5034:, recognizing the intersections of gender, agriculture, and trade, it is critical to ensure that the implementation of the AfCFTA addresses the nuanced and varied challenges that women face. It is vital that the operationalization of the AfCFTA agreement ensures that future trade policies, practices, and regulations promote gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls on the African continent, especially in supporting women to seize the new opportunities created ‘in agriculture’ by the AfCFTA. Implementation of the agreement that is not inclusive of women could result in a widening gender gap by negatively affecting women-led micro, small, or medium-sized enterprises and those who rely on informal trade (including cross border) for their livelihoods.
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275:
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41:
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983:
223:
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1324:
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55:
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1022:
262:
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184:
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249:
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1944:
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288:
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2004:
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210:
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Ministers responsible for trade will decide on the location of the headquarter, structure, role and responsibilities. The
Assembly of the African Union Heads of State and Government is the highest decision-making body. It is likely to meet during the AU Summits. The Council of Ministers Responsible for Trade provides strategic trade policy oversight and ensures effective implementation and enforcement of the AfCFTA Agreement.
2514:
2034:
1113:
652:
353:
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3739:
3475:
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2154:
2094:
1311:
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236:
1765:, each with different regulations. These regional bodies will continue to exist; the African Continental Free Trade Agreement initially seeks to reduce trade barriers between the different pillars of the African Economic Community, and eventually use these regional organizations as building blocks for the ultimate goal of an Africa-wide customs union.
2808:
Of the signatories, 22 needed to deposit the instrument of ratification of the agreement for it to come into effect, and this occurred on April 29, 2019 when both Sierra Leone and the
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic deposited the agreement. As a result, the agreement came into force 30 days later on
2706:. There was also agreement to reduce tariffs on 90% of all goods. Each nation is permitted to exclude 3% of goods from this agreement. This was part of Phase I of the agreement, which covers goods and services liberalization. Some Phase I issues that remain to be negotiated include the schedule of
1604:
made the 22nd deposit of instruments of ratification, bringing the agreement into force on May 30; it entered its operational phase following a summit on July 7, 2019, and officially commenced
January 1, 2021. AfCFTA's negotiations and implementation are overseen by a permanent secretariat based in
2674:
and procedures are still being negotiated, but will presumably include designation of a dispute resolution body. The
Committee of Senior Trade Officials implements the Council's decisions. The Committee is responsible for the development of programs and action plans for the implementation of the
2662:
The AfCFTA Secretariat will be responsible for coordinating the implementation of the agreement and shall be an autonomous body within the AU system. Though it will have independent legal personality, it shall work closely with the AU Commission and receive its budget from the AU. The
Council of
1725:
The first negotiation forum was held in
February 2016 and held eight meetings until the Summit in March 2018 in Kigali. From February 2017 on the technical working groups held four meetings, where technical issues were discussed and implemented in the draft. On March 8–9, 2018 the African Union
2728:
Phase II and III negotiations are expected to be initiated by all AU member countries and held in successive rounds. In
February 2020, the AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government decided that Phase III would begin immediately following the conclusion of Phase II negotiations, which were
2650:
estimated that AfCFTA will boost intra-African trade by 52 percent by 2022. A 2020 report by the World Bank anticipated that AfCFTA could lift 30 million
Africans out of extreme poverty, boost the incomes of nearly 70 million people, and generate $ 450 billion in income by 2035.
1706:(AU), which had as one of its goals to accelerate the "economic integration of the continent". A second goal was to "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union."
1616:
Under the agreement, AfCFTA members are committed to eliminating tariffs on most goods and services over a period of 5, 10, or 13 years, depending on the country's level of development or the nature of the products. General long-term objectives include creating a
1682:
was adopted by the organization. The plan suggested Africa should minimize their reliance upon the West by promoting intra-African trade. This began as the creation of a number of regional cooperation organizations in the different regions of Africa, such as the
2637:
Negotiations continued in 2018 with Phase II, including policies of investment, competition and intellectual property rights. In
January 2020, AU Assembly negotiations are envisaged to be concluded. A draft is expected for the January 2020 AU Assembly.
