665:
698:
647:
680:
3585:
171:
591:
3572:
123:
578:
147:
3579:
632:. Later members developed shortened (brevirostrine) lower jaws and/or vestigial or no lower tusks, a convergent process that occurred multiple times among gomphotheres, as well as other members of Elephantimorpha. The incisors and long lower jaws of primitive gomphotheres were likely used for cutting vegetation, while brevirostrine gomphotheres relied on their trunks to acquire food similar to modern elephants.
616:, that is, having rounded cusps. They are thought to have chewed differently from modern elephants, using an oblique movement (combining back to front and side to side motion) over the teeth rather than the proal movement (a forwards stroke from the back to the front of the lower jaws) used by modern elephants and stegodontids. Like modern elephants and other members of
620:, gomphotheres had horizontal tooth replacement, where teeth would progressively migrate towards the front of the jaws before they were taken the place of by more posterior teeth. Unlike modern elephants, many gomphotheres retained permanent premolar teeth though they were absent in some gomphothere genera. Earlier gomphotheres had lower jaws with an elongate
744:
though some authors argue that
Amebelodontidae should be sunk into Gomphotheriidae. Gomphotheres are divided into two informal groups, "trilophodont gomphotheres", and "tetralophodont gomphotheres". "Tetralophodont gomphotheres" are distinguished from "trilophodont gomphotheres" by the presence of
2428:
MothĂ©, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, JosĂ© Luis; RĂos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de
Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016).
1261:
in Saudi Arabia dating to around 29-28 million years ago. Gomphotheres were uncommon in Afro-Arabia during the
Oligocene. Gomphotheres arrived in Eurasia after the connection of Afro-Arabia and Eurasia during the Early Miocene around 19 million years ago, in what is termed the
745:
four ridges on the fourth premolar and on the first and second molars, rather than the three present in trilophodont gomphotheres. Some authors choose to exclude "tetralophodont gomphotheres" from
Gomphotheriidae, and instead assign them to the group
1278:
grass-dominated habitats, while during the Late
Miocene "tetralophodont gomphotheres" were abundant and widespread in Eurasia, where they represented the dominant group of proboscideans. All trilophodont gomphotheres, with the exception of the Asian
506:
for the group, some later members developed shortened (brevirostrine) lower jaws with either vestigial or no lower tusks and outlasted the long-jawed gomphotheres. This change made them look very similar to modern elephants, an example of
1270:
arrived in North
America around 16 million years ago, and is suggested to be the ancestor of later New World gomphothere genera. "Trilophodont gomphotheres" dramatically declined during the Late Miocene, likely due to the increasing
1357:
In southern North
America, Central America and South America, gomphotheres did not become extinct until shortly after the arrival of humans to the Americas, approximately 12,000 years ago, as part of the
2578:"Resource partitioning and niche separation between mammoths (Mammuthus rumanus and Mammuthus meridionalis) and gomphotheres (Anancus arvernensis) in the Early Pleistocene of Europe"
2744:
1233:
diets, with the dietary preference of individual species and populations being shaped by local factors such as climactic conditions and competition. Analysis of the tusks of a male
646:
2617:"New remains of Sinomastodon yangziensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from Sanhe karst Cave, with discussion on the evolution of Pleistocene Sinomastodon in South China"
1336:, around 800,000 years ago. From the latter half of the Early Pleistocene onwards, gomphotheres were extirpated from most of North America, likely due to competition with
1882:
Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastiån; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022).
1354:
The morphology of elephantid molars being more efficient than gomphotheres in consuming grass, which became more abundant during the
Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
2249:"A new species of Tetralophodon from the Linxia Basin and the biostratigraphic significance of tetralophodont gomphotheres from the Upper Miocene of northern China"
664:
2380:"A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations"
2430:
1370:
dating to shortly before their extinction have been found associated with human artifacts, suggesting that hunting may have played a role in their extinction.
1292:
along with the global extinction of the "shovel tusker" amebelodontids. The last gomphotheres in Africa, represented by the "tetralophodont gomphothere" genus
697:
1258:
2720:
1529:"The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha"
3720:
3194:
2767:
2121:
Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisdro, Oscar L.; Zhang, Hanwen; Alberdi, MÂȘ Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Blanco, Fernando; Saarinen, Juha (1 July 2021).
