Asian elephant - Knowledge

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trunk, a sequence of ritualistic behaviors follow. The responses in males vary based on both the stage of development and the temperament of the elephant. This process of receiving and processing signals through the trunk is referred to as flehmen. The difference in body movements give cues to gauge if the male is interested in breeding with the female that produced the secretion. A bull that is ready to breed will move closer to the urine and in some cases an erection response is elicited. A bull that is not ready to breed will be timid and try to dissociate themselves from the signal. In addition to reproductive communication, chemosensory signaling is used to facilitate same-sex interactions. When less developed males detect pheromones from a male in musth, they often retreat to avoid coming in contact with aggressive behaviors. Female elephants have also been seen to communicate with each other through pheromone in urine. The purpose of this type of intersex communication is still being investigated. However, there are clear differences in signaling strength and receiver response throughout different stages of the estrous cycle.

1768: 132: 1185: 1359: 653: 1876:(41.6 years) in protected populations in range countries. This discrepancy is clearest in Asian elephants: infant mortality is more than two to three times that seen in Burmese timber camps, and adult survivorship in zoos has not improved significantly in recent years. One risk factor for Asian zoo elephants is being moved between institutions, with early removal from the mother tending to have additional adverse effects. Another risk factor is being born into a zoo rather than being imported from the wild, with poor adult survivorship in zoo-born Asians apparently being conferred prenatally or in early infancy. Likely causes for compromised survivorship is 1208: 676: 362: 630: 8916: 1633:, more than 1,150 humans and 370 elephants died as a result of human-elephant conflict between 1980 and 2003. In a 2010 study, it was estimated that in India alone, over 400 people were killed by elephants each year, and 0.8 to 1 million hectares were damaged, affecting at least 500,000 families across the country. Moreover, elephants are known to destroy crops worth up to US$ 2–3 million annually. This has major impacts on the welfare and livelihoods of local communities, as well as the future conservation of this species. In countries like 1415: 109: 920: 8998: 206: 952: 1204:. It is now recognized that cows form extensive and very fluid social networks, with varying degrees of associations between individuals. Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African bush elephants. Unlike African elephants, which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. They can sometimes be known for their violent behavior. 1129: 1286: 1035: 981: 164: 1949: 1759: 2004: 1282:. These signals are transmitted through various bodily fluids. They are commonly released in urine but in males they are also found in special secretions from the temporal glands. Once integrated and perceived, these signals provide the receiver with information about the reproductive status of the sender. If both parties are ready to breed, reproductive ritualic behavior occurs and the process of sexual reproduction proceeds. 1264: 1798:, deployed to catalyze a range of conservation goals, including habitat conservation at landscape scales, generating public awareness on conservation issues, and mobilisation as a popular cultural icon both in India and the West. A key aspect of conservation is connectivity of the preferred movement routes of Asian elephants through areas with high vegetation cover and low human population density. 1566: 1347:. A principal component thereof, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, has also been found to be a sex pheromone in numerous species of insects. In both insects and elephants, this chemical compound is used as an attractant to assist the mating process. In elephants, the chemical is secreted through urination and this aids in the attraction of bulls to mate. Once detected, the chemical stimulates the 543:. Wild Asian elephants live to be about 60 years old. While female captive elephants are recorded to have lived beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings, Asian elephants die at a much younger age in captivity; captive populations are declining due to a low birth and high death rate. The earliest indications of captive use of Asian elephants are engravings on seals of the 1544: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1421: 1018:

less pronounced in Asian elephants than in African bush elephants; with bulls averaging 15% and 23% taller in the former and latter respectively. Length of body and head including trunk is 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) with the tail being 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) long. The largest bull elephant ever recorded was shot by the

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countryside. The cage is called a "training crush." It's the centerpiece of a centuries-old ritual in northern Thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. In addition to beatings, handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners.

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families. They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season. They drink at least once a day and are never far from a permanent source of fresh water. They need 80–200 litres of water a day and use even more for bathing. At times, they

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Just before dawn in the remote highlands of northern Thailand, west of the village Mae Jaem, a four-year-old elephant bellows as seven village men stab nails into her ears and feet. She is tied up and immobilized in a small, wooden cage. Her cries are the only sounds to interrupt the otherwise quiet

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is about 510,000 ha (1,300,000 acres). In 2020, the population of Asian elephants in Yunnan was estimated at around 300 individuals. As conflicts between humans and wild elephants have emerged around protected areas in the last years, the prefecture of Xishuangbanna built food bases and planted

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Up to the early 1990s, Vietnamese ivory craftsmen used exclusively Asian elephant ivory from Vietnam and neighbouring Lao and Cambodia. Before 1990, there were few tourists and the low demand for worked ivory could be supplied by domestic elephants. Economic liberalisation and an increase in tourism

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Cows and calves move about together as groups, while bulls disperse from their mothers upon reaching adolescence. Bulls are solitary or form temporary "bachelor groups". Cow-calf units generally tend to be small, typically consisting of three adults (most likely related females) and their offspring.

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is 30 mm (1.2 in) thick providing protection against bites, bumps, and adverse weather. Its folds increase surface area for heat dissipation. They can tolerate cold better than excessive heat. Skin temperature varies from 24 to 32.9 °C (75.2 to 91.2 °F). Body temperature averages

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in India hosts the most Asian elephants of any known area, comprising around 20% of the total population in the country. The distribution of elephants in the state according to one estimate is roughly 38,310 km (14,790 sq mi). In a 2013 study, an estimated 10, 000 elephants inhabited

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in human settlements is another major area of human–elephant conflict occurring in small forest pockets, encroachments into elephant habitat, and on elephant migration routes. However, studies in Sri Lanka indicate that traditional slash-and-burn agriculture may create optimal habitat for elephants

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for use in the tourism industry; calves are used mainly in amusement parks and are trained to perform various stunts for tourists. The calves are often subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured; as a result, two-thirds may perish.

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for up to three years. Once a female gives birth, she usually does not breed again until the first calf is weaned, resulting in a four to five-year birth interval. During this period, mother to calf communication primarily takes place through temporal means. However, male calves have been known to

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Reproductive signaling exchange between male and female elephants are transmitted through olfactory cues in bodily fluids. In males, the increase in frontalin during musth heightens their sensitivity to the (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate produced by female elephants. Once perceived by receptors in the

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have been recorded attacking and killing calves, especially if the calves become separated from their mothers, stranded from their herd, or orphaned. Adults are largely invulnerable to natural predation. There is a singular anecdotal case of a mother Asian elephant allegedly being killed alongside

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and of females with young. Gunfire and other similar methods of deterring, which are known to be effective against many kinds of wild animals including tigers, may or may not work with elephants, and can even worsen the situation. Elephants that have been abused by humans in the past often become

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that was first isolated in bark beetles but can also be produced in the bulls of both Asian and African Elephants. The compound can be excreted through urine as well as through the temporal glands of the bull, allowing signaling to occur. During musth, increased concentrations of frontalin in the

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On average, when fully-grown, bulls are about 2.75 m (9.0 ft) tall at the shoulder and 4.0 t (4.4 short tons) in weight, while cows are smaller at about 2.40 m (7.9 ft) at the shoulder and 2.7 t (3.0 short tons) in weight. Sexual dimorphism in body size is relatively

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measured 8 ft (2.4 m) in length, and nearly 17 in (43 cm) in circumference, and weighed 90 lb (41 kg). This tusk's weight is, however, exceeded by the weight of a shorter tusk of about 6 ft (1.8 m) in length which weighed 100 lb (45 kg), and there

1884:. Foot problems are commonly observed in captive elephants. These are related to lack of exercise, long hours standing on hard substrates, and contamination resulting from standing in their dung. Many of these problems are treatable. However, mistreatment may lead to serious disability or death. 1832:

The distribution of elephants in Sri Lanka is only two-fifths of what it was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Due to this decrease, interactions with humans occur much more frequently. During a 2003 survey, the local people expressed some form of disapproval towards the conservation of

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in live elephants and ivory still flourishes. Although the amount of ivory being openly sold has decreased substantially since 2001, Thailand still has one of the largest and most active black markets for ivory seen anywhere in the world. Tusks from Thai-poached elephants also enter the market;

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that are observed three weeks from each other. This type of estrous cycle has also been observed in African Elephants but is not known to affect other mammals. The first surge in Luteinizing hormone is not followed by the release of an egg from the ovaries. However, some female elephants still

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and made in many contexts. Squeaks come in two forms: chirpings and trumpets. Chirping consists of multiple short squeaks and signals conflict and nervousness. Trumpets are lengthened squeaks with increased loudness and are produced during extreme arousal. Snorts signal changes in activity and

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Schulte, Bruce A.; Bagley, Kathryn; Correll, Maureen; Gray, Amy; Heineman, Sarah M.; Loizi, Helen; Malament, Michelle; Scott, Nancy L.; Slade, Barbara E.; Stanley, Lauren; Goodwin, Thomas E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L. (2005). Mason, Robert T.; LeMaster, Michael P.; Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (eds.).

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In some parts of Asia, people and elephants have co-existed for thousands of years. In other areas, people and elephants come into conflict, resulting in violence, and ultimately, the displacement of elephants. The main causes of human-elephant conflict includes the growing human population,

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has only one fingerlike tip, in contrast to the African elephants which have two. Hence, the Asian species relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth, rather than grasping with the tip. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex

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and dry thorn forests. They are herbivorous, eating about 150 kg (330 lb) of vegetation per day. Cows and calves form groups, while males remain solitary or form "bachelor groups" with other males. During the breeding season, males will temporarily join female groups to mate. Asian

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is celebrated annually on 12 August since 2012. Events are organized to divulge information and to engage people about the problems that the Asian elephant is facing. August has been established as the Asian Elephant Awareness Month by zoos and conservation partners in the United States.

1708:(SFA), which has issued licences for the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products containing elephant skin, thereby making trading legal. In 2010, four skinned elephants were found in a forest in Myanmar; 26 elephants were killed by poachers in 2013 and 61 in 2016. According to the 1119:

As of 2017, the estimated wild population in India account for nearly three-fourths of the extant population, at 27,312 individuals. In 2019, the Asian elephant population in India increased to an estimated 27,000–29,000 individuals. As of 2019, the global wild population was estimated at

748:. These elephants living in northern Borneo are smaller than all the other subspecies, but had larger ears, a longer tail, and straight tusks. Results of genetic analysis indicate that their ancestors separated from the mainland population about 300,000 years ago. A study in 2003, using 1648:

As a whole, Asian elephants display highly sophisticated and sometimes unpredictable behaviour. Most untamed elephants try to avoid humans, but if they are caught off guard by any perceived physical threat, including humans, they will likely charge. This is especially true of males in

1096:'s northern Johor and Terengganu National Park, two Asian elephants tracked using satellite tracking technology spent most of their time in secondary or "logged-over forest"; they travelled 75% of their time in an area less than 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away from a water source. In 1737:. As of 2011, it is responsible for as many as 70 deaths of both zoo and wild Asian elephants worldwide, especially in young calves. In particular, several incidents of calves dying from elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus have been recorded in Myanmar. The elephant 971:

are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants. Some bulls may also lack tusks; these individuals are called "makhnas", and are especially common among the Sri Lankan elephant population. A tusk from an 11 ft (3.4 m) tall elephant killed by Sir

1817:, and were primarily threatened by poaching and habitat fragmentation. An increase in conflict with humans was also cited as a likely issue. Conservation plans aimed to establish wildlife corridors, stop poaching of bulls, and protect or manage land area. 7182: 1026:, in 1924, it weighed an estimated 7 t (7.7 short tons), stood 3.43 m (11.3 ft) tall at the shoulder and was 8.06 m (26.4 ft) long from head to tail. There are reports of larger individuals as tall as 3.7 m (12 ft). 6230: 4576: 6496:"Detection and evaluation of novel herpesviruses in routine and pathological samples from Asian and African elephants: Identification of two new probosciviruses (EEHV5 and EEHV6) and two new gammaherpesviruses (EGHV3B and EGHV5)" 1077:, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, in addition to cultivated and secondary forests and scrublands. Over this range of habitat types elephants occur from sea level to over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In the eastern 1321:

occur during this period, from the paired temporal glands located on the head between the lateral edge of the eye and the base of the ear. The aggressive behaviors observed during musth can be attributed to varying amounts of

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tree plantations are major threats to the survival of elephants. Human–elephant conflicts occur when elephants raid crops of shifting cultivators in fields, which are scattered over a large area interspersed with forests.

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increase in loudness during mild or strong arousal. During the latter case, when an elephant bounces the tip of the trunk, it creates booms which serve as threat displays. Elephants can distinguish low-amplitude sounds.

