654:
687:
636:
669:
3574:
160:
580:
3561:
112:
567:
136:
3568:
621:. Later members developed shortened (brevirostrine) lower jaws and/or vestigial or no lower tusks, a convergent process that occurred multiple times among gomphotheres, as well as other members of Elephantimorpha. The incisors and long lower jaws of primitive gomphotheres were likely used for cutting vegetation, while brevirostrine gomphotheres relied on their trunks to acquire food similar to modern elephants.
605:, that is, having rounded cusps. They are thought to have chewed differently from modern elephants, using an oblique movement (combining back to front and side to side motion) over the teeth rather than the proal movement (a forwards stroke from the back to the front of the lower jaws) used by modern elephants and stegodontids. Like modern elephants and other members of
609:, gomphotheres had horizontal tooth replacement, where teeth would progressively migrate towards the front of the jaws before they were taken the place of by more posterior teeth. Unlike modern elephants, many gomphotheres retained permanent premolar teeth though they were absent in some gomphothere genera. Earlier gomphotheres had lower jaws with an elongate
733:
though some authors argue that
Amebelodontidae should be sunk into Gomphotheriidae. Gomphotheres are divided into two informal groups, "trilophodont gomphotheres", and "tetralophodont gomphotheres". "Tetralophodont gomphotheres" are distinguished from "trilophodont gomphotheres" by the presence of
2417:
MothĂ©, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, JosĂ© Luis; RĂos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de
Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016).
1250:
in Saudi Arabia dating to around 29-28 million years ago. Gomphotheres were uncommon in Afro-Arabia during the
Oligocene. Gomphotheres arrived in Eurasia after the connection of Afro-Arabia and Eurasia during the Early Miocene around 19 million years ago, in what is termed the
734:
four ridges on the fourth premolar and on the first and second molars, rather than the three present in trilophodont gomphotheres. Some authors choose to exclude "tetralophodont gomphotheres" from
Gomphotheriidae, and instead assign them to the group
1267:
grass-dominated habitats, while during the Late
Miocene "tetralophodont gomphotheres" were abundant and widespread in Eurasia, where they represented the dominant group of proboscideans. All trilophodont gomphotheres, with the exception of the Asian
495:
for the group, some later members developed shortened (brevirostrine) lower jaws with either vestigial or no lower tusks and outlasted the long-jawed gomphotheres. This change made them look very similar to modern elephants, an example of
1259:
arrived in North
America around 16 million years ago, and is suggested to be the ancestor of later New World gomphothere genera. "Trilophodont gomphotheres" dramatically declined during the Late Miocene, likely due to the increasing
1346:
In southern North
America, Central America and South America, gomphotheres did not become extinct until shortly after the arrival of humans to the Americas, approximately 12,000 years ago, as part of the
2567:"Resource partitioning and niche separation between mammoths (Mammuthus rumanus and Mammuthus meridionalis) and gomphotheres (Anancus arvernensis) in the Early Pleistocene of Europe"
2733:
1222:
diets, with the dietary preference of individual species and populations being shaped by local factors such as climactic conditions and competition. Analysis of the tusks of a male
635:
2606:"New remains of Sinomastodon yangziensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from Sanhe karst Cave, with discussion on the evolution of Pleistocene Sinomastodon in South China"
1325:, around 800,000 years ago. From the latter half of the Early Pleistocene onwards, gomphotheres were extirpated from most of North America, likely due to competition with
1871:
Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastiån; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022).
1343:
The morphology of elephantid molars being more efficient than gomphotheres in consuming grass, which became more abundant during the
Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
2238:"A new species of Tetralophodon from the Linxia Basin and the biostratigraphic significance of tetralophodont gomphotheres from the Upper Miocene of northern China"
653:
2369:"A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations"
2419:
1359:
dating to shortly before their extinction have been found associated with human artifacts, suggesting that hunting may have played a role in their extinction.