3224:
3733:
2939:
679:
2824:
2523:"The first record of Anancus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in the late Miocene of Greece and reappraisal of the primitive anancines from Europe"
2752:
2036:"Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil"
1884:"Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA"
535:
ranging over most of South
America, until the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct following the
1637:; Tassy, P. (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior".
3694:
2431:"Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)"
749:. "Tetralophodont gomphotheres" are thought to have evolved from "trilophodont gomphotheres", and are suggested to be ancestral to
3802:
3817:
1347:
The extinction of gomphotheres in Afro-Eurasia has generally been supposed to be the result the expansion of
Elephantidae and
2492:
2357:
2281:
Parray, Khursheed A.; Jukar, Advait M.; Paul, Abdul Qayoom; Ahmad, Ishfaq; Patnaik, Rajeev (March 2022). Silcox, Mary (ed.).
2102:
1591:
Li, Chunxiao; Deng, Tao; Wang, Yang; Sun, Fajun; Wolff, Burt; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Ma, Jiao; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao (2023-11-28),
772:
been assigned to Gomphotheriidae in some studies other studies suggest that they should be assigned to Amebelodontidae (
3812:
138:
1948:(Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons"
1817:
Wu, Yan; Deng, Tao; Hu, Yaowu; Ma, Jiao; Zhou, Xinying; Mao, Limi; Zhang, Hanwen; Ye, Jie; Wang, Shi-Qi (2018-05-16).
3738:
1298:, became extinct around the end of the Pliocene and beginning of the Pleistocene. The New World gomphothere genera
2817:
503:
1819:"A grazing Gomphotherium in Middle Miocene Central Asia, 10 million years prior to the origin of the Elephantidae"
3797:
2185:"A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia"
17:
3792:
3807:
1995:
El Adli, Joseph J.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Cherney, Michael D.; Labarca, Rafael; Lacombat, Frédéric (July 2017).
1668:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Deng, Tao; Ye, Jie; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2016). "Morphological and ecological diversity of
1225:
Gomphotheres are generally supposed to have been flexible feeders, with the various species having differing
254:
170:
3822:
3584:
1359:
1477:"Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans"
2810:
2728:
960:
1315:
478:
1672:(Proboscidea, Mammalia) revealed by a Miocene fossil accumulation of an upper-tuskless proboscidean".
3672:
2775:
2576:
Rivals, Florent; Mol, Dick; Lacombat, Frédéric; Lister, Adrian M.; Semprebon, Gina M. (August 2015).
2522:
2184:
1771:
1476:
1263:
936:
654:
625:
2795:
1389:"A molecular phylogeny of the extinct South American gomphothere through collagen sequence analysis"
1387:
Buckley, Michael; Recabarren, Omar P.; Lawless, Craig; GarcĂa, Nuria; Pino, Mario (November 2019).
1042:
1018:
536:
2183:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2017-05-04).
3571:
2616:
2577:
2248:
1996:
1429:
1123:
857:
722:"Gomphotheres" are assigned to their own family, Gomphotheriidae, but are widely agreed to be a
3764:
3634:
3787:
3759:
3751:
3725:
2247:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Saegusa, Haruo; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (December 2017).
3681:
3597:
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2624:
2589:
2534:
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2294:
2196:
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2008:
1959:
1895:
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8:
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2472:
2337:
1324:
1230:
880:
727:
2670:
2628:
2593:
2538:
2449:
2298:
2283:"A gomphothere (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Quaternary of the Kashmir Valley, India"
2282:
2237:
Spencer LG 2022. The last North American gomphotheres. N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci. 88:45â58.