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Asian elephants are recorded to make three basic sounds: growls, squeaks and snorts. Growls in their basic form are used for short distance communication. During mild arousal, growls resonate in the trunk and become

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Asian elephants have been captured from the wild and tamed for use by humans. Their ability to work under instruction makes them particularly useful for carrying heavy objects. They have been used particularly for

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Madhusudan, M.D.; Sharma, Narayan; Raghunath, R.; Baskaran, N.; Bipin, C.M.; Gubbi, Sanjay; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Kulkarni, Jayant; Kumara, Honnavalli N.; Mehta, Prachi; Pillay, Rajeev; Sukumar, Raman (July 2015).

7174: 4553: 1924:, in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet. 1397:

Female Asian elephants sexually mature around the age of 10~15 and keep growing until 30, while males fully mature at more than the age of 25, and constantly grow throughout their life. Average elephant

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The pre-eminent threats to the Asian elephant today are the loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat, which leads to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants. Asian elephants are

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cows. Strong fights over access to females are extremely rare. Bulls reach sexual maturity around the age of 12–15. Between the ages of 10 and 20 years, bulls undergo an annual phenomenon known as "

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from 1962 to 2006 were analysed for deviations in the birth and juvenile death sex ratios. Of 349 captive calves born, 142 died prematurely. They died within one month of birth, major causes being

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further east, which was taken down and eaten by several tigers hunting cooperatively. Elephants appear to distinguish between the growls of larger predators like tigers and smaller predators like

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Reid CE, Hildebrandt TB, Marx N, Hunt M, Thy N, Reynes JM, Schaftenaar W, Fickel J (2006). "Endotheliotropic elephant herpes virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR-confirmed fatal case in Asia".

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are protected areas hosting around 250–300 elephants, according to figures from 2013. In recent years the National Park has faced issues due to encroachment and over-exploitation. In India, the

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Liehrmann, Océane; Crawley, Jennie A. H.; Seltmann, Martin W.; Feillet, Sherine; Nyein, U. Kyaw; Aung, Htoo Htoo; Htut, Win; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; Lansade, Léa; Lummaa, Virpi (29 July 2021).

7398: 4523: 6062: 939:. The feet have five nail-like structures on each forefoot, and four on each hind foot. The forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephants. Its long 8072: 3722: 7114: 1196:

Larger groups of as many as 15 adult females have also been recorded. Seasonal aggregations of 17 individuals including calves and young adults have been observed in Sri Lanka's

6645:"Sharing schistosomes: the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi also infects the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal" 7032: 3063:"What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology" 6469: 2026:-carrying in jungle areas. Other than their work use, they have been used in war, in ceremonies, and for carriage. It is reported that war elephants are still used by the 6895: 7616: 7761: 6168:

Rangarajan, M., Desai, A., Sukumar, R., Easa, P. S., Menon, V., Vincent, S., Ganguly, S., Talukdar, B. K., Singh, B., Mudappa, D., Chowdhary, S., Prasad, A. N. (2010).

1394:. It is unlikely that the integration of these pheromones will result in a flehmen response in a calf. Females stay on with the herd, but mature males are chased away. 7428: 4414: 2661: 1237:

her calf; however, this account is contestable. In 2011 and 2014, two instances were recorded of tigers successfully killing adult elephants; one by a single tiger in

5168: 4545: 5646: 5492:"Multiple assessments of personality and problem-solving performance in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana)" 2904:

Rohland, Nadin; Reich, David; Mallick, Swapan; Meyer, Matthias; Green, Richard E.; Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Roca, Alfred L.; Hofreiter, Michael (21 December 2010).

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processing than all other existing land animals. Results of studies indicate that Asian elephants have cognitive abilities for tool use and tool-making similar to

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in males; laterally folded large ears but smaller in contrast to African elephants; and wrinkled grey skin. The skin is smoother than African elephants and may be

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The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon

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Lister, Adrian M.; Dirks, Wendy; Assaf, Amnon; Chazan, Michael; Goldberg, Paul; Applbaum, Yaakov H.; Greenbaum, Nathalie; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (September 2013).

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and consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day. Around 50 to 75% of the day is devoted to eating. They are generalist feeders, and are both

6955: 3004:"A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations" 1829:. The project was initiated to protect the Indian elephant and its habitats and to establish dedicated elephant reserves for sustaining elephant populations. 6864: 1622:

by creating a mosaic of successional-stage vegetation. Populations inhabiting small habitat fragments are much more liable to come into conflict with humans.

3656: 527:, as the population has declined by at least 50 per cent over the last three elephant generations, which is about 60–75 years. It is primarily threatened by 10704: 7590: 3318:"Qualitative Comparison of the Cranio-Dental Osteology of the Extant Elephants, Elephas Maximus (Asian Elephant) and Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)" 2397:"A handlist of Malaysian mammals, a systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands" 9014: 6740: 5969: 5904:

de la Torre, J. A.; Wong, E. P.; Lechner, A. M.; Zulaikha, N.; Zawawi, A.; Abdul-Patah, P.; Saaban, S.; Goossens, B.; Campos-Arceiz, A. (October 2021).

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by either the calf's mother or by one of the exhibition mates. The sex ratio of stillbirths in Europe was found to have a tendency for excess of males.

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Wikramanayake, E.; Fernando, P.; Leimgruber, P. (2008). "Behavioral response of satellite-collared elephants to the tsunami in southern Sri Lanka".

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and earthquakes, but data from two satellite-collared Sri Lankan elephants indicate this may be untrue. Several students of elephant cognition and

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Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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In China, Asian elephants are under first-level protection. Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered

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develop sex pheromone-producing organs at a young age. Early maturity of the vomeronasal organ allows immature elephants to produce and receive

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Crawley, J. A. H.; Mumby, H. S.; Chapman, S. N.; Lahdenperä, M.; Mar, K. U.; Htut, W.; Thura Soe, A.; Aung, H. H.; Lummaa, V. (5 August 2017).

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About half of the global zoo elephant population is kept in European zoos, where they have less than half (18.9 years) the median life span of

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in April 2020. The decision raised concerns between students and environmental activists who launched an online campaign to stop the project.

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Sach, Fiona; Dierenfeld, Ellen S.; Langley-Evans, Simon C.; Hamilton, Elliott; Murray Lark, R.; Yon, Lisa; Watts, Michael J. (15 May 2020).

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Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 to 10 February 2001

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that uses the Asian elephant as a definitive host. Two other hosts may be the Indian elephant and the greater one-horned rhinoceros.

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analyses indicate that the Sri Lankan and Indian elephants are not distinct enough to warrant classification as separate subspecies.

4843:"Hormone Secretion in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus): Characterizationof Ovulatory and Anovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges" 2770:

Fernando, P.; Vidya T.N.C.; Payne J.; Stuewe M.; Davison G.; Alfred, R.J.; Andau, P.; Bosi, E.; Kilbourn, A.; Melnick, D.J. (2003).

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Santiapillai, Charles; Wijeyamohan, S.; Bandara, Ganga; Athurupana, Rukmali; Dissanayake, Naveen; Read, Bruce (12 October 2010).

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Fernando, P.; Vidya, T. N. C.; Payne, J.; Stuewe, M.; Davison, G.; Alfred, R. J.; Andau, P.; Bosi, E. & Kilbourn, A. (2003).

6800:"Identifying important connectivity areas for the wide-ranging Asian elephant across conservation landscapes of Northeast India" 6682: 6462: 6267: 5394:

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013).

9848: 9636: 6887: 1767: 1641:, the Asian elephant is one of the most feared wild animals, even though they are less deadly than other local animals such as 1200:. Until recently, Asian elephants, like African elephants, were thought to be under the leadership of older adult females, or 512:

of the brain, are highly intelligent and self-aware being able to display behaviors associated grief, learning, greeting etc.

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de Silva, S.; Wittemyer, G. (2012). "A Comparison of Social Organization in Asian Elephants and African Savannah Elephants".

3615: 3557: 3241: 3216: 2214: 2068:'s head is that of an elephant, and the "blessings" of a temple elephant are highly valued. Elephants are frequently used in 1724: 760:, and suggests that the Borneo population has been separated from the other elephant populations of southeast Asia since the 10471: 7832: 7420: 5207: 4493: 3621: 2642: 1868:

Rhythmic swaying behaviour is not reported in free ranging wild elephants and may be symptomatic of psychological disorders.

1535:. The demand for elephant skin has risen due to it being an increasingly-common ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. 10714: 10163: 7922: 5642: 1211:

An elephant calf is often vulnerable and might be predated upon by predators such as tiger; Pictured is an injured calf at

992:. Their wrinkled skin is movable and contains many nerve centres. It is smoother than that of African elephants and may be 6293:

Human–wildlife conflicts and management options in Bangladesh, with special reference to Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

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Fernando, P.; Lande, R. (2000). "Molecular genetic and behavioral analysis of social organization in the Asian elephant (

3114:"New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant" 1984:

and used for work. Decorated elephants are also depicted on seals and were modelled in clay. The Asian elephant became a

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Woodroffe, Rosie; Thirgood, Simon; Rabinowitz, Alan (2005), Rabinowitz, Alan; Woodroffe, Rosie; Thirgood, Simon (eds.),

963:; if tusks—in that case, called "tushes"—are present, they are barely visible and only seen when the mouth is open. The 10679: 10669: 10259: 10173: 9862: 9789: 4149: 3911: 3645:"Analysing elephant habitat parameters using GIS, remote sensing and analytic hierarchy process in Peninsular Malaysia" 2974: 2247:

Williams, C.; Tiwari, S.K.; Goswami, V.R.; de Silva, S.; Kumar, A.; Baskaran, N.; Yoganand, K. & Menon, V. (2020).

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Oo, Zaw Min; Aung, Ye Htut; Aung, Tin Tun; San, Nyo; Tun, Zaw Min; Hayward, Gary S.; Zachariah, Arun (January 2020).

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Fernando, P.; Vijayakrishnan, S.; Ranjeewa, A. D.; Pastorini, J. (2022). "Size-age class scale for Asian elephants".

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Jainudeen, M. R.; McKay, G. M.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1972). "Observation on musth in the domesticated Asiatic elephant (

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to grow so that it can reach its mother to feed. At birth, the calf weighs about 100 kg (220 lb), and is

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in the Indian subcontinent, dating to the late Pliocene, around 3.6-3.2 million years ago, assigned to the species

168: 131: 7697:"Handler familiarity helps to improve working performance during novel situations in semi-captive Asian elephants" 3644: 10523: 9028: 7056:"Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: empirical evidence" 1833:

Asian elephants as farmers viewed them as pests, however, most of the participants were supportive of the idea.

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Reproduction in Asian elephants can be attributed to the production and perception of signaling compounds called

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on ears, face, trunk and belly. The skin color of the Indian elephant is generally grey and lighter than that of

320: 5906:"There will be conflict – agricultural landscapes are prime, rather than marginal, habitats for Asian elephants" 4456: 2075:

The Asian elephant is depicted in several Indian manuscripts and treatises with notable amongst these including

10113: 10043: 9724: 9661: 9641: 9404: 9049: 8980: 8419: 7559: 6439: 3808: 2906:"Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants" 2567: 1343:

exhibit the expected mating protocols during this surge. Female elephants give ovulatory cues by utilizing sex

6588:"Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Asian Elephant Calves in Logging Camps, Myanmar" 4038: 10601: 10130: 9696: 9206: 8702: 3993: 1705: 4630:"Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant,Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences" 1358: 10664: 10654: 10226: 10148: 9915: 9883: 9646: 9092: 9074: 9056: 9036: 8939: 8468: 8454: 7461: 6920:"Distribution, relative abundance, and conservation status of Asian elephants in Karnataka, southern India" 6366:

Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences

6169: 2702: 2149: 1864: 1317:

level is up to 100 times greater than non-musth periods, and they become aggressive. Secretions containing

859:

of East Africa, around 5-4.2 million years ago. The oldest remains of the genus in Asia are known from the

756:, indicated that the Borneo elephant population is derived from stock that originated in the region of the 652: 10357: 8053: 3401: 2373: 10639: 10505: 10365: 10158: 9827: 9656: 9493: 8424: 7456: 1933: 1895:

is extremely low throughout the prime reproductive years. Data from North American and European regional

1853: 1845: 1715:, Myanmar is the main source of elephant skin, where a poaching crisis has developed rapidly since 2010. 1626: 10370: 6424: 5905: 5231:"Morphological characteristics of the vomeronasal organ of the newborn Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)" 3267:"The role of tusks, musth and body size in male–male competition among Asian elephants, Elephas maximus" 1081:

in northeast India, they regularly move up above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in summer at a few sites.