1281:
along with the global extinction of the "shovel tusker" amebelodontids. The last gomphotheres in Africa, represented by the "tetralophodont gomphothere" genus
686:
1247:
2709:
1518:"The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha"
3709:
3183:
2756:
2110:
Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisdro, Oscar L.; Zhang, Hanwen; Alberdi, MÂȘ Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Blanco, Fernando; Saarinen, Juha (1 July 2021).
3213:
3722:
2928:
668:
2813:
2512:"The first record of Anancus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in the late Miocene of Greece and reappraisal of the primitive anancines from Europe"
2741:
2025:"Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil"
1873:"Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA"
524:
ranging over most of South
America, until the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct following the
1626:; Tassy, P. (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior".
3683:
2420:"Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)"
738:. "Tetralophodont gomphotheres" are thought to have evolved from "trilophodont gomphotheres", and are suggested to be ancestral to
3791:
3806:
1336:
The extinction of gomphotheres in Afro-Eurasia has generally been supposed to be the result the expansion of
Elephantidae and
2481:
2346:
2270:
Parray, Khursheed A.; Jukar, Advait M.; Paul, Abdul Qayoom; Ahmad, Ishfaq; Patnaik, Rajeev (March 2022). Silcox, Mary (ed.).
2091:
1580:
Li, Chunxiao; Deng, Tao; Wang, Yang; Sun, Fajun; Wolff, Burt; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Ma, Jiao; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao (2023-11-28),
761:
been assigned to Gomphotheriidae in some studies other studies suggest that they should be assigned to Amebelodontidae (
3801:
127:
1937:(Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons"
1806:
Wu, Yan; Deng, Tao; Hu, Yaowu; Ma, Jiao; Zhou, Xinying; Mao, Limi; Zhang, Hanwen; Ye, Jie; Wang, Shi-Qi (2018-05-16).
3727:
1287:, became extinct around the end of the Pliocene and beginning of the Pleistocene. The New World gomphothere genera
2806:
492:
1808:"A grazing Gomphotherium in Middle Miocene Central Asia, 10 million years prior to the origin of the Elephantidae"
3786:
2174:"A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia"
3781:
3796:
1984:
El Adli, Joseph J.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Cherney, Michael D.; Labarca, Rafael; Lacombat, Frédéric (July 2017).
1657:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Deng, Tao; Ye, Jie; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2016). "Morphological and ecological diversity of
1214:
Gomphotheres are generally supposed to have been flexible feeders, with the various species having differing
243:
159:
3811:
3573:
1348:
1466:"Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans"
2799:
2717:
949:
1304:
467:
1661:(Proboscidea, Mammalia) revealed by a Miocene fossil accumulation of an upper-tuskless proboscidean".
3661:
2764:
2565:
Rivals, Florent; Mol, Dick; Lacombat, Frédéric; Lister, Adrian M.; Semprebon, Gina M. (August 2015).
2511:
2173:
1760:
1465:
1252:
925:
643:
614:
2784:
1378:"A molecular phylogeny of the extinct South American gomphothere through collagen sequence analysis"
1376:
Buckley, Michael; Recabarren, Omar P.; Lawless, Craig; GarcĂa, Nuria; Pino, Mario (November 2019).
1031:
1007:
525:
2172:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2017-05-04).
3560:
2605:
2566:
2237:
1985:
1418:
1112:
846:
711:"Gomphotheres" are assigned to their own family, Gomphotheriidae, but are widely agreed to be a
3753:
3623:
3776:
3748:
3740:
3714:
2236:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Saegusa, Haruo; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (December 2017).
3670:
3586:
2655:
2613:
2578:
2523:
2434:
2283:
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1997:
1948:
1884:
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8:
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2326:
1313:
1219:
869:
716:
2659:
2617:
2582:
2527:
2438:
2287:
2272:"A gomphothere (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Quaternary of the Kashmir Valley, India"
2271:
2226:
Spencer LG 2022. The last North American gomphotheres. N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci. 88:45â58.