7161:
2842:
At the same meeting, Benin also committed to signing the agreement, leaving
Eritrea as the only of the 55 African Union Member States not to sign up to the deal. Formally, Eritrea was not part of the initial agreement due to an
1639:
In April 2024, the African Union announced that the AfCFTA entered into its operational phase of the agreement. The operational phase, which effectively puts the agreement into force, is characterized by the following actions:
2830:
intended to consult further with local businesses in order to ensure private sector buy-in to the agreement, because a key concern was whether the agreement adequately prevented anti-competitive practices such as
5018:
report argues that the CFTA may contribute to tackling poverty and inequality as its wide scope will facilitate structural changes in African economies. It is seen as a step towards meeting the African Union’s
7462:
2745:, 44 signed the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (consolidated text), 47 signed the Kigali Declaration and 30 signed the Protocol on Free Movement of People at the end of the 2018 Kigali Summit.
6341:
2862:) completed its domestic ratification, but had not yet deposited their ratification with the depository by May 2020. Eritrea is the only AU member state which had not signed the agreement by 2019.
2671:
2733:, and a new date (December 31, 2021) was set as the deadline for the conclusion of Phase II and III negotiations. The AfCFTA officially but largely symbolically launched on January 1, 2021.
1750:
on March 21, 2018, 44 countries signed the AfCFTA, 47 signed the Kigali Declaration, and 30 signed the Protocol on Free Movement of People. While a success, there were two notable holdouts:
5082:
7521:
2818:
was particularly reluctant to join the AfCFTA, fearing it would hurt Nigerian entrepreneurship and local industries, and his decision not to was praised by some local groups including the
2659:
The following institutions were established to facilitate the implementation of the free trade area. As a result of Phase II negotiations more committees may be established via protocols.
5302:
6131:
5232:
2769:
were among the 11 countries that did not initially sign the agreement. After the 2018 Kigali summit, more signatures were added to the AfCFTA. At the 31st African Union Summit in
5890:
Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"
8213:
2683:
The AfCFTA is set to be implemented in phases, and some of the future phases still under negotiation. Phase I covers trade in goods and trade in services. Phase II covers
1735:
1734:
In March 2018, at the 10th Extraordinary Session of the African Union on AfCFTA, three separate agreements were signed: the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, the
6157:
5610:
5739:
6307:
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6982:
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7397:
7261:
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8218:
6073:
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7116:
1684:
2702:
At the 2018 Kigali summit, areas of agreement were found on trade protocols, dispute settlement procedures, customs cooperation, trade facilitation, and
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2713:
The 12th Extraordinary Session of the African Union on AfCFTA was called to launch the new agreement into its operational phase, which was hosted in
6581:
8146:
7162:"AfCFTA Secretariat Applauds Liberia's Ratification of Agreement as "Remarkable," Commits to Supporting Trade and Capacity Development Initiatives"
5534:
7440:
8507:
7958:
7728:
7528:
6685:
1739:
5991:
5310:
6872:
5713:
8315:
7138:
5561:
5340:
5169:
5072:
5015:
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1742:. The Protocol on Free Movement of Persons seeks to establish a visa-free zone within the AfCFTA countries, and support the creation of the
8358:
6710:
6623:
6471:
5812:
5187:
1722:, the summit agreed to commence negotiations. This began a series of ten negotiating sessions which took place over the next three years.
8612:
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6263:
5485:
8368:
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As of August 2024, there are 54 signatories, of which 48 have deposited their instruments of ratification. Additionally, one country (
1621:; reducing barriers to capital and labor to facilitate investment; developing regional infrastructure; and establishing a continental
8292:
5193:
2722:
1633:
7041:
6795:
5587:
8738:
5262:
7873:
7522:"Building a Sustainable and Inclusive Continental Free Trade Area - Nine Priority Recommendations from a Human Rights Perspective"
7326:
8555:
8363:
8074:
7713:
5238:
Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture
1625:. The overall aims of AfCFTA are to increase socioeconomic development, reduce poverty, and make Africa more competitive in the
8743:
8502:
8208:
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7375:
7282:
6281:
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5205:
2844:
1581:, and the largest in population and geographic size, spanning 1.3 billion people across the world's second largest continent.
8723:
8325:
8307:
8171:
8134:
7576:
6390:"AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments"
5678:"AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments"
5067:
6016:
5753:
2805:
also joined. Kenya and Ghana were the first nations to ratify the agreement, depositing their ratification on 10 May 2018.