10153: 10117: 9083: 9065: 9045: 8414: 8299: 6401: 6295:. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 6(3–4), 164–175. 2411: 1849: 793: 491:. It is the second largest species of elephant after the African bush elephant. It frequently inhabits 7872: 7175:"Assam students, environment activists launch online campaign to stop coal mining in elephant reserve" 7055: 5806:"Ethnozoological assessment of animals used by Mon traditional medicine vendors at Kyaiktiyo, Myanmar" 5805: 5440: 5335:

Mumby, H. S.; Chapman, S. N.; Crawley, J. A.; Mar, K. U.; Htut, W.; Thura Soe, A.; Lummaa, V. (2015).

3266: 1891:

indicates that the population is not self-sustaining. First year mortality is nearly 30 per cent, and

1684: 10330: 9910: 9897: 9146: 9126: 8997: 8973: 8965: 8499: 5865:"A Review of Human-Elephant Ecological Relations in the Malay Peninsula: Adaptations for Coexistence" 1981: 1961: 1238: 1070: 1039: 753: 544: 496: 5074:"The Chemical Ecology of Elephants: 21st Century Additions to Our Understanding and Future Outlooks" 4577:"Wild Asian elephants distinguish aggressive tiger and leopard growls according to perceived danger" 1511:

are convinced that Asian elephants are highly intelligent and self-aware. Others contest this view.

810:), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on an illustration of a carving on the Buddhist monument of 205: 10674: 9905: 9841: 9465: 9430: 9425: 9359: 9102: 8695: 6649: 6088: 3317: 2596: 2027: 1965: 1957: 1197: 675: 4995: 3682: 2481: 2327: 2271: 10125: 10063: 9579: 9299: 8657: 8359: 8196: 8112: 4142:"Conflicts between linear developments and Asian elephants in sub - Himalayan zone of Uttranchal" 3113: 2350: 1837: 1777: 1326:(1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclooctane) throughout the maturation process of bulls. Frontalin is a 1242: 1212: 1207: 586: 578: 482: 10562: 7137: 3912:"A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus" 829:, of which the Asian elephant is the only living member, is the closest relative of the extinct 10458: 10292: 9925: 9834: 9628: 9254: 9191: 9166: 9161: 9156: 8677: 8184: 7205: 3963:"Ecology of the Asian Elephant in southern India. II. Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns" 2095:, the Asian elephant, both tusked and tuskless, are the fourth and fifth animal zodiacs of the 1591: 1570: 118: 1188:

Asian elephant cows and calves live in closely knit groups. Pictured is group of elephants in

10634: 10557: 9556: 9394: 9196: 8934: 8811: 8648: 8429: 8324: 8179: 8159: 7528: 4698: 2129: 1402:

is 60 years in the wild and 80 in captivity, although this has been exaggerated in the past.

1160:. They are known to feed on at least 112 different plant species, most commonly of the order 928: 536: 478: 361: 300: 10549: 7655: 5441:"Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching" 5133:"Is bigger better? The relationship between size and reproduction in female Asian elephants" 4171:

McKay, G. M. (1973). "Behavior and ecology of the Asiatic elephant in southeastern Ceylon".

2964: 2555: 1692:

raised both local and visitors' demands for worked ivory, which resulted in heavy poaching.

10583: 10401: 10339: 10216: 10140: 10083: 9953: 9584: 9435: 9171: 9151: 8801: 8492: 8460: 7990: 7975: 7578: 7220: 6931: 6811: 6752: 6038: 5970:"Whose issue? Representations of human-elephant conflict in Indian and international media" 5917: 5587: 5348: 5286: 5010: 4950: 4390: 4296: 4088: 3125: 2686:

Nurzhafarina, O.; Maryati, M.; Ahmad, A.H.; Nathan, S.; Pierson, H.T.; Goosens, B. (2008).

2204: 1645:(which were estimated to claim more than 30 times more lives in Sri Lanka than elephants). 1609: 1554: 1500: 1241:

on a 20-year-old young adult elephant cow, and another on a 28-year-old sick adult bull in

1157: 845:

and spread throughout Africa before expanding into the southern half of Asia. The earliest

605: 594: 504: 10484: 6129: 5315: 4789: 3870: 1704:

as well as in the manufacture of ornamental beads. The practice has been aided by China's

1224:

while for long-distance communication, they escalate into roars. Low-frequency growls are

8: 10103: 10073: 9541: 9523: 9460: 9440: 9364: 9339: 9186: 9040: 8611: 8216: 6741:"Mutiny or Clear Sailing? Examining the Role of the Asian Elephant as a Flagship Species" 3744:

Srinivasaiah, Nishant M.; Vaidyanathan, Srinivas; Sukumar, Raman; Sinha, Anindya (2019).

2498:

Fleischer, R.C.; Perry, E.A.; Muralidharan, K.; Stevens, E.E. & Wemmer, C.M. (2001).

2042: 1826: 1339: 1268: 1046: 997: 833:. The two groups are estimated to have split from each other around 7 million years ago. 740: 615: 532: 434: 405: 335: 153: 10344: 7994: 7224: 6935: 6815: 6756: 6706:"Identifying appropriate flagship species: The importance of culture and local contexts" 6042: 5921: 5591: 5352: 5014: 4954: 4394: 4300: 4092: 3129: 2092: 629: 10629: 10241: 10013: 9855: 9807: 9417: 9176: 9118: 8484: 8149: 8105: 7729: 7696: 7254: 6837: 6829: 6768: 6674: 6620: 6587: 6568: 6520: 6495: 6054: 5989: 5781: 5746: 5611: 5556: 5395: 5371: 5336: 5268: 5108: 5073: 5034: 4976: 4767: 4657: 4601: 4460: 4344: 4319: 4284: 4265: 4227: 4188: 4117: 4076: 4042: 3985: 3851: 3765: 3472: 3031: 2940: 2905: 2525: 2520: 2499: 2497: 2473: 2134: 1802: 1430: 881: 872: 865: 838: 772: 520: 200: 141: 7976:"The net benefit of saving the Asian elephant a policy and contingent valuation study" 7386: 7369:

Saragusty, J.; Hermes, R.; Goritz, F.; Schmitt, D.L. & Hildebrandt, T. B. (2009).

7071: 5412: 4011: 2798: 2771: 2747: 2720: 2038:

against Myanmar's military. The KIA use about four dozen elephants to carry supplies.

10544: 10378: 10221: 10058: 9769: 9488: 9483: 9475: 9455: 9319: 9304: 9141: 8915: 8620: 8319: 8284: 8276: 8221: 8011: 7892: 7888: 7855: 7822: 7795: 7734: 7716: 7663: 7622: 7582: 7510: 7489:"The Study of Thai Elephant Culture Based on the "Elephant Metaphors" in Thai Idioms" 7390: 7304: 7246: 7075: 6998: 6947: 6841: 6772: 6666: 6644: 6625: 6607: 6560: 6525: 6353: 6252: 6220: 6058: 5993: 5933: 5886: 5833: 5825: 5786: 5768: 5727: 5675: 5603: 5552: 5521: 5513: 5460: 5376: 5260: 5252: 5197: 5160: 5152: 5113: 5095: 5026: 4968: 4917: 4872: 4864: 4841:

Brown, J.L.; Schmitt, D.L.; Bellem, A.; Graham, L.H.; Lehnhardt, J. (November 1999).

4811: 4714: 4649: 4606: 4406: 4381: 4351: 4324: 4192: 4122: 4104: 3931: 3927: 3855: 3757: 3611: 3590: 3553: 3547: 3337: 3286: 3247: 3237: 3212: 3186: 3094: 3035: 3023: 3003: 2970: 2945: 2927: 2803: 2752: 2563: 2551: 2533: 2220: 2210: 2188: 1943: 1734: 1558: 1348: 1038:

India has more than 50% of the wild Asian elephant population. Pictured are herds at

935:

are small with dorsal borders folded laterally. It has up to 20 pairs of ribs and 34

877: 851: 749: 683:

Sri Lankan elephants are the largest subspecies. Their skin colour is darker than of

661: 446: 349: 8067: 7258: 6572: 6181:. Report of the Elephant Task Force. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. 5710:

Nissani, M. (2006). "Do Asian elephants apply causal reasoning to tool use tasks?".

5560: 5439:

Hart, Benjamin L.; Hart, Lynette A.; McCoy, Michael; Sarath, C. R. (November 2001).

5337:"Distinguishing between determinate and indeterminate growth in a long-lived mammal" 5272: 4935:

Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Lee, T. D.; Roelofs, W. L.; Zhang, A. J.; Daves, G. D. (1996).

4890:

Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Lee, T. D.; Zhang, A. J.; Roelofs, W. L.; Daves, G. D. (1997).

4771: 4661: 4372: 4269: 4231: 4046: 3989: 3476: 3455:

Sukumar, R.; Joshi, N.V.; Krishnamurthy, V. (1988). "Growth in the Asian elephant".

2248: 1776:

Asian elephants are protected across various geographies. Pictured are elephants in

10383: 10231: 10211: 10206: 10078: 9719: 9589: 9551: 9531: 9498: 9450: 9379: 9314: 9274: 9249: 9244: 9096: 9078: 8637: 8002: 7998: 7884: 7724: 7708: 7574: 7500: 7382: 7349: 7296: 7236: 7228: 7204:

Clubb, R.; Rowcliffe, M.; Lee, P.; Mar, K. U.; Moss, C. & Mason, G. J. (2008).

7067: 6990: 6939: 6819: 6760: 6719: 6678: 6658: 6615: 6599: 6552: 6515: 6507: 6369: 6349: 6325: 6296: 6195: 6046: 5981: 5925: 5876: 5817: 5776: 5758: 5719: 5595: 5548: 5503: 5452: 5407: 5366: 5356: 5242: 5144: 5103: 5085: 5038: 5018: 4980: 4958: 4941: 4907: 4854: 4801: 4759: 4706: 4641: 4596: 4588: 4452: 4438:"Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures" 4398: 4314: 4304: 4257: 4219: 4180: 4112: 4096: 4034: 3977: 3923: 3843: 3586: 3507: 3464: 3435: 3329: 3278: 3176: 3133: 3084: 3074: 3015: 2935: 2917: 2860: 2850: 2793: 2783: 2742: 2732: 2515: 2465: 2299:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( 2266: 2104: 1915:

Young elephants are captured from the wild and illegally imported to Thailand from

1877: 1818: 1795: 1791: 1701: 1370: 1334:

Similar to other mammals, hormone secretion in female elephants is regulated by an

1089: 1074: 1005: 936: 500: 7505: 7488: 6556: 5334: 3282: 3181: 3165:"'When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant" 3164: 1331:

bull's urine communicate the reproductive status of the bull to female elephants.

593:

of the Asian elephant in 1940. These three subspecies are currently recognised as

10531: 10196: 9983: 9958: 9869: 9666: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9571: 9561: 9546: 9503: 9389: 9384: 9309: 9294: 8949: 8602: 8593: 8349: 8344: 8226: 8211: 8206: 8189: 8057: 7957: 7816: 7791: 6978: 6943: 6511: 6410: 6300: 6178: 5191: 4501: 3605: 3137: 2922: 2788: 2737: 2246: 2083: 1712: 1618: 1452: 1403: 1399: 919: 779: 707: 638: 559: 528: 439: 342: 10575: 10497: 7930: 7788:

The Elephant-lore of the Hindus: The Elephant-sport (Matanga-lila) of Nilakantha

6994: 4859: 4842: 2685: 2382:

Coup-d'oeil général sur les possessions néerlandaises dans l'Inde archipélagique

10249: 10098: 10088: 10023: 10018: 9749: 9614: 9536: 9513: 9508: 9445: 9374: 9289: 9181: 9131: 9087: 8761: 8744: 8718: 8246: 8231: 8068:

National Zoo Facts on Asian Elephant and a Webcam of the Asian Elephant exhibit

7712: 7288: 6919: 6710: 4763: 4100: 2164: 2112: 1993: 1921: 1642: 1605: 1492: 1221: 1133: 1105: 1050: 993: 803: 692: 601: 574: 451: 409: 7368: 7300: 6764: 6724: 6705: 6662: 6219:, Conservation Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–12, 6199: 6050: 5821: 5723: 5669: 5361: 4912: 4891: 4806: 4468: 4261: 3981: 3871:"Feeding Behaviour of Asian Elephants in the Northwestern Region of Sri Lanka" 3019: 1688:

between 1992 and 1997 at least 24 male elephants were killed for their tusks.