2189:
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2001:
1952:
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2087:
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1966:
1910:
1853:
1835:
1788:
1741:
1623:
1557:
1493:
1450:
1322:
1308:
501:
398:
2644:"The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans"
2551:
2213:
2073:
2041:
2024:
1986:"First analysis of life history and season of death of a South American gomphothere"
1698:"The dance of tusks: Rediscovery of lower incisors in the pan-American proboscidean
1682:
1442:
1402:
1377:
3262:
2663:
2621:
2586:
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2005:
1956:
1900:
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1843:
1827:
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1731:
1721:
1670:
1639:
1593:
1547:
1537:
1485:
1438:
1419:"Stegodontidae and Anancus: Keys to understanding dental evolution in Elephantidae"
1397:
1311:, becoming widespread across the continent. The last gomphothere native to Europe,
2791:
2691:
2535:
2197:
1784:
1674:
1489:
3596:
3591:
3204:
3052:
3036:
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2590:
2473:
2446:
2338:
2253:
2009:
1726:
1643:
1582:"Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms"
1542:
1351:
of most large mammals across the Americas. Bones of the last gomphothere genera,
891:
787:
773:
720:
618:
606:
1234:
is also suggested to have lived in social family groups, like modern elephants.
3526:
3358:
3234:
3190:
3099:
3069:
3013:
2959:
2777:
2760:
2737:
2713:
2135:
1896:
1831:
723:(the latter of which includes "shovel tuskers" with flattened lower tusks like
325:
98:
2384:
3770:
3646:
3606:
3516:
3496:
3449:
3433:
3419:
3412:
3372:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3316:
3290:
3227:
3022:
2983:
2949:
2898:
2729:(article about a fossil exhibit at the Sierra College Natural History Museum)
2675:
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1970:
1839:
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487:
479:
459:
447:
418:
408:
358:
347:
286:
275:
264:
144:
121:
62:
2460:
Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
2325:
Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
1317:
became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, around 1.6â2 million years ago
579:
3460:
3365:
3283:
3255:
3160:
3089:
3029:
2999:
2939:
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2683:
2143:
2058:
1914:
1857:
1745:
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739:
725:
712:
505:
475:
443:
310:
1696:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).
1598:
1516:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).
3696:
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3241:
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211:
37:
2667:
3688:
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2918:
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1961:
1932:
800:
566:
111:
82:
47:
3701:
2295:
2023:
Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Winck, Gisele R. (December 2010).
3486:
3476:
3330:
3132:
1243:
777:
694:
553:
541:
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369:
171:
149:
Centro Cultural del Bicentenario de Santiago del Estero in Argentina
87:
31:
3617:
135:
3640:
3442:
3079:
2969:
2841:
2462:"The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece"
2327:"The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece"
2083:
1656:
1338:
1330:
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829:
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455:
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191:
102:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
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92:
67:
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2847:
2835:
201:
181:
2412:
2410:
1931:
Smith, Gregory James; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (February 2020).
1761:"Implications of discoveries of the shovel-tusked gomphothere
1375:
2776:(photos from the excavation of a Gomphothere skeleton on the
2468:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299â344,
2333:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299â344,
1227:
594:
547:
535:
518:
ranging southern North America to western South America, and
2510:
Konidaris, George E.; Roussiakis, Socrates J. (2018-11-02).
1870:
1765:(Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) in Eurasia for the status of
2407:
2367:
Sanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012).
1983:
2604:
Wang, Yuan; Jin, Chang-zhu; Mead, Jim I. (August 2014).
2235:
2112:"The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity"
742:, the group which contains modern elephants, as well as
2564:
1303:, around or after 2.5 million years ago as part of the
1926:
1924:
1242:
Gomphotheres originated in Afro-Arabia during the mid-
2366:
2171:
1622:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3430:
3383:
3301:
3201:
3171:
3120:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3010:
2980:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2269:
1274:, became extinct in Eurasia by the beginning of the
597:
structure, particularly the chewing surfaces on the
414:
404:
394:
384:
2821:
2509:
1921:
1695:
1515:
2787:. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
2075:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea
749:While the North American long jawed proboscideans
2459:
2324:
2078:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 94.