8768:
8537:
8526:
8287:
7733:
2819:
2839:, Buhari agreed to adhere the Africa free trade at the 12th extraordinary session of the assembly of the union on AfCFTA.
8622:
8348:
8343:
8176:
7560:
Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture
6821:
5965:
5112:
5044:
6941:
6897:
5466:
8181:
6241:
6220:
2742:
6873:"Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat"
6132:"INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA"
5910:
8733:
7498:
5257:
SARS (South African Revenue Service). 2021. Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade AREA (AfCFTA).
5175:
5060:
5031:
1695:, an organization that promoted the development of free trade areas, customs unions, an African Central Bank, and an
7304:
6666:
5355:
1644:
Establishment of the rules of origin, which will govern the conditions a product or service can be traded duty free;
8517:
8450:
8440:
8376:
8236:
6367:
6195:
5003:
4434:
3402:
2848:
2399:
1355:
1040:
579:
280:
7179:
8592:
7617:
7020:
6563:
5378:
1653:
Pan-African payment and settlement system, allows certainty of payments and will instill confidence in the system
6342:"The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"
5700:
8728:
8445:
8163:
6446:"Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union"
5087:
2836:
2670:, trade remedies, non-tariff barriers, technical barriers to trade and on sanitary and phytosanitary measures.
7243:
2717:
on July 7, 2019. At its launch, five operational instruments that will govern the AfCFTA were activated: "the
8669:
8497:
8485:
8228:
8140:
7984:
5870:
5838:
5153:
5024:
2827:
1762:
1671:
6847:
4473:
2855:
and Eritrea ended the conflict and ended the barrier to Eritrean participation in the free trade agreement.
1368:
592:
8753:
8584:
8547:
8522:
8333:
8186:
8091:
7748:
1985:
6996:
6047:
1865:
8758:
8560:
8297:
8196:
8067:
8031:
8027:
2730:
1656:
African Trade Observatory, a portal to address hindrances to trade, will be provided by AU member states.
7348:
5006:, the AU Commissioner for Trade and Industry expected that Eritrea would eventually sign the agreement.
8607:
8412:
8119:
7643:
5132:
5102:
1692:
7463:"Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June"
6967:
1632:
On January 13, 2022, the AfCFTA took a major step towards its objective with the establishment of the
8565:
8040:
7200:
5336:"Tunisia and Lesotho join growing number of countries to ratify AfCFTA one month to start of trading"
2015:
1636:(PAPSS), which allows payments among companies operating in Africa to be done in any local currency.
8602:
8246:
8104:
7788:
6267:
5490:
3171:
2832:
1859:
1578:
1515:
988:
228:
6667:"Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market"
5588:"Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization"
8763:
8674:
8664:
8402:
8023:
7898:
7888:
7693:
6924:"Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
5783:
2823:
2225:
20:
7625:
on the Rules of Origin Facilitator, with member countries' status and access to legal documents.
7283:"Nigeria has ratified Africa's historic free trade agreement—but its land borders remain closed"
5263:
https://www.sars.gov.za/legal-counsel/international-treaties-agreements/trade-agreements/afcfta/
5223:
2729:
initially scheduled to conclude in December 2020. However, this deadline was delayed due to the
8718:
8692:
8659:
8570:
8279:
8124:
8060:
7903:
7793:
7723:
7441:"Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement"
6968:"UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery"
6603:"Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement"
6242:"Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)"
6221:"Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)"
5181:
1743:
1718:, leaders agreed to create a new Continental Free Trade Area by 2017. At the 2015 AU summit in
1696:
7622:
7418:
7070:
6923:
5303:"Kenya and Ghana to ratify instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area | African Union"
5027:. The document was targeted to ensuring human rights were considered within the negotiations.