2200:
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2012:
1963:
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2098:
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1977:
1921:
1864:
1846:
1799:
1752:
1634:
1568:
1504:
1461:
1333:
1319:
512:
409:
2655:"The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans"
2562:
2224:
2084:
2052:
2035:
1997:"First analysis of life history and season of death of a South American gomphothere"
1709:"The dance of tusks: Rediscovery of lower incisors in the pan-American proboscidean
1693:
1453:
1413:
1388:
3273:
2674:
2632:
2597:
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2016:
1967:
1911:
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1838:
1791:
1742:
1732:
1681:
1650:
1604:
1558:
1548:
1496:
1449:
1430:"Stegodontidae and Anancus: Keys to understanding dental evolution in Elephantidae"
1408:
1322:, becoming widespread across the continent. The last gomphothere native to Europe,
2802:
2702:
2546:
2208:
1795:
1685:
1500:
3607:
3602:
3215:
3063:
3047:
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2601:
2484:
2457:
2349:
2264:
2020:
1737:
1654:
1593:"Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms"
1553:
1362:
of most large mammals across the Americas. Bones of the last gomphothere genera,
902:
798:
784:
731:
629:
617:
1245:
is also suggested to have lived in social family groups, like modern elephants.
3537:
3369:
3245:
3201:
3110:
3080:
3024:
2970:
2788:
2771:
2748:
2724:
2146:
1907:
1842:
734:(the latter of which includes "shovel tuskers" with flattened lower tusks like
336:
109:
2395:
3781:
3657:
3617:
3527:
3507:
3460:
3444:
3430:
3423:
3383:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3327:
3301:
3238:
3033:
2994:
2960:
2909:
2740:(article about a fossil exhibit at the Sierra College Natural History Museum)
2686:
2654:
2554:
2403:
2314:
2216:
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1981:
1850:
1803:
1508:
1300:
976:
754:
746:
687:
609:
583:
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498:
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458:
429:
419:
369:
358:
297:
286:
275:
155:
132:
73:
2471:
Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
2336:
Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
1328:
became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, around 1.6â2 million years ago
590:
3471:
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3171:
3100:
3040:
3010:
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2919:
2694:
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1868:
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750:
736:
723:
516:
486:
454:
321:
1707:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).
1609:
1527:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).
3707:
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3612:
3517:
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347:
309:
222:
48:
2678:
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3134:
2929:
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1972:
1943:
811:
577:
122:
93:
58:
3712:
2306:
2034:
Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Winck, Gisele R. (December 2010).
3497:
3487:
3341:
3143:
1254:
788:
705:
564:
552:
520:
482:
380:
182:
160:
Centro Cultural del Bicentenario de Santiago del Estero in Argentina
98:
42:
3628:
146:
3651:
3453:
3090:
2980:
2852:
2473:"The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece"
2338:"The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece"
2094:
1667:
1349:
1341:
1286:
840:
613:
466:
450:
202:
113:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
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2120:
1337:
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462:
399:
103:
78:
3686:
3157:
2858:
2846:
212:
192:
2423:
2421:
1942:
Smith, Gregory James; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (February 2020).
1772:"Implications of discoveries of the shovel-tusked gomphothere
1386:
2787:(photos from the excavation of a Gomphothere skeleton on the
2479:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299â344,
2344:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299â344,
1238:
605:
558:
546:
529:
ranging southern North America to western South America, and
2521:
Konidaris, George E.; Roussiakis, Socrates J. (2018-11-02).
1881:
1776:(Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) in Eurasia for the status of
2418:
2378:
Sanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012).
1994:
2615:
Wang, Yuan; Jin, Chang-zhu; Mead, Jim I. (August 2014).
2246:
2123:"The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity"
753:, the group which contains modern elephants, as well as
2575:
1314:, around or after 2.5 million years ago as part of the
1937:
1935:
1253:
Gomphotheres originated in Afro-Arabia during the mid-
2377:
2182:
1633:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3441:
3394:
3312:
3212:
3182:
3131:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3076:
3021:
2991:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2280:
1285:, became extinct in Eurasia by the beginning of the
608:
structure, particularly the chewing surfaces on the
425:
415:
405:
395:
2832:
2520:
1932:
1706:
1526:
2798:. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
2086:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea
760:While the North American long jawed proboscideans
2470:
2335:
2089:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 94.
