploitation of extinct North American mammals".

10170: 9224:

Davis, Matt; Nye, Benjamin D.; Sinatra, Gale M.; Swartout, William; Sjӧberg, Molly; Porter, Molly; et al. (2022).

9138: 6031: 4516:. These have only been described briefly in the original literature and have never been figured beyond one hair from a 1621: 1330: 682: 148: 12155: 8124:

Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals

4032:

but smaller than those of derived elephantids. It has an EQ that is higher than those of Paleogene proboscideans and "

3838:

are not known from any anywhere within the Hemphillian, thus making the transition poorly understood. It differs from

1942:

originating from other continents in 1824. Despite Cuvier's genus name being younger than multiple other genus names,

13279: 12093:"Thousands Have Joined Mastodon Since Twitter Changed Hands. Its Founder Has a Vision for Democratizing Social Media" 11568:"Population reconstructions for humans and megafauna suggest mixed causes for North American Pleistocene extinctions" 10920:

Haynes, Gary (2022). "Sites in the Americas with Possible or Probable Evidence for the Butchering of Proboscideans".

10063: 6886: 4324:

is considered a derived trait also present in modern elephants. The "Watkins Glen mastodon," for example, has 7

4044: 2437: 1758: 1704: 1617: 1138:

are merged into sharp ridges), which strongly differ from those of elephantids. In comparison to its likely ancestor

9325:

Woodman, Neal; Branstrator, Jon W. (2008). "The Overmyer Mastodon (Mammut Americanum) from Fulton County, Indiana".

9079:

Larramendi, Asier (2023). "Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model".

6066:" before the name was eventually replaced with "12-wheeler." The name was a reference to the American mastodon. The 5149:

of evolutionary and climatic trends while the eastern half is poorly understood. During the late Neogene (8-5 Ma), C

4674:

The size of the "Overmyer Mastodon," an individual skeleton recovered from the farm of Robert Overmyer northwest of

1071: 13284: 12238: 5688: 4928: 4079: 3953:, recording that it was elephantlike in both size and shape. According to Shoshani et al. in 2006, the endocast of 13182: 12198: 9937: 8900:

Benoit, Julien; Legendre, Lucas J.; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Obada, Theodor; Mararescul, Vladislav; Manger, Paul (2019).

1714:

In 1845, another skeleton was excavated from Newburgh by laborers hired by Nathaniel Brewster initially to remove

13304: 8156:"Mammut pacificus sp. nov., a newly recognized species of mastodon from the Pleistocene of western North America" 6084:

had the mastodon ability and controlled the Mastodon Dinozord machine. The name "Mastodon" was also adopted by a

4359: 2231:

were rejected by Owen in 1842, although he retained the former name informally. By 1869, American paleontologist

2217: 1689: 11405:

Stuart, Anthony J. (August 20, 2022). "Chapter 6. North America: mastodon, ground sloths, and sabertooth cats".

8732:"Description of mastodons (Mammut americanum) from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico" 8321:

Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1: Basal vertebrates, Amphibians, Reptiles, Afrotherians, Glires, and Primates

1077: 13274: 9680:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S.; Spielmann, Justin A.; Pasenko, Michael R.; Aguilar, Ricardo Hernán (2011).

9338: 5669: 5114:

hosting a species assemblage with no modern analogue. These are among the oldest DNA fragments ever sequenced.

4900:

resource usages, although whether this represents browsing or grazing in the case of mammoths remains unclear.

2882: 1962: 1604: 1592: 1534: 10440:"Magnetic stratigraphy of the Upper Miocene (Early Hemphillian) Thousand Creek Formation, Northwestern Nevada" 8212:"A partial skeleton of "Mammut" borsoni (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Kaltensundheim (Germany)" 7265:

Göhlich, Ursula B. (2010). "The Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (southern Germany)".

6372:

Mayor, Adrienne (2005). "Chapter 1: The northeast: Giants, great bears, and grandfather of the buffalo".

5387:

of Truth or Consequences in New Mexico is recorded with a few other mammalian faunas, namely the megalonychid

5025:

compared to the other Plio-Pleistocene proboscideans. The easternmost range of the species was in what is now

1364:

of rum, and Bruggen eventually gave it to Cornbury. He then stated that he sent Johannis Abeel, a recorder of

13221: 8549: 7998:

Matthew, William Diller (1930). "A Pliocene mastodon skull from California: Pliomastodon vexillarius n. sp".

7980: 4981:

is unknown as their occurrences are restricted to few localities, the exception being the American mastodon (

4320:

usually has 19, but both have documented individuals with 18 of them. The reduction of thoracic vertebrae in

2209: 1851: 479: 11045:

Eren, Metin I.; Meltzer, David J.; Story, Brett; Buchanan, Briggs; Yeager, Don; Bebber, Michelle R. (2022).

8594:"Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from their brain endocast and labyrinth" 3817:(or "brevirostrine") and a protruding angular process in the mandible. The diagnosis accounts for both true 13319: 13005: 6076: 5850: 5599: 4517: 4237:, Oregon suggests a tusk diameter of approximately 200 mm (7.9 in). Similar to modern elephants, 1677: 1283: 1278:

Mastodons disappeared along with many other North American animals, including most of its largest animals (

749: 10804: 8764: 5998:

geology instructor David P. Thomas Sr. aimed to make it the state fossil of Michigan. He, assisted by the

2909:, then its earliest temporal range is recorded at about 10 Ma. The earliest undisputed appearance of 1123:, which diverged from the ancestors of modern elephants at least 27–25 million years ago, during the 13314: 13117: 13112: 12231: 11739:"Jefferson's old bones: did the so-called father of American vertebrate paleontology believe in fossils?" 10475:

Figueirido, Borja; Janis, Christine M.; Pérez-Claros, Juan A.; De Renzi, Miquel; Palmqvist, Paul (2012).

9448:

Green, Jeremy L.; Semprebon, Gina M.; Solounias, Nikos (2005). "Reconstructing the palaeodiet of Florida

6062: 5995: 5884:

associations with humans could shift if the supposed butchery sites were better understood while that of

5621:) arrival to temperate North America is unclear, but they likely arrived to North America ∼19,000–14,000 4954: 4875:(or occupy similar but niche ecological spaces) with other proboscideans of North America in the Neogene- 2658: 1795: 1275:) hunted mastodons based on the finding of mastodon remains with cut marks and/or with lithic artifacts. 1209: 245: 10575:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S. (1999). "The oldest Mammut (Mammalia: proboscidea) from New Mexico".

1742:

for $ 30,000 in 1906 and donated to the American Museum of Natural History where it is exhibited today.

12165: 11768:

Currie, Philip J. (2023). "Celebrating dinosaurs: their behaviour, evolution, growth, and physiology".

9527: 9306:

Hallin, K.F. (1983). "Hair of the American mastodon indicates an adaptation to a semiaquatic habitat".

7114:

Mazo, A.V.; van der Made, Jan (2012). "Iberian mastodonts: Geographic and stratigraphic distribution".

6652:

Thomson, Keith Stewart (2008). "Chapter 6: Fossils and show business: Mr. Peale's mastodon".

6585:

and the great chain of being: The interaction of religion, science, and art in early-federal America".

5960: 4913: 4789: 4524:. in 2022 were tentative in accepting the source as evidence for hairiness, as they questioned whether 2832:(comprising several unrelated groups). This is because the inclusion of Eurasian mammutid species into 2410: 2212:

pointed out that except for the tusks, all other characteristics of the specimens were consistent with

1481: 1465: 1426: 1299: 11803:

Barney, Brett (2006). "Chapter 15: Nineteenth-century Popular Culture". In Kummings, Donald D. (ed.).

7937: 7833: 7655: 6936: 5974: 3890:

is also more derived based on the lack of a strong proximal constriction of the incisive fossa of the

2700:

due to major differences in dentition and emergence of adult teeth. The Mammutidae is identified as a

1441:

hunter-warriors). He came to the conclusion that the femur and tusk belonged to an elephant while the

1087:(German for 'mammoth'), which, strictly defined, was endemic to North America and lived from the late 10048:

Polaco, O. J.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Corona-M., E.; López-Oliva, J. G. (2001). "The American Mastodon

8593: 6388: 6010:

to built a mastodon exhibit. In 2002, the mastodon became the state fossil, making it the fourteenth

4937: 3314: 1584: 1357: 28: 20: 7078: 6868: 6819: 6423: 4730:

The zygodont molar morphologies of mammutids suggest that they consistently occupied adaptations to

3767: 2970:

stages. Mammutid specimens of the Hemphillian and Blancan had typically previously been assigned to

1938:, and range distributions in Europe and South America. Cuvier also erected several other species of 1730:

for study. After Warren's death in 1856, the skeleton was sent to Warren's family but was traded to

8060: 8037: 7804: 7740: 7717: 7387: 7098: 7058: 7032: 6766: 6448: 6249: 6162: 5673: 4571:

filaments. He concluded that the long tail and large body mass both contradict the hypothesis that

4013: 3290: 3171: 3054: 2731:

remain uncertain. One hypothesis asserts that the Elephantimorpha is monophyletic if the primitive

2712:(or ancestral to more derived descendant groups in the cladistic sense) in relation to the derived 1418: 160: 12046:

The content of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as the source of antisocial and prosocial learning

9794:

Miller, Joshua H.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Crowley, Brooke E.; Secord, Ross; Konomi, Bledar A. (2022).

7211: 6854:

American Monster: How the Nation's First Prehistoric Creature Became a Symbol of National Identity

6568:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6553:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6538:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6359:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6289: 6235:

American Monster: How the Nation's First Prehistoric Creature Became a Symbol of National Identity

4198:

in part by the narrower molars. Both species have broader molars compared to the "narrow-toothed"

2921:, or 8.0-7.1 Ma. Historically, North American paleontologists considered that North American 12992: 11738: 7872: 7009: 6754:. Vol. 1. J. Pierpont Morgan Fund by the trustees of the American Museum of Natural History. 6749: 6702:

McMillan, R. Bruce (2010). "The Discovery of Fossil Vertebrates on Missouri's Western Frontier".

5693: 5622: 5424:. A late Blancan locality known as the Fish Springs Flat Fauna in Nevada reveals that fossils of 5095: 4652: 4614: 4602: 3605: 3365: 3083: 2842: 1915:

to mean "nipple tooth," since he thought that it expressed the characteristic form of the teeth.

1166: 401: 32: 11433:

Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".

10055:

The World of Elephants – Proceedings of the 1st International Congress, Rome October 16–20, 2001

9904: 4389:. disagreed with the claim by Olsen in 1972 that the neck of the scapula is more constricted in 2334: 1821:

in 1799 makes it the second or third genus to be recognized with taxonomic authority given that

1734:

for John Warren's skeleton. The "Warren mastodon", under the request of American paleontologist

13208: 13055: 12177: 7189:"Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America" 5735: 5493:

of Pennsylvania is of Irvingtonian age (Middle Pleistocene) and reveals that during this time,

5490: 3583: 3443: 2363: 2307: 1735: 1731: 1620:

in Germany where it is now displayed. The second skeleton's specimens landed eventually at the

1377: 847: 798: 314: 300: 13169: 10603: 10439: 6053:

The name "mastodon" was adopted in different contexts within the United States. For instance,

5696:. The wound has been hypothesized to be the result of pre-Clovis hunting from several sources. 3906:. The North American mammutid retains a primitive trait in the form of the orbit containing a 3025:

The following cladogram defines the phylogeny of certain proboscideans, a majority known from

2974:, but this is seemingly the result of overreliance on stratigraphic positions to define taxa. 1509: 13203: 11446: 9580: 8553: 6157: 5717: 5068: 5048: 4838: 4656: 4263: 3465: 2355: 1804: 1659: 1588: 1518: 1485: 1429:

examined the fossil collection brought by Longueuil and compared it with specimens of extant

1193: 1170: 593: 13195: 12130: 12100: 11918: 10803:

White, John T.; Henry, Auréade; Kuehn, Stephen; Loso, Michael G.; Rasic, Jeffrey T. (2022).

9682:"Taxonomy and evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene proboscidean Stegomastodon in North America" 8599:. In Dozo, María Teresa; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana; Macrini, Thomas E.; Walsh, Stig (eds.). 6472:

Annan, Robert (1793). "Account of a skeleton of a large animal, found near Hudson's River".

5935: 3987:

Julien Benoit et al. in 2022 explained that while the front tips of the olfactory bulbs of "

3926: 1781:

processes. Kerr was unsure about the taxonomic affinities of the molars and referenced that

13125: 13018: 11777: 11632: 11579: 11540: 11504: 11469: 11356: 11297: 11153: 11099: 11058: 11019: 10983: 10889: 10854: 10819: 10750: 10708: 10665: 10652:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S.; Estep, John W.; Mack, Greg H.; Hawley, John W. (1999).

10547: 10488: 10412: 10376: 10270: 10210: 10143: 10087:

McDonald, Andrew T.; Atwater, Amy L.; Dooley Jr., Alton C.; Hohman, Charlotte J.H. (2020).

9975: 9807: 9753: 9649: 9610: 9542: 9500: 9461: 9111: 9053: 9018: 8913: 8789:

Shi-Qi, Wang; Yu, Li; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Shao-Kun, Chen; Wen, He; Shan-Qin, Chen (2017).

8565: 8487: 8378:

Shi-Qi, Wang; Yu, Li; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Shao-Kun, Chen; Wen, He; Shan-Qui, Shen (2017).

7945: 7845: 7769: 7579: 7515: 7453: 7418: 7274: 7239: 7158: 7123: 6711: 6676: 6481: 6402: 6137: 5843: 5839: 4985:), which is one of the most widely distributed Pleistocene proboscideans in North America. 4912:

American mastodon ("Perry mastodon") skeleton with silhouette in back including the trunk,

4167: 3867: 3814: 3781: 3243: 2422: 2189: 1769: 1547: 1414: 1221: 1201: 1197: 1149: 509: 277: 12999: 11047:"Not just for proboscidean hunting: On the efficacy and functions of Clovis fluted points" 5923:

Of note is that there is a recorded latest survival of the American mastodon in the early

5122: 5047:

is known by a wide distribution range, its westernmost range being in California from the

3858:(or forehead) gives off a flattened appearance compared to extant elephants. The skull of 3610: 3448: 8: 13259: 12606: 12212: 12069: 9487:

Březina, Jakub; Alba, David M.; Ivanov, Martin; Hanáček, Martin; Luján, Àngel H. (2021).

8644: 8302: 6147: 6129: 5705: 4451:. Possibly, sexual dimorphism could be a factor behind the size of the femur itself. The 4258: 3588: 3112: 2526: 1862: 1715: 1372: 1189: 1180: 11781: 11636: 11583: 11544: 11508: 11473: 11360: 11301: 11157: 11103: 11062: 11023: 10987: 10893: 10858: 10823: 10778:"Field Guide to Big Bone Lick, Kentucky: Birthplace of American Vertebrate Paleontology" 10754: 10712: 10669: 10551: 10492: 10416: 10380: 10274: 10214: 10147: 9979: 9811: 9757: 9653: 9614: 9546: 9528:"Intestinal contents of a late Pleistocene Mastodont from mid-continental North America" 9504: 9465: 9192:

Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge

9115: 9057: 9022: 8917: 8491: 7949: 7849: 7773: 7583: 7519: 7457: 7422: 7278: 7243: 7162: 7127: 6723: 6715: 6680: 6485: 5001:

was most common in the eastern United States but rarer in the western US in comparison.

4102:

molars that evolutionarily convert to being thin and platelike) and the Deinotheriidae (

2641:). Recent research such as that of von Koenigswald et al. in 2023 warned that the genus 13244: 12192: 12044: 12025: 11600: 11567: 11379: 11344: 11320: 11285: 11120: 11087: 10681: 10511: 10476: 10299: 10258: 10233: 10198: 10115: 10088: 10069: 9998: 9963: 9897: 9838: 9796:"Male mastodon landscape use changed with maturation (late Pleistocene, North America)" 9795: 9568: 9430: 8934: 8901: 8878: 8182: 8155: 7901: 7785: 7698: 6985: 6958: 6497: 6394: 6198: 5709: 4818: 4795:

The mastodon commonly browsed on woody plants (i.e. twigs) and fruits, occupying dense

4782: 4775: 4675: 4325: 4313: 4112: 3549: 3343: 3003: 2488: 1153: 458: 155: 12150: 10388: 9226:"Designing scientifically-grounded paleoart for augmented reality at La Brea Tar Pits" 8210:

von Koenigswald, Wighart; Březina, Jakub; Werneburg, Ralf; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2022).