1136:, consuming large amount of plant matter. Pictured are grazing elephants from 988:

Skin colour is usually grey, and may be masked by soil because of dusting and

10618: 10479: 10315: 9973: 9968: 9943: 9774: 9764: 9729: 9704: 9686: 9349: 9334: 9219: 9136: 9108: 9069: 8900: 8766: 8384: 8339: 8289: 8251: 7896: 7720: 7586: 7514: 7079: 7002: 6951: 6611: 6330: 6313: 6130:"Impact of border fence along India – Bangladesh border on elephant movement" 5985: 5937: 5890: 5829: 5772: 5763: 5607: 5517: 5464: 5256: 5156: 5099: 4868: 4790:"Frontalin: a Chemical Message of Musth in Asian Elephants (elephas maximus)" 4710: 4653: 4108: 3935: 3761: 3290: 3251: 3190: 3098: 3027: 2931: 2257: 2200: 1989: 1888: 1814: 1729: 1587: 1528: 1468: 1463:. They exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, including those associated with 1374: 1335: 1149: 1101: 973: 931:

and has the highest body point on the head. The back is convex or level. The

860: 757: 555: 524: 316: 173: 108: 59: 8084: 7232: 6798:

Vasudev, D.; Goswami, V.; Srinivas, N.; La Nam Syiem, B.; Sarma, A. (2021).

4402: 4309: 4184: 4141: 4012:"Feeding ecology of two endangered sympatric megaherbivores: Asian elephant 2966:

Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior and the Fossil Record

2338:. Vol. Tomus I. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentti Salvii. p. 33. 2224: 1306: 951: 10068: 10003: 9948: 9671: 9369: 9324: 9259: 9224: 8868: 8379: 8354: 7738: 7394: 7250: 6670: 6629: 6603: 6564: 6529: 5837: 5790: 5731: 5538: 5525: 5456: 5380: 5264: 5164: 5117: 4876: 4815: 4610: 4592: 4328: 4126: 3440: 3423: 3341: 2949: 2807: 2756: 2537: 2296: 2159: 2108: 2077: 2056: 2047: 2031: 1985: 1973: 1969: 1873: 1583: 1508: 1314: 1294: 1233: 1023: 964: 880:

around 2.6 million years ago, and is primarily known from remains of Early-

744:

magazine, but not as a living elephant in accordance with the rules of the

474: 267: 5030: 4972: 4921: 4410: 4223: 3512: 3491: 3367: 2832: 1503:. Elephants reportedly head to safer ground during natural disasters like 1258: 10536: 10440: 10324: 10201: 10038: 10033: 10028: 9993: 9978: 9938: 9354: 8954: 8873: 8853: 8848: 8826: 8816: 8791: 8786: 8771: 8734: 8516: 7873:"Sinhalese buddhism in regent anthropological writing: Some implications" 3089: 2769: 2154: 2139: 2100: 1904: 1738: 1613: 1488: 1285: 1165: 1145: 1128: 1034: 940: 892: 761: 257: 34: 10393: 6833: 6311: 5090: 4077:"Potential bio-indicators for assessment of mineral status in elephants" 3769: 3745: 3573:

Choudhury, A. U. (1999). "Status and conservation of the Asian elephant

3079: 3062: 870:

The modern Asian elephant is suggested to have evolved from the species

10432: 9988: 9784: 9734: 9329: 8806: 8553: 7203: 6373: 5615: 5508: 5491: 5132: 4645: 3468: 2529: 2477: 2116: 1997: 1900: 1634: 1579: 1484: 1460: 1351:

of the bull, thus providing information on the maturity of the female.

1318: 1298: 1272: 1225: 1201: 1173: 1085: 980: 787: 738:

in 1950, who described an elephant in an illustration published in the

727: 590: 429: 79: 44: 8995: 8032: 7421:"Tourism driving illegal elephant trade in Burma and Thailand – video" 6824: 6799: 5929: 5881: 5864: 5148: 4464: 4346:

The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation

3847: 3610:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 2865: 1948: 1654:"rogue elephants", which regularly attack people with no provocation. 800:), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on a Chinese bronze statuette. 485:. Further, the Asian elephant is the only living species of the genus 10445: 10414: 10048: 10008: 9779: 9714: 9709: 9264: 9239: 9019: 9005: 8944: 8858: 8796: 8781: 8776: 8749: 6493: 6460: 5575: 5247: 5230: 5022: 4963: 4936: 4629: 3717: 3333: 1892: 1809: 1742: 1672: 1638: 1456: 1436: 1391: 1386: 1344: 1327: 1323: 1279: 1019: 989: 944: 811: 731: 509: 492: 467: 459: 217: 145: 122: 84: 10286: 7241: 5599: 3830:

Menon, V.; Tiwari, S. (2019). "Population status of Asian elephants

3796: 3746:"Elephants on the Move: Implications for Human–Elephant Interaction" 3743: 2469: 1629:

has become a major impediment to the free movement of elephants. In

10419: 10309: 10053: 9876: 9676: 9344: 9269: 9234: 8895: 8863: 8821: 8563: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8128: 8062: 7959:

Some Extinct Elephants, Their Relatives, and the Two Living Species

4074: 2061: 2052: 2003: 1896: 1821:

was initiated in 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) by the

1758: 1680: 1676: 1520: 1476: 1189: 1177: 1161: 1116:. As of 2020, the estimated population was around 300 individuals. 1093: 1078: 977:

have reportedly been tusks weighing over 150 lb (68 kg).

856: 842: 723: 540: 401: 237: 74: 69: 54: 49: 39: 8687: 6797: 4010:

Pradhan, N. M. B.; Wegge, P.; Moe, S. R.; Shrestha, A. K. (2008).

2855: 2834: 2688:"A preliminary study on the morphometrics of the Bornean Elephant" 1996:, and an elevated platform for hunting during historical times in 1381:. The calf is fully developed by the 19th month, but stays in the 10596: 10093: 9744: 9739: 9279: 8575: 8241: 6916: 2640: 2206:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2096: 2065: 2041:

The Asian elephant plays an important part in the culture of the

2035: 2007: 1916: 1881: 1679:

and the serious decline of elephants in both Africa and Asia. In

1601: 1532: 1504: 1472: 1448: 1246: 1153: 1109: 1066: 1004:

of the body average 18 mm (0.71 in) thick; skin on the

830: 825: 768: 487: 425: 277: 89: 64: 8045: 7355:

10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<299::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-Z

6494:

Latimer E; Zong JC; Heaggans SY; Richman LK; Hayward GS (2011).

5193:

Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology

3406:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 522–523. 2835:"Genetic insight into an extinct population of Asian elephants ( 1263: 911:

from periods dating between at least 1800 BC and likely 700 BC.

10406: 10352: 9963: 9759: 9754: 9681: 9229: 9214: 8833: 8529: 8329: 8294: 8050: 8027: 7694: 2619: 2144: 2069: 2023: 2011: 1496: 1440: 1382: 1249:; they react to leopards less fearfully and more aggressively. 1169: 1137: 1113: 1058: 1001: 968: 908: 715: 566: 417: 247: 227: 6738: 5903: 5393: 4285:"The dynamics of social networks among female Asian elephants" 984:

Depigmented skin on the forehead and ears of an Asian elephant

10570: 9998: 9933: 9284: 8880: 8843: 8838: 8739: 8334: 8154: 8037: 7754:"War elephants still exist. But only in one forbidding place" 7371:"Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants" 5712:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

5130: 3527:

Pillai, N.G. (1941). "On the height and age of an elephant".

2384:. Vol. Tome second. Leide: A. Arnz and Comp. p. 91. 2300: 2088: 1977: 1952:

Elephants are used for safari tourism in some Asian countries

1668: 1650: 1630: 1565: 1524: 1480: 1464: 1310: 1290: 1097: 1062: 1054: 904: 719: 597: 463: 421: 413: 190: 184: 8097: 7973: 6346:

Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a land-use mosaic

4435: 4282: 2833:

Girdland Flink, E.L.; Albayrak, E. & Lister, A. (2018).

2448: 2209:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90. 923:

Young adult male Asian elephant skeleton compared to a human

8885: 6888:"OKC Zoo to host 2nd annual Asian Elephant Awareness Month" 6314:"An assessment of the human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka" 6210: 4457:

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2

4283:

de Silva, S.; Ranjeewa, A. D. G.; Kryazhimskiy, S. (2011).

3002:

Sanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012).

2885: 2873: 2814: 1781: 1733:

genus, a novel clade most closely related to the mammalian

1700:

The skin of the Asian elephant is used as an ingredient in

1549: 1444: 1378: 1363: 960: 900: 896: 516: 455: 7452:"Activists Denounce Thailand's Elephant "Crushing" Ritual" 7338:"Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America" 6643:

Devkota, R.; Brant, S.V.; Thapa, A.; Loker, E.S. (2014) .

6413:

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

6213:"The impact of human–wildlife conflict on natural systems" 3489: 3061:

Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (28 February 2023).

1267:

Courtship between a male and female Asian elephant in the

8905: 8756: 8009: 7138:

Proposed Eastern Extension to Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary

7135: 4039:

10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[147:FEOTES]2.0.CO;2

3552:. Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. p. 17. 3492:"Remarks on body growth and phenotypes in Asian elephant 3454: 1709: 1100:, the Asian elephant survives only in the prefectures of 955:

The nail-like structures on the toes of an Asian elephant

932: 786:), proposed by Deraniyagala, based on fossil remains and 8514: 5072:

Schulte, Bruce A.; LaDue, Chase A. (30 September 2021).

4934: 4889: 4840: 4695: 3795:

Baskaran, N.; Varma, S.; Sar, C.K.; Sukumar, R. (2011).

2903: 2718: 2597:"Bornean Elephant: Species in World Land Trust reserves" 515:

The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in

8890: 6542: 6461:

Flynn, V.; Stewart-Cox, B. & Melidonis, C. (2018).

4745: 4009: 3794: 3424:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 2359:

Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux

2093:

Burmese, Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac

1960:

of Thailand and Laos. It has also been declared as the

1543: 1435:

Asian elephants have a very large and highly developed

1088:, some isolated populations survived in the south-east 473:

It is one of only three living species of elephants or

8046:

Asian Elephants at the Zoological Gardens of the World

6642: 4574: 3265:

Chelliah, Karpagam; Sukumar, Raman (1 December 2013).

3111: 2556:"Taxonomy, Classification, and Evolution of Elephants" 470:) in weight, and females 2.7 t (3.0 short tons). 5490:

Barrett, Lisa P.; Benson-Amram, Sarah (August 2021).

4140:

Singh, A. P.; Sharma, Ramesh C. (24 September 2001).

3001: 6703: 5804:

Nijman, Vincent; Shepherd, Chris R. (12 July 2017).

2072:

where the animals are adorned with festive outfits.

1780:

in India (left) and Tad Lo river, Salavan Province,

1362:

Two Asian elephant calves playing in a sanctuary in

1045:

Asian elephants are distributed throughout the

519:. Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as 7287:Roocroft, Alan; Oosterhuis, James (December 2000). 7104: 6425:"The status of ivory trade in Thailand and Vietnam" 6291:Raihan Sarker, A. H. M., & Røskaft, E. (2010). 5489: 5438: 3829: 2641:Cranbrook, E.; Payne, J. & Leh, C.M.U. (2007). 1887:Demographic analysis of captive Asian elephants in 1578:large-scale development projects and poor top-down 927:In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the 7286: 5745:Wang, David Q-H; Carey, Martin C (7 August 2014). 5229:Johnson, Edward W.; Rasmussen, Lel (1 July 2002). 4343: 3868: 1823:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 1425:Elephant stacking blocks to allow it to reach food 462:on the trunk, ears or neck. Adult males average 4 450:. The Asian elephant is characterised by its long 6463:Skinned; The growing appetite for Asian elephants 6171:Gajah: Securing the future for elephants in India 6089:"Elephants in Sri Lanka: past present and future" 4247: 3118:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 10616: 7621:. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 7560:"Iconic Fauna of Heritage Significance in India" 7054:Bandara, Ranjith; Tisdell, Clem (1 April 2003). 6739:Barua, M.; Tamuly, J. & Ahmed, R.A. (2010). 6021: 6017: 6015: 5862: 5228: 5196:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–150. 4350:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 142. 3202: 3200: 3060: 1373:is 18–22 months, and the cow gives birth to one 6194:. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 261–270. 4699:"Assessing chemical communication in elephants" 3264: 2371: 2081:(elephant sport) of Nilakantha. The manuscript 1841:bananas and bamboo to create a better habitat. 1594:and illegal encroachment into protected areas. 876:, which first appeared at the beginning of the 767:The following Asian elephants were proposed as 577:in 1798, who described an elephant from India. 7818:Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India 7653: 7107:"It's risky, but elephants are feeling frisky" 7053: 6396: 6394: 6348:. Journal of applied ecology, 36(5), 689–700. 6253:"Elephant conservation in India – an overview" 6217:People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence? 6162: 5803: 4370: 3869:Samansiri, K. A. P.; Weerakoon, D. K. (2007). 3417: 3415: 3413: 2636: 2634: 2045:and beyond, being featured prominently in the 1305:Bulls will fight one another to get access to 8981: 8703: 8500: 8113: 8089: 7790:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. pp. 7785: 6848: 6732: 6585: 6024:"Human–Elephant Conflicts in Northeast India" 6012: 5697:Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India 4205: 3649:Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology 3529:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3315: 3206: 3197: 3163:Çakırlar, Canan; Ikram, Salima (3 May 2016). 3162: 2444: 2272:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en 1844:In Thailand, Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and 1625:Development such as border fencing along the 1069: in the south. They inhabit grasslands, 746:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 8275: 7974:Bandara, Ranjith & Clem Tisdell (2004). 7955: 7413: 7335: 7172: 6704:Bowen-Jones, E. & Entwistle, A. (2002). 6697: 6086: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5863:Lim, Teckwyn; Campos-Arceiz, Ahimsa (2022). 5071: 4783: 4781: 4436:Karanth, K. U. & Nichols, J. D. (1998). 3399: 3231: 2891: 2879: 2820: 2695:Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 2625: 2550: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2394: 1671:during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in 477:anywhere in the world, the others being the 454:with a single finger-like processing; large 10705:Species endangered by habitat fragmentation 8474:List of elephants in mythology and religion 7956:Deraniyagala, Paulus Edward Pieris (1955). 7656:"The Forest and the Field in Ancient India" 7614: 7206:"Compromised Survivorship in Zoo Elephants" 6885: 6854: 6391: 6250: 6192:Human–elephant conflicts in Northeast India 5574:S., J. K.; Williams, J. H. (October 1950). 4546:"Kaziranga elephant killed in tiger attack" 4341: 4335: 4243: 4241: 4139: 3603: 3566: 3549:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 3410: 3395: 3393: 3211:. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. 2631: 2560:Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants 2325: 1590:, disruption of elephant migratory routes, 1029: 8988: 8974: 8710: 8696: 8507: 8493: 8407: 8120: 8106: 7166: 6422: 6368:. Journal of Biosciences, 24(2), 241–251. 5640: 5573: 5189: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 3823: 3713:"India has 27,312 elephants, census shows" 3680: 3642: 3607:The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management 3421: 3236:. Checkmark Books. pp. 38–41, 74–77. 2962: 2956: 2763: 2558:. In Fowler, M. E.; Mikota, S. K. (eds.). 2544: 2348: 1538: 1527:and a variety of other products including 508:elephants have a large and well-developed 360: 162: 130: 107: 7962:. Department of National Museums, Ceylon. 7853: 7728: 7662:. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 1–10. 7504: 7353: 7240: 6823: 6723: 6619: 6519: 6403:The elephant and ivory trade in Thailand. 6329: 6127: 5967: 5956: 5880: 5780: 5762: 5744: 5694: 5507: 5411: 5370: 5360: 5246: 5107: 5089: 4993: 4962: 4911: 4858: 4805: 4787: 4778: 4627: 4600: 4516:"Tiger kills elephant in Corbett Reserve" 4318: 4308: 4164: 4116: 3597: 3572: 3511: 3439: 3234:Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild 3209:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals 3180: 3088: 3078: 2969:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 2939: 2921: 2864: 2854: 2797: 2787: 2746: 2736: 2519: 2421: 2270: 691:with larger and more distinct patches of 7781: 7779: 6976: 6244: 5699:. London: W.H. Allen and Co. p. 80. 5643:"Elephants see themselves in the mirror" 5067: 5065: 5063: 4276: 4238: 3545: 3390: 2712: 2187: 2002: 1947: 1863: 1564: 1542: 1413: 1357: 1284: 1262: 1206: 1183: 1127: 1123: 1033: 979: 950: 918: 674: 651: 628: 8142: 7615:Baker, Iljas; Kashio, Masakazu (2002). 7557: 7493:Comparative Literature: East & West 6977:Baskaran, Nagarajan (26 October 2013). 5709: 4680: 3960: 3909: 3683:"Solving a dilemma caused by elephants" 3676: 3674: 3448: 2500:"Phylogeography of the Asian elephant ( 2449:Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). 2291: 2289: 1451:species. They have a greater volume of 1338:. This cycle is regulated by surges in 379: range in early 21st century 10617: 8372: 8172: 7814: 7154:from the original on 21 September 2020 6898:from the original on 26 September 2020 3797:"Current status of elephants in India" 3526: 2667:from the original on 27 September 2012 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2103:, and the second animal zodiac of the 1920:Handlers use a technique known as the 1181:scrape the soil for clay or minerals. 10291: 10290: 8969: 8691: 8488: 8101: 8088: 7821:. Duke University Press. p. 25. 7776: 7647: 7443: 6867:from the original on 7 September 2020 6233:from the original on 18 November 2019 5667: 5060: 4994:Rasmussen, L.E.L (22 February 1996). 4727:from the original on 22 November 2022 4170: 3891:from the original on 18 November 2016 3490:Kurt, F.; Kumarasinghe, J.C. (1998). 2183: 2181: 1725:elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 884:age found on the Indian subcontinent. 499:, semi-evergreen forests, moist 10602:9DB2EA49-8FF5-41AB-9BD4-19E68C506C79 8073:Environmental Investigation Agency: 8010:Miall, L. C.; Greenwood, F. (1878). 7870: 7751: 7596:from the original on 4 February 2023 7567:Indian Journal of History of Science 7449: 7431:from the original on 2 December 2016 6879: 6109:from the original on 14 January 2014 6068:from the original on 14 January 2014 5471:from the original on 5 February 2017 5420:from the original on 26 January 2021 5048:from the original on 3 November 2022 4822:from the original on 3 November 2022 4705:. Boston, MA: Springer US: 140–151. 4556:from the original on 8 February 2024 4526:from the original on 8 February 2024 4250:International Journal of Primatology 4173:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 3750:India International Centre Quarterly 3725:from the original on 3 December 2023 3693:from the original on 13 January 2021 3671: 3539: 3483: 3297:from the original on 2 December 2018 2576:from the original on 20 October 2022 2361:. Paris: Baudouin. pp. 148–149. 2307:from the original on 5 December 2017 2286: 2111:is the twelfth animal zodiac in the 1852:recommended to allow coal mining in 718:'s northeastern parts, primarily in 8717: 8312: 7539:from the original on 1 October 2023 7486: 7117:from the original on 2 October 2021 7021: 6779:from the original on 8 October 2013 6685:from the original on 6 January 2018 6468:(Report). London: Elephant Family. 6000:from the original on 8 October 2013 4628:Rasmussen, L. E. L. (1 June 1999). 4494:"Tiger kills mother, baby elephant" 3144:from the original on 2 January 2023 2594: 2258:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2231: 1964:of India. Bones of Asian elephants 1910: 1406:of the Asian elephant is 22 years. 771:subspecies, but are now considered 706:A potential fourth subspecies, the 13: 10710:Species endangered by habitat loss 8063:WWF—Asian elephant species profile 7967: 7786:Rajamangalam), Nīlakaṇṭha (1985). 7676:from the original on 17 March 2024 6475:from the original on 26 April 2018 6442:from the original on 17 April 2019 6150:from the original on 25 April 2012 5944:from the original on 18 March 2024 5674:. World Life Library. p. 61. 4703:Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 4668:from the original on 17 March 2024 4417:from the original on 17 March 2024 4152:from the original on 18 March 2024 4056:from the original on 13 March 2023 4016:and greater one-horned rhinoceros 3942:from the original on 18 March 2024 3643:Aini, S.; Sood, A. M.; Saaban, S. 3624:from the original on 17 March 2024 3156: 3042:from the original on 17 March 2024 2983:from the original on 17 March 2024 2562:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–14. 2521:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x 2178: 2099:, the fourth animal zodiac of the 14: 10726: 10650:Extant Pliocene first appearances 8033:International Elephant Foundation 8021: 7764:from the original on 1 March 2017 7401:from the original on 21 June 2013 7387:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019 7289:"Foot Care for Captive Elephants" 7185:from the original on 29 June 2020 7145:The Elephant Conservation Network 6388:. Natural History, 104(7), 52–61. 5751:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5496:Journal of Comparative Psychology 5413:10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 5297:from the original on 4 March 2016 4575:Thuppil, V.; Coss, R. G. (2013). 4371:Heffner, R.; Heffner, H. (1980). 2060:tales. They play a major role in 1301:are secreted from temporal glands 996:on the trunk, ears, or neck. The 611:Three subspecies are recognised: 10625:IUCN Red List endangered species 8996: 8914: 8450:Cultural depictions of elephants 7915: 7903:from the original on 15 May 2024 7864: 7847: 7835:from the original on 24 May 2022 7808: 7758:Public Radio International (PRI) 7745: 7688: 7635:from the original on 21 May 2024 7608: 7579:10.16943/ijhs/2016/v51i2.2/48450 7551: 7521: 7480: 7362: 7329: 7317:from the original on 21 May 2024 7280: 7268:from the original on 14 May 2014 7197: 7129: 7098: 7086:from the original on 21 May 2024 7047: 7035:from the original on 21 May 2024 7009:from the original on 21 May 2024 6970: 6958:from the original on 21 May 2024 6910: 6791: 6636: 6579: 6536: 6487: 6454: 6416: 6378: 6358: 6354:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00437.x 6338: 6305: 6273:from the original on 3 June 2013 5844:from the original on 21 May 2024 5649:from the original on 11 May 2015 5622:from the original on 21 May 2024 5553:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00199.x 5210:from the original on 21 May 2024 5171:from the original on 21 May 2024 4996:"Insect Pheromones in Elephants" 4788:Rasmussen, L.E.L (1 June 2003). 3928:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x 3811:from the original on 21 May 2024 3776:from the original on 21 May 2024 3659:from the original on 17 May 2023 3591:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00045.x 3378:from the original on 21 May 2024 3348:from the original on 21 May 2024 2607:from the original on 14 May 2021 1938:Cultural depictions of elephants 1790:The Asian elephant is listed on 1766: 1757: 1073:, semi-evergreen forests, moist 547:dated to the 3rd millennium BC. 204: 32: 8051:Elephant Information Repository 7949: 7815:Sharma, Jayeeta (August 2011). 7558:Sukumar, Raman (26 July 2016). 7136:Elephant Conservation Network. 6285: 6204: 6184: 6121: 6080: 5897: 5856: 5797: 5738: 5703: 5688: 5661: 5634: 5567: 5532: 5483: 5432: 5396:"Generation length for mammals" 5387: 5328: 5309: 5279: 5222: 5183: 5137:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5124: 4987: 4937:"Insect pheromone in elephants" 4928: 4883: 4834: 4739: 4621: 4568: 4538: 4508: 4486: 4429: 4364: 4199: 4133: 4068: 4003: 3954: 3903: 3862: 3788: 3737: 3705: 3636: 3520: 3360: 3309: 3258: 3225: 3105: 3054: 2995: 2897: 2826: 2679: 2588: 1859: 1748: 1409: 1252: 1022:of Susang in the Garo Hills of 581:named an elephant from Sumatra 16:Second largest elephant species 9050:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 8013:Anatomy of the Indian Elephant 8003:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.01.001 5287:"Elephant Social Organisation" 5190:Owen-Smith, R. Norman (1988). 3316:Nancy E. Todd (January 2010). 3207:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1987). 3008:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2491: 2404:Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 2388: 2365: 2342: 2319: 1313:". This is a period where the 914: 1: 10131:List of people from Karnataka 8127: 8040:Protecting the Asian elephant 7506:10.1080/25723618.2019.1701306 7487:Han, Jianghua (3 July 2019). 