3779:
2721:"Buried Treasure in the Sierra Nevada Foothills"
2033:
519:. The last two genera continued existing in the
1780:with a new genus of shovel-tusked gomphothere,
1700:
979:("tetralophodont gomphotheres", Elephantidae)
604:Gomphotheres differed from elephants in their
489:, which contains modern elephants, as well as
2818:
1941:
1713:revises incisor evolution in elephantimorpha"
1590:
2614:
2886:
2825:
2811:
2745:"Gomphothere description including images"
1816:
145:
121:
2051:
1971:
1915:
1858:
1746:
1736:
1608:
1562:
1552:
1412:
2040:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂȘncias
1310:dispersed into South America during the
740:) are sometimes considered gomphotheres
589:
576:
2082:
1769:
1474:
1427:
1248:
14:
3780:
2652:
1360:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
612:teeth. The teeth are considered to be
27:Extinct family of proboscidean mammals
3633:
3632:
2806:
2648:
2646:
2276:
2274:
2116:
2114:
1237:individual suggest that it underwent
2768:""King Tusk" Gomphothere Excavation"
1629:
1627:
1625:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1522:
1520:
1518:
824:Elephantida (gomphotheres
703:Molar of a modern African elephant (
502:had long lower jaws with tusks, the
2477:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1
2342:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1
2329:
1810:
24:
2643:
2527:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2271:
2189:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2172:– via Escience.magazine.org.
2111:
2083:Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07).
1788:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1475:Sanders, William J. (2018-02-17).
542:The name "gomphothere" comes from
139:American Museum of Natural History
25:
3834:
2713:
2653:Lister, Adrian M. (August 2013).
1622:
1579:
1515:
1380:
1332:became extinct at the end of the
1316:Great American Biotic Interchange
691:, a "tetralophodont gomphothere "
557:), "peg, pin; wedge; joint" plus
515:, gomphotheres became extinct in
3583:
3577:
3570:
1770:Lambert, W. David (2023-10-02).
1680:(8) (Online ed.): 601â615.
787:after Li et al. 2023, showing a
696:
678:
663:
645:
496:While most famous forms such as
169:
46:
2608:
2569:
2514:
2464:
2371:
2240:
2231:
2176:
2076:
2053:10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001
2027:
1988:
1875:
1454:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106176
1414:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105882
1241:, similar to modern elephants.
3803:Serravallian first appearances
2384:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2127:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1944:"Extinction of North American
1763:
1661:
1468:
1421:
658:, a "trilophodont gomphothere"
572:
392:"Tetralophodont gomphotheres"
13:
1:
2547:10.1080/02724634.2018.1534118
2209:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284
1796:10.1080/02724634.2023.2252021
1686:10.1080/14772019.2016.1208687
1501:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436
1428:Saegusa, Haruo (March 2020).
1373:
600:, a brevirostrine gomphothere
303:Barbour & Sternberg, 1935
2637:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.006
2602:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.031
2485:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12
2458:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028
2350:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12
2265:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.03.005
2021:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.016
1738:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
1655:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011
1554:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
1318:due to the formation of the
565:
553:
270:"Trilophodont gomphotheres"
7:
3818:Taxa named by Ăngel Cabrera
961:Gomphotherium steinheimense
717:
10:
3839:
2147:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w
1908:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559
1843:10.1038/s41598-018-25909-4
1434:Quaternary Science Reviews
1393:Quaternary Science Reviews
1220:
776:) or Choerolophodontidae (
559:
547:
479:Great American Interchange
469:epochs and dispersed into
3813:Pleistocene proboscideans
3641:
3592:
3567:
3470:
3440:
3393:
3311:
3211:
3181:
3130:
3072:
3061:
3020:
2990:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2841:
2396:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y