5791: 5692:

Cast of a right rib of the "Manis mastodon" with an embedded object and healed wound,

4071: 1553: 13190: 12968: 12837: 11911:"Senators Braun and Peters Introduce Bill to Name Mastodon America's National Fossil" 11804: 11659: 11605: 11410: 11384: 11325: 11205: 11169: 11125: 10516: 10459: 10304: 10286: 10238: 10120: 10059: 10003: 9918: 9908: 9843: 9825: 9681: 9554: 9373: 9199: 9170: 8991: 8939: 8882: 8845: 8790: 8730:

Bravo-Cuevas, Victor M.; Morales-García, Nuria M.; Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel A. (2015).

8712: 8648: 8612: 8332: 8275: 8187: 8102: 7961: 7615:. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 570–582. 7610: 7527: 7188: 6990: 6920: 6903: 6339: 6152: 6085: 6003: 5835: 5701: 5646: 5384: 5103: 5091: 5072: 5030: 4796: 4548: 4436: 4381:

has a straight vertebral border, contrasting with a more concave vertebral border of

3487: 3397: 3221: 2999: 2595: 2530: 2511: 2484: 2310:

said that for his study, he prioritized the historic plus taxonomically correct name

2002: 1539: 1473: 1437:

in 1762. Daubenton said that the bones were discovered by Native Americans (probably

1267:

Mastodons for at least a few thousand years prior to their extinction coexisted with

1233: 1213: 858: 11516: 11345:"Overkill, glacial history, and the extinction of North America's Ice Age megafauna" 10464:. Vol. 41. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County Science. pp. 293–312. 9765: 9572: 9434: 8958: 8355:

Sanders, William J. (2023). "Chapter 1: Context of African Proboscidean Evolution".

7430: 5633:

and eventually gave rise to modern-day Native Americans. Of interest is that in the

3059: 1393:

and one of the teeth both dissolved before they could be further observed, however.

1224:-based diet on leaves, fruits, and woody parts of plants. This allowed mastodons to 13093: 12694: 12206: 11785: 11750: 11640: 11595: 11587: 11548: 11512: 11477: 11442: 11374: 11364: 11315: 11305: 11263: 11232: 11197: 11161: 11115: 11107: 11066: 11027: 10991: 10956: 10929: 10897: 10862: 10827: 10785: 10758: 10716: 10677: 10673: 10634: 10584: 10555: 10506: 10496: 10420: 10384: 10294: 10278: 10228: 10218: 10151: 10110: 10100: 10030: 9993: 9983: 9833: 9815: 9769: 9761: 9724: 9657: 9618: 9558: 9550: 9508: 9469: 9422: 9394: 9334: 9271: 9233: 9119: 9084: 9061: 9026: 8983: 8929: 8921: 8874: 8743: 8704: 8677: 8640: 8604: 8524: 8495: 8456: 8433: 8410: 8360: 8324: 8298: 8271: 8244: 8219: 8177: 8167: 8061:"A late Cenozoic vertebrate fauna from the Coso Mountains, Inyo County, California" 7953: 7853: 7812: 7777: 7690: 7636: 7587: 7551: 7523: 7461: 7426: 7325: 7282: 7247: 7166: 7131: 6980: 6970: 6915: 6798: 6719: 6684: 6631: 6602: 6594: 6489: 6331: 5890: 5753: 5744: 5721: 5662: 4811:) within most of eastern North America. In Florida, it consumed twigs of the genus 4691: 4353: 4333: 4329: 4293: 4134: 4056: 3891: 3319: 2863: 2590:, respectively. They also said that they were uncertain of the taxonomic status of 2322:

in 1945, stating that people were generally aware of its taxonomic priorities over

2275: 1529: 1365: 1334: 1261: 1184: 12223: 11236: 10933: 10324:"World's Oldest DNA Discovered, Revealing Ancient Arctic Forest Full of Mastodons" 9088: 9030: 8708: 8681: 8248: 7640: 7480: 4883:

showed few morphological changes. In stark contrast, the contemporary gomphothere

4662: 4484: 1161:

average heavier than any living elephant species; they were typically larger than

13028: 13023: 12636: 12484: 12468: 12217: 12172: 11481: 11071: 11046: 11031: 10866: 10831: 10720: 10560: 10535: 10155: 9662: 9637: 9512: 9473: 9426: 9398: 9187: 8839: 8608: 8328: 7920: 7591: 7555: 7465: 7170: 7135: 6836: 6516: 6217: 6105: 5677: 5321: 4872: 4724: 4536:

and mentioned that it would not have needed them in subtropical climates like in

4440: 4308:

is not well-documented in paleontological literature and may vary by individual.

4230: 3899: 3518: 3189: 3157: 2732: 2705: 1612: 1341: 1225: 24: 11644: 11552: 10348: 8557: 7957: 6688: 5355:

The Blancan fossil record suggests a maximum known diversity of four species of

5082:

The American mastodon was only present in the far north of North America during

5017:

regions. The elevated-controlled distributions of coniferous forests within the

4601:

were amongst the largest known proboscideans. This was especially the case with

4575:

was covered with thick coats of fur, considering it to be probably exaggerated.

3088: 2491:, who made early fossil collections from the western side of the Juntura Basin. 2282:

as the prioritized genus name given its status as the oldest genus name, making

1757:

skeleton previously displayed by Charles Peale at his museum, now on display at

12958: 12790: 12666: 12622: 12531: 12501: 12445: 12391: 11591: 10960: 10282: 10223: 9188:"Osteology for the archaeologist: the American mastodon and the woolly mammoth" 8925: 6818:

Warren, John Collin (1852). "Geological situation and causes of preservation".

6109: 6096:

asked him about the name of the "fossil elephant" after seeing his tattoo of a

5968: 5915: 5807: 5634: 5626: 5603: 5549: 5446: 5341: 5245: 5173: 5018: 5010: 4734:

diets throughout their evolutionary history. This means that mammutids such as

4648: 4356:, suggesting that it had a long tail compared to gomphotheres and elephantids. 4063:

are relatively incomplete, leaving several traits to be unable to be observed.

3977: 3958: 3939: 3911: 3863: 3140: 2869:

The oldest evidence of mammutids in North America is of a fragmentary molar of

2761:, Africa and firmly establishes the earliest presence of mammutids in the late 2747: 2697: 2681: 2554:

In 2023, Wighart von Koenigswald et al. reviewed the North American species of

2205: 2153: 2133: 1831: 1782: 1778: 1684:

in 1839. He hypothesized in 1840 that the proboscidean, which he classified as

1469: 1323: 1272: 1162: 1135: 975: 612: 498: 11942:"Peters introduces bipartisan proposal to designate the first national fossil" 10901: 10350:

Neogene Climate Change in Eastern North America: A Quantitative Reconstruction

9865: 9729: 9704: 9391:

First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson site in the Aucilla river

8748: 8731: 8500: 8475: 8414: 8017:

Frick, Childs (1933). "New remains of trilophodont-tetrabelodont mastodonts".

7857: 7781: 7286: 7251: 6803: 6786: 6233:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 1: The Giant of Claverack in Puritan America".

5994:

The mastodon became the subject of a Michigan political campaign in 2000 when

5870:

was well-associated with archeological sites of North America. In comparison,

5029:

in the Irvingtonian but may have been extirpated from the area as a result of

4927:, Indiana in 1998. The mastodon individual lived during the later part of the 3995:

are partially visible in the brain's back (or dorsal) area, its visibility in

2653: 2518:

in a 1996 appendix, a view that was followed by other authors in later years.

13238: 13078: 13038: 12948: 12928: 12881: 12865: 12851: 12844: 12804: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12748: 12722: 12659: 12454: 12415: 12381: 12330: 11979: 10290: 10034: 9922: 9829: 8637:

The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives

8543: 8099:

The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives

7656:"Description of a New Genus and New Species of Extinct Mammiferous Quadruped" 6598: 6335: 6089: 5910: 5859: 5813: 5408: 5014: 4994: 4971: 4743: 4428: 4410: 4300:

is documented as having a highest point located in the shoulder's front like

4059:

is absent from the cerebellar surface of the inner ear. The ear petrosals of

3965:. They also drew several proboscidean brains to scale, in which the brain of 3907: 3902:

with a somewhat rectangular outline, but it is less rectangular than that of

3758: 3568: 3492: 3383: 3011: 2878: 2874: 2781: 2717: 2457: 2177: 2143: 2123: 2091: 2027: 1954: 1912: 1840: 1723: 1703:

After exhibiting the skeleton throughout Europe, he sold the skeleton to the

1442: 1345: 1338: 1319: 1312: 1287: 1131: 994: 760: 631: 342: 88: 11369: 11310: 11165: 10501: 10259:"A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA" 10176:(Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Pascagoula Formation in Tunica Hills, Louisiana 10052:

in Mexico". In Cavarretta, G.; Gioia, P.; Mussi, M.; Palombo, M. R. (eds.).

9988: 9820: 7679:"Vertebrate Paleontology, an Early Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Science" 6975: 5324:

felids), Proboscidea (gomphotheres), Perissodactyla (tapirs, rhinocerotids,

5157: 3248: 2854: 12892: 12797: 12715: 12687: 12592: 12521: 12461: 12431: 12371: 12340: 11789: 11609: 11388: 11329: 11209: 11173: 11129: 11111: 10520: 10308: 10242: 10182:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 83rd Annual Meeting. pp. 443–444. 10124: 10007: 9847: 9276: 9259: 8995: 8943: 8902:"Brain evolution in Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria) across the Cenozoic" 8886: 8716: 8601:

Paleoneurology of Amniotes: New directions in the study of fossil endocasts

8191: 7965: 6994: 6393:(Ph.D. thesis). Graduate Program in History. New Brunswick–Piscataway, NJ: 6343: 5964: 5940: 5502: 5458: 5388: 5329: 5325: 5297: 5253: 5229: 5197: 5193: 5141: 5083: 4967: 4414: 4401:

scapulae observed by the researchers have any high constriction there. The

4117: 3971: 3962: 3855: 3854:

is diagnosed as having a long plus low skull and a shortened mandible. The

3415: 3007: 2898: 2829: 2766: 2721: 2709: 2701: 2539: 2429: 2232: 2167: 2057: 1739: 1708: 1600: 1596: 1461:" fossils, although the traditions may have had been told for generations. 1446: 1401: 1382: 1353: 1349: 1140: 1108: 328: 254: 13104: 10789: 10638: 10588: 7481:"Fossil elephants from the Indian sub-continent and their tusks: A review" 4908: 3176: 2479:

In 1963, J. Arnold Shotwell and Donald E. Russell created another species

1711:

then properly reassembled the skeleton, and it today is on display there.

1405:

Engravings of the femurs of an unspecified extant elephant species (top),

1368:, New York to dig near the original site of the tooth to find more bones. 13151: 13087: 13033: 12938: 12820: 12755: 12738: 12701: 12680: 12673: 12571: 12424: 12309: 12294: 12255: 10461:

Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America

10047: 9622: 9563: 8528: 7817: 7392:

The Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Oregon

7329: 6093: 6081: 6046: 6026: 5987: 5768: 5630: 5571: 5521: 5301: 5261: 4755: 4590:

male ("Beusching mastodon," left) and female ("Owosso mastodon," right),

4568: 4504:. Despite this, there is little direct evidence supporting the idea that 4246:

are thought to have been smaller in length and circumstance than that of

4040:

but lower than those of elephantids (extant and extinct) and stegodonts.

3870:. At least some of these features are thought to have been acquired from 3554: 3040: 2918: 2848: 2753: 2713: 2689: 2473: 2071: 1655: 1651: 1361: 1268: 1229: 1152:(the frontmost part of the lower jaw), the latter two traits also having 1096: 212: 63: 19:

This article is about the genus. For the social networking platform, see

12126:

The Rochester Museum of Science – Expedition Earth Glaciers & Giants

12029: 12017: 11754: 11268: 11251: 10762: 10424: 10105: 10073: 10053: 9774: 8729: 8038:"A Pliomastodon skull from the Thousand Creek beds, northwestern Nevada" 6501: 6202: 6186: 6112:

site that also acquired its name from the extinct proboscidean species.

3523: 3470: 2302:

was subsequently abandoned by many American paleontologists in favor of

13143: 12708: 12652: 12585: 12555: 12350: 12285: 12001:

Morrison, Tom (2018). "Chapter 4: Locomotive Construction, 1895–1905".

10995: 10777: 10685: 10653: 10255: 9899:

The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation

9411: 8987: 8172: 7789: 7757: 7702: 7694: 7678: 7057:

Cuvier, Georges (1817). "Sixié ordre des mammiféres. Les pachydermes".

6607: 6424:"XLVII. Sequel to the foregoing account of the large fossil teeth" 6057: 6022: 6015: 5876: 5779: 5763: 5566: 5561: 5281: 5273: 5237: 5127: 5087: 4924: 4876: 3840: 3805:

as having a shortened bottom skull base (basicranium) and a high-domed

3117: 2894: 2785: 2774: 2677: 2673: 2469: 2441: 2414: 1558: 1245: 1120: 1116: 407: 225: 108: 73: 13156: 12156:

Missouri State Parks and Historic Sites – Mastodon State Historic Site

9636:

Green, Jeremy L.; DeSantis, Larisa R.G.; Smith, Gregory James (2017).

9361:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting. p. 166. 9150:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 83rd Annual Meeting. p. 402. 9065: 8209: 7905: 7889: 6551:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 11: "Monarch of the wilderness"".

6266: 5716:

In 2017, Steven R. Holen et al. published an article arguing that the

3348: 12918: 12908: 12762: 12564: 11201: 8460: 8437: 8364: 6635: 6493: 6101: 6042: 5983: 5797: 5772: 5658: 5581: 5540: 5436: 5430: 5414: 5309: 5209: 5205: 5162: 5099: 5060: 4867:

As a result of the consistent browsing specializations of the genus,

4767: 4747: 4695: 4666:

Skeletal diagram of the "Warren mastodon" specimen, an adult bull of

4533: 4513: 4509: 4234: 4107: 3206: 3026: 2797: 2762: 2728: 2685: 2543:

and that further analysis needs to be done to confirm whether or not

1918:

In 1817, the French naturalist officially established the genus name

1906: 1894: 1823: 1698: 1279: 1134:

teeth of mastodons have zygodont morphology (where parallel pairs of

1124: 172: 125: 113: 57: 13049: 12146:

BBC Science and Nature:Animals – American mastodon Mammut americanum

11677:"An Oral History of the Ancient Game of Sla-Hal: Man Versus Animals" 10477:"Cenozoic climate change influences mammalian evolutionary dynamics" 9488: 9137:

Smith, Kathlyn M.; Stoneburg, Brittney E.; Dooley, Alton C. (2023).

9123: 7100:

Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil vertebrata of North America

6566:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 13: Exhumation of the monster".

6002:

science teacher Jeffrey Bradley, was sponsored by the state senator

3402: 3226: 2929:

in an endemic fashion while European workers generally thought that

2613:

Several mammutid species outside of North America are classified to

13072: 12874: 12511: 12401: 12273: 12160: 11142: 10474: 10137: 7981:"Additional new genera and species of the mastodontoid proboscidea" 7925:. Vol. 85. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 7386:

von Koenigswald, Wighart; Wigda, Chris; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2023).

5924: 5819: 5554: 5532: 5527: 5507: 5452: 5420: 5402: 5277: 5265: 5257: 5221: 5107: 5038: 4853:) as well as semiaquatic and aquatic plants such as sedge marshes ( 4843: 4834: 4825:

browsing specialization. The dietary preferences of North American

4813: 4731: 4501: 4099: 3931: 3810: 3370: 2938: 2777: 2770: 2359: 2081: 1768:" was subject to research by multiple taxonomists. Scottish writer 1681: 1430: 1425:) and gathered fossil bones and teeth there. The French naturalist 1422: 1257: 1192:

to the point of, according to American historians Paul Semonin and

1100: 1092: 192: 103: 98: 83: 78: 68: 51: 9964:"Wandering mastodons reveal the complexity of Ice Age extinctions" 9238: 9225: 8224: 8211: 7568: 4821:

of mastodons in Florida, they had low δ13C values which indicate C

2751:

is ancestral to mammutids. The earliest undisputed mammutid genus

13216: 12901: 12830: 12541: 12182: 11708:"Tribal gathering celebrates unifying culture of an ancient game" 7758:"Mammut americanum, Utah's First Record of the American Mastodon" 5352:

grassland expansion, cooler climates, and increased seasonality.