7072:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00241-0 6557:10.1080/01652176.2006.9695209 3428:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3283:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.022 3182:10.1080/00758914.2016.1198068 2504:) based on mitochondrial DNA" 2171: 2107:of Sri Lanka. Similarly, the 1927: 1706:State Forestry Administration 1009:35.9 °C (96.6 °F). 679:Elephant with calf in Sumatra 565:in 1758 for an elephant from 10690:National symbols of Thailand 10227:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 8940:List of domesticated animals 8469:List of fictional pachyderms 8455:List of individual elephants 7889:10.1016/0048-721X(71)90007-8 7529:"Thailand and Laos elephant" 7105:Jeerawat na Thalang (2020). 6944:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.003 6745:Human Dimensions of Wildlife 6592:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6512:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.042 6364:Rasmussen, L. E. L. (1999). 6301:10.1080/21513732.2011.554867 6031:Human Dimensions of Wildlife 5810:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3457:Proceedings: Animal Sciences 3138:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.013 2923:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 2789:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 2738:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 2701:(1): 109–113. Archived from 2150:List of individual elephants 1662: 1582:. Proximate causes includes 1061: in the east, and 891:have been recorded from the 818: 373: historical range 7: 10715:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8016:. London: Macmillan and Co. 7871:Ling, Trevor (March 1971). 7457:National Geographic Society 7375:Animal Reproduction Science 6995:10.11609/jott.o3634.4854-70 6804:Diversity and Distributions 6386:Elephant raiders and rogues 4860:10.1095/biolreprod61.5.1294 3970:Journal of Tropical Ecology 2122: 2091:in northeast India. In the 1934:Elephants in Kerala culture 1854:Dehing Patkai National Park 1846:Tham Than Lot National Park 1695: 1657: 1289:An asian elephant bull in " 1120:48,323–51,680 individuals. 1057: in the west, to 550: 404:distributed throughout the 10: 10731: 10700:Quaternary animals of Asia 8623:Elephas maximus sumatranus 8596:Elephas maximus borneensis 7713:10.1038/s41598-021-95048-w 6983:Journal of Threatened Taxa 4764:10.1515/mamm.1972.36.2.247 4373:"Hearing in the elephant ( 4101:10.1038/s41598-020-64780-0 3916:International Zoo Yearbook 3836:International Zoo Yearbook 3232:Shoshani, J., ed. (2000). 1956:The Asian elephant is the 1941: 1931: 1850:National Board of Wildlife 1727:(EEHV) is a member of the 1718: 1514: 1428: 1256: 1071:tropical evergreen forests 855:, is known from the Early 775:with the Indian elephant: 712:Elephas maximus borneensis 497:tropical evergreen forests 10680:National symbols of India 10670:Mammals described in 1758 10299: 10240: 10187: 10139: 10112: 9924: 9911:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 9798: 9695: 9627: 9570: 9522: 9474: 9416: 9403: 9205: 9117: 9027: 9012: 8923: 8912: 8725: 8674: 8658:African forest elephant ( 8635: 8573: 8562: 8524: 8442: 8397: 8268: 8135: 8095: 8090:Links to related articles 7301:10.1002/9780470292150.ch5 6857:"World Elephant Day 2020" 6765:10.1080/10871200903536176 6725:10.1017/S0030605302000261 6663:10.1017/S0022149X12000697 6200:10.1080/10871200490505693 6128:Choudhury, A. U. (2007). 6051:10.1080/10871200490505693 6022:Choudhury, A. U. (2004). 5822:10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.010 5724:10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.91 5695:Sanderson, G. P. (1879). 5362:10.1186/s12862-015-0487-x 4262:10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1 3982:10.1017/S0266467400004004 3910:Sukumar, R. (July 2006). 3577:in north-eastern India". 3403:The Royal Natural History 3020:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y 2643:"Origin of the elephants 1982:Indus Valley Civilisation 1794:. It is a quintessential 1569:Elephants on the road in 1439:, a trait also shared by 1239:Jim Corbett National Park 1148:. They are classified as 1040:Jim Corbett National Park 545:Indus Valley civilisation 368: 359: 332: 327: 306: 299: 201:Scientific classification 199: 182: 160: 151: 138: 129: 115: 106: 23: 10695:Pliocene mammals of Asia 10685:National symbols of Laos 10645:Endangered biota of Asia 9906:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 9360:Unification of Karnataka 8028:Save Elephant Foundation 7660:India's Wildlife History 6650:Journal of Helminthology 6331:10.4038/cjsbs.v39i1.2350 6318:Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 5986:10.1177/1075547009353177 5764:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952 5580:The Geographical Journal 5341:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4711:10.1007/0-387-25160-X_18 2372:Temminck, C. J. (1847). 2028:Kachin Independence Army 1976:indicate that they were 1962:national heritage animal 1592:expansion of agriculture 1198:Uda Walawe National Park 1030:Distribution and habitat 699:but darker than that of 589:classified all three as 10660:Fauna of Southeast Asia 10126:Karnataka ethnic groups 10064:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 8649:African bush elephant ( 8614:Elephas maximus maximus 8605:Elephas maximus indicus 8197:African forest elephant 7860:. London: R. Ackermann. 7654:Rangarajan, M. (2001). 7233:10.1126/science.1164298 7060:Biological Conservation 7031:. Government of India. 6924:Biological Conservation 6500:Veterinary Microbiology 4913:10.1093/chemse/22.4.417 4847:Biology of Reproduction 4807:10.1093/chemse/28.5.433 4403:10.1126/science.7367876 4310:10.1186/1472-6785-11-17 4185:10.5479/si.00810282.125 3506:(Supplement): 135–153. 3422:Larramendi, A. (2016). 2410:: 1–209. Archived from 1838:protected area in China 1778:Mudumalai National Park 1627:India–Bangladesh border 1539:Human–elephant conflict 1243:Kaziranga National Park 1213:Nagarhole National Park 1092:in the early 1990s. In 1065: in the north, to 1012: 587:Frederick Nutter Chasen 579:Coenraad Jacob Temminck 483:African forest elephant 8185:North African elephant 8075:Illegal Wildlife Trade 6604:10.3201/eid2601.190159 6190:Choudhury, A. (2004). 5457:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815 4634:Journal of Biosciences 4593:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0518 4500:. 2006. Archived from 3441:10.4202/app.00136.2014 2654:Sarawak Museum Journal 2203:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2018: 1953: 1869: 1598:Destruction of forests 1574: 1571:Khao Yai National Park 1562: 1426: 1366: 1302: 1275: 1259:Elephant § Mating 1216: 1192: 1141: 1042: 985: 956: 924: 734:). It was proposed by 680: 657: 634: 119:Bandipur National Park 10558:Paleobiology Database 9395:Western Ganga dynasty 8935:Human uses of animals 8812:Search and rescue dog 8612:Sri Lankan elephant ( 8461:Elephant Encyclopedia 8180:African bush elephant 8160:Seismic communication 7533:South East Asia Globe 7336:Wiese, R. J. (2000). 7173:Parashar, U. (2020). 6344:Hoare, R. E. (1999). 6087:Fernando, P. (2000). 5974:Science Communication 5235:The Anatomical Record 4224:10.1007/s002650000218 3513:10.4098/AT.arch.98-39 3400:Lydekker, R. (1894). 2395:Chasen, F.N. (1940). 2130:Elephants in Thailand 2006: 1951: 1942:Further information: 1932:Further information: 1867: 1568: 1546: 1424: 1361: 1288: 1266: 1210: 1187: 1131: 1124:Ecology and behaviour 1037: 983: 954: 929:African bush elephant 922: 678: 666:E. maximus sumatranus 655: 633:Elephant in Sri Lanka 632: 505:dry deciduous forests 479:African bush elephant 396:), also known as the 10217:Rajyotsava Prashasti 10084:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 8802:Military working dog 8056:11 July 2017 at the 7983:Ecological Economics 7933:on 15 September 2018 7535:. 28 February 2022. 6886:Shelden, D. (2020). 6855:Shelden, D. (2020). 6545:Veterinary Quarterly 6409:4 March 2012 at the 6384:Sukumar, R. (1995). 6251:Bist, S. S. (2006). 6177:19 June 2013 at the 4342:Sukumar, R. (2003). 4212:Behav Ecol Sociobiol 4018:Rhinoceros unicornis 3961:Sukumar, R. (1990). 3604:Sukumar, R. (1993). 2417:on 12 February 2020. 2326:Linnaei, C. (1758). 2265:: e.T7140A45818198. 1988:, a mount in war, a 1610:shifting cultivation 1555:shifting cultivation 1547:Forests cleared for 1377:, only occasionally 1297:levels run high and 1144:Asian elephants are 1132:Asian elephants are 887:Skeletal remains of 726:), and sometimes in 428:in the south. Three 10665:Herbivorous mammals 10655:Fauna of South Asia 10104:G. S. Shivarudrappa 10074:Gopalakrishna Adiga 9725:Chitrakala Parishat 9652:Dams and reservoirs 9524:Kalaburagi division 9365:Vijayanagara Empire 9340:Rashtrakuta dynasty 9255:Chitradurga Nayakas 9041:Emblem of Karnataka 8642:(African elephants) 8621:Sumatran elephant ( 8217:Sri Lankan elephant 7995:2004EcoEc..48...93B 7293:The Elephant's Foot 7225:2008Sci...322.1649C 6936:2015BCons.187...34M 6816:2021DivDi..27.2510V 6757:2010HDW....15..145B 6423:Stiles, D. (2009). 6400:Stiles, D. (2009). 6043:2004HDW.....9..261C 5922:2021AnCon..24..720D 5910:Animal Conservation 5641:Aldous, P. (2006). 5592:1950GeogJ.116..229S 5400:Nature Conservation 5353:2015BMCEE..15..214M 5091:10.3390/ani11102860 5015:1996Natur.379..684R 4955:1996Natur.379..684R 4552:. 22 October 2014. 4522:. 29 January 2011. 4395:1980Sci...208..518H 4301:2011BMCE...11...17D 4146:Road Ecology Center 4093:2020NatSR..10.8032S 3999:on 12 October 2007. 3681:Shuang, F. (2020). 3130:2013PPP...386..119L 3080:10.3390/quat6010016 2963:Haynes, G. (1993). 2839:) in the Near East" 2349:Cuvier, G. (1798). 2119:in southern China. 1827:Government of India 1340:Luteinizing hormone 1047:Indian subcontinent 754:microsatellite data 741:National Geographic 736:Paules Deraniyagala 616:Sri Lankan elephant 533:habitat degradation 406:Indian subcontinent 154:Conservation status 139:A cow and juveniles 10640:Endangered animals 10014:Nijaguna Shivayogi 9418:Bangalore division 7854:Upham, E. (1829). 7701:Scientific Reports 7464:on 18 October 2002 7029:"Project Elephant" 6374:10.1007/BF02941206 5968:Barua, M. (2010). 5668:Poole, J. (1997). 5509:10.1037/com0000281 4646:10.1007/BF02941206 4550:The Times of India 4081:Scientific Reports 3834:and key threats". 3721:. 16 August 2017. 3469:10.1007/BF03179558 2628:, p. 123-124. 2376:Elephas sumatranus 2135:Endangered species 2019: 1954: 1870: 1803:World Elephant Day 1575: 1563: 1431:Elephant cognition 1427: 1367: 1303: 1276: 1217: 1193: 1142: 1043: 986: 959:Cows usually lack 957: 925: 882:Middle Pleistocene 873:Elephas hysudricus 866:Elephas planifrons 839:Sub-Saharan Africa 681: 658: 643:E. maximus indicus 635: 620:E. maximus maximus 583:Elephas sumatranus 400:, is a species of 142:Yala National Park 30:Pleistocene–Recent 10612: 10611: 10545:Open Tree of Life 10293:Taxon identifiers 10284: 10283: 10278: 10277: 10222:Jakanachari Award 10059:Shishunala Sharif 9770:Togalu gombeyaata 9623: 9622: 9476:Belagavi division 9320:Kingdom of Mysore 9300:Kalyani Chalukyas 9109:Southern birdwing 8963: 8962: 8685: 8684: 8670: 8669: 8603:Indian elephant ( 8594:Borneo elephant ( 8519:species by family 8482: 8481: 8438: 8437: 8393: 8392: 8368: 8367: 8320:Ballista elephant 8308: 8307: 8285:Elephant crushing 8264: 8262: 8261: 8222:Sumatran elephant 8168: 8167: 7828:978-0-82235-049-1 7801:978-8-12080-005-2 7752:Winn, P. (2017). 7669:978-8-178-24140-1 7628:978-974-90757-1-5 7450:Hile, J. (2002). 7310:978-0-8138-2820-6 6989:(14): 4854–4870. 6892:The City Sentinel 6825:10.1111/ddi.13419 6810:(12): 2510–2523. 6226:978-0-521-82505-4 5930:10.1111/acv.12668 5882:10.3390/d14010036 5757:(29): 9952–9975. 5681:978-0-896-58357-3 5645:. New Scientist. 5203:978-0-521-42637-4 5149:10.1111/jeb.13143 5143:(10): 1836–1845. 4720:978-0-387-25160-8 4389:(4443): 518–520. 4357:978-0-19-510778-4 4020:in lowland Nepal" 3848:10.1111/izy.12247 3617:978-0-521-43758-5 3559:978-0-85112-235-9 3546:Wood, G. (1983). 3500:Acta Theriologica 3372:Elephant database 3322:Anatomical Record 3243:978-0-87596-143-9 3218:978-0-292-71532-5 2892:Deraniyagala 1955 2880:Deraniyagala 1955 2821:Deraniyagala 1955 2626:Deraniyagala 1955 2487:on 30 April 2013. 2462:Mammalian Species 2216:978-0-8018-8221-0 2113:Dai animal zodiac 1944:Captive elephants 1735:betaherpesviruses 1675:, led to rampant 1559:Arunachal Pradesh 1422: 1404:Generation length 1349:vomeronasal organ 1293:", a period when 1164:, as well as the 1075:deciduous forests 878:Early Pleistocene 852:Elephas ekorensis 750:mitochondrial DNA 662:Sumatran elephant 656:Elephant in India 501:deciduous forests 420:in the east, and 384: 383: 194: 177: 10722: 10605: 10604: 10592: 10591: 10579: 10578: 10566: 10565: 10553: 10552: 10540: 10539: 10527: 10526: 10514: 10513: 10501: 10500: 10488: 10487: 10475: 10474: 10462: 10461: 10449: 10448: 10436: 10435: 10423: 10422: 10410: 10409: 10397: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10374: 10373: 10361: 10360: 10348: 10347: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10288: 10287: 10232:Kempegowda Award 10212:Basava Puraskara 10207:Nrupatunga Award 10079:V. Seetharamaiah 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9849:Western Chalukya 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9790:Mysore musicians 9720:Channapatna toys 9637:Cities and towns 9590:Dakshina Kannada 9414: 9413: 9380:Veera Ballala II 9315:Kittur Chennamma 9275:Kingdom of Coorg 9250:Chalukya dynasty 9000: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8967: 8966: 8918: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8689: 8688: 8585:Asian elephant ( 8571: 8570: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8405: 8404: 8370: 8369: 8310: 8309: 8273: 8272: 8263: 8170: 8169: 8140: 8139: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8086: 8085: 8017: 8006: 7980: 7963: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7929:. Archived from 7923:"Chinese Zodiac" 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7732: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7564: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7508: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7469: 7460:. Archived from 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7427:. 