3768:
2710:"Buried Treasure in the Sierra Nevada Foothills"
2022:
508:. The last two genera continued existing in the
1769:with a new genus of shovel-tusked gomphothere,
1689:
968:("tetralophodont gomphotheres", Elephantidae)
593:Gomphotheres differed from elephants in their
478:, which contains modern elephants, as well as
2807:
1930:
1702:revises incisor evolution in elephantimorpha"
1579:
2603:
2875:
2814:
2800:
2734:"Gomphothere description including images"
1805:
134:
110:
2040:
1960:
1904:
1847:
1735:
1725:
1597:
1551:
1541:
1401:
2029:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂȘncias
1299:dispersed into South America during the
729:) are sometimes considered gomphotheres
578:
565:
2071:
1758:
1463:
1416:
1237:
3769:
2641:
1349:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
601:teeth. The teeth are considered to be
16:Extinct family of proboscidean mammals
3622:
3621:
2795:
2637:
2635:
2265:
2263:
2105:
2103:
1226:individual suggest that it underwent
2757:""King Tusk" Gomphothere Excavation"
1618:
1616:
1614:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1511:
1509:
1507:
813:Elephantida (gomphotheres
692:Molar of a modern African elephant (
491:had long lower jaws with tusks, the
2466:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1
2331:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1
2318:
1799:
13:
2632:
2516:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2260:
2178:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2161:– via Escience.magazine.org.
2100:
2072:Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07).
1777:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1464:Sanders, William J. (2018-02-17).
531:The name "gomphothere" comes from
128:American Museum of Natural History
14:
3823:
2702:
2642:Lister, Adrian M. (August 2013).
1611:
1568:
1504:
1369:
1321:became extinct at the end of the
1305:Great American Biotic Interchange
680:, a "tetralophodont gomphothere "
546:), "peg, pin; wedge; joint" plus
504:, gomphotheres became extinct in
3572:
3566:
3559:
1759:Lambert, W. David (2023-10-02).
1669:(8) (Online ed.): 601â615.
776:after Li et al. 2023, showing a
685:
667:
652:
634:
485:While most famous forms such as
158:
35:
2597:
2558:
2503:
2453:
2360:
2229:
2220:
2165:
2065:
2042:10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001
2016:
1977:
1864:
1443:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106176
1403:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105882
1230:, similar to modern elephants.
3792:Serravallian first appearances
2373:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2116:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1933:"Extinction of North American
1752:
1650:
1457:
1410:
647:, a "trilophodont gomphothere"
561:
381:"Tetralophodont gomphotheres"
1:
2536:10.1080/02724634.2018.1534118
2198:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284
1785:10.1080/02724634.2023.2252021
1675:10.1080/14772019.2016.1208687
1490:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436
1417:Saegusa, Haruo (March 2020).
1362:
589:, a brevirostrine gomphothere
292:Barbour & Sternberg, 1935
2626:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.006
2591:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.031
2474:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12
2447:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028
2339:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12
2254:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.03.005
2010:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.016
1727:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
1644:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011
1543:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
1307:due to the formation of the
554:
542:
259:"Trilophodont gomphotheres"
7:
3807:Taxa named by Ăngel Cabrera
950:Gomphotherium steinheimense
706:
10:
3828:
2136:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w
1897:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559