5317: 5313: 5305: 5285: 5269: 5241: 5225: 5201: 5026: 4990: 4849: 4719: 4679: 4537: 4528:

needed thick coats for body warmth for their upper ranges at the

4448: 4424: 4374: 4273:

are underrepresented in academic literature. Jennifer A. Hodgson

4138: 4121:

display moderate to weak zygodont crests. Pleistocene species of

3806: 3785: 3144: 2967: 2802: 2792: 2737: 2105: 1787: 1785:

supposed that they belong to an unknown species within the genus

1453: 1438: 1434: 1348:

that in 1705, a large-sized tooth was found near the side of the

1260:, though the genus is known from abundant fossil evidence in the 1241: 1237: 1104: 1088: 118: 93: 47: 13130: 10195: 7922:

The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals

6050:

constructed and was sent to the Mastodon Ridge in January 1995.

5948:

antagonistic beasts. Mastodons may have played ancient roles in

5005:

is known across California and present as far north as southern

4085: 2941:. Current evidence supports an endemic origin of North American 2306:

within the early 20th century. In 1942, American paleontologist

2021:

Today, the genera that include species formerly classified into

1750: 135: 12578: 12279: 12267: 10627: 10086: 9140:

Tusk morphology and sexual dimorphism in the Pacific mastodon (

6307:

Hedeen, Stanley (2008). "Chapter 4: Gathering the bones".

6290:"Mémoire sur des os et des dents remarquables par leur gradeur" 6097: 6067: 5953: 5512: 5396: 5337: 5293: 5233: 4751: 4583: 4529: 4464: 4402: 4289:

is typically depicted as stocky based on postcranial evidence.

4250:

and may have similarly exhibited degrees of sexual dimorphism.

2847:

the last Eurasian mammutid, became extinct during the earliest

2375: 1946:

became the most commonly used genus name for the 19th century.

202: 182: 11661:

The Role of the Pleistocene in Native American Oral Traditions

10734:

Hughes, Philip D.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Ehlers, Jürgen (2020).

8238: 8097:

Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal, eds. (1996). "Appendix B".

7718:"Report on the Missourium now exhibiting at the Egyptian Hall" 6219:

A History of the Royal Society: With memoirs of the Presidents

4706:. The specimens are still being prepared for further studies. 3014:(from around 1.6 million to 11,000 years ago), only 11008: 9525: 8838:

Jerison, Harry J. (1973). "Chapter 15: Special topics".

7314: 6143:

List of museums and colleges with mastodon fossils on display

6054: 5939:

Political cartoon "Oblivion's Cave—Step Right In, Please" by

5681: 5614: 5557: 5544: 5300:), Eulipotyphla (talpids), Lagomorpha (leporids), Carnivora ( 5249: 5217: 5213: 5111: 5006: 4933: 4855: 4807: 4801: 4452: 4444: 4405:

allows for identification of the sex of the species, as male

4344:

and that the back ribs were shorter and broader than that of

4103: 4098:

contrast strongly with most members of both the Elephantida (

2960:(in a strict sense) ever dispersed outside of North America. 2949:

without later migration because of the gradual appearance of

2758: 2200:

based on what he determined to be differences between it and

1900: 1888: 1390: 1386: 1249: 10775: 10197:

Simon Y.W.; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Poinar, Hendrick N. (2020).

8153: 8000:

University of California Publications in Geological Sciences

7890:"The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontology in North America" 6852:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Afterword: The Myth of Wild Nature".

6216:

Weld, Charles Richard (1848). "Chapter XV: 1710–1725".

6104:

franchise, in which the members then agreed to it being the

5866:

Paul L. Koch and Anthony D. Barnosky in 2006 suggested that

5177:

and was present in North America since the late Hemphillian.

4447:

is somewhat thick, short, and appears to have more expanded

2836:

implies that they share a common origin with North American

9938:"The story of Fred the mastodon, who died looking for love" 9679: 8788: 8377: 7504: 7385: 7083:. Vol. 5. G. Dufour and E. d'Ocagne. pp. 527–536. 5823:, and humans in the latest Pleistocene of the United States 5730: 5041:, where the genus is not recorded to have extended beyond. 4841:" of Ohio, mastodons may have also consumed swamp grasses ( 4432: 4093:). Note the presence of a single vestigial mandibular tusk. 3801:

is diagnosed and differentiated in terms of the skull from

2445: 2005:. Various fossil proboscidean species were classified into 1580: 1458: 1413:

In 1739, a French military expedition under the command of

11282: 11085: 10456: 10401: 9339:

10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[125:TOMMAF]2.0.CO;2

7103:. Washington Government Printing Office. pp. 707–712. 6835:

Hartnagel, Chris Andrew; Bishop, Sherman Chauncey (1922).

11186: 10608:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

9793: 9167: 8899: 8667: 8591: 8126:. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 606–621. 7212:"Vertebrate fossils from the Blanco local fauna of Texas" 7193:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

6937:"Mémoire sur les espèces d'éléphans vivantes et fossiles" 6765:

Warren, John Collin (1852). "Discovery of the skeleton".

6454:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6429:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

5893:. They determined based on the data that the declines of 4871:

occupied an ecological niche that allowed it to actively

4655:, and heavier but somewhat shorter than average males of 4341: 4182:

is always devoid of them. The presence of lower tusks in

2645:

should be carefully used for non-North American species.

1228:

with other members of Proboscidea in North America, like

11044: 10058:. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 237–242. 9599: 9486: 9260:"Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans" 7540: 7408: 5117: 5079:

sp. is recorded from the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee.

4792:, due to the need to cross areas of grassland to do so. 4619:

and one of the largest land mammals to have ever lived.

4488:

Restoration of a mastodon with fur. The hypothesis that

2610:

while others had retained validity of the species name.

1579:

In 1799, laborers recovered a thighbone while digging a

11881:"Indiana lawmakers name mastodon as first state fossil" 9447: 9223: 8261: 7151: 6357:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 4: Big Bone Lick".

3848:

sometimes retained lower tusks unlike the other genus.

2456:, otherwise having proportions similar to it. In 1936, 1550:

and counter against the theory of American degeneracy.

12193:

360 View of a Mastodon Skull from Indiana State Museum

12022:

The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin

12003:

The American Steam Locomotive in the Twentieth Century

8864: 7216:

Occasional Papers of the Museum, Texas Tech University

3834:. However, mandibular remains with characteristics of 2933:

was a Eurasian immigrant that replaced North American

1371:

Abeel reported in a later that he went to the town of

12161:

Saint Louis Front Page – Mastodon State Historic Site

10736:"The "missing glaciations" of the Middle Pleistocene" 10631:

Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America

10172:

Partial cranium and associated tusks of Mio-Pliocene

4166:

derived Mammutidae and Elephantida is an instance of

1417:(known also as "Longueil") explored the locality of " 1220:

Mastodons are considered to have had a predominantly

12964: 12954: 12944: 12934: 12924: 12914: 12862: 12815: 12733: 12633: 12603: 12552: 12537: 12527: 12517: 12507: 12497: 12442: 12412: 12397: 12387: 12377: 12367: 12356: 12346: 12336: 12326: 12188:

Smithsonian Magazine Features Mammoths and Mastodons

12141:

American Museum of Natural History – Warren Mastodon

11435:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

10651: 10604:"Pliocene and Pleistocene vertebrates of New Mexico" 9136: 9043: 8765:"Excavation of a Mastodon at Vicksburg, Mississippi" 6532:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 5: The American

6474:

Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

6119: 5629:. They are known within the archeological record as 4597:

According to Larramendi, the mammutids of the genus

4047:. According to Eric G. Ekdale, the ear petrosals of 2487:

of Oregon. The species name was created in honor of

440: 427: 414: 396: 261: 12253: 10802: 10733: 7228: 6581:Zygmont, Brian J. (2015). "Charles Willson Peale's 5469:is recorded to have crossed past the Blancan while 4817:as well as other woody plants and fruits. Based on 4723:Restoration of an American mastodon without fur by 4431:of the mammutid genus are robust for instance. The 2917:from Thousand Creek Beds, dating back to the early 2885:(NALMA)). The only definitively defined species of 2390:

for the species based on cranial differences from "