1120:
1113:
1087:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1039:
1032:
1015:
1008:
974:
957:
950:
937:Gomphotherium angustidens
933:
926:
919:
900:
893:
878:
871:
854:
837:
830:
809:
802:
672:Gomphotherium angustidens
655:Gomphotherium angustidens
628:condition for members of
267:
262:
166:Scientific classification
164:
153:
144:
129:
120:
34:
2621:Quaternary International
2582:Quaternary International
2438:Quaternary International
2001:Quaternary International
1674:Systematic Palaeontology
1639:Quaternary International
1264:Proboscidean Datum Event
1257:, with remains from the
1127:+ American gomphotheres
1043:Gomphotherium inopinatum
1019:Gomphotherium sylvaticum
652:Largely unworn molar of
445:are an extinct group of
2287:Papers in Palaeontology
1124:Gomphotherium productum
858:Gomphotherium annectens
3798:Pliocene proboscideans
774:Eubelodon, Megabelodon
601:
587:
3793:Miocene proboscideans
3760:Paleobiology Database
2796:"The Gomphotheriidae"
1610:10.7554/eLife.90908.1
624:and lower tusks, the
593:
580:
481:. Gomphotheres are a
3808:Holocene extinctions
3598:Plesielephantiformes
2833:Genera of the order
1249:Evolutionary history
1229:, mixed feeding and
1091:Gomphotherium tassyi
1074:Gomphotherium browni
726:group. The families
622:mandibular symphysis
594:Life restoration of
581:Life restoration of
511:. By the end of the
453:, widespread across
3823:Paraphyletic groups
3186:Choerolophodontidae
2679:10.1038/nature12275
2671:2013Natur.500..331L
2629:2014QuInt.339...90W
2594:2015QuInt.379..164R
2539:2018JVPal..38E4118K
2450:2017QuInt.443...52M
2299:2022PPal....8E1427P
2201:2017JVPal..37E8284W
2139:2021NatEE...5.1266C
2013:2017QuInt.443..180E
1964:2020Pbio...46...41S
1900:2022iSci...25j3559B
1835:2018NatSR...8.7640W
1729:2016PLoSO..1147009M
1647:2005QuInt.126....5S
1545:2016PLoSO..1147009M
1493:2018HBio...30..137S
1446:2020QSRv..23106176S
1405:2019QSRv..22405882B
1325:Anancus arvernensis
881:Choerolophodontidae
728:Choerolophodontidae
637:Comparison of teeth
504:ancestral condition
485:group ancestral to
2623:. 339â340: 90â96.
1973:10.1017/pab.2020.7
1823:Scientific Reports
1711:Cuvieronius hyodon
1481:Historical Biology
1259:Shumaysi Formation
602:
588:
509:parallel evolution
449:related to modern
3775:
3774:
3747:Open Tree of Life
3635:Taxon identifiers
3626:
3625:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3548:Stegotetrabelodon
3417:Paratetralophodon
3057:
3056:
2665:(7462): 331â334.
2494:978-3-030-68397-9
2359:978-3-030-68397-9
2307:10.1002/spp2.1427
2104:978-1-315-11891-8
1641:. 126â128: 5â20.
1334:Early Pleistocene
1320:Isthmus of Panama
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1102:
1101:
997:
996:
988:
987:
916:"Gomphotheriidae"
905:(shovel tuskers)
791:Gomphotheriidae.
537:arrival of humans
513:Early Pleistocene
440:
439:
410:Paratetralophodon
387:
375:
364:
353:
342:
331:
316:
304:
292:
281:
258:
16:(Redirected from
3830:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3630:
3629:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3443:
3396:
3314:
3274:Progomphotherium
3214:
3184:
3133:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3023:
2993:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2774:. Archived from
2763:
2761:
2760:
2751:. Archived from
2739:
2737:
2736:
2727:. Archived from
2707:
2706:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2133:(9): 1266â1272.
2118:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1487:(1â2): 137â156.
1472:
1466:
1465:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1384:
1116:
1115:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1035:
1034:
1011:
1010:
953:
952:
929:
928:
922:
921:
896:
895:
874:
873:
833:
832:
805:
804:
795:
794:
709:) for comparison
700:
682:
667:
649:
568:
562:
561:
556:
550:
549:
427:
417:
407:
397:
385:
373:
362:
351:
340:
325:
314:
302:
290:
280:Burmeister, 1837
279:
252:
247:
236:Gomphotherioidea
234:
174:
173:
149:
125:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3673:Gomphotheriidae
3671:
3670:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3643:Gomphotheriidae
3637:
3627:
3622:
3608:Elephantimorpha
3603:Numidotheriidae
3588:
3569:
3553:
3466:
3436:
3398:
3397:"Tetralophodont
3389:
3316:
3307:
3216:Amebelodontidae
3207:
3177:
3126:
3066:
3064:Elephantiformes
3053:
3048:Prodeinotherium
3016:
2986:
2891:
2878:
2837:
2831:
2794:
2781:
2779:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2651:
2644:
2613:
2609:
2574:
2570:
2533:(6): e1534118.