1955:
8425:
8397:
7963:
7883:
7848:
7833:
7818:
7773:
7708:
7636:
5049:
3363:
2684:
2339:
1329:
553:
8014:
8748:
8392:
7838:
5404:
5400:
5092:
2812:
2345:
2135:
1679:
40:
6419:
1761:
One complicating factor in the negotiations was that Africa had already been divided into
8:
7938:
7913:
7763:
7758:
7738:
7703:
7688:
7611:
7117:"Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification"
6983:"Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification"
5054:
2721:; the online negotiating forum; the monitoring and elimination of non-tariff barriers; a
1537:
5784:"African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods"
5630:
8643:
8596:
8010:
8001:
7992:
7923:
7893:
7878:
7863:
7853:
7843:
7808:
7803:
7753:
7698:
7673:
7582:
6541:
5939:
5858:
Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"
5658:"Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force"
5163:
2615:
2315:
2255:
1835:
8430:
8129:
7933:
7928:
7868:
7823:
7783:
7678:
7659:
7586:
7572:
7494:
5127:
3519:
2045:
1979:
1601:
1079:
319:
6645:"Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI"
5562:"Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews"
5453:"Uganda officially joins the Africa free trade deal, over 20 countries on the fence"
2666:
Several committees have been established, for trade in goods, trade in services, on
8109:
7988:
7908:
7858:
7813:
7798:
7778:
7768:
7743:
7683:
7564:
2815:
1545:
1541:
1529:
7488:
6644:
54:
7918:
7828:
7718:
7223:"Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania"
6768:
6741:
5508:
5117:
5097:
2718:
2703:
2667:
2585:
2555:
2495:
2465:
2105:
1925:
1574:
1562:
1533:
91:
5379:"Africa moved the world closer to its largest free trade area since WTO in 2018"
5276:"Summary of the key decisions and declarations of the 31st African Union Summit"
8114:
8099:
7398:"Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA"
6542:"African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"
6158:"Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA"
6017:"African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"
5940:"African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"
2525:
2165:
1626:
109:
7262:"Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA"
7139:"Guinea-Bissau: Country is 44th member of African Continental Free Trade Area"
6308:"How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?"
6107:"How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?"
5813:"African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger"
1895:
8707:
8083:
5681:
5662:
5615:
5157:
5107:
3822:
2794:
2758:
1805:
1703:
1622:
1618:
1585:
1171:
790:
7490:
Report: the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in a human rights perspective
6582:"Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement"
5002:
has not signed due to tensions with Ethiopia, but as of 2019, following the
5714:"Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission"
5228:
4662:
4590:
3054:
2778:
2774:
2489:
2405:
2285:
2075:
1755:
1719:
1597:
1420:
1407:
936:
855:
842:
189:
16:
Free trade area founded in 2018 with trade commencing as of 1 January 2021
6686:"Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up"
5020:
4701:
3288:
2692:
2375:
2195:
2129:
1715:
1596:
on March 21, 2018. The proposal was set to come into force 30 days after
1573:, which has 43 parties and another 11 signatories, making it the largest
1027:
644:
267:
6624:"Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal"
8638:
7419:"Zambian cabinet approves ratification of African free trade agreement"
5992:"Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement"
5754:"Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched"
4551:
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4122:
4011:
3705:
3210:
2770:
2696:
2688:
2459:
2435:
2279:
2219:
2069:
1394:
1277:
1238:
1131:
962:
618:
527:
488:
449:
371:
202:
6564:"44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign"
7568:
7180:"Malawi Ratifies AfCFTA after Submitting Instruments of Ratification"
6499:"Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president"
5083:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
4161:
1251:
501:
7628:
6711:"Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement"
7558:
7353:
5236:
4962:
4767:
3627:
3588:
3441:
3132:
3018:
2865:
2852:
2802:
2750:
2609:
2549:
2009:
1949:
1502:
1433:
1105:
1092:
1053:
975:
923:
764:
722:
670:
345:
332:
293:
215:
7618:
UNCTAD support to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
5535:"Africa Set to Agree $ 3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy"
6502:
6074:"Economic 'game changer'? African leaders launch free-trade zone"
5432:"Togo ratifies law to create African Continental Free Trade Area"
5416:
5122:
4999:
4845:
4629:
4512:
4356:
4278:
4200:
3939:
3900:
3558:
3327:
3093:
2907:
2859:
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2754:
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2189:
1919:
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1303:
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1014:
949:
897:
829:
816:
803:
777:
696:
631:
605:
514:
423:
254:
163:
8052:
6942:"Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"
6472:"After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches"
5740:"Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"
7222:
7092:
6185:"African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers"
4923:
4884:
4395:
4044:
3783:
2946:
2798:
2766:
2714:
2707:
2579:
2369:
1829:
1747:
1650:
Online mechanism, allows members to report non-tariff barriers;
1593:
1589:
1566:
1525:
1489:
1475:
1342:
1212:
1158:
910:
868:
709:
566:
462:
397:
176:
7527:. UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. Archived from
5297:
5295:
5293:
1678:
aimed to promote cooperation between African states. The 1980
8455:
7327:"Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact"
4734:
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3666:
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2519:
2309:
2159:
2099:
2039:
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1316:
1184:
1144:
1118:
1066:
751:
657:
540:
436:
410:
384:
358:
306:
6368:"9th Meeting of the AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Body - AfCFTA"
6264:"African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know"
5486:"African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know"
5398:
5330:
5328:
7376:"President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification"
7067:"Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU"
7061:
7059:
6517:"More countries sign the African free trade area agreement"
6160:. Addis Ababa: African Continental Free Trade Area (TRALAC)
5631:"44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area"
5592:
5290:
4806:
4083:
3249:
1889:
1447:
1225:
1001:
683:
475:
241:
7021:"Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit"
6420:"African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone"
5793:. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016
5268:
7605:
7305:"Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement"
7093:"Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA"
6898:"AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area"
6745:
6567:
5325:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4742:
4709:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4637:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4019:
3986:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3348:
3335:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3039:
3026:
2993:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2931:
2923:
2915:
1675:
7056:
7042:"Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor"
5964:
Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018).
5356:"Africa's Single Market To Come Into Force In July 2019"
5966:"How the free movement of people could benefit Africa"
5447:
5445:
5160:, each established under a separate regional treaty.
1600:
by 22 of the signatory states. On April 29, 2019, the
5611:"Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal"
1763:
eight separate free trade areas and/or customs unions
1674:
was founded by the independent states of Africa. The
6980:
6048:"African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents"
1685:
Southern African Development Coordination Conference
5442:
7111:
7109:
6892:
6890:
5399:Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia (January 17, 2022).
5078:Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area
1584:The agreement founding AfCFTA was brokered by the
8472:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
7623:African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) page
6848:"AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19"
6769:"Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement"
6742:"Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement"
5503:
5501:
1588:(AU) and signed by 44 of its 55 member states in
8705:
7493:. UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017.
6574:
5909:Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019).
5908:
5655:
5585:
5348:
2866:List of signatories and parties to the agreement
2632:
8513:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
7106:
7015:
7013:
6887:
6194:. African Union. March 15, 2018. Archived from
6736:
6734:
6732:
6496:
5498:
5370:
1769:Declarations signed at the 2018 Kigali summit
1647:Tariff concessions, 90% tariff liberalisation;
8068:
7644:
5911:"Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations"
5483:
5401:"Ambassador deposits instrument of accession"
5341:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
5170:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
5073:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
5016:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
2648:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
77: Signed July 2018 or later, not ratified
8508:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
7010:
6413:
6411:
5990:Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018).
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5227: This article incorporates text from a
5188:Economic Community of Central African States
2710:concessions and other specific commitments.
7201:"Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU"
6729:
5423:
8316:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
8075:
8061:
7651:
7637:
7610:
6796:"Africa set for a massive free trade area"
6794:Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018).
6683:
6497:Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018).
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6042:
6040:
6038:
5963:
5394:
5392:
5200:Intergovernmental Authority on Development
5009:
6981:Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020).
6408:
6282:"The African Continental Free Trade Area"
5895:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5699:U.S. International Trade Administration,
5670:
5509:"African states agree massive trade bloc"
5194:Economic Community of West African States
4994:
2793:joined the agreement. In February 2019,
1634:Pan-African Payment and Settlement System
8714:African Continental Free Trade Agreement
6261:
2835:. In July 2019, just months after being
2777:(the second largest economy of Africa),
1571:African Continental Free Trade Agreement
46:African Continental Free Trade Area logo
7159:
6934:
6846:Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020).
6814:
6793:
6490:
6417:
6339:
6305:
6104:
6091:
6065:
6035:
5871:"Constitutive Act of the African Union"
5839:"Constitutive Act of the African Union"
5605:
5603:
5389:
5377:Dahir, Abdi Latif (December 26, 2018).
2871:Ratification Status of African Nations
1758:, the two largest economies in Africa.
1726:Ministers of Trade approved the draft.