2294:classified as junior synonyms. He also established 10844: 9896: 9675: 9673: 9635: 9324: 8694: 8453:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 8430:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 8400: 8357:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 8080:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 8019:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7938:"First appearance of the true mastodon in America" 7660:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7443: 7302:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 6309:Big Bone Lick: The Cradle of American Paleontology 5905:were correlated with Clovis culture hunting while 5849:The latest Pleistocene of North America records a 5724:in California, is an archeological site involving 5473:replaced the other Blancan species. By this time, 4352:may have been made up of as many as up to 27 4024:. The endocast volume and brain size of the brain 3809:. It is also diagnosed as having an "elephantoid" 2990:specifically is thought to not be synonymous with 2877:, Nevada, dating to 16.5-16.4 Ma (during the 2594:, specifically whether or not it was a variant of 12205:mastodon skeletons at the University of Michigan 10953:Human-Elephant Interactions: From Past to Present 10540:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 10369:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9703:Pardi, Melissa I.; DeSantis, Larisa R.G. (2022). 9642:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9493:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9454:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9388: 8318: 7894:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7182: 7180: 6248:Warren, John Collin (1852). "Historical sketch". 5950:Native American cultures of the Pacific Northwest 5757:structures typically built by archaic species of 5090:during glacial periods. A 2022 study of ancient 4043:The type species is also known from endocasts of 2476:, California where skull fossils were recovered. 1726:and other New England towns then was acquired by 1409:(middle), and a "Siberian" mammoth (bottom), 1764 13236: 12166:Story of the Randolph Mastodon (Earlham College) 11658:Landol, Nicholas (2022). "Chapter 4: Analysis". 11565: 11529: 11409:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 67–112. 10623: 10621: 10438:Prothero, Donald R.; Davis, Edward Byrd (2008). 9175:. Palaeontographica Americana. pp. 301–367. 8517:Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 8323:. Vol. 1. Springer Cham. pp. 299–344. 7603: 7601: 7488:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 7147: 7145: 7113: 6060:of the late 19th century were originally named " 6008:University of Michigan Museum of Natural History 4829:are thought to have mirrored those of the older 4592:University of Michigan Museum of Natural History 4178:comparatively often lacks mandibular tusks, and 3844:by the shortened mandibular symphysis, although 2986:are definitively recorded from the Blancan, and 2521:In 2019, Alton C. Dooley Jr. et al. established 2271:as a species was highly variable in morphology. 11622: 11349:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11290:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10955:. Tübingen University Press. pp. 407–435. 10633:. Columbia University Press. pp. 232–314. 10481:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9968:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9863: 9800:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9670: 8121: 8077: 8065:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 7722:Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 6963:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6834: 6311:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 31–44. 2966:is recorded from the late Hemphillian to early 2953:morphologies and a lack of solid evidence that 2648: 1993:on the basis of similar dentitions to that of " 1381:. The account reported skeletal evidence of an 11494: 11407:Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age 10879: 10020: 8960:Variation within the bony labyrinth of mammals 7805:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals" 7177: 6187:"The Giant Bones of Claverack, New York, 1705" 5657:. These two kill sites are thought to be from 2409:based on fossil material from the locality of 2401:In 1930, Matthew erected a second species for 1791:, giving the common name "American elephant." 1504: 12239: 11566:Broughton, Jack M.; Weitzel, Elic M. (2018). 11223:Haynes, Gary (2017). "The Cerutti Mastodon". 10618: 10437: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9702: 9290: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9157: 8289:Wang, Shiqi (2023). "中国新近纪大型植食性哺乳动物演化和生物地层". 8232: 8101:. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–353. 8096: 7670: 7598: 7142: 6888:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [6. ed.] 6376:. Princeton University Press. pp. 32–72. 5009:, but it was apparently absent from both the 2483:, assigning it to fossils collected from the 1887:," he derived the name's etymology (compound 12151:BBC News – Greek mastodon find 'spectacular' 11664:(MA). Binghamton University. pp. 21–53. 11432: 10601: 9585:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9371: 9219: 9217: 9215: 8570:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8473: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 7619: 6845: 6407:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6108:. "Mastodon" is also the name of a blogging 5134:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 1445:(or cheek teeth) came from a separate giant 124:(Possible earliest record of up to ~10 10945: 10943: 10602:Morgan, Gary S.; Harris, Arthur H. (2015). 10574: 10346: 10191: 10189: 9894: 9874:) bonesites: what do the differences mean?" 9743: 9101: 8639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–85. 8587: 8585: 8583: 8581: 7991: 7607: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7187:Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S. (2008). 7186: 6941:Mémoires de l'Institut des Sciences et Arts 5795:Summed probability distributions (SPDs) of 5594: 4958:North American map of the distributions of 4492:had thick coats of fur has been questioned. 4051:cannot automatically be distinguished from 12307: 12246: 12232: 11428: 11426: 11400: 11398: 11051:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11012:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10973: 10533: 9859: 9857: 9782: 9257: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9154: 9078: 8350: 8348: 8205: 8203: 8201: 7881: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7072: 7070: 7052: 7050: 6959:"The curious case of the Arctic mastodons" 6884: 6787:"New York City Mastodons: Big Apple Tusks" 6784: 6180: 6178: 5075:, Florida in the latest Hemphillian while 4111:mirroring elephantidans in an instance of 1965:. The skeleton was initially assembled by 1745: 1738:, was purchased by the American financier 1421:" (located in what is now the US state of 1256:achieved maximum species diversity in the 134: 11809:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 233–256. 11599: 11378: 11368: 11319: 11309: 11267: 11119: 11070: 10559: 10510: 10500: 10298: 10232: 10222: 10114: 10104: 9997: 9987: 9903:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 9837: 9819: 9773: 9728: 9661: 9562: 9452:via low-magnification stereomicroscopy". 9375:Elefantenreich: Eine Fossilwelt in Europa 9318: 9275: 9237: 9212: 8933: 8762: 8747: 8736:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 8630: 8628: 8499: 8314: 8312: 8223: 8181: 8171: 8130: 8052: 8029: 7816: 7796: 7096: 7092: 7090: 6984: 6974: 6952: 6950: 6919: 6908:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6802: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6647: 6645: 6606: 6521:. Philippe Denis Pierres. pp. 42–80. 6514: 6421: 6287: 5834:initially occupied the region during the 5668:According to the American paleontologist 5477:would have coexisted with the elephantid 4296:(also known as the backbone or spine) of 4125:do not display zygodont crests, however. 2350:In 1921, Osborn created the species name 2239:is the senior species synonym and listed 1204:in 1792 then classified to its own genus 12059: 12042: 12000: 11939: 11447:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 11249: 10940: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10186: 8963:(Thesis). University of Texas at Austin. 8697:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 8578: 8115: 8071: 7929: 7676: 7209: 6824:. John Wilson and Son. pp. 154–167. 6701: 6666: 6656:. Yale University Press. pp. 46–54. 6559: 6525: 6386: 6184: 5973: 5934: 5930: 5790: 5687: 5598: 5156: 5121: 4953: 4907: 4718: 4661: 4582: 4483: 4358: 4257: 4084: 4070: 3925: 2853: 2652: 2378:, which was eventually synonymized with 2333: 1953: 1861: 1749: 1552: 1508: 1400: 1311: 12090: 12015: 11736: 11423: 11395: 11342: 11252:"Pleistocene Palaeoart of the Americas" 10698: 9935: 9854: 9246: 9008: 8841:Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence 8837: 8514: 8450: 8427: 8354: 8345: 8198: 8058: 7997: 7918: 7887: 7625: 7336: 7299: 7264: 7067: 7047: 6851: 6828: 6821:The Mastodon giganteus of North America 6811: 6780: 6778: 6768:The Mastodon giganteus of North America 6758: 6651: 6621: 6580: 6565: 6550: 6531: 6390:George Croghan: The life of a conqueror 6356: 6350: 6321: 6251:The Mastodon giganteus of North America 6232: 6209: 6175: 6070:locomotive later became known also as " 5752:stating that it was astonishingly bad, 5328:equids), and Artiodactyla (tayassuids, 5021:region may have limited populations of 4455:does not appear much different in both 4253: 4233:of the right tusk from the locality of 3878:is oval, whereas that of the skull of " 2851:, around 2.5-2 million years ago. 2204:based on the skull and dentition. Both 1692:to assemble a mounted skeleton of the " 13237: 12049:(MA). University of Nebraska at Omaha. 12018:"The Origin of Locomotive Class Names" 11802: 11767: 11657: 11404: 11222: 10949: 10919: 10356:(MS). East Tennessee State University. 9305: 9179: 8973: 8956: 8634: 8625: 8474:Jiangzuo, Qigao; Wang, Shi-Qi (2023). 8309: 7978: 7935: 7802: 7755: 7653: 7087: 7076: 7056: 7037:Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 7030: 7014:Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 7007: 6956: 6947: 6934: 6901: 6841:. University of the State of New York. 6817: 6764: 6747: 6730: 6642: 6446: 6387:Daiutolo, Robert, Jr. (October 2015). 6306: 6264: 6247: 6226: 2724:(elephants, mammoths, and relatives). 2338:Sketch of the reconstructed skull of " 1544:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 1236:, who had shifted to mixed feeding or 1130:Like other members of Mammutidae, the 13054: 13053: 12227: 11705: 11459: 10908: 10168: 9961: 9185: 8811: 8035: 8016: 7877:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 7738: 7010:"Sur les éléphans vivans et fossiles" 6885:Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1799). 6695: 6574: 6471: 6374:Fossil Legends of the First Americans 6371: 6300: 6241: 5649:have been recorded compared to 15 of 5428:were found with those of the leporid 5292:with similar types of faunas, namely 5118:Late Neogene-Quaternary North America 4368:Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History 4328:, 20 thoracic vertebrae, 3 4089:Front view of the "Warren mastodon" ( 2329: 1949: 13290:Pleistocene mammals of North America 13222:54E060FB-E774-4FE8-B5C4-E09B4A6A2B21 12207:Mammutidae digital fossil repository 11674: 10023:Revista Geológica de América Central 9351: 8763:Knox, S. Cragin; Pitts, Sue (1984). 8541: 8303:10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2023.03.01 8288: 7831: 7749: 7715: 7063:. Chez Déterville. pp. 227–245. 6866: 6775: 6771:. John Wilson and Son. pp. 4–7. 6660: 6288:Daubenton, Louis Jean-Marie (1764). 6254:. John Wilson and Son. pp. 1–3. 6215: 4989:fossil sites range in time from the 4479: 4008:, despite weighing twice as much as 2533:, California. They also stated that 2525:based on fossils collected from the 2298:as the type species. The genus name 2243:as a junior synonym. He also listed 1857: 1658:, 1989 (left) and a replica of the " 1169:of both sexes but shorter than male 10366: 9686:Current Research in the Pleistocene 9293:The first specimen of mastodon hair 8603:. Springer Cham. pp. 579–644. 7870: 7572:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7478: 6724:10.17704/eshi.29.1.j034662534721751 5608:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 5539:) along with various other extinct 5348:," Rhinocerotidae) as a result of C 4903: 4742:indicate that the species consumed 3921: 2801:made an appearance in the earliest 2745:is ancestral to gomphotheres while 2688:(the other elephantimorph clade is 2417:, determining that it differs from 2014:remains were erected. As a result, 1333:(known also as Lord Cornbury) from 1293: 13: 11770:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 10658:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10321: 9895:Sukumar, R. (September 11, 2003). 9864:Haynes, G.; Klimowicz, J. (2003). 9717:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9291:Hallin, K.F.; Gabriel, D. (1981). 8879:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016 8670:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8645:10.1093/oso/9780198546528.003.0009 8542:Ruez, Dennis Russell, Jr. (2007). 7629:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6092:was asked by the guitarist-singer 6032:Title 36 of the United States Code 5645:kill sites compatible with Clovis 5497:was present with the megalonychid 5375:). However, the Blancan record of 5181:The earliest undisputed record of 4686:A relatively complete skeleton of 4578: 4340:could have had as many as 20 2828:(in a broad sense) is most likely 2366:. He also erected another species 2354:based on distinct molars from the 1622:American Museum of Natural History 1331:Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon 1081:'tooth') is a member of the genus 149:American Museum of Natural History 14: 13331: 13300:Pliocene mammals of North America 12220:", 18 September 1880, p. 175 12119: 11857:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 10882:Journal of Archaeological Science 10534:Wang, Bian; Secord, Ross (2020). 10446:. Vol. 44. pp. 233–238. 7803:Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). 7683:Journal of the History of Biology 7508:Journal of African Earth Sciences 6791:Evolution: Education and Outreach 6021:In January 2024, Indiana senator 5672:, the "Heisler mastodon" site in 4468:In terms of postcranial anatomy, 2382:. Osborn in 1926 followed up for 2274:In 1902, American paleontologist 1759:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 1705:British Museum of Natural History 1618:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 1484:recorded that he and his brother 1307: 13270:Miocene mammals of North America 13004: 12998: 12991: 12131:Illinois State Museum – Mastodon 12084: 12053: 12036: 12009: 11994: 11964: 11933: 11915:Mike Braun: U.S. Senator Indiana 11903: 11873: 11843: 11813: 11796: 11761: 11730: 11699: 11668: 11651: 11616: 11559: 11523: 11488: 11453: 11336: 11276: 11243: 11216: 11180: 11136: 11079: 11038: 11002: 10967: 10873: 10838: 10796: 10769: 10727: 10692: 10645: 10595: 10568: 10527: 10468: 10450: 10431: 10395: 10360: 10340: 10315: 10249: 10162: 10131: 10080: 10041: 10014: 9955: 9929: 9888: 9737: 9696: 9629: 9593: 9519: 9480: 9441: 9405: 9382: 9365: 9345: 9299: 9284: 9130: 9095: 9072: 9037: 9002: 8967: 8950: 8893: 8276:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.210728 7979:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1926). 7936:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1921). 7919:Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). 7888:Simpson, George Gaylord (1942). 7528:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.01.003 6921:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00352.x 6748:Osborn, Harry Fairfield (1936). 6122: 5661:, Missouri and Pleasant Lake in 4080:Phillips Park (Aurora, Illinois) 3766: 3757: 3609: 3587: 3553: 3522: 3491: 3469: 3447: 3401: 3369: 3347: 3318: 3247: 3225: 3175: 3143: 3116: 3087: 3058: 1722:. The skeleton was exhibited in 1640: 1631: 1396: 1389:" uncovered from Claverack. The 1284:end-Pleistocene extinction event 1095:. Mastodons belong to the order 159: 61: 13310:Ringold Formation Miocene Fauna 11517:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.024 9766:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107304 9327:The American Midland Naturalist 8858: 8831: 8805: 8782: 8756: 8723: 8688: 8661: 8535: 8508: 8467: 8455:. CRC Press. pp. 101–148. 8444: 8421: 8394: 8371: 8282: 8255: 8090: 8010: 7972: 7912: 7864: 7834:"The Evolution of the Elephant" 7825: 7732: 7709: 7647: 7562: 7534: 7498: 7472: 7446:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 7437: 7431:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105949 7402: 7308: 7293: 7258: 7222: 7203: 7107: 7024: 7001: 6928: 6895: 6878: 6860: 6615: 6544: 6508: 6465: 6440: 6415: 6380: 6365: 5967:in a passage of the 1855 poem " 4966:(red) fossil localities of the 4949: 4944: 4709: 4186:separates it as a species from 2883:North American land mammal ages 2858:Skeletons of an adult and calf 2602:. Some authors have considered 2218:George William Featherstonhaugh 1356:country-fellow and was sold to 1252:exhibited by modern elephants. 12005:. McFarland. pp. 133–182. 10678:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011169 10347:Baumgartner, Kyrie A. (2014). 9870:spp.) and American mastodont ( 9393:. Springer. pp. 263–331. 8844:. Elsevier. pp. 340–362. 8821:Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève 8403:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 8042:Contributions to Palaeontology 7654:Godman, John Davidson (1830). 6891:. Göttingen. pp. 695–698. 6874:. Edinburgh. pp. 115–117. 6856:. NYU Press. pp. 392–411. 6583:The Exhumation of the Mastodon 6570:. NYU Press. pp. 315–340. 6555:. NYU Press. pp. 263–287. 6540:. NYU Press. pp. 111–135. 