1832:10.1038/s41598-018-25909-4
1423:Quaternary Science Reviews
1382:Quaternary Science Reviews
1209:
765:) or Choerolophodontidae (
548:
536:
468:Great American Interchange
458:epochs and dispersed into
3802:Pleistocene proboscideans
3630:
3581:
3556:
3459:
3429:
3382:
3300:
3200:
3170:
3119:
3061:
3050:
3009:
2979:
2890:
2886:
2871:
2830:
2385:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y
1109:
1102:
1076:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1028:
1021:
1004:
997:
963:
946:
939:
926:Gomphotherium angustidens
922:
915:
908:
889:
882:
867:
860:
843:
826:
819:
798:
791:
661:Gomphotherium angustidens
644:Gomphotherium angustidens
617:condition for members of
256:
251:
155:Scientific classification
153:
142:
133:
118:
109:
23:
2610:Quaternary International
2571:Quaternary International
2427:Quaternary International
1990:Quaternary International
1663:Systematic Palaeontology
1628:Quaternary International
1253:Proboscidean Datum Event
1246:, with remains from the
1116:+ American gomphotheres
1032:Gomphotherium inopinatum
1008:Gomphotherium sylvaticum
641:Largely unworn molar of
434:are an extinct group of
2276:Papers in Palaeontology
1113:Gomphotherium productum
847:Gomphotherium annectens
3787:Pliocene proboscideans
763:Eubelodon, Megabelodon
590:
576:
3782:Miocene proboscideans
3749:Paleobiology Database
2785:"The Gomphotheriidae"
1599:10.7554/eLife.90908.1
613:and lower tusks, the
582:
569:
470:. Gomphotheres are a
3797:Holocene extinctions
3587:Plesielephantiformes
2822:Genera of the order
1238:Evolutionary history
1218:, mixed feeding and
1080:Gomphotherium tassyi
1063:Gomphotherium browni
715:group. The families
611:mandibular symphysis
583:Life restoration of
570:Life restoration of
500:. By the end of the
442:, widespread across
3812:Paraphyletic groups
3175:Choerolophodontidae
2668:10.1038/nature12275
2660:2013Natur.500..331L
2618:2014QuInt.339...90W
2583:2015QuInt.379..164R
2528:2018JVPal..38E4118K
2439:2017QuInt.443...52M
2288:2022PPal....8E1427P
2190:2017JVPal..37E8284W
2128:2021NatEE...5.1266C
2002:2017QuInt.443..180E
1953:2020Pbio...46...41S
1889:2022iSci...25j3559B
1824:2018NatSR...8.7640W
1718:2016PLoSO..1147009M
1636:2005QuInt.126....5S
1534:2016PLoSO..1147009M
1482:2018HBio...30..137S
1435:2020QSRv..23106176S
1394:2019QSRv..22405882B
1314:Anancus arvernensis
870:Choerolophodontidae
717:Choerolophodontidae
626:Comparison of teeth
493:ancestral condition
474:group ancestral to
2612:. 339â340: 90â96.
1962:10.1017/pab.2020.7
1812:Scientific Reports
1700:Cuvieronius hyodon
1470:Historical Biology
1248:Shumaysi Formation
591:
577:
498:parallel evolution
438:related to modern
3764:
3763:
3736:Open Tree of Life
3624:Taxon identifiers
3615:
3614:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3537:Stegotetrabelodon
3406:Paratetralophodon
3046:
3045:
2654:(7462): 331â334.
2483:978-3-030-68397-9
2348:978-3-030-68397-9
2296:10.1002/spp2.1427
2093:978-1-315-11891-8
1630:. 126â128: 5â20.
1323:Early Pleistocene
1309:Isthmus of Panama
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1091:
1090:
986:
985:
977:
976:
905:"Gomphotheriidae"
894:(shovel tuskers)
780:Gomphotheriidae.
526:arrival of humans
502:Early Pleistocene
429:
428:
399:Paratetralophodon
376:
364:
353:
342:
331:
320:
305:
293:
281:
270:
247:
3819:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3619:
3618:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3432:
3385:
3303:
3263:Progomphotherium
3203:
3173:
3122:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3012:
2982:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2763:. Archived from
2752:
2750:
2749:
2740:. Archived from
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:. Archived from
2696:
2695:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2424:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2122:(9): 1266â1272.
2107:
2098:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2044:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1476:(1â2): 137â156.