8706:
7553:
7551:
7549:
6845:
6664:
6155:
6071:
5989:
5771:
5559:
5206:Southern African Development Community
2725:; and the African Trade Observatory."
1702:In 2002, the OAU was succeeded by the
1577:by number of member states, after the
8465:Specialised agencies and institutions
8056:
7658:
7632:
6766:
6561:
6478:. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6179:
6177:
6175:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5376:
5068:Central European Free Trade Agreement
1780:AfCFTA Consolidated Text (signature)
1729:
71: Signed March 2018, not ratified
8214:Permanent Representatives' Committee
6997:"Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off"
6760:
6340:Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018).
6149:
5600:
5579:
5231:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
2820:Manufacturers Association of Nigeria
1740:Protocol on Free Movement of Persons
1714:At the 2012 African Union summit in
1569:. It was established in 2018 by the
8623:Single African Air Transport Market
8618:African Continental Free Trade Area
7546:
6555:
6306:Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018).
6255:
6105:Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018).
5701:African Continental Free Trade Area
5586:Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018).
5113:Single African Air Transport Market
5045:AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Mechanism
1555:African Continental Free Trade Area
29:African Continental Free Trade Area
13:
6326:
6172:
5937:
5688:
5656:Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019).
5649:
5477:
1691:Treaty in 1991, which created the
14:
8780:
8082:
7597:
7160:Release, Press (August 6, 2024).
6262:Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018).
6072:Balima, Boureima (July 8, 2019).
5429:
5176:Community of Sahel-Saharan States
5061:CARICOM Single Market and Economy
5032:Food and Agriculture Organization
2678:
8688:
8687:
8538:African Union–Ethiopia relations
8219:Specialized Technical Committees
7959:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
7729:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7136:
6418:Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019).
6251:. African Union. March 21, 2018.
6230:. African Union. March 21, 2018.
5484:Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018).
5222:
4955:
4916:
4877:
4838:
4799:
4760:
4727:
4694:
4655:
4622:
4583:
4544:
4505:
4466:
4435:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4427:
4388:
4349:
4310:
4271:
4232:
4193:
4154:
4115:
4076:
4037:
4004:
3971:
3932:
3893:
3854:
3815:
3776:
3737:
3698:
3659:
3620:
3581:
3551:
3512:
3473:
3434:
3403:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3395:
3356:
3320:
3281:
3242:
3203:
3164:
3125:
3086:
3047:
3011:
2978:
2939:
2900:
2602:
2572:
2542:
2512:
2482:
2452:
2422:
2400:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2392:
2362:
2332:
2302:
2272:
2242:
2212:
2182:
2152:
2122:
2092:
2062:
2032:
2002:
1972:
1942:
1912:
1882:
1852:
1822:
1792:
1495:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1440:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1356:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1191:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1137:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
916:
903:
890:
861:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
783:
770:
757:
744:
715:
702:
689:
676:
663:
650:
637:
624:
611:
598:
585:
580:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
572:
559:
546:
533:
520:
507:
494:
481:
468:
455:
442:
429:
416:
403:
390:
377:
364:
351:
338:
325:
312:
299:
286:
273:
260:
247:
234:
221:
208:
195:
182:
169:
156:
53:
39:
8739:2018 in international relations
7514:
7481:
7455:
7433:
7411:
7390:
7368:
7341:
7319:
7297:
7275:
7254:
7244:"Mozambique - Trade Agreements"
7236:
7215:
7193:
7172:
7153:
7130:
7085:
7034:
6989:
6974:
6960:
6916:
6875:. African Union. March 19, 2020
6865:
6839:
6822:"Status of AfCFTA Ratification"
6787:
6703:
6677:
6658:
6637:
6616:
6595:
6562:Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018).
6534:
6509:
6464:
6438:
6382:
6360:
6299:
6274:
6234:
6213:
6124:
6009:
5983:
5957:
5931:
5863:
5831:
5805:
5746:
5732:
5706:
5623:
5553:
5527:
5467:"Status of AfCFTA Ratification"
5459:
5146:
2654:
2641:
1709:
6767:Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019).
5251:
5088:Council of Arab Economic Unity
1:
8744:2018 establishments in Africa
8670:United States of Latin Africa
8364:Rural Economy and Agriculture
8141:Organisation of African Unity
6665:Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019).
5278:. African Union. July 6, 2018
5244:
5154:Regional Economic