6518:Notes on the State of Virginia 6315: 6281: 6258: 4435:has a slightly more developed 3743: 2813:was subsequently succeeded by 2481:Mammut (Pliomastodon) furlongi 1963:Natural History Museum, London 1827:had been named the same year. 1696:" and briefly exhibited it at 1650:Excavation of a specimen in a 1593:American Philosophical Society 1535:Notes on the State of Virginia 1515:The Exhumation of the Mastodon 806:Mastodon americanus alaskensis 147:skeleton ("Warren mastodon"), 16:Extinct genus of proboscideans 1: 13255:Fossil taxa described in 1799 12062:"How They Became... Mastodon" 12043:Wilhelmi, Cynthia J. (1996). 11237:10.1080/20555563.2017.1330103 10934:10.1080/20555563.2022.2057834 10389:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00148-0 9264:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9089:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272 9031:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436 8957:Ekdale, Eric Gregory (2009). 8709:10.1590/0001-3765201520150261 8682:10.1080/02724634.2023.2222784 8432:. CRC Press. pp. 45–99. 7641:10.1080/02724634.2023.2252021 6361:. NYU Press. pp. 84–110. 6168: 6041:park in the Canadian town of 5786: 5591:, and the Columbian mammoth. 5171:mostly likely descended from 4977:The range of most species of 4563:however, as woolly mammoths ( 3976:but smaller than that of the 3969:was much larger than that of 2188:In 1830, American naturalist 1852:Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim 1583:pit at John Masten's farm in 1570: 620:Tetracaulodon mastodontoideum 367:Shotwell & Russell, 1963 12136:Calvin College Mastodon Page 11482:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.003 11250:Bednarik, Robert G. (2014). 11072:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103601 11032:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103600 10867:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.12.001 10832:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.08.012 10721:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.012 10561:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109411 10444:Neogene Mammals: Bulletin 44 10156:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.12.017 9936:McNamee, Kai (7 July 2022). 9878:Advances in Mammoth Research 9663:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.019 9555:10.1016/0033-5894(91)90020-6 9513:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110473 9474:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.026 9427:10.5710/AMGH.02.06.2015.2842 9399:10.1007/978-1-4020-4694-0_10 8609:10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15 8359:. CRC Press. pp. 1–17. 8329:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12 7832:Lull, Richard Swann (1908). 7592:10.1080/14772019.2014.985339 7556:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.03.005 7466:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.035 7300:Sanders, William J. (2023). 7267:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 7232:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 7210:Dalquest, Walter W. (1975). 7171:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018 7136:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.047 6237:. NYU Press. pp. 15–40. 6185:Stanford, Donald E. (1959). 6077:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 5734:in North America during the 4766:is supported further by the 4702:and even several species of 4518:scanning electron microscope 4277:. compared the anatomies of 4262:"Cohoes Mastodon" skeleton, 4137:. The upper tusks (or upper 4066: 3784:(left) and an unarticulated 2805:(~23-20 Ma) of Africa after 2649:Classification and evolution 2444:based on differences on the 2318:. He continued prioritizing 1977:", both now synonymous with 1907: 1895: 1678:Mastodon State Historic Site 1480:In 1768, Scottish anatomist 1329:In a letter dating to 1713, 1107:(which belong to the family 779:Mastodon americanus plicatus 390:Species pending reassessment 7: 13265:Messinian first appearances 11806:A Companion to Walt Whitman 11645:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.009 11553:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.01.003 8249:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3046011/v1 7958:10.1126/science.54.1388.108 7838:American Journal of Science 7677:Gerstner, Patsy A. (1970). 6785:Horenstein, Sidney (2008). 6689:10.17704/1944-6187-41.2.410 6115: 5996:Washtenaw Community College 4409:individuals have a smaller 4397:, since neither of the two 3961:protruding in front of the 3898:also has a high and narrow 2659:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 2460:published the species name 2001:), effectively making it a 1796:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1662:" complete skeleton (right) 1505:Early American observations 1210:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 730:Missourium theristocaulodon 10: 13336: 11675:Nose, Renee Roman (2012). 11592:10.1038/s41467-018-07897-1 11497:Quaternary Science Reviews 11343:Meltzer, David J. (2020). 10961:10.15496/publikation-55583 10782:Kentucky Geological Survey 10283:10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y 10224:10.1038/s41467-020-17893-z 9962:Price, Gilbert J. (2022). 9746:Quaternary Science Reviews 9258:Larramendi, Asier (2015). 9230:Palaeontologia Electronica 9186:Olsen, Stanley J. (1972). 8926:10.1038/s41598-019-45888-4 8480:Journal of Palaeogeography 8216:Palaeontologia Electronica 7411:Quaternary Science Reviews 7097:Perry Hay, Oliver (1902). 6654:The Legacy of the Mastodon 6515:Jefferson, Thomas (1785). 5961:Lewis and Clark Expedition 5704:et al. suggested that the 5680:missionary's testimony of 5641:As of present, 2 definite 5525:, and the machairodontine 5465:In the Irvingtonian, only 5456:, and the ground squirrel 4914:Wheaton College (Illinois) 4790:Great American Interchange 4750:, grass, and occasionally 4547:. referenced that because 2780:plus non-endemics such as 2637:(possibly synonymous with 2386:by establishing the genus 1901: 1889: 1866:Sketch of the skeleton of 1850:by the Russian naturalist 1427:Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton 1297: 490:Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 18: 13295:Pleistocene proboscideans 13250:Extinct animals of Canada 13062: 13013: 12988: 12891: 12861: 12814: 12732: 12632: 12602: 12551: 12493: 12482: 12441: 12411: 12322: 12318: 12303: 12262: 10902:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.009 10169:White, Connor D. (2023). 9730:10.3389/fevo.2022.1064299 9709:) and American mastodon ( 8749:10.18268/BSGM2015v67n2a14 8501:10.1016/j.jop.2022.09.002 8415:10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3 8059:Schultz, John R. (1937). 7985:American Museum Novitates 7942:American Museum Novitates 7858:10.2475/ajs.s4-25.147.169 7782:10.1017/S0022336000028316 7287:10.1007/s12542-010-0053-1 7252:10.1007/s12542-015-0270-8 7033:"Sur le grand mastodonte" 6902:Hooker, Jerry J. (2007). 6804:10.1007/s12052-008-0042-y 6422:Collinson, Peter (1767). 6265:Storrs, Glenn W. (2019). 6074:." In the 1993-1995 show 4938:intraspecific competition 4417:than female individuals. 4028:are larger than those of 3724: 3602: 3580: 3573: 3546: 3515: 3484: 3462: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3394: 3387: 3362: 3340: 3333: 3315:Gomphotherium augustidens 3311: 3304: 3287: 3280: 3240: 3218: 3211: 3200: 3193: 3168: 3161: 3138: 3131: 3109: 3102: 3080: 3073: 3051: 3044: 2680:, the sole family of the 1870:, labeled as "Mastodonte" 1772:erected the species name 1690:Pomme de Terre River 1360:member Van Bruggen for a 1358:New York General Assembly 604:Fischer de Waldheim, 1814 585:Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 582:Harpagmotherium canadense 464: 457: 290: 285: 260: 253: 156:Scientific classification 154: 142: 133: 42: 29:Mastodon (disambiguation) 21:Mastodon (social network) 13280:Paleontology in Michigan 12060:Marchese, David (2010). 11821:"STATE FOSSIL: MASTODON" 11706:Mapes, Lynda V. (2012). 11462:Quaternary International 10847:Quaternary International 10812:Quaternary International 10701:Quaternary International 10140:Quaternary International 10035:10.15517/rgac.v0i42.4169 7756:Miller, Wade E. (1987). 7155:Quaternary International 7116:Quaternary International 7031:Cuvier, Georges (1806). 7008:Cuvier, Georges (1806). 6935:Cuvier, Georges (1799). 6599:10.1515/texmat-2015-0008 6447:Hunter, William (1768). 6336:10.1177/0073275319874982 6163:Big Bone Lick State Park 5978:Mastodon replica at the 5694:Sequim Museum & Arts 5595:Relationship with humans 5522:Miracinonyx inexpectatus 5033:. An isolated record of 4819:carbon isotopic analyses 4014:encephalization quotient 3874:. The nasal aperture of 3748: 3291:Choerolophodon pentelici 3172:Palaeomastodon beadnelli 3055:Phosphatherium esculliei 3018:and the newly appearing 2661:, who erected the genus 2372:Thousand Creek Formation 2362:, naming it in honor of 2340:Pliomastodon vexillarius 1812:and erected the species 1472:for having sent him and 1167:African forest elephants 880:Pliomastodon vexillarius 722:Tetracaulodon bucklandii 671:Tetracaulodon tapyroides 13285:Pleistocene extinctions 12091:Perrigo, Billy (2020). 11940:Davidson, Kyle (2024). 11737:Thomson, Keith (2011). 11370:10.1073/pnas.2015032117 11311:10.1073/pnas.1416072111 11166:10.1126/science.1207663 10502:10.1073/pnas.1110246108 10405:Journal of Paleontology 9989:10.1073/pnas.2118329119 9821:10.1073/pnas.2118329119 9046:Papers in Palaeontology 8867:Brain Research Bulletin 8036:Stock, Chester (1936). 7871:Hay, Oliver P. (1923). 7762:Journal of Paleontology 7318:Journal of Paleontology 6976:10.1073/pnas.1422018112 6018:, passing unanimously. 5096:Kap Kobenhavn Formation 4929:Bølling–Allerød warming 4714: 4653:African forest elephant 4615:Palaeoloxodon namadicus 4496:The American mastodon ( 4377:(or shoulder blade) of 3606:Palaeoloxodon falconeri 3366:Stegomastodon humboldti 3084:Numidotherium koholense 2466:Pliomastodon? cosoensis 2223:The validities of both 1746:Early taxonomic history 1532:stated his thoughts on 1513:The 1806–1808 painting 1076: 1070: 655:Tetracaulodon collinsii 33:Mammut (disambiguation) 13305:Pliocene proboscideans 12016:Gaskell, G.H. (1952). 11827:. 2002. Archived from 11790:10.1139/cjes-2022-0131 11112:10.1126/sciadv.ade9068 9277:10.4202/app.00136.2014 8812:Tassy, Pascal (2018). 8795:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8548:(Thesis). Austin, TX: 8384:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8264:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 7739:Leidy, Joseph (1869). 7716:Owen, Richard (1842). 6957:Froese, Duane (2014). 6704:Earth Sciences History 6669:Earth Sciences History 5991: 5944: 5851:large extinction phase 5824: 5736:Marine Isotope Stage 5 5697: 5610: 5491:Port Kennedy Bone Cave 5312:, mustelids including 5178: 5145: 4974: 4916: 4727: 4671: 4657:African bush elephants 4594: 4493: 4370: 4266: 4094: 4082: 4078:lower jaw and molars, 3943: 3914:, a trait shared with 3584:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 3444:Mammuthus meridionalis 2937:during the Miocene or 2893:, which occurs in the 2889:from North America is 2866: 2666: 2606:to be synonymous with 2468:, naming it after the 2462:Pliomastodon nevadanus 2364:William Diller Matthew 2347: 2308:George Gaylord Simpson 1982: 1871: 1761: 1736:Henry Fairfield Osborn 1732:Harvard Medical School 1576: 1521: 1468:credited Irish trader 1410: 1378:The Boston News-Letter 1326: 1171:African bush elephants 1119:of the extinct family 1029:Chow & Chang, 1961 946:Pliomastodon cosoensis 924:Pliomastodon nevadanus 844:Pliomastodon sellardsi 609:Tapirus mastodontoides 601:Mastotherium megalodon 31:. For other uses, see 27:. For other uses, see 13275:Miocene proboscideans 13204:Paleobiology Database 11572:Nature Communications 10790:10.13023/kgs13sp22023 10639:10.7312/wood13040-009 10589:10.58799/NMG-v21n1.10 10203:Nature Communications 9942:National Public Radio 9352:Hart, Brenna (2020). 8976:Journal of Morphology 6867:Kerr, Robert (1792). 6158:Cerutti Mastodon site 6025:and Michigan senator 6000:Slauson Middle School 5977: 5938: 5931:Cultural significance 5794: 5718:Cerutti Mastodon site 5691: 5602: 5562:Bootherium bombifrons 5481:and the gomphotheres 5160: 5125: 5069:Bone Valley Formation 5063:. This suggests that 5049:Horned Toad Formation 4957: 4911: 4839:Burning Tree mastodon 4722: 4665: 4586: 4565:Mammuthus primigenius 4487: 4391:Mammuthus primigenius 4362: 4336:. They believed that 4264:New York State Museum 4261: 4145:differ from those of 4088: 4074: 3929: 3886:is more trapezoidal. 3727:"plesielephantiforms" 3466:Mammuthus primigenius 2864:George C. Page Museum 2857: 2824:as currently defined 2656: 2506:was synonymized with 2498:was synonymized with 2438:Truth or Consequences 2436:from the locality of 2356:Snake Creek Formation 2337: 2267:. He also noted that 1957: 1865: 1805:Mammuthus primigenius 1753: 1676:in what is today the 1660:Burning Tree mastodon 1589:Charles Willson Peale 1556: 1519:Charles Willson Peale 1512: 1404: 1315: 1194:Keith Stewart Thomson 757:Trilophodon ohioticus 663:Tetracaulodon godmani 574:Elephas macrocephalus 46:Temporal range: Late 13019:Plesielephantiformes 12254:Genera of the order 12218:The Chicago Mastodon 11891:on 22 September 2023 11825:Michigan Legislature 11718:on 22 September 2021 9623:10.1017/qua.2018.100 8529:10.2181/036.042.0201 7818:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 7809:North American Fauna 7330:10.1017/jpa.2016.143 6088:band when guitarist 5844:Last Glacial Maximum 5840:Wisconsin glaciation 5613:The exact timing of 5577:Megalonyx jeffersoni 5394:, the pocket gopher 5379:is relatively rare. 5053:Pascagoula Formation 5031:Illinoian glaciation 4891:. The morphology of 4799:made up of spruces ( 4770:(or fossil dung) of 4312:usually has 20 4254:Postcranial skeleton 4168:convergent evolution 3938:without any visible 3930:Illustration of the 3868:infraorbital foramen 3815:mandibular symphysis 3782:Porter County Museum 3244:Zygolophodon borsoni 2795:phase of evolution, 2423:Standard Oil Company 2380:Zygolophodon proavus 2190:John Davidson Godman 1932:Mastodon angustidens 1548:American nationalism 1415:Charles III Le Moyne 1300:Research history of 1198:American nationalism 1150:mandibular symphysis 1099:, the same order as 1010:Zygolophodon borsoni 714:Tetracaulodon kochii 706:Tetracaulodon osagii 480:Fischer von Waldheim 23:. For the band, see 13320:Symbols of Michigan 12607:Choerolophodontidae 12213:Scientific American 11921:on 20 February 2024 11782:2023CaJES..60..263C 11755:10.1511/2011.90.200 11637:2009QuRes..72..359W 11625:Quaternary Research 11584:2018NatCo...9.5441B 11545:2016QuRes..85..262F 11533:Quaternary Research 11509:2014QSRv...85...35B 11474:2010QuInt.217..225S 11361:2020PNAS..11728555M 11355:(46): 28555–28563. 11302:2014PNAS..11118460Z 11296:(52): 18460–18465. 11269:10.3390/arts3020190 11158:2011Sci...334..351W 11104:2023SciA....9E9068W 11063:2022JArSR..45j3601E 11024:2022JArSR..45j3600K 10988:2021QuRes.103..182M 10976:Quaternary Research 10894:2015JArSc..56..177G 10859:2008QuInt.191...82S 10824:2022QuInt.640...23W 10763:10.1017/qua.2019.76 10755:2020QuRes..96..161H 10743:Quaternary Research 10713:2010QuInt.217..195S 10670:1999JVPal..19..595L 10552:2020PPP...54209411W 10493:2012PNAS..109..722F 10425:10.1017/jpa.2017.45 10417:2017JPal...91.1069M 10381:2000PPP...156..327F 10328:Scientific American 10322:Pappas, Stephanie. 10275:2022Natur.612..283K 10215:2020NatCo..11.4048K 10148:2007QuInt.169...17A 10106:10.7717/peerj.10030 9980:2022PNAS..11918329M 9974:(25): e2118329119. 9812:2022PNAS..11918329M 9806:(25): e2118329119. 9758:2022QSRv..27707304B 9654:2017PPP...487...59G 9615:2019QuRes..91..792B 9603:Quaternary Research 9547:1991QuRes..36..120L 9535:Quaternary Research 9505:2021PPP...57510473B 9466:2005PPP...223...34G 9116:2011Pbio...37..175S 9058:2022PPal....8E1427P 9023:2018HBio...30..137S 8918:2019NatSR...9.9323B 8772:Mississippi Geology 8550:University of Texas 8492:2023JPalG..12...50J 7950:1921Sci....54..108F 7850:1908AmJS...25..169L 7774:1987JPal...61..168M 7584:2016JSPal..14....1K 7520:2009JAfES..53..171H 7458:2018JAESc.162...54N 7423:2019QSRv..22305949M 7279:2010PalZ...84..163G 7244:2015PalZ...89.1073W 7163:2012QuInt.276....2M 7128:2012QuInt.255..239M 6969:(52): 18405–18406. 6716:2010ESHis..29...26M 6681:2022ESHis..41..410M 6624:ICOFOM Study Series 6486:1793MAAAS...2..160A 6271:Ohio Valley History 6222:. pp. 398–433. 6148:Manis Mastodon site 6130:Paleontology portal 6080:, the Black Ranger 5706:Manis Mastodon site 5572:Paramylodon harlani 5499:Megalonyx wheatleyi 5412:, the hipparionine 5144:up to the Pliocene. 4670:compared to a human 4213:Like its relative " 4151:M. vexillarius 3113:Moeritherium lyonsi 2976:M. vexillarius 2562:. They synonymized 2527:Diamond Valley Lake 2237:Mastodon americanus 1800:Elephas primigenius 1766:American incognitum 1764:In the 1790s, the " 1728:John Collins Warren 1716:lacustrine deposits 1668:Other skeletons of 1605:Philadelphia Museum 1528:American statesman 1190:American Revolution 1154:evolved in parallel 855:Pliomastodon adamsi 746:Elephas rupertianus 698:Leviathan missourii 647:Mastodon jeffersoni 590:Elephas mastodontus 449:Zhang et. al., 1991 13315:Symbols of Indiana 12171:2015-12-20 at the 12103:on 21 January 2024 11982:on 16 January 2024 11952:on 27 January 2024 11831:on 29 January 2024 11743:American Scientist 10996:10.1017/qua.2021.1 10577:New Mexico Geology 10142:. 169–170: 17–23. 9308:American Zoologist 9081:Historical Biology 9011:Historical Biology 8988:10.1002/jmor.10924 8906:Scientific Reports 8291:Quaternary Studies 8173:10.7717/peerj.6614 7745:. J.B. Lippincott. 7695:10.1007/BF00569310 7479:Rai, R.C. (2004). 