1461:
1455:
1454:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1373:
1105:
1104:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1024:
1023:
1000:
999:
942:
941:
918:
917:
911:
910:
885:
884:
863:
862:
822:
821:
794:
793:
784:
783:
698:) for comparison
689:
671:
656:
638:
557:
551:
550:
545:
539:
538:
416:
406:
396:
386:
374:
362:
351:
340:
329:
314:
303:
291:
279:
269:Burmeister, 1837
268:
241:
236:
225:Gomphotherioidea
223:
163:
162:
138:
114:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3662:Gomphotheriidae
3660:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3632:Gomphotheriidae
3626:
3616:
3611:
3597:Elephantimorpha
3592:Numidotheriidae
3577:
3558:
3542:
3455:
3425:
3387:
3386:"Tetralophodont
3378:
3305:
3296:
3205:Amebelodontidae
3196:
3166:
3115:
3055:
3053:Elephantiformes
3042:
3037:Prodeinotherium
3005:
2975:
2880:
2867:
2826:
2820:
2783:
2770:
2768:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2640:
2633:
2602:
2598:
2563:
2559:
2522:(6): e1534118.
2508:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2458:
2454:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2323:
2319:
2268:
2261:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2184:(3): e1318284.
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2070:
2066:
2021:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1929:
1922:
1869:
1865:
1804:
1800:
1757:
1753:
1712:(1): e0147009.
1694:
1690:
1659:Amebelodontidae
1655:
1651:
1621:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1578:
1569:
1528:(1): e0147009.
1514:
1505:
1462:
1458:
1415:
1411:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1265:
1240:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1092:
987:
978:
892:Amebelodontidae
788:Elephantimorpha
774:Elephantimorpha
721:Amebelodontidae
709:
704:
703:
702:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
657:
648:
639:
628:
627:
619:Elephantimorpha
607:Elephantimorpha
564:
466:as part of the
240:
238:Gomphotheriidae
234:
221:
157:
105:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3652:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3527:Stegodibelodon
3520:
3510:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3359:Rhynchotherium
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3235:Archaeobelodon
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3191:Choerolophodon
3187:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3100:Palaeomastodon
3093:
3083:
3073:
3070:Dagbatitherium
3062:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3014:Deinotheriidae
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2960:Phosphatherium
2953:
2943:
2933:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2778:Sierra College
2761:Sierra College
2753:
2738:Sierra College
2730:
2714:Sierra College
2704:
2703:External links
2701:
2698:
2697:
2631:
2596:
2557:
2502:
2482:
2452:
2406:
2379:(2): 105â128.
2359:
2347:
2317:
2259:
2248:(4): 703â717.
2228:
2219:
2164:
2099:
2092:
2084:10.1201/b20016
2064:
2035:(4): 983â996.
2015:
1976:
1920:
1863:
1798:
1751:
1688:
1649:
1610:
1567:
1503:
1456:
1409:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:Notiomastodon,
1263:
1239:
1236:
1232:Notiomastiodon
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
971:
970:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
945:
940:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
901:
900:
897:
896:
888:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
866:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
825:
820:
818:
810:
809:
806:
805:
797:
792:
790:
782:
708:
705:
701:
700:
691:
684:
682:
673:
666:
664:
659:Worn molar of
658:
651:
649:
640:
633:
630:
629:
625:
624:
623:
563:
560:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
412:
402:
392:
379:
378:
377:
365:
354:
343:
332:
330:Falconer, 1868
326:Rhynchotherium
321:
306:
294:
282:
271:
254:
253:
249:
248:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
140:
139:
131:
130:
116:
115:
107:
106:
99:Late Oligocene
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3824:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3608:
3607:Elephantoidea
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:Selenetherium
3511:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:Palaeoloxodon
3491:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3450:Stegolophodon
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:Stegodontidae
3428:
3422:
3421:
3420:Tetralophodon
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:Pediolophodon
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3373:Stegomastodon
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:Notiomastodon
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:Gomphotherium
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:Gnathabelodon
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:Blancotherium
3314:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:"Trilophodont
3299:
3293:
3292:
3291:Torynobelodon
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:Aphanobelodon
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:Afrochoerodon
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:Chilgatherium
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2984:Barytheriidae
2978:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:Numidotherium
2944:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2899:Arcanotherium
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2767:on 2019-07-27
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2744:on 2019-07-27
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2720:on 2019-07-27
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
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2019:
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2003:
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1995:
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1968:
1963:
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1954:
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1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
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1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:Notiomastodon
1286:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1257:Gomphotherium
1254:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Notiomastodon
1221:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
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1120:
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1019:
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1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
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990:
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981:
973:
972:
969:
967:
966:Elephantoidea
961:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
951:
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937:
936:
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903:
902:
899:
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864:
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832:
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804:
802:
796:
795:
789:
786:
785:
781:
779:
775:
772:Cladogram of
770:
768:
767:Gnathabelodon
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:Gnathabelodon
747:
745:
744:Stegodontidae
741:
737:
736:Elephantoidea
732:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
697:
696:
688:
683:
679:
678:
677:Tetralophodon
670:
665:
662:
655:
650:
646:
645:
637:
632:
631:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
587:
581:
575:
574:
573:Gomphotherium
568:
559:
556:
544:
534:
533:Ancient Greek
529:
527:
523:
522:
521:Notiomastodon
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
489:
488:Gomphotherium
483:
481:
480:Stegodontidae
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:South America
457:
453:
449:
448:North America
445:
441:
437:
436:proboscideans
433:
421:
420:
419:Tetralophodon
413:
411:
410:
409:Pediolophodon
403:
401:
400:
393:
391:
390:
383:
382:
380:
372:
371:
366:
363:Cabrera, 1929
361:
360:
359:Notiomastodon
355:
350:
349:
348:Stegomastodon
344:
339:
338:
333:
328:
327:
322:
318:
313:
312:
307:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
287:Gnathabelodon
283:
278:
277:
276:Blancotherium
272:
267:
266:
265:Gomphotherium
261:
260:
258:
257:
255:
250:
245:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
218:Superfamily:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
146:
145:Notiomastodon
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
123:
122:Gomphotherium
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
30:28â0.01
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19:
3777:Gomphotheres
3631:
3565:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3485:
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3468:
3461:Elephantidae
3448:
3441:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:gomphotheres
3388:
3371:
3366:Sinomastodon
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3307:gomphotheres
3306:
3289:
3284:Stenobelodon
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3256:Platybelodon
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3214:Afromastodon
3212:
3189:
3182:
3161:Zygolophodon
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3108:
3098:
3090:Hemimastodon
3088:
3078:
3068:
3035:
3030:Deinotherium
3028:
3021:
3000:Omanitherium
2998:
2991:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2940:Moeritherium
2938:
2927:
2917:
2909:Daouitherium
2907:
2897:
2858:
2852:Superorder:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2722:. Retrieved
2718:the original
2651:
2647:
2609:
2599:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2495:, retrieved
2465:
2455:
2430:
2426:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2352:, retrieved
2330:
2320:
2279:
2275:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2222:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2119:
2115:
2074:
2067:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1947:(1): 41â57.
1944:
1941:Paleobiology
1940:
1934:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1776:
1771:Stenobelodon
1770:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1691:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1627:
1624:Shoshani, J.
1603:, retrieved
1589:
1585:
1525:
1521:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1319:Sinomastodon
1318:
1312:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1271:Sinomastodon
1269:
1256:
1241:
1231:
1223:
1213:
1111:
1110:
1078:
1077:
1061:
1060:
1030:
1029:
1006:
1005:
964:
948:
947:
924:
923:
904:
890:
868:
845:
844:
828:
827:
814:
803:(mastodons)
799:
778:paraphyletic
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
740:Elephantidae
730:
726:Platybelodon
724:
713:paraphyletic
710:
693:
675:
660:
642:
592:
584:
571:
558:), "beast".
530:
519:
513:
506:Afro-Eurasia
486:
484:
476:Elephantidae
472:paraphyletic
444:Afro-Eurasia
432:Gomphotheres
431:
430:
417:
407:
397:
387:
375:Barbour 1914
368:
357:
352:Pohlig, 1912
346:
341:Osborn, 1923
335:
324:
316:
311:Sinomastodon
309:
304:Barbour 1914
297:
285:
274:
263:
242:(Hay, 1922)
237:
224:
143:
120:
119:Specimen of
18:
3697:iNaturalist
3656:Wikispecies
3602:Elephantida
3507:Primelephas
3324:Cuvieronius
3270:Protanancus
3249:Konobelodon
3242:Eurybelodon
3140:Losodokodon
2993:Barytherium
2929:Khamsaconus
2878:Proboscidea
2863:Tethytheria
2824:Proboscidea
2577:: 164â170.