24 July 2012. 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7381:(1–4): 247–254. 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7267: 7244: 7210: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7153: 7142: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6827: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6432:TRAFFIC Bulletin 6429: 6420: 6414: 6398: 6389: 6382: 6376: 6362: 6356: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6309: 6303: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6257: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6208: 6202: 6188: 6182: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6134: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6067: 6028: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5965: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5766: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5511: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5445:Animal Behaviour 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5250: 5248:10.1002/ar.10112 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5093: 5069: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5023:10.1038/379684a0 5000: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4966: 4964:10.1038/379684a0 4932: 4926: 4925: 4915: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4862: 4853:(5): 1294–1299. 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4809: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4693: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4617:on 14 July 2014. 4613:. Archived from 4604: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4504:on 14 July 2014. 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4474:on 9 August 2017 4473: 4467:. Archived from 4451:(8): 2852–2862. 4442: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4349: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4312: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4256:(5): 1125–1141. 4245: 4236: 4235: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4027:Wildlife Biology 4024: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3992:. Archived from 3967: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3890: 3875: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3756:(3/4): 100–113. 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3419: 3408: 3407: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3334:10.1002/ar.21011 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3277:(6): 1207–1214. 3271:Animal Behaviour 3262: 3256: 3255: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3184: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3082: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2925: 2916:(12): e1000564. 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2858: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2791: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2708:on 7 March 2012. 2707: 2692: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2666: 2651: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2601:World Land Trust 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2523: 2514:(9): 1882–1892. 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2480:. Archived from 2459: 2446: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2244: 2229: 2228: 2185: 2105:Sinhalese people 2017:the rat, c. 1820 1911:Handling methods 1819:Project Elephant 1796:flagship species 1792:CITES Appendix I 1770: 1761: 1702:Chinese medicine 1604:, encroachment, 1423: 1371:gestation period 1090:Chittagong Hills 937:caudal vertebrae 794:Chinese elephant 701:E. m. sumatranus 689:E. m. sumatranus 670: 647: 624: 573:was proposed by 447:E. m. sumatranus 424:in the north to 398:Asiatic elephant 378: 372: 364: 351:E. m. sumatranus 312: 209: 208: 188: 171: 166: 165: 134: 111: 101: 31: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10719: 10675:Mammals of Asia 10615: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10600: 10595: 10587: 10582: 10574: 10569: 10561: 10556: 10548: 10543: 10535: 10532:Observation.org 10530: 10522: 10517: 10509: 10504: 10496: 10491: 10483: 10478: 10470: 10465: 10457: 10452: 10444: 10439: 10431: 10426: 10418: 10413: 10405: 10400: 10392: 10390: 10382: 10377: 10369: 10364: 10358:elephas-maximus 10356: 10351: 10345:Elephas_maximus 10343: 10338: 10331:Elephas maximus 10329: 10328: 10323: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10301:Elephas maximus 10295: 10285: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10236: 10197:Karnataka Ratna 10183: 10135: 10108: 10044:Jagannatha Dasa 9959:Devar Dasimayya 9920: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9794: 9691: 9619: 9572:Mysore division 9566: 9518: 9470: 9466:Chikkaballapura 9431:Bangalore Rural 9426:Bangalore Urban 9399: 9390:Vikramaditya VI 9385:Vikramaditya II 9310:Shivappa Nayaka 9295:Kadamba dynasty 9201: 9113: 9023: 9008: 8994: 8964: 8959: 8950:Military animal 8919: 8910: 8721: 8719:Working animals 8716: 8686: 8681: 8666: 8641: 8631: 8587:Elephas maximus 8566: 8558: 8520: 8513: 8483: 8478: 8434: 8389: 8364: 8350:Temple elephant 8304: 8258: 8227:Syrian elephant 8212:Indian elephant 8207:Borneo elephant 8190:Desert elephant 8164: 8131: 8126: 8091: 8058:Wayback Machine 8024: 7978: 7970: 7968:Further reading 7952: 7947: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7869: 7865: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7829: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7784: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7746: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7670: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7485: 7481: 7467: 7465: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7367: 7363: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7311: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7179:Hindustan Times 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6849: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6737: 6733: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6641: 6637: 6584: 6580: 6541: 6537: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6411:Wayback Machine 6399: 6392: 6383: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6343: 6339: 6310: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6209: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6179:Wayback Machine 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6026: 6020: 6013: 6003: 6001: 5966: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5902: 5898: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5802: 5798: 5743: 5739: 5708: 5704: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5600:10.2307/1789395 5576:"Elephant Bill" 5572: 5568: 5537: 5533: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5392: 5388: 5333: 5329: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5129: 5125: 5070: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5045: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4933: 4929: 4900:Chemical Senses 4894:Elephas maximus 4888: 4884: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4794:Chemical Senses 4786: 4779: 4748:Elephas maximus 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4721: 4694: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4626: 4622: 4587:(5): 20130518. 4581:Biology Letters 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4375:Elephas maximus 4369: 4365: 4358: 4340: 4336: 4281: 4277: 4246: 4239: 4208:Elephas maximus 4204: 4200: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4134: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4022: 4014:Elephas maximus 4008: 4004: 3996: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3832:Elephas maximus 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3575:Elephas maximus 3571: 3567: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3494:Elephas maximus 3488: 3484: 3453: 3449: 3420: 3411: 3398: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3263: 3259: 3244: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3205: 3198: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3110: 3106: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2977: 2961: 2957: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2843:Open Quaternary 2837:Elephas maximus 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2768: 2764: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2649: 2645:Elephas maximus 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2570: 2549: 2545: 2502:Elephas maximus 2496: 2492: 2484: 2470:10.2307/3504045 2457: 2453:Elephas maximus 2447: 2422: 2414: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2370: 2366: 2353:Elephas indicus 2347: 2343: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2251:Elephas maximus 2245: 2232: 2217: 2195:Elephas maximus 2186: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2125: 2084:Hastividyarnava 2051:fables and the 1994:beast of burden 1958:national animal 1946: 1940: 1930: 1913: 1862: 1810:Karnataka state 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1751: 1741:is a parasitic 1721: 1713:Elephant Family 1698: 1667:The demand for 1665: 1660: 1643:venomous snakes 1541: 1517: 1453:cerebral cortex 1433: 1414: 1412: 1400:life expectancy 1261: 1255: 1126: 1049: and 1032: 1015: 917: 821: 808:E. m. sondaicus 798:E. m. rubridens 780:Syrian elephant 708:Borneo elephant 668: 645: 639:Indian elephant 622: 602:phylogeographic 571:Elephas indicus 563:Elephas maximus 560:scientific name 553: 529:loss of habitat 432:are recognised— 416:in the west to 393:Elephas maximus 380: 376: 374: 370: 323: 314: 310:Elephas maximus 308: 295: 292:E. maximus 203: 195: 178: 167: 163: 156: 140: 117: 102: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10728: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10593: 10580: 10567: 10554: 10541: 10528: 10515: 10502: 10489: 10476: 10463: 10450: 10437: 10424: 10411: 10398: 10388: 10375: 10362: 10349: 10336: 10321: 10305: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10246: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10164:National parks 10161: 10156: 10151: 10145: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10099:D. V. Gundappa 10096: 10091: 10089:M. Govinda Pai 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10024:Purandara Dasa 10021: 10019:Ratnakaravarni 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9750:Karnatik music 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9580:Chamarajanagar 9576: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9514:Uttara Kannada 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9480: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9411: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9375:Vishnuvardhana 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9305:Keladi Nayakas 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Hoysala Empire 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9211: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9192:Transportation 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9061:Asian elephant 9053: 9052: 9043: 9033: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9013: 9010: 9009: 8993: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927:Related topics 8924: 8921: 8920: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8762:Assistance dog 8754: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8745:Bactrian camel 8737: 8732: 8730:Asian elephant 8726: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8683: 8682: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8581: 8579: 8568: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8360:White elephant 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8247:Dwarf elephant 8244: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8232:Javan elephant 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8202:Asian elephant 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8176: 8174: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8125: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8048: 8043: 8035: 8030: 8023: 8022:External links 8020: 8019: 8018: 8007: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7914: 7863: 7846: 7827: 7807: 7800: 7775: 7744: 7687: 7668: 7646: 7627: 7607: 7550: 7520: 7499:(2): 148–162. 7479: 7442: 7412: 7361: 7348:(5): 299–309. 7328: 7309: 7279: 7219:(5908): 1649. 7196: 7165: 7128: 7097: 7066:(3): 327–342. 7046: 7020: 6969: 6909: 6878: 6847: 6790: 6751:(2): 145–160. 6731: 6718:(2): 189–195. 6696: 6635: 6578: 6535: 6506:(1–2): 28–41. 6486: 6453: 6415: 6390: 6377: 6357: 6337: 6304: 6284: 6243: 6225: 6203: 6183: 6161: 6120: 6079: 6037:(4): 261–270. 6011: 5955: 5916:(5): 720–732. 5896: 5855: 5796: 5737: 5702: 5687: 5680: 5660: 5633: 5566: 5547:(6): 775–777. 5531: 5502:(3): 406–419. 5482: 5451:(5): 839–847. 5431: 5386: 5327: 5308: 5278: 5241:(3): 252–259. 5221: 5202: 5182: 5123: 5059: 4986: 4927: 4906:(4): 417–437. 4882: 4833: 4800:(5): 433–446. 4777: 4758:(2): 247–261. 4738: 4719: 4679: 4640:(2): 241–251. 4620: 4567: 4537: 4507: 4485: 4428: 4363: 4356: 4334: 4275: 4237: 4198: 4179:(125): 1–113. 4163: 4132: 4067: 4002: 3953: 3902: 3861: 3822: 3787: 3736: 3704: 3670: 3635: 3616: 3596: 3585:(3): 141–173. 3565: 3558: 3538: 3519: 3482: 3463:(6): 561–571. 3447: 3434:(3): 537–574. 3409: 3389: 3359: 3308: 3257: 3242: 3224: 3217: 3196: 3175:(2): 167–183. 3155: 3104: 3053: 3014:(2): 105–128. 2994: 2976:978-0521456913 2975: 2955: 2896: 2894:, p. 124. 2884: 2882:, p. 125. 2872: 2825: 2823:, p. 116. 