6395:Rutgers University 6324:History of Science 5992: 5945: 5825: 5698: 5611: 5508:Arctodus pristinus 5418:, and the camelid 5179: 5146: 4983:M. americanum 4975: 4917: 4879:. In the Blancan, 4861:M. americanum 4797:coniferous forests 4772:M. americanum 4740:M. americanum 4728: 4700:M. americanum 4672: 4668:M. americanum 4644:M. americanum 4639:M. americanum 4634:M. americanum 4623:in comparison to " 4621:M. americanum 4595: 4573:M. americanum 4560:M. americanum 4549:Columbian mammoths 4498:M. americanum 4494: 4399:M. americanum 4371: 4364:M. americanum 4326:cervical vertebrae 4314:thoracic vertebrae 4267: 4248:M. americanum 4239:M. americanum 4223:M. americanum 4196:M. americanum 4176:M. americanum 4159:M. americanum 4113:parallel evolution 4095: 4091:M. americanum 4083: 4076:M. americanum 4026:M. americanum 4012:, had a 30% lower 4010:M. americanum 3997:M. americanum 3967:M. americanum 3955:M. americanum 3947:M. americanum 3944: 3936:M. americanum 3888:M. americanum 3876:M. americanum 3778:M. americanum 3550:Loxodonta africana 3344:Cuvieronius andium 3031:M. americanum 3016:M. americanum 2996:M. americanum 2867: 2860:M. americanum 2667: 2489:Eustace L. Furlong 2454:M. americanus 2432:named the species 2348: 2344:Mammut vexillarius 2330:Additional species 2296:M. americanum 2269:M. americanum 2198:T. Mastodontoideum 2192:created the genus 2016:M. americanum 2012:M. americanum 1995:Mastodon giganteum 1983: 1950:Taxonomic problems 1928:Mastodon giganteum 1872: 1837:Elephas americanus 1830:French naturalist 1794:German naturalist 1774:Elephas americanus 1762: 1720:M. americanum 1694:Missouri Leviathan 1577: 1522: 1411: 1407:M. americanum 1327: 1282:), as part of the 814:Mastodon acutidens 628:Mastodon ohioticum 558:Elephas americanus 265:Elephas americanus 13232: 13231: 13191:Open Tree of Life 13056:Taxon identifiers 13047: 13046: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12969:Stegotetrabelodon 12838:Paratetralophodon 12478: 12477: 11861:on 1 October 2023 11855:State Symbols USA 11712:The Seattle Times 11416:978-0-226-82403-1 11196:(7651): 479–483. 11152:(6054): 351–353. 10269:(7939): 283–291. 10257:(December 2022). 10050:Mammut americanum 9914:978-0-19-510778-4 9872:Mammut americanum 9711:Mammut americanum 9450:Mammut americanum 9205:978-0-87365-197-4 9066:10.1002/spp2.1427 8851:978-0-323-14108-6 8654:978-0-19-854652-8 8618:978-3-031-13982-6 8338:978-3-030-68397-9 8108:978-0-19-854652-8 6153:Snowmastodon site 6004:Thaddeus McCotter 5891:radiocarbon dates 5836:Last Interglacial 5750:Donald K. Grayson 5702:Michael R. Waters 5647:lithic technology 5588:Equus complicatus 5537:Rangifer tarandus 5528:Smilodon gracilis 5385:Palomas Formation 5104:Early Pleistocene 5092:environmental DNA 4553:Mammuthus columbi 4512:near the city of 4480:External features 4470:M. pacificum 4437:olecranon process 4395:Mammut americanum 4244:M. pacificum 4208:M. cosoensis 4200:M. nevadanum 4192:M. pacificum 4188:M. pacificum 4180:M. pacificum 4163:M. pacificum 4128:The dentition of 3813:with a shortened 3790:M. pacificum 3740: 3739: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3535: 3534: 3504: 3503: 3488:Mammuthus columbi 3398:Stegodon insignis 3269: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3222:Mammut americanum 3020:M. pacificum 3000:Ringold Formation 2992:M. pacificum 2984:M. cosoensis 2915:M. nevadanum 2596:sexual dimorphism 2512:Jeheskel Shoshani 2485:Juntura Formation 2384:Mastodon matthewi 2352:Mastodon matthewi 2196:plus its species 2049:G. subtapiroideum 2010:erected based on 2003:wastebasket taxon 1999:Mammut americanum 1858:Cuvier's taxonomy 1670:Mammut americanum 1540:social degeneracy 1497:" (shortened as " 1495:animal incognitum 1474:Benjamin Franklin 1317:Mammut americanum 1234:Columbian mammoth 1214:wastebasket taxon 1063: 1062: 1055:Schlesinger, 1917 1046: 1026:Mammut shansiense 991:Mastodon buffonis 983:Mastodon vialleti 972:Mastodon vellavus 966: 940: 918: 896: 874: 836:Mastodon matthewi 830: 787:Mammut oregonense 690:Missourium kochii 679:Elephas ohioticus 552: 470: 450: 437: 424: 411: 391: 383: 368: 357: 346: 332: 318: 304: 271:Mammut americanum 249: 13327: 13225: 13224: 13212: 13211: 13199: 13198: 13186: 13185: 13173: 13172: 13160: 13159: 13147: 13146: 13134: 13133: 13121: 13120: 13108: 13107: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13051: 13050: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12966: 12956: 12946: 12936: 12926: 12916: 12864: 12817: 12735: 12695:Progomphotherium 12635: 12605: 12554: 12539: 12529: 12519: 12509: 12499: 12491: 12490: 12444: 12414: 12399: 12389: 12379: 12369: 12358: 12348: 12338: 12328: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12305: 12304: 12248: 12241: 12234: 12225: 12224: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12099:. Archived from 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12068:. Archived from 12057: 12051: 12050: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12013: 12007: 12006: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11978:. Archived from 11968: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11948:. Archived from 11946:Michigan Advance 11937: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11917:. Archived from 11907: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11887:. Archived from 11877: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11714:. Archived from 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11687:on 25 April 2023 11683:. Archived from 11672: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11603: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11468:(1–2): 225–239. 11457: 11451: 11450: 11430: 11421: 11420: 11402: 11393: 11392: 11382: 11372: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11323: 11313: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11202:10.5066/F7HD7SW7 11184: 11178: 11177: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11123: 11092:Science Advances 11083: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10947: 10938: 10937: 10917: 10906: 10905: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10809: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10784:. 13 (2): 1–54. 10773: 10767: 10766: 10740: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10707:(1–2): 195–224. 10696: 10690: 10689: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10625: 10616: 10615: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10514: 10504: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10411:(5): 1069–1082. 10399: 10393: 10392: 10375:(3–4): 327–348. 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10302: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10236: 10226: 10193: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10118: 10108: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10001: 9991: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9902: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9841: 9823: 9791: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9584: 9576: 9566: 9532: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9255: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9221: 9210: 9209: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9165: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9142:Mammut pacificus 9134: 9128: 9127: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9017:(1–2): 137–156. 9006: 9000: 8999: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8937: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8818: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8769: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8632: 8623: 8622: 8598: 8589: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8561: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8461:10.1201/b20016-4 8448: 8442: 8441: 8438:10.1201/b20016-3 8425: 8419: 8418: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8365:10.1201/b20016-1 8352: 8343: 8342: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8207: 8196: 8195: 8185: 8175: 8151: 8128: 8127: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7844:(147): 169–212. 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7514:(4–5): 171–176. 7502: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7383: 7334: 7333: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7238:(4): 1073–1086. 7226: 7220: 7219: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7157:. 276–277: 2–7. 7149: 7140: 7139: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7094: 7085: 7084: 7074: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6978: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6745: 6728: 6727: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6636:10.4000/iss.1025 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6494:10.2307/27670792 6469: 6463: 6462: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6398: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6191:New York History 6182: 6138:Coats–Hines site 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 5874:and the peccary 5754:Jon M. Erlandson 5722:San Diego County 5670:Daniel C. Fisher 5663:Washtenaw County 5582:Cervalces scotti 5308:canids, ursids, 4904:Social behaviors 4692:Gray Fossil Site 4354:caudal vertebrae 4334:sacral vertebrae 4330:lumbar vertebrae 4294:vertebral column 4227:M. matthewi 4057:subarcuate fossa 3922:Endocast anatomy 3892:incisive foramen 3770: 3761: 3613: 3591: 3576: 3575: 3557: 3526: 3495: 3473: 3451: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3405: 3390: 3389: 3373: 3351: 3336: 3335: 3322: 3307: 3306: 3283: 3282: 3251: 3229: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3179: 3164: 3163: 3147: 3134: 3133: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3091: 3076: 3075: 3062: 3047: 3046: 3037: 3036: 2972:M. matthewi 2843:"Mammut" borsoni 2639:M. obliquelophus 2627:M. obliquelophus 2523:Mammut pacificus 2276:Oliver Perry Hay 2235:determined that 2087:S. elephantoides 2053:G. steinheimense 1911:, "tooth") from 1910: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1814:Mammut ohioticum 1802:? (now known as 1702: 1644: 1635: 1575: 1572: 1530:Thomas Jefferson 1337:reported to the 1294:Research history 1262:Late Pleistocene 1056: 1037: 1030: 1022: 1018:Mastodon pavlowi 1014: 1006: 1002:Mastodon affinis 998: 987: 979: 957: 950: 935: 928: 913: 906: 891: 884: 869: 862: 851: 840: 825: 818: 810: 802: 795:Mastodon moodiei 791: 783: 775: 768:Mammut progenium 764: 753: 742: 738:Mastodon rugatum 734: 726: 718: 710: 702: 694: 686: 675: 667: 659: 651: 643: 639:Mastodon cuvieri 635: 624: 616: 605: 597: 586: 578: 570: 569:Blumenbach, 1799 566:Mammut ohioticum 562: 547: 540: 532: 524: 513: 502: 491: 483: 468: 448: 442: 435: 429: 422: 419:M. obliquelophus 416: 406: 398: 389: 377: 366: 355: 341: 327: 313: 299: 263: 244: 237: 224: 164: 163: 138: 123: 60: 40: 39: 13335: 13334: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13235: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13220: 13215: 13207: 13202: 13194: 13189: 13181: 13176: 13168: 13163: 13155: 13150: 13142: 13137: 13129: 13124: 13116: 13111: 13103: 13101: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13058: 13048: 13043: 13029:Elephantimorpha 13024:Numidotheriidae 13009: 12990: 12974: 12887: 12857: 12819: 12818:"Tetralophodont 12810: 12737: 12728: 12637:Amebelodontidae 12628: 12598: 12547: 12487: 12485:Elephantiformes 12474: 12469:Prodeinotherium 12437: 12407: 12312: 12299: 12258: 12252: 12197:3-D Viewers of 12173:Wayback Machine 12122: 12117: 12116: 12106: 12104: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12072:on 29 June 2022 12058: 12054: 12041: 12037: 12014: 12010: 11999: 11995: 11985: 11983: 11970: 11969: 11965: 11955: 11953: 11938: 11934: 11924: 11922: 11909: 11908: 11904: 11894: 11892: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11864: 11862: 11849: 11848: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11801: 11797: 11766: 11762: 11735: 11731: 11721: 11719: 11704: 11700: 11690: 11688: 11673: 11669: 11656: 11652: 11621: 11617: 11564: 11560: 11528: 11524: 11493: 11489: 11458: 11454: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11403: 11396: 11341: 11337: 11281: 11277: 11248: 11244: 11221: 11217: 11185: 11181: 11141: 11137: 11098:(5): eade9068. 11084: 11080: 11043: 11039: 11007: 11003: 10972: 10968: 10948: 10941: 10918: 10909: 10878: 10874: 10843: 10839: 10807: 10801: 10797: 10774: 10770: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10697: 10693: 10650: 10646: 10626: 10619: 10600: 10596: 10573: 10569: 10532: 10528: 10473: 10469: 10455: 10451: 10436: 10432: 10400: 10396: 10365: 10361: 10353: 10345: 10341: 10332: 10330: 10320: 10316: 10254: 10250: 10194: 10187: 10179: 10167: 10163: 10136: 10132: 10085: 10081: 10066: 10046: 10042: 10019: 10015: 9960: 9956: 9946: 9944: 9934: 9930: 9915: 9893: 9889: 9862: 9855: 9792: 9783: 9742: 9738: 9701: 9697: 9678: 9671: 9634: 9630: 9598: 9594: 9578: 9577: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9485: 9481: 9446: 9442: 9410: 9406: 9387: 9383: 9370: 9366: 9358: 9350: 9346: 9323: 9319: 9304: 9300: 9289: 9285: 9256: 9247: 9222: 9213: 9206: 9184: 9180: 9166: 9155: 9147: 9135: 9131: 9124:10.1666/09033.1 9100: 9096: 9077: 9073: 9042: 9038: 9007: 9003: 8972: 8968: 8955: 8951: 8898: 8894: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8836: 8832: 8816: 8810: 8806: 8787: 8783: 8767: 8761: 8757: 8728: 8724: 8693: 8689: 8666: 8662: 8655: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8596: 8590: 8579: 8563: 8562: 8540: 8536: 8513: 8509: 8472: 8468: 8449: 8445: 8426: 8422: 8399: 8395: 8376: 8372: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8317: 8310: 8287: 8283: 8260: 8256: 8241:Research Square 8237: 8233: 8208: 8199: 8152: 8131: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8095: 8091: 8076: 8072: 8057: 8053: 8034: 8030: 8015: 8011: 7996: 7992: 7977: 7973: 7934: 7930: 7917: 7913: 7886: 7882: 7869: 7865: 7830: 7826: 7801: 7797: 7754: 7750: 7737: 7733: 7714: 7710: 7675: 7671: 7652: 7648: 7624: 7620: 7612:Fossil Record 3 7606: 7599: 7567: 7563: 7539: 7535: 7503: 7499: 7483: 7477: 7473: 7442: 7438: 7407: 7403: 7384: 7337: 7313: 7309: 7298: 7294: 7263: 7259: 7227: 7223: 7208: 7204: 7185: 7178: 7150: 7143: 7112: 7108: 7095: 7088: 7075: 7068: 7055: 7048: 7029: 7025: 7006: 7002: 6955: 6948: 6933: 6929: 6900: 6896: 6883: 6879: 6865: 6861: 6850: 6846: 6833: 6829: 6816: 6812: 6783: 6776: 6763: 6759: 6746: 6731: 6700: 6696: 6665: 6661: 6650: 6643: 6630:(46): 131–145. 6620: 6616: 6579: 6575: 6564: 6560: 6549: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6513: 6509: 6470: 6466: 6445: 6441: 6420: 6416: 6400: 6399: 6385: 6381: 6370: 6366: 6355: 6351: 6320: 6316: 6305: 6301: 6286: 6282: 6267:"Big Bone Lick" 6263: 6259: 6246: 6242: 6231: 6227: 6214: 6210: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6100:skull from the 6037:Located in the 5933: 5789: 5597: 5575:, megalonychid 5400:, the cricetid 5351: 5346:Blastomerycinae 5334:pseudoceratines 5322:machairodontine 5152: 5140:coexisted with 5120: 4952: 4947: 4906: 4899: 4873:niche partition 4824: 4786: 4779: 4725:Heinrich Harder 4717: 4712: 4581: 4579:Size and weight 4558:The concept of 4482: 4441:trochlear notch 4256: 4231:dental alveolus 4069: 4000:observed that " 3982:Elephas maximus 3959:olfactory bulbs 3940:olfactory bulbs 3924: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3536: 3519:Elephas maximus 3505: 3270: 3261: 3190:Elephantimorpha 3158:Elephantiformes 2891:Z. proavus 2757:is recorded in 2733:Elephantiformes 2706:Gomphotheriidae 2651: 2631:M. zhupengensis 2572:Mammut matthewi 2451: 2425:of California. 2332: 2263:as synonyms of 2249:Harpagmotherium 2129:T. longirostris 1952: 1860: 1848:Harpagmotherium 1748: 1697: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1613:Rembrandt Peale 1573: 1507: 1491:pseudo-elephant 1466:Peter Collinson 1399: 1385:(or biblical) " 1342:learned society 1310: 1305: 1296: 1226:niche partition 1163:Asian elephants 1059: 1054: 1052:M. praetypicum? 1048: 1047: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1012: 1004: 993: 985: 974: 968: 967: 953: 948: 942: 941: 931: 926: 920: 919: 909: 904: 898: 897: 887: 882: 876: 875: 865: 857: 846: 838: 832: 831: 821: 816: 808: 797: 789: 781: 770: 759: 748: 740: 732: 724: 716: 708: 700: 692: 681: 673: 665: 657: 649: 641: 630: 622: 611: 603: 592: 584: 576: 568: 560: 554: 553: 543: 538: 530: 519: 508: 497: 489: 478: 476:Harpagmotherium 472: 471: 453: 445:M. zhupengensis 393: 392: 281: 275: 267: 243: 235: 222: 158: 129: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 55: 54: 44: 36: 25:Mastodon (band) 17: 12: 11: 5: 13333: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13213: 13200: 13187: 13174: 13161: 13148: 13135: 13122: 13109: 13099: 13084: 13068: 13066: 13060: 13059: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13014: 13011: 13010: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12962: 12959:Stegodibelodon 12952: 12942: 12932: 12922: 12912: 12905: 12897: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12878: 12870: 12868: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12834: 12826: 12824: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12791:Rhynchotherium 12787: 12780: 12773: 12766: 12759: 12752: 12744: 12742: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12670: 12667:Archaeobelodon 12663: 12656: 12649: 12641: 12639: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12623:Choerolophodon 12619: 12611: 12609: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12560: 12558: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12545: 12535: 12532:Palaeomastodon 12525: 12515: 12505: 12502:Dagbatitherium 12494: 12488: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12465: 12458: 12450: 12448: 12446:Deinotheriidae 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12428: 12420: 12418: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12395: 12392:Phosphatherium 12385: 12375: 12365: 12354: 12344: 12334: 12323: 12313: 12308: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12297: 12288: 12282: 12276: 12270: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12251: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12209: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12121: 12120:External links 12118: 12115: 12114: 12083: 12052: 12035: 12008: 11993: 11976:Mastodon Ridge 11963: 11932: 11902: 11872: 11842: 11812: 11795: 11776:(3): 263–293. 11760: 11729: 11698: 11667: 11650: 11631:(3): 359–363. 11615: 11578:(5441): 5441. 11558: 11539:(2): 262–270. 11522: 11487: 11452: 11422: 11415: 11394: 11335: 11275: 11262:(2): 190–206. 11242: 11231:(3): 196–199. 11215: 11179: 11135: 11078: 11037: 11001: 10966: 10939: 10928:(3): 187–214. 10907: 10872: 10837: 10795: 10768: 10726: 10691: 10664:(3): 595–597. 10644: 10617: 10594: 10567: 10526: 10487:(3): 722–727. 10467: 10449: 10430: 10394: 10359: 10339: 10314: 10248: 10185: 10161: 10130: 10079: 10064: 10040: 10013: 9954: 9928: 9913: 9887: 9853: 9781: 9736: 9695: 9669: 9628: 9609:(2): 792–812. 9592: 9541:(1): 120–125. 9518: 9479: 9460:(1–2): 34–48. 9440: 9404: 9381: 9364: 9344: 9333:(1): 125–146. 