2519:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2495:
2469:
2465:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2334:
2330:
2279:
2272:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2195:(3): e1318284.
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2081:
2077:
2032:
2028:
1993:
1989:
1940:
1933:
1880:
1876:
1815:
1811:
1768:
1764:
1723:(1): e0147009.
1705:
1701:
1670:Amebelodontidae
1666:
1662:
1632:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1589:
1580:
1539:(1): e0147009.
1525:
1516:
1473:
1469:
1426:
1422:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1276:
1251:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1103:
998:
989:
903:Amebelodontidae
799:Elephantimorpha
785:Elephantimorpha
732:Amebelodontidae
720:
715:
714:
713:
710:
701:
692:
683:
674:
668:
659:
650:
639:
638:
630:Elephantimorpha
618:Elephantimorpha
575:
477:as part of the
251:
249:Gomphotheriidae
245:
232:
168:
116:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gomphotheriidae
15:
12:
11:
5:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3756:
3743:
3730:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3663:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3538:Stegodibelodon
3531:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3370:Rhynchotherium
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3246:Archaeobelodon
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3202:Choerolophodon
3198:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3111:Palaeomastodon
3104:
3094:
3084:
3081:Dagbatitherium
3073:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3025:Deinotheriidae
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2971:Phosphatherium
2964:
2954:
2944:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2789:Sierra College
2772:Sierra College
2764:
2749:Sierra College
2741:
2725:Sierra College
2715:
2714:External links
2712:
2709:
2708:
2642:
2607:
2568:
2513:
2493:
2463:
2417:
2390:(2): 105â128.
2370:
2358:
2328:
2270:
2259:(4): 703â717.
2239:
2230:
2175:
2110:
2103:
2095:10.1201/b20016
2075:
2046:(4): 983â996.
2026:
1987:
1931:
1874:
1809:
1762:
1699:
1660:
1621:
1578:
1514:
1467:
1420:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:Notiomastodon,
1274:
1250:
1247:
1243:Notiomastiodon
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
956:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
899:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
877:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
836:
831:
829:
821:
820:
817:
816:
808:
803:
801:
793:
719:
716:
712:
711:
702:
695:
693:
684:
677:
675:
670:Worn molar of
669:
662:
660:
651:
644:
641:
640:
636:
635:
634:
574:
571:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
423:
413:
403:
390:
389:
388:
376:
365:
354:
343:
341:Falconer, 1868
337:Rhynchotherium
332:
317:
305:
293:
282:
265:
264:
260:
259:
243:
239:
238:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
162:
161:
151:
150:
142:
141:
127:
126:
118:
117:
110:Late Oligocene
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3835:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3619:
3618:Elephantoidea
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:Selenetherium
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:Palaeoloxodon
3502:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3461:Stegolophodon
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3445:Stegodontidae
3439:
3433:
3432:
3431:Tetralophodon
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:Pediolophodon
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3384:Stegomastodon
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3363:Notiomastodon
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:Gomphotherium
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:Gnathabelodon
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:Blancotherium
3325:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:"Trilophodont
3310:
3304:
3303:
3302:Torynobelodon
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:Aphanobelodon
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:Afrochoerodon
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:Chilgatherium
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2995:Barytheriidae
2989:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:Numidotherium
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:Arcanotherium
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2778:on 2019-07-27
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2755:on 2019-07-27
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2731:on 2019-07-27
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
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2100:
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2067:
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2059:
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2049:
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2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1918:
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1894:(1): 103559.