2813: 2762: 2711: 2678: 2630: 2618: 2587: 2568: 2543: 2490: 2420: 2387: 2364: 2341: 2318: 2285: 2230: 2215: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2165:White elephant 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2121: 1929: 1926: 1922:training crush 1912: 1909: 1861: 1858: 1775: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1720: 1717: 1697: 1694: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1606:slash-and-burn 1540: 1537: 1516: 1513: 1493:self-awareness 1455:available for 1429:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1254: 1251: 1150:megaherbivores 1134:megaherbivores 1125: 1122: 1051:Southeast Asia 1031: 1028: 1014: 1011: 916: 913: 837:originated in 820: 817: 816: 815: 804:Javan elephant 801: 791: 790:illustrations. 693:depigmentation 673: 672: 669:Temminck, 1847 650: 649: 627: 626: 623:Linnaeus, 1758 575:Georges Cuvier 552: 549: 410:Southeast Asia 388:Asian elephant 382: 381: 375: 369: 366: 365: 357: 356: 355: 354: 347: 340: 330: 329: 325: 324: 315: 304: 303: 297: 296: 289: 287: 283: 282: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 197: 196: 183: 180: 179: 161: 158: 157: 152: 149: 148: 136: 135: 127: 126: 113: 112: 104: 103: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 26: 24:Asian elephant 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10727: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10326: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10289: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10169:Hindu temples 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9974:Allama Prabhu 9972: 9970: 9969:Akka Mahadevi 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9944:Adikavi Pampa 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9842:Western Ganga 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9775:Udupi cuisine 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9765:Mysore Dasara 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9730:Gaarudi Gombe 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9705:Bharatanatyam 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9687:Western Ghats 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9667:Highest point 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9350:Srirangapatna 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9335:Pulakeshin II 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9220:Alupa dynasty 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9104: 9103:Carnatic carp 9100: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9070:Indian roller 9067: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9029:State symbols 9026: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8979: 8977: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8901:Water buffalo 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8767:Detection dog 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8680: 8679: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8518: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8386: 8385:Howdah pistol 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8290:Elephant goad 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8277:Domestication 8274: 8271: 8267: 8253: 8252:Pygmy mammoth 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8094: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8038:ElefantAsia: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8014: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7989:(1): 93–107. 7988: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7961: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7780: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7611: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7050: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6395: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6016: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5009:(6567): 684. 5008: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4949:(6567): 684. 4948: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4782: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4498:Elephant News 4495: 4489: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4006: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579:Mammal Review 3576: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3394: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 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2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:status symbol 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:North America 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Western Ghats 1811: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1760: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730:Proboscivirus 1726: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685:illegal trade 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1588:deforestation 1585: 1581: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1557:practiced in 1556: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469:allomothering 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1336:estrous cycle 1332: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:Xishuangbanna 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 982: 978: 975: 974:Victor Brooke 970: 966: 965:enamel plates 962: 953: 949: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 921: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 883: 879: 875: 874: 869: 867: 862: 861:Siwalik Hills 858: 854: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827: 813: 809: 805: 802: 799: 795: 792: 789: 785: 781: 778: 777: 776: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 758:Sunda Islands 755: 752:analysis and 751: 747: 743: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 714:), occurs in 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 697:E. m. maximus 694: 690: 686: 685:E. m. indicus 677: 667: 663: 660: 659: 654: 644: 640: 637: 636: 631: 621: 617: 614: 613: 612: 609: 607: 606:morphological 603: 600:. Results of 599: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 561: 558:proposed the 557: 556:Carl Linnaeus 548: 546: 542: 538: 537:fragmentation 534: 530: 526: 525:IUCN Red List 522: 518: 513: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448: 443: 442: 441:E. m. indicus 437: 436: 435:E. m. maximus 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 367: 363: 358: 353: 352: 348: 346: 345: 344:E. m. indicus 341: 339: 338: 337:E. m. maximus 334: 333: 331: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 305: 302: 301:Binomial name 298: 294: 293: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 198: 192: 186: 181: 175: 170: 159: 155: 150: 147: 143: 137: 133: 128: 124: 120: 116:A tusked bull 114: 110: 105: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 22: 19: 10635:EDGE species 10300: 10174:Jain temples 10069:D. R. Bendre 10004:Kumara Vyasa 9863:Vijayanagara 9672:Bayalu Seeme 9557:Vijayanagara 9370:Vijayanagara 9325:Mayurasharma 9260:Deva Raya II 9225:Amoghavarsha 9127:Architecture 9060: 9018: 8869:Riding horse 8729: 8676: 8659: 8650: 8636: 8622: 8613: 8604: 8595: 8586: 8584: 8574: 8564:Elephantidae 8459: 8425:Kerala state 8380:Elephant gun 8355:War elephant 8201: 8078: 8074: 8039: 8012: 7986: 7982: 7958: 7950:Bibliography 7935:. Retrieved 7931:the original 7927:Warriortours 7926: 7917: 7905:. Retrieved 7883:(1): 49–59. 7880: 7876: 7866: 7856: 7849: 7837:. Retrieved 7817: 7810: 7787: 7766:. Retrieved 7757: 7747: 7707:(1): 15480. 7704: 7700: 7690: 7678:. Retrieved 7659: 7649: 7637:. Retrieved 7617: 7610: 7598:. Retrieved 7570: 7566: 7553: 7541:. Retrieved 7532: 7523: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7473: 7466:. Retrieved 7462:the original 7455: 7445: 7433:. Retrieved 7425:The Guardian 7424: 7415: 7403:. Retrieved 7378: 7374: 7364: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7292: 7282: 7270:. 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Retrieved 2965: 2958: 2913: 2910:PLOS Biology 2909: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2816: 2779: 2776:PLOS Biology 2775: 2765: 2728: 2725:PLOS Biology 2724: 2714: 2703:the original 2698: 2694: 2681: 2669:. Retrieved 2657: 2653: 2644: 2621: 2609:. Retrieved 2600: 2590: 2578:. Retrieved 2559: 2546: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2493: 2482:the original 2464:(182): 1–8. 2461: 2452: 2412:the original 2407: 2403: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2335: 2329: 2321: 2309:. Retrieved 2297:"Appendices" 2276:. Retrieved 2262: 2256: 2250: 2205: 2201:Wilson, D.E. 2194: 2189:Shoshani, J. 2160:War elephant 2082: 2078:Matanga Lila 2076: 2074: 2055: 2048:Panchatantra 2046: 2043:subcontinent 2040: 2034:in northern 2032:Kachin State 2020: 2014: 1986:siege engine 1974:Indus Valley 1970:Mohenjo-daro 1955: 1914: 1886: 1874:conspecifics 1871: 1860:In captivity 1843: 1835: 1831: 1808: 1800: 1789: 1749:Conservation 1728: 1722: 1699: 1690: 1666: 1647: 1624: 1596: 1584:habitat loss 1576: 1548: 1518: 1509:neuroanatomy 1467:, learning, 1447:and certain 1434: 1410:Intelligence 1396: 1368: 1353: 1333: 1315:testosterone 1304: 1295:testosterone 1277: 1253:Reproduction 1231: 1218: 1194: 1143: 1118: 1112:of southern 1083: 1053:, from 1044: 1024:Assam, India 1016: 987: 958: 926: 889:E. m. asurus 888: 885: 871: 864: 850: 846: 834: 824: 822: 807: 797: 784:E. m. asurus 783: 766: 739: 711: 705: 700: 696: 688: 684: 682: 665: 646:Cuvier, 1798 642: 619: 610: 582: 570: 562: 554: 514: 486: 472: 445: 440: 433: 397: 392: 391: 387: 385: 350: 343: 336: 309: 307: 291: 290: 278: 268:Elephantidae 18: 10441:iNaturalist 10325:Wikispecies 10202:Pampa Award 10039:Gopala Dasa 10034:Vijaya Dasa 10029:Kanaka Dasa 9994:Rudrabhatta 9939:Gunavarma I 9926:Noted poets 9835:Rashtrakuta 9585:Chikmagalur 9461:Ramanagara 9436:Chitradurga 9355:Tipu Sultan 8955:Pack animal 8874:Stock horse 8854:Guide horse 8849:Draft horse 8827:Therapy dog 8817:Service dog 8792:Hunting dog 8787:Herding dog 8772:Draught dog 8735:Bali cattle 8660:L. cyclotis 8651:L. africana 8567:(Elephants) 8552:Superorder 8546:Infraclass 8517:Proboscidea 8408:By locality 8401:and history 7435:11 December 7342:Zoo Biology 7189:6 September 7158:6 September 7121:6 September 6902:6 September 6871:6 September 5816:: 101–106. 5424:20 November 5052:27 November 4826:27 November 4731:27 November 4672:27 November 4289:BMC Ecology 4087:(1): 8032. 4033:: 147–154. 3697:6 September 3628:15 December 3124:: 119–130. 2552:Shoshani, J 2155:Mela shikar 2140:Ivory trade 2070:processions 1905:infanticide 1739:schistosome 1619:Depredation 1614:monoculture 1553:—a type of 1489:cooperation 1146:crepuscular 994:depigmented 915:Description 893:Middle East 841:during the 762:Pleistocene 475:elephantids 460:depigmented 328:Subspecies 258:Proboscidea 10619:Categories 10265:Television 10255:Newspapers 10179:Waterfalls 9989:Raghavanka 9979:Siddharama 9814:Milestones 9800:Literature 9785:Yakshagana 9735:Ilkal sari 9542:Kalaburagi 9441:Davanagere 9330:Pattadakal 9147:Demography 9088:Sandalwood 8859:Pack horse 8807:Police dog 8554:Afrotheria 8325:Executions 7543:1 December 7405:9 December 7272:9 December 7147:(Report). 6446:8 December 6277:30 January 6154:18 October 6113:8 December 6004:29 January 5541:Biotropica 5347:(1): 1-9. 4560:8 February 4530:8 February 4478:7 December 3922:(1): 1–8. 3895:18 October 3729:1 December 3535:: 927–928. 3382:1 December 3067:Quaternary 2866:2164/13525 2849:(1): 1–9. 2660:: 95–125. 2611:26 January 2569:0813806763 2554:. (2006). 2278:15 January 2172:References 2117:Dai people 2064:: the god 1998:South Asia 1928:In culture 1901:stillbirth 1635:Bangladesh 1580:governance 1573:, Thailand 1485:compassion 1461:great apes 1392:pheromones 1345:pheromones 1319:pheromones 1299:pheromones 1280:pheromones 1273:Tamil Nadu 1269:Coimbatore 1257:See also: 1226:infrasonic 1202:matriarchs 1178:true grass 1086:Bangladesh 823:The genus 788:Bronze Age 773:synonymous 728:Kalimantan 591:subspecies 521:Endangered 493:grasslands 468:short tons 430:subspecies 187:Appendix I 169:Endangered 10630:Elephants 10260:Magazines 10049:Lakshmisa 10009:Chamarasa 9949:Sri Ponna 9916:Karnataka 9780:Veeragase 9715:Bidriware 9710:Buta Kola 9642:Districts 9629:Geography 9409:divisions 9405:Districts 9265:Durvinita 9240:Balligavi 9167:Geography 9162:Folk arts 9157:Education 9119:Overviews 9020:Bengaluru 9006:Karnataka 8945:Livestock 8797:Mercy dog 8782:Guide dog 8777:Guard dog 8750:Dromedary 8638:Loxodonta 8269:Human use 8150:Cognition 8129:Elephants 8079:Elephants 7897:0048-721X 7721:2045-2322 7587:0019-5235 7515:2572-3618 7468:1 October 7080:0006-3207 7003:0974-7893 6952:0006-3207 6930:: 34–40. 6842:244245085 6773:143021377 6612:1080-6040 6324:(1): 21. 6266:: 27–35. 6143:: 27–30. 6059:145776270 5994:143335411 5980:: 55–75. 5938:1367-9430 5891:1424-2818 5875:(1): 36. 5869:Diversity 5830:0378-8741 5773:1007-9327 5671:Elephants 5653:24 August 5608:0016-7398 5518:1939-2087 5465:0003-3472 5406:: 87–94. 5301:29 August 5257:0003-276X 5157:1010-061X 5100:2076-2615 4869:0006-3363 4654:0973-7138 4520:The Hindu 4295:(1): 17. 4193:128585445 4109:2045-2322 4060:3 January 3976:: 33–53. 3936:0074-9664 3884:: 27–34. 3856:209571148 3807:: 47–54. 3762:0376-9771 3718:The Hindu 3291:0003-3472 3252:475147472 3191:0075-8914 3148:12 August 3099:2571-550X 3073:(1): 16. 3046:12 August 3036:254703858 3028:1064-7554 2932:1545-7885 2782:(1): e6. 2731:(1): e6. 2595:Farrows. 2508:Evolution 2193:"Species 2030:(KIA) in 1966:excavated 1897:studbooks 1893:fecundity 1743:trematode 1673:East Asia 1663:For ivory 1639:Sri Lanka 1479:, use of 1457:cognitive 1437:neocortex 1328:pheromone 1324:frontalin 1271:Forests, 1020:Maharajah 998:epidermis 990:wallowing 945:proboscis 849:species, 819:Evolution 812:Borobudur 732:Indonesia 585:in 1847. 510:neocortex 286:Species: 224:Kingdom: 218:Eukaryota 146:Sri Lanka 123:Karnataka 10571:Species+ 10511:11500004 10459:10764636 10310:Wikidata 10054:Sarvajna 9984:Harihara 9877:Haridasa 9828:Medieval 9677:Malenadu 9662:Villages 9489:Belagavi 9484:Bagalkot 9456:Tumakuru 9345:Sringeri 9270:Halebidu 9235:Banavasi 9197:Wildlife 9107:Insect: 8896:Reindeer 8864:Pit pony 8822:Sled dog 8678:Category 8548:Eutheria 8542:Mammalia 8536:Chordata 8530:Animalia 8528:Kingdom 8430:Thailand 8300:Trainers 8238:Extinct 8143:Behavior 8077: : 8054:Archived 7901:Archived 7877:Religion 7833:Archived 7762:Archived 7739:34326446 7680:19 March 7674:Archived 7633:Archived 7591:Archived 7537:Archived 7429:Archived 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