2242:Palaeoworld
1996:: 180â188.
1935:Cuvieronius
1818:(1): 7640.
1763:Konobelodon
1353:Cuvieronius
1301:Pleistocene
1296:Cuvieronius
759:Megabelodon
731:sensu lato,
586:Cuvieronius
562:Description
515:Cuvieronius
464:Pleistocene
462:during the
450:during the
337:Cuvieronius
299:Megabelodon
212:Proboscidea
24:Gomphothere
3771:Categories
3585:See also:
3277:Serbelodon
3221:Amebelodon
3154:Sinomammut
3124:Mammutidae
2919:Eritherium
2854:Afrotheria
2771:2014-05-21
2748:2014-05-21
2724:2014-05-21
2497:2023-03-23
2354:2023-03-25
1767:Amebelodon
1605:2024-05-29
1429:: 106176.
1388:: 105882.
1363:References
801:Mammutidae
244:A. Cabrera
3487:Mammuthus
3477:Loxodonta
3331:Eubelodon
3133:Eozygodon
2834:Kingdom:
2676:0028-0836
2544:0272-4634
2492:245023119
2433:: 52â64.
2401:254703858
2393:1064-7554
2312:247653516
2304:2056-2799
2206:0272-4634
2157:21 August
2152:235712060
2051:0001-3765
1971:0094-8373
1840:2045-2322
1793:0272-4634
1498:0891-2963
1451:214094348
1331:mastodons
1244:Oligocene
755:Eubelodon
695:Loxodonta
674:Molar of
615:primitive
510:New World
440:elephants
370:Eubelodon
280:May, 2019
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
147:platensis
124:productum
3641:Wikidata
3443:Stegodon
3080:Eritreum
2970:Saloumia
2848:Mammalia
2842:Chordata
2840:Phylum:
2836:Animalia
2780:website)
2684:23803767
2552:91391249
2214:90593535
2144:34211141
2059:21152772
1915:34988402
1877:iScience
1858:29769581
1746:26756209
1706:PLOS ONE
1683:89063787
1562:26756209
1522:PLOS ONE
1339:Stegodon
1327:mammoths
1276:Pliocene
1216:browsing
830:Eritreum
707:Taxonomy
603:bunodont
456:Pliocene
231:Family:
202:Mammalia
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
103:Holocene
3741:4943125
3728:2885230
3689:3240494
3676:4454838
3647:Q387585
3470:Elephas
3399:Anancus
3110:Phiomia
2846:Class:
2656:Bibcode
2614:Bibcode
2579:Bibcode
2524:Bibcode
2435:Bibcode
2284:Bibcode
2186:Bibcode
2124:Bibcode
1998:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1906:8693454
1885:Bibcode
1849:5956065
1820:Bibcode
1737:4710528
1714:Bibcode
1632:Bibcode
1553:4710528
1530:Bibcode
1478:Bibcode
1431:Bibcode
1390:Bibcode
1284:Anancus
1220:grazing
1210:Ecology
555:therĂon
543:gĂłmphos
512:, with
452:Miocene
389:Anancus
319:., 1986
315:Tobien
252:Genera
208:Order:
198:Class:
126:at the
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2859:Clade
2688:S2CID
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2423:(PDF)
2397:S2CID
2308:S2CID
2282:(2).
2210:S2CID
2148:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1586:eLife
1447:S2CID
1228:musth
599:molar
595:tooth
317:et al
3723:NCBI
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2680:PMID
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2300:ISSN
2202:ISSN
2159:2021
2140:PMID
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2055:PMID
2047:ISSN
1967:ISSN
1911:PMID
1854:PMID
1836:ISSN
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1494:ISSN
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2250:doi
2194:doi
2132:doi
2120:355
2080:doi
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2006:doi
1994:443
1957:doi
1901:PMC
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