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1327:
1326:
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1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:Notiomastodon
1297:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1268:Gomphotherium
1265:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:Notiomastodon
1232:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
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1021:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
993:
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983:
980:
978:
977:Elephantoidea
972:
971:
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967:
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963:
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955:
954:
948:
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847:
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827:
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813:
807:
806:
800:
797:
796:
792:
790:
786:
783:Cladogram of
781:
779:
778:Gnathabelodon
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Gnathabelodon
758:
756:
755:Stegodontidae
752:
748:
747:Elephantoidea
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
708:
707:
699:
694:
690:
689:
688:Tetralophodon
681:
676:
673:
666:
661:
657:
656:
648:
643:
642:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
598:
592:
586:
585:
584:Gomphotherium
579:
570:
567:
555:
545:
544:Ancient Greek
540:
538:
534:
533:
532:Notiomastodon
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
500:
499:Gomphotherium
494:
492:
491:Stegodontidae
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:South America
468:
464:
460:
459:North America
456:
452:
448:
447:proboscideans
444:
432:
431:
430:Tetralophodon
424:
422:
421:
420:Pediolophodon
414:
412:
411:
404:
402:
401:
394:
393:
391:
383:
382:
377:
374:Cabrera, 1929
372:
371:
370:Notiomastodon
366:
361:
360:
359:Stegomastodon
355:
350:
349:
344:
339:
338:
333:
329:
324:
323:
318:
312:
311:
306:
300:
299:
298:Gnathabelodon
294:
289:
288:
287:Blancotherium
283:
278:
277:
276:Gomphotherium
272:
271:
269:
268:
266:
261:
256:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
229:Superfamily:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
163:
159:
157:
156:Notiomastodon
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
134:
133:Gomphotherium
128:
124:
119:
115:
111:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:28â0.01
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3788:Gomphotheres
3642:
3576:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3479:
3472:Elephantidae
3459:
3452:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:gomphotheres
3399:
3382:
3377:Sinomastodon
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:gomphotheres
3317:
3300:
3295:Stenobelodon
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3267:Platybelodon
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3225:Afromastodon
3223:
3200:
3193:
3172:Zygolophodon
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3119:
3109:
3101:Hemimastodon
3099:
3089:
3079:
3046:
3041:Deinotherium
3039:
3032:
3011:Omanitherium
3009:
3002:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2951:Moeritherium
2949:
2938:
2928:
2920:Daouitherium
2918:
2908:
2869:
2863:Superorder:
2780:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2757:. Retrieved
2753:the original
2733:. Retrieved
2729:the original
2662:
2658:
2620:
2610:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2506:, retrieved
2476:
2466:
2441:
2437:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2363:, retrieved
2341:
2331:
2290:
2286:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2233:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2130:
2126:
2085:
2078:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1958:(1): 41â57.
1955:
1952:Paleobiology
1951:
1945:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1787:
1782:Stenobelodon
1781:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1638:
1635:Shoshani, J.
1614:, retrieved
1600:
1596:
1536:
1532:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1330:Sinomastodon
1329:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1282:Sinomastodon
1280:
1267:
1252:
1242:
1234:
1224:
1122:
1121:
1089:
1088:
1072:
1071:
1041:
1040:
1017:
1016:
975:
959:
958:
935:
934:
915:
901:
879:
856:
855:
839:
838:
825:
814:(mastodons)
810:
789:paraphyletic
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
759:
751:Elephantidae
741:
737:Platybelodon
735:
724:paraphyletic
721:
704:
686:
671:
653:
603:
595:
582:
569:), "beast".
541:
530:
524:
517:Afro-Eurasia
497:
495:
487:Elephantidae
483:paraphyletic
455:Afro-Eurasia
443:Gomphotheres
442:
441:
428:
418:
408:
398:
386:Barbour 1914
379:
368:
363:Pohlig, 1912
357:
352:Osborn, 1923
346:
335:
327:
322:Sinomastodon
320:
315:Barbour 1914
308:
296:
285:
274:
253:(Hay, 1922)
248:
235:
154:
131:
130:Specimen of
29:
3708:iNaturalist
3667:Wikispecies
3613:Elephantida
3518:Primelephas
3335:Cuvieronius
3281:Protanancus
3260:Konobelodon
3253:Eurybelodon
3151:Losodokodon
3004:Barytherium
2940:Khamsaconus
2889:Proboscidea
2874:Tethytheria
2835:Proboscidea
2588:: 164â170.
2253:Palaeoworld
2007:: 180â188.
1946:Cuvieronius
1829:(1): 7640.