9317: 9298: 9283: 9270:(3): 537–574. 9245: 9211: 9204: 9178: 9153: 9129: 9110:(2): 175–194. 9094: 9071: 9036: 9001: 8982:(4): 452–464. 8966: 8949: 8912:(9323): 9323. 8892: 8873:(2): 124–157. 8857: 8850: 8830: 8804: 8781: 8755: 8742:(2): 337–347. 8722: 8687: 8660: 8653: 8624: 8617: 8577: 8534: 8507: 8466: 8443: 8420: 8393: 8370: 8344: 8337: 8308: 8297:(3): 637–672. 8281: 8270:(4): 295–332. 8254: 8231: 8197: 8129: 8114: 8107: 8089: 8070: 8051: 8028: 8009: 8006:(16): 336–348. 7990: 7971: 7928: 7911: 7900:(1): 130–188. 7880: 7863: 7824: 7795: 7768:(1): 168–183. 7748: 7731: 7708: 7689:(1): 137–148. 7669: 7646: 7618: 7597: 7561: 7550:(4): 703–717. 7533: 7497: 7471: 7436: 7401: 7335: 7324:(1): 179–193. 7307: 7292: 7273:(1): 163–204. 7257: 7221: 7202: 7176: 7141: 7106: 7086: 7066: 7046: 7023: 7000: 6946: 6927: 6914:(3): 609–659. 6894: 6877: 6859: 6844: 6827: 6810: 6797:(2): 204–209. 6774: 6757: 6729: 6694: 6675:(2): 410–439. 6659: 6641: 6614: 6573: 6558: 6543: 6524: 6507: 6480:(1): 160–164. 6464: 6439: 6414: 6379: 6364: 6349: 6330:(3): 245–274. 6314: 6299: 6280: 6257: 6240: 6225: 6208: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6117: 6114: 6110:social network 6039:Mastodon Ridge 5980:Mastodon Ridge 5969:Song of Myself 5932: 5929: 5916:Nothrotheriops 5808:Nothrotheriops 5788: 5785: 5674:Calhoun County 5635:Clovis culture 5627:Before Present 5596: 5593: 5550:Bison antiquus 5447:Gigantocamelus 5365:M. vexillarius 5349: 5342:Dromomerycidae 5246:Perissodactyla 5174:Pliometanastes 5150: 5119: 5116: 5037:is known from 5019:Rocky Mountain 5011:Sonoran Desert 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4822: 4784: 4781:as opposed to 4777: 4744:spruce needles 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4649:Asian elephant 4580: 4577: 4481: 4478: 4463:, whereas the 4348:. The tail of 4255: 4252: 4174:. Pleistocene 4068: 4065: 4022:Palaeomastodon 3978:Asian elephant 3923: 3920: 3912:temporal fossa 3864:plesiomorphies 3788:plus tusks of 3775: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3141:Deinotheriidae 3137: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3035: 2782:anthracotheres 2748:Palaeomastodon 2698:Deinotheriidae 2682:elephantimorph 2650: 2647: 2470:Coso Mountains 2449: 2407:P. vexillarius 2331: 2328: 2210:William Cooper 2206:Richard Harlan 2154:Rhynchotherium 2134:Choerolophodon 2033:G. angustidens 1967:Albert C. Koch 1951: 1948: 1899:, "breast") + 1881:animal of Ohio 1859: 1856: 1832:Georges Cuvier 1783:Thomas Pennant 1747: 1744: 1674:Albert C. Koch 1649: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1506: 1503: 1482:William Hunter 1470:George Croghan 1398: 1395: 1324:Rotunda Museum 1309: 1308:Earliest finds 1306: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1273:Clovis culture 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1015: 1007: 999: 988: 980: 956: 955: 954: 952: 951: 934: 933: 932: 930: 929: 912: 911: 910: 908: 907: 890: 889: 888: 886: 885: 872:M. vexillarius 868: 867: 866: 864: 863: 852: 841: 824: 823: 822: 820: 819: 811: 803: 792: 784: 776: 765: 754: 743: 735: 727: 719: 711: 703: 695: 687: 676: 668: 660: 652: 644: 636: 625: 617: 606: 598: 587: 579: 571: 563: 546: 545: 544: 542: 541: 533: 525: 514: 503: 492: 484: 469:Genus synonymy 467: 466: 465: 462: 461: 455: 454: 452: 451: 438: 425: 412: 388: 387: 386: 385: 384: 369: 358: 356:Schultz, 1937 347: 333: 319: 310:M. vexillarius 305: 288: 287: 286:Other species 283: 282: 276: 258: 257: 251: 250: 233: 229: 228: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 152: 151: 140: 139: 131: 130: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13332: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13223: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13095: 13089: 13085: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13052: 13040: 13039:Elephantoidea 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13016: 13015: 13012: 13007: 13003: 13001: 12994: 12971: 12970: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12949:Selenetherium 12943: 12941: 12940: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12929:Palaeoloxodon 12923: 12921: 12920: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12882:Stegolophodon 12879: 12877: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12866:Stegodontidae 12860: 12854: 12853: 12852:Tetralophodon 12849: 12847: 12846: 12845:Pediolophodon 12842: 12840: 12839: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12813: 12807: 12806: 12805:Stegomastodon 12802: 12800: 12799: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12784:Notiomastodon 12781: 12779: 12778: 12777:Gomphotherium 12774: 12772: 12771: 12770:Gnathabelodon 12767: 12765: 12764: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12753: 12751: 12750: 12749:Blancotherium 12746: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12736:"Trilophodont 12731: 12725: 12724: 12723:Torynobelodon 12720: 12718: 12717: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12685: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12676: 12675: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12660:Aphanobelodon 12657: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12616:Afrochoerodon 12613: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12481: 12471: 12470: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12455:Chilgatherium 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12429: 12427: 12426: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12416:Barytheriidae 12410: 12404: 12403: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12382:Numidotherium 12376: 12374: 12373: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12355: 12353: 12352: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12331:Arcanotherium 12325: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12311: 12306: 12302: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12269: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12249: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12235: 12230: 12229: 12226: 12219: 12215: 12214: 12210: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12056: 12048: 12047: 12039: 12031: 12027: 12024:(87): 83–95. 12023: 12019: 12012: 12004: 11997: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11967: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11936: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11808: 11807: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11764: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11733: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11702: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11671: 11663: 11662: 11654: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11611: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11562: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11526: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11427: 11418: 11412: 11408: 11401: 11399: 11390: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11279: 11270: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11246: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11219: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11144:Washington". 11139: 11131: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11082: 11073: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10946: 10944: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10624: 10622: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10562: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10471: 10463: 10462: 10453: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10352: 10351: 10343: 10329: 10325: 10318: 10310: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10190: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10065:88-8080-025-6 10061: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10017: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9900: 9891: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9860: 9858: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9776: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9699: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9674: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9588: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9565: 9564:2027.42/29243 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9376: 9368: 9357: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9302: 9294: 9287: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9240: 9239:10.26879/1191 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9173: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8961: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8827:(2): 593–607. 8826: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801:(3): 233–256. 8800: 8796: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8656: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8629: 8620: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8573: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8390:(3): 233–256. 8389: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8349: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8315: 8313: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8226: 8225:10.26879/1188 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8125: 8118: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8048:(473): 35–39. 8047: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7924: 7923: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7875: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7743: 7735: 7728:(2): 689–695. 7727: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7604: 7602: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7311: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7230:Palearctic". 7225: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7181: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7146: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6951: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6889: 6881: 6873: 6872: 6863: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6593:(5): 95–111. 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6253: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6120: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6090:Bill Kelliher 6087: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6056: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5913:ground sloth 5912: 5911:nothrotheriid 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5860:Younger Dryas 5856: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5740:M. americanum 5737: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5726:M. americanum 5723: 5720:, located in 5719: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5606:spearpoints, 5605: 5601: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5569:ground sloth 5568: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5543:like ancient 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5519:), the felid 5518: 5517:Panthera onca 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5495:M. americanum 5492: 5488: 5487:Stegomastodon 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5467:M. americanum 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5426:M. americanum 5423: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5361:M. americanum 5358: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5332:, camelids, " 5331: 5330:protoceratids 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298:megalonychids 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5254:rhinocerotids 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198:antilocaprids 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186:sensu stricto 5184: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5143: 5142:rhinocerotids 5139: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5115: 5113: 5112:boreal forest 5109: 5105: 5102:, dating the 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035:M. americanum 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5015:Mojave Desert 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999:M. americanum 4996: 4995:Rancholabrean 4992: 4988: 4987:M. americanum 4984: 4980: 4973: 4972:Rancholabrean 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960:M. americanum 4956: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4901: 4894: 4893:Stegomastodon 4890: 4886: 4885:Stegomastodon 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4805:) and pines ( 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690:sp. from the 4689: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4588:M. americanum 4585: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4475: 4474:M. americanum 4472:differs from 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439:and a deeper 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4411:pelvic outlet 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332:, and 5 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4287:M. americanum 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194:differs from 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4045:ear petrosals 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957:features the 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908:lacrimal bone 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896:M. americanum 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884:obliquelophus 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860:M. americanum 3857: 3853: 3852:M. americanum 3849: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3780:skull at the 3779: 3769: 3760: 3736: 3735: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3569:Palaeoloxodon 3566: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3384:Elephantoidea 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Rancholabrean 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2958:sensu stricto 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925:evolved into 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881:stage of the 2880: 2879:Hemingfordian 2876: 2875:Massacre Lake 2872: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2791:In the early 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767:arsinoitheres 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2718:Stegodontidae 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2535:M. oregonense 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Chester Stock 2455: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:Mastodon raki 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:Elephant Hill 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:Tetracaulodon 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Tetracaulodon 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:Tetracaulodon 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2178:Notiomastodon 2174: 2173:S. floridanus 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2144:Stegomastodon 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2124:Tetralophodon 2120: 2119:A. perimensis 2116: 2115:A. sivalensis 2112: 2111:A. avernensis 2108: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092:Stegolophodon 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2063:Z. turicensis 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:G. pyrenaicum 2034: 2030: 2029: 2028:Gomphotherium 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:M. americanum 1956: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1913:Ancient Greek 1909: 1897: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1841:catastrophism 1838: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:New York City 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433:and Siberian 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Big Bone Lick 1416: 1408: 1403: 1397:Big Bone Lick 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:Great Britain 1343: 1340: 1339:Royal Society 1336: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1303: 1291: 1289: 1288:Younger Dryas 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196:, bolstering 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:M. americanum 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1158:M. americanum 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091:to the early 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1044:obliquelophus 1041: 1038:Synonyms of " 1027: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 984: 981: 977: 973: 970: 969: 965: 961: 958:Synonyms of " 949:Schultz, 1937 947: 944: 943: 939: 925: 922: 921: 917: 903: 902:Mastodon raki 900: 899: 895: 883:Matthew, 1930 881: 878: 877: 873: 860: 856: 853: 849: 845: 842: 837: 834: 833: 829: 815: 812: 807: 804: 800: 796: 793: 788: 785: 780: 777: 773: 769: 766: 762: 758: 755: 751: 747: 744: 739: 736: 731: 728: 723: 720: 715: 712: 707: 704: 699: 696: 691: 688: 684: 683:de Blainville 680: 677: 672: 669: 664: 661: 656: 653: 648: 645: 640: 637: 633: 629: 626: 621: 618: 614: 610: 607: 602: 599: 595: 591: 588: 583: 580: 575: 572: 567: 564: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550:M. americanum 537: 534: 529: 526: 522: 518: 515: 511: 507: 506:Tetracaulodon 504: 500: 496: 493: 488: 485: 481: 477: 474: 473: 463: 460: 456: 447: 446: 439: 434: 433: 426: 421: 420: 413: 409: 405: 404: 403: 395: 394: 381: 376: 375: 370: 365: 364: 359: 354: 353: 348: 344: 340: 339: 334: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 312: 311: 306: 302: 298: 297: 292: 291: 289: 284: 279: 273: 272: 266: 259: 256: 252: 247: 242: 241: 234: 231: 230: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 162: 157: 153: 150: 146: 145:M. americanum 141: 137: 132: 127: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 56:8–0.011 53: 49: 41: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 13063: 12997: 12967: 12957: 12947: 12937: 12927: 12917: 12907: 12900: 12893:Elephantidae 12880: 12873: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12829: 12821:gomphotheres 12803: 12798:Sinomastodon 12796: 12789: 12782: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12747: 12739:gomphotheres 12721: 12716:Stenobelodon 12714: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12688:Platybelodon 12686: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12646:Afromastodon 12644: 12621: 12614: 12593:Zygolophodon 12591: 12584: 12577: 12570: 12563: 12540: 12530: 12522:Hemimastodon 12520: 12510: 12500: 12467: 12462:Deinotherium 12460: 12453: 12432:Omanitherium 12430: 12423: 12400: 12390: 12380: 12372:Moeritherium 12370: 12359: 12349: 12341:Daouitherium 12339: 12329: 12290: 12284:Superorder: 12211: 12105:. Retrieved 12101:the original 12096: 12086: 12074:. Retrieved 12070:the original 12065: 12055: 12045: 12038: 12021: 12011: 12002: 11996: 11984:. Retrieved 11980:the original 11975: 11966: 11954:. Retrieved 11950:the original 11945: 11935: 11923:. Retrieved 11919:the original 11914: 11905: 11893:. Retrieved 11889:the original 11884: 11875: 11863:. Retrieved 11859:the original 11854: 11845: 11833:. Retrieved 11829:the original 11824: 11815: 11805: 11798: 11773: 11769: 11763: 11746: 11742: 11732: 11720:. Retrieved 11716:the original 11711: 11701: 11689:. Retrieved 11685:the original 11680: 11670: 11660: 11653: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11575: 11571: 11561: 11536: 11532: 11525: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11438: 11434: 11406: 11352: 11348: 11338: 11293: 11289: 11278: 11259: 11255: 11245: 11228: 11225:PaleoAmerica 11224: 11218: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11149: 11145: 11138: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11054: 11050: 11040: 11015: 11011: 11004: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10952: 10925: 10922:PaleoAmerica 10921: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10853:(1): 82–97. 