1774:Konobelodon
1364:Cuvieronius
1312:Pleistocene
1307:Cuvieronius
770:Megabelodon
742:sensu lato,
597:Cuvieronius
573:Description
526:Cuvieronius
475:Pleistocene
473:during the
461:during the
348:Cuvieronius
310:Megabelodon
223:Proboscidea
35:Gomphothere
3782:Categories
3596:See also:
3288:Serbelodon
3232:Amebelodon
3165:Sinomammut
3135:Mammutidae
2930:Eritherium
2865:Afrotheria
2782:2014-05-21
2759:2014-05-21
2735:2014-05-21
2508:2023-03-23
2365:2023-03-25
1778:Amebelodon
1616:2024-05-29
1440:: 106176.
1399:: 105882.
1374:References
812:Mammutidae
255:A. Cabrera
3498:Mammuthus
3488:Loxodonta
3342:Eubelodon
3144:Eozygodon
2845:Kingdom:
2687:0028-0836
2555:0272-4634
2503:245023119
2444:: 52â64.
2412:254703858
2404:1064-7554
2323:247653516
2315:2056-2799
2217:0272-4634
2168:21 August
2163:235712060
2062:0001-3765
1982:0094-8373
1851:2045-2322
1804:0272-4634
1509:0891-2963
1462:214094348
1342:mastodons
1255:Oligocene
766:Eubelodon
706:Loxodonta
685:Molar of
626:primitive
521:New World
451:elephants
381:Eubelodon
291:May, 2019
189:Kingdom:
183:Eukaryota
158:platensis
135:productum
3652:Wikidata
3454:Stegodon
3091:Eritreum
2981:Saloumia
2859:Mammalia
2853:Chordata
2851:Phylum:
2847:Animalia
2791:website)
2695:23803767
2563:91391249
2225:90593535
2155:34211141
2070:21152772
1926:34988402
1888:iScience
1869:29769581
1757:26756209
1717:PLOS ONE
1694:89063787
1573:26756209
1533:PLOS ONE
1350:Stegodon
1338:mammoths
1287:Pliocene
1227:browsing
841:Eritreum
718:Taxonomy
614:bunodont
467:Pliocene
242:Family:
213:Mammalia
203:Chordata
199:Phylum:
193:Animalia
179:Domain:
114:Holocene
3752:4943125
3739:2885230
3700:3240494
3687:4454838
3658:Q387585
3481:Elephas
3410:Anancus
3121:Phiomia
2857:Class:
2667:Bibcode
2625:Bibcode
2590:Bibcode
2535:Bibcode
2446:Bibcode
2295:Bibcode
2197:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
2009:Bibcode
1960:Bibcode
1917:8693454
1896:Bibcode
1860:5956065
1831:Bibcode
1748:4710528
1725:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1564:4710528
1541:Bibcode
1489:Bibcode
1442:Bibcode
1401:Bibcode
1295:Anancus
1231:grazing
1221:Ecology
566:therĂon
554:gĂłmphos
523:, with
463:Miocene
400:Anancus
330:., 1986
326:Tobien
263:Genera
219:Order:
209:Class:
137:at the
3726:103516
3713:515565
3158:Mammut
2703:883007
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2659:Nature
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560:ΞηÏÎŻÎżÎœ
548:ÎłÏÎŒÏÎżÏ
3765:43240
3721:IRMNG
2870:Clade
2699:S2CID
2559:S2CID
2499:S2CID
2434:(PDF)
2408:S2CID
2319:S2CID
2293:(2).
2221:S2CID
2159:S2CID
1690:S2CID
1597:eLife
1458:S2CID
1239:musth
610:molar
606:tooth
328:et al
3734:NCBI
3695:GBIF
2691:PMID
2683:ISSN
2551:ISSN
2489:ISBN
2400:ISSN
2354:ISBN
2311:ISSN
2213:ISSN
2170:2021
2151:PMID
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2066:PMID
2058:ISSN
1978:ISSN
1922:PMID
1865:PMID
1847:ISSN
1800:ISSN
1753:PMID
1569:PMID
1505:ISSN
1366:and
1340:and
1304:and
826:s.l.
768:and
730:and
465:and
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2205:doi
2143:doi
2131:355
2091:doi
2048:doi
2017:doi
2005:443
1968:doi
1912:PMC
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