10850: 10846: 10840: 10815: 10811: 10798: 10781: 10771: 10746: 10742: 10729: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10661: 10657: 10647: 10630: 10611: 10607: 10597: 10583:(1): 10–12. 10580: 10576: 10570: 10543: 10539: 10529: 10484: 10480: 10470: 10460: 10452: 10443: 10433: 10408: 10404: 10397: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10349: 10342: 10331:. Retrieved 10327: 10317: 10266: 10262: 10251: 10206: 10202: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10139: 10133: 10096: 10092: 10082: 10054: 10049: 10043: 10029:(42): 9–42. 10026: 10022: 10016: 9971: 9967: 9957: 9945:. 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CRC Press. 7301: 7295: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7215: 7205: 7196: 7192: 7154: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7099: 7079: 7059: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7017: 7013: 7003: 6966: 6962: 6940: 6930: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6887: 6880: 6869: 6862: 6853: 6847: 6837: 6830: 6820: 6813: 6794: 6790: 6767: 6760: 6750: 6710:(1): 26–51. 6707: 6703: 6697: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6653: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6590: 6587:Text Matters 6586: 6582: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6552: 6546: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6517: 6510: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6458: 6452: 6442: 6433: 6427: 6417: 6389: 6382: 6373: 6367: 6358: 6352: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6308: 6302: 6293: 6283: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6250: 6243: 6234: 6228: 6218: 6211: 6197:(1): 47–61. 6194: 6190: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6052: 6036: 6020: 6012:state symbol 5993: 5965:Walt Whitman 5958: 5946: 5941:Winsor McCay 5922: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5854: 5848: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5777: 5769:Neanderthals 5762: 5758: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5699: 5667: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5640: 5631:Paleoindians 5619:Homo sapiens 5618: 5612: 5586: 5580: 5579:, true deer 5576: 5570: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5471:M. pacificum 5470: 5466: 5464: 5459:Spermophilus 5457: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5406:, the equin 5401: 5395: 5391: 5389:ground sloth 5380: 5376: 5373:M. cosoensis 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5326:hipparionine 5289: 5262:aplodontiids 5230:Eulipotyphla 5194:Artiodactyla 5190:M. nevadanum 5189: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5147: 5137: 5126: 5098:of northern 5084:interglacial 5081: 5076: 5064: 5057:Tunica Hills 5044: 5043: 5034: 5022: 5003:M. pacificum 5002: 4998: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4968:Irvingtonian 4964:M. pacificum 4963: 4959: 4950:Distribution 4945:Paleoecology 4922: 4918: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881:M. raki 4880: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4831:Zygolophodon 4830: 4826: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4710:Paleobiology 4703: 4699: 4687: 4685: 4673: 4667: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4544: 4542: 4525: 4521: 4505: 4497: 4495: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4420: 4419: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4204:M. raki 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184:M. raki 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4158: 4155:M. nevadanum 4154: 4150: 4147:Zygolophodon 4146: 4142: 4129: 4127: 4123:Sinomastodon 4122: 4118:Sinomastodon 4116: 4096: 4090: 4075: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018:Moeritherium 4017: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3972:Moeritherium 3970: 3966: 3963:frontal lobe 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3915: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3859: 3856:frontal bone 3851: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828:Zygolophodon 3827: 3822: 3821:species and 3818: 3803:Zygolophodon 3802: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3777: 3776:Articulated 3730:"mastodonts" 3604: 3603: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3548: 3547: 3517: 3516: 3486: 3485: 3464: 3463: 3442: 3441: 3416:Elephantidae 3396: 3395: 3364: 3363: 3342: 3341: 3313: 3312: 3289: 3288: 3242: 3241: 3220: 3219: 3170: 3169: 3139: 3111: 3110: 3082: 3081: 3053: 3052: 3030: 3029:, including 3024: 3019: 3015: 3008:Irvingtonian 2995: 2991: 2988:M. raki 2987: 2983: 2980:M. raki 2979: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947:Zygolophodon 2946: 2942: 2935:Zygolophodon 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923:Zygolophodon 2922: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899:Clarendonian 2890: 2887:Zygolophodon 2886: 2871:Zygolophodon 2870: 2868: 2859: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830:polyphyletic 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815:Zygolophodon 2814: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2726: 2722:Elephantidae 2710:paraphyletic 2702:monophyletic 2693: 2669: 2668: 2662: 2657:Portrait of 2642: 2638: 2635:M. lufugense 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619:Pliomastodon 2618: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2604:M. nevadanum 2603: 2599: 2591: 2588:M. pacificum 2587: 2584:M. nevadanum 2583: 2580:M. pacificus 2579: 2576:M. nevadanus 2575: 2574:and emended 2571: 2568:P. sellardsi 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556:Zygolophodon 2555: 2553: 2549:Zygolophodon 2548: 2544: 2540:nomen dubium 2538: 2534: 2522: 2520: 2516:Pascal Tassy 2508:Zygolophodon 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496:Pliomastodon 2495: 2493: 2480: 2478: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2433: 2430:Childs Frick 2427: 2418: 2406: 2403:Pliomastodon 2402: 2400: 2396:Zygolophodon 2395: 2391: 2388:Pliomastodon 2387: 2383: 2379: 2367: 2351: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253:Mastotherium 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241:M. giganteum 2240: 2236: 2233:Joseph Leidy 2228: 2224: 2222: 2214:M. giganteum 2213: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2183:N. platensis 2182: 2176: 2172: 2168:Stenobelodon 2166: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2149:S. mirificus 2148: 2142: 2139:C. pentelici 2138: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058:Zygolophodon 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041:G. productum 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1958: 1943: 1939: 1936:M. giganteum 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1740:J. P. Morgan 1719: 1713: 1709:Richard Owen 1693: 1685: 1669: 1667: 1610: 1601:Pennsylvania 1597:Philadelphia 1578: 1569:) skeleton, 1566: 1562: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1479: 1463: 1451: 1447:hippopotamus 1412: 1406: 1383:antediluvian 1376: 1370: 1350:Hudson River 1328: 1316: 1301: 1277: 1269:Paleoindians 1266: 1253: 1240:by the late 1230:gomphotheres 1219: 1205: 1176: 1175: 1157: 1145: 1141:Zygolophodon 1139: 1129: 1112: 1109:Elephantidae 1083: 1082: 1066: 1064: 1051: 1043: 1039: 1025: 1021:Osborn, 1936 1017: 1013:Osborn, 1926 1009: 1001: 990: 986:Aymard, 1847 982: 971: 963: 959: 945: 938:M. cosoensis 937: 936:Synonyms of 923: 916:M. nevadanum 915: 914:Synonyms of 901: 893: 892:Synonyms of 879: 871: 870:Synonyms of 854: 843: 839:Osborn, 1921 835: 827: 826:Synonyms of 817:Osborn, 1936 813: 805: 794: 786: 782:Osborn, 1926 778: 767: 756: 745: 737: 729: 721: 713: 705: 697: 689: 678: 670: 662: 654: 646: 638: 627: 623:Godman, 1830 619: 608: 600: 589: 581: 577:Camper, 1802 573: 565: 557: 549: 548:Synonyms of 539:Osborn, 1926 536:Pliomastodon 535: 527: 516: 505: 494: 487:Mastotherium 486: 475: 444: 443: 432:M. lufugense 431: 430: 418: 417: 400: 399: 379: 374:M. pacificum 373: 372: 362: 361: 352:M. cosoensis 351: 350: 338:M. nevadanum 337: 336: 323: 322: 309: 308: 295: 294: 270: 269: 264: 255:Type species 239: 238: 144: 37: 13152:iNaturalist 13088:Wikispecies 13034:Elephantida 12939:Primelephas 12756:Cuvieronius 12702:Protanancus 12681:Konobelodon 12674:Eurybelodon 12572:Losodokodon 12425:Barytherium 12361:Khamsaconus 12310:Proboscidea 12295:Tethytheria 12256:Proboscidea 12107:21 February 12076:21 February 11986:21 February 11956:21 February 11925:21 February 11895:21 February 11865:21 February 11835:21 February 11722:20 February 11691:20 February 11441:: 215–250. 10982:: 182–192. 10888:: 177–193. 10749:: 161–183. 10209:(1): 4048. 9415:Ameghiniana 9232:(25.1.a9). 9198:(3): 1–47. 8566:cite thesis 7944:(10): 1–6. 7578:(1): 1–27. 7544:Palaeoworld 7218:(30): 1–52. 7122:: 239–256. 6608:11089/15025 6536:in Paris". 6403:cite thesis 6277:(3): 82–90. 6106:band's name 6094:Brent Hinds 6086:heavy metal 6082:Zack Taylor 6058:locomotives 6047:Nova Scotia 6027:Gary Peters 5988:Nova Scotia 5780:petroglyphs 5655:Cuvieronius 5503:tremarctine 5483:Cuvieronius 5302:borophagine 5290:M. matthewi 5282:mylagaulids 5274:heteromyids 5165:jeffersonii 5045:M. matthewi 4962:(blue) and 4756:vine leaves 4569:green algae 4055:alone. The 3744:Description 3041:Proboscidea 2964:M. matthewi 2919:Hemphillian 2903:M? furlongi 2849:Pleistocene 2807:Losodokodon 2786:hyaenodonts 2754:Losodokodon 2714:elephantoid 2690:Elephantida 2621:"), namely 2608:M. matthewi 2592:M. furlongi 2547:belongs to 2545:M. furlongi 2504:Miomastodon 2474:Inyo County 2452:tooth from 2392:Miomastodon 2368:M. merriami 2358:of western 2101:S. cautleyi 2097:S. latidens 2072:Cuvieronius 1879:," or the " 1770:Robert Kerr 1656:Heath, Ohio 1652:golf course 1574: 1845 1486:John Hunter 1202:Robert Kerr 1097:Proboscidea 1075:'breast' + 1005:Pomel, 1859 927:Stock, 1936 905:Frick, 1933 828:M. matthewi 809:Frick, 1933 725:Grant, 1842 685:, 1839–1864 436:Zhang, 1982 423:Mucha, 1980 363:M? furlongi 296:M. matthewi 213:Proboscidea 13260:Mammutidae 13239:Categories 13017:See also: 12709:Serbelodon 12653:Amebelodon 12586:Sinomammut 12556:Mammutidae 12351:Eritherium 12286:Afrotheria 11851:"Mastodon" 10614:: 233–427. 10333:2022-12-08 10099:: e10030. 9947:2 February 9884:: 185–204. 9866:"Mammoth ( 9752:(107304). 9692:: 173–175. 8778:(4): 1–12. 8025:: 505–652. 7494:: 169–188. 7043:: 270–312. 6534:incognitum 6296:: 206–229. 6169:References 6023:Mike Braun 6016:Randy Frye 5886:Platygonus 5877:Platygonus 5787:Extinction 5783:credible. 5773:Denisovans 5764:H. erectus 5710:Washington 5623:calibrated 5567:mylodontid 5444:, camelid 5434:, lutrine 5310:procyonids 5238:Lagomorpha 5206:tayassuids 5167:skeleton. 5132:skeleton, 5128:Teleoceras 5088:extirpated 4925:Fort Wayne 4877:Quaternary 4768:coprolites 4748:pine cones 4732:folivorous 4413:and wider 4385:. Hodgson 4366:skeleton, 3841:Sinomammut 3004:Washington 2895:Barstovian 2826:sensu lato 2775:catarrhine 2678:Mammutidae 2674:type genus 2623:M. borsoni 2600:Z. proavus 2494:The genus 2442:New Mexico 2415:California 2292:Missourium 2257:Missourium 2229:Missourium 2067:Z. proavus 2045:G. libycum 1971:Missourium 1961:skeleton, 1885:mastodonte 1877:mastodonte 1686:Missourium 1563:Missourium 1559:lithograph 1499:incognitum 1246:Quaternary 1121:Mammutidae 1117:type genus 750:Richardson 741:Koch, 1845 733:Koch, 1843 717:Koch, 1841 709:Koch, 1841 701:Koch, 1840 693:Koch, 1840 674:Hays, 1834 666:Hays, 1834 658:Hays, 1834 650:Hays, 1834 642:Hays, 1834 561:Kerr, 1792 531:Koch, 1841 517:Missourium 402:M. borsoni 246:Blumenbach 226:Mammutidae 13245:Mastodons 12919:Mammuthus 12909:Loxodonta 12763:Eubelodon 12565:Eozygodon 12266:Kingdom: 11972:"Replica" 11503:: 35–46. 10818:: 23–43. 10291:1476-4687 9923:935260783 9868:Mammuthus 9830:0027-8424 9707:Mammuthus 9648:: 59–70. 8558:304831808 8409:: 23–32. 8166:: e6614. 8067:: 77–109. 7452:: 54–68. 6102:Star Wars 6063:Mastodons 6043:Stewiacke 5984:Stewiacke 5895:Mammuthus 5868:Mammuthus 5798:Mammuthus 5778:Multiple 5700:In 2023, 5659:Kimmswick 5653:and 1 of 5651:Mammuthus 5541:megafauna 5479:Mammuthus 5450:, gopher 5437:Satherium 5431:Hypolagus 5415:Nannippus 5392:Megalonyx 5383:from the 5278:cricetids 5266:castorids 5222:mustelids 5210:Carnivora 5169:Megalonyx 5163:Megalonyx 5110:, with a 5100:Greenland 5094:from the 5061:Louisiana 4889:Mammuthus 4837:and the " 4704:Mammuthus 4696:Tennessee 4676:Rochester 4534:Subarctic 4514:Milwaukee 4510:Wisconsin 4461:Mammuthus 4383:Mammuthus 4346:Mammuthus 4322:Mammuthus 4318:Mammuthus 4302:Mammuthus 4283:Mammuthus 4235:Hermiston 4108:lophodont 4067:Dentition 4053:Mammuthus 3916:Eozygodon 3904:Eozygodon 3862:has many 3207:Mammutida 3027:endocasts 2873:sp. from 2818:Miocene. 2811:Eozygodon 2798:Eozygodon 2771:hyracoids 2763:Oligocene 2729:Paleogene 2716:families 2686:Mammutida 2564:P. adamsi 2551:instead. 2428:In 1933, 2370:from the 2261:Leviathan 2163:euhypodon 2077:C. hyodon 1975:Leviathan 1854:in 1808. 1824:Megalonyx 1699:St. Louis 1595:(APS) in 1464:In 1767, 1431:elephants 1373:Claverack 1280:megafauna 1181:Claverack 1125:Oligocene 1101:elephants 790:Hay, 1926 528:Leviathan 179:Kingdom: 173:Eukaryota 13102:BioLib: 13073:Wikidata 12875:Stegodon 12512:Eritreum 12402:Saloumia 12280:Mammalia 12274:Chordata 12272:Phylum: 12268:Animalia 12169:Archived 12030:43517676 11681:ICT News 11610:30575758 11389:33168739 11330:25453065 11210:28447646 11174:22021854 11130:36724281 10521:22203974 10309:36477129 10243:32873779 10125:33240588 10074:30055281 10008:35696566 9848:35696566 9573:56160892 9435:87012003 9083:: 1–14. 8996:21284018 8944:31249366 8887:16782503 8717:26839998 8554:ProQuest 8192:30944777 8086:: 42–69. 7966:17734372 7199:: 71–87. 6995:25535342 6871:Mammalia 6502:27670792 6461:: 34–45. 6344:31640428 6203:23153528 6116:See also 6072:Mastodon 5990:, Canada 5982:park in 5925:Holocene 5909:and the 5903:Smilodon 5820:Smilodon 5678:Moravian 5585:, equid 5533:reindeer 5453:Thomomys 5440:, equid 5421:Camelops 5403:Sigmodon 5320:felids, 5314:lutrines 5304:canids, 5286:sciurids 5270:geomyids 5258:Rodentia 5242:leporids 5202:camelids 5130:fossiger 5108:Holocene 5073:Brewster 5039:Honduras 4844:Glyceria 4835:Michigan 4814:Taxodium 4502:paleoart 4449:condyles 4316:whereas 4139:incisors 4135:cingulum 4100:bunodont 4030:Stegodon 3932:endocast 3811:mandible 2939:Pliocene 2901:stages. 2778:primates 2360:Nebraska 2324:Mastodon 2316:Mastodon 2300:Mastodon 2284:Mastodon 2265:Mastodon 2202:Mastodon 2082:Stegodon 2025:include 2023:Mastodon 2007:Mastodon 1991:Mastodon 1987:Mastodon 1944:Mastodon 1940:Mastodon 1924:Mastodon 1920:Mastodon 1682:Missouri 1585:Newburgh 1561:of the " 1557:Colored 1435:mammoths 1423:Kentucky 1335:New York 1258:Pliocene 1232:and the 1222:browsing 1185:New York 1105:mammoths 1093:Holocene 1067:mastodon 761:Falconer 632:Eichwald 495:Mastodon 459:Synonyms 382:., 2019 219:Family: 203:Mammalia 193:Chordata 189:Phylum: 183:Animalia 169:Domain: 143:Mounted 52:Holocene 50:– early 43:Mastodon 13217:ZooBank 13170:1033435 13144:3240497 13131:4454805 13079:Q192272 12902:Elephas 12831:Anancus 12542:Phiomia 12278:Class: 11778:Bibcode 11633:Bibcode 11601:6303330 11580:Bibcode 11541:Bibcode 11505:Bibcode 11470:Bibcode 11380:7682371 11357:Bibcode 11321:4284604 11298:Bibcode 11154:Bibcode 11146:Science 11121:9891687 11100:Bibcode 11059:Bibcode 11020:Bibcode 10984:Bibcode 10890:Bibcode 10855:Bibcode 10820:Bibcode 10751:Bibcode 10709:Bibcode 10686:4524020 10666:Bibcode 10548:Bibcode 10512:3271923 10489:Bibcode 10413:Bibcode 10377:Bibcode 10300:9729109 10271:Bibcode 10234:7463256 10211:Bibcode 10144:Bibcode 10116:7676352 9999:9231495 9976:Bibcode 9839:9231495 9808:Bibcode 9754:Bibcode 9650:Bibcode 9611:Bibcode 9543:Bibcode 9501:Bibcode 9462:Bibcode 9112:Bibcode 9054:Bibcode 9019:Bibcode 8935:6597534 8914:Bibcode 8488:Bibcode 8183:6441323 7946:Bibcode 7846:Bibcode 7790:1305142 7770:Bibcode 7703:4330534 7580:Bibcode 7516:Bibcode 7454:Bibcode 7419:Bibcode 7275:Bibcode 7240:Bibcode 7159:Bibcode 7124:Bibcode 7020:: 1–68. 6986:4284541 6943:: 1–22. 6712:Bibcode 6677:Bibcode 6482:Bibcode 5555:caprine 5553:), the 5381:M. raki 5369:M. raki 5338:cervids 5256:), and 5234:talpids 5188:was of 5027:Montana 4991:Blancan 4850:Zizania 4680:Indiana 4629:borsoni 4627:" 4609:borsoni 4607:" 4538:Florida 4425:humerus 4375:scapula 4219:borsoni 4217:" 4038:borsoni 4036:" 4006:borsoni 4004:" 3993:borsoni 3991:" 3872:Phiomia 3807:cranium 3792:(right) 3786:cranium 3209: 3010:to the 2968:Blancan 2803:Miocene 2793:Neogene 2743:Phiomia 2738:Phiomia 2676:of the 2672:is the 2665:in 1799 2346:), 1930 2278:listed 2175:), and 2106:Anancus 1788:Elephas 1493:", or " 1454:Shawnee 1439:Abenaki 1322:tooth, 1242:Neogene 1238:grazing 1115:is the 1089:Miocene 964:borsoni 894:M. raki 859:Hibbard 848:Simpson 799:Barbour 378:Dooley 345:, 1936 331:, 1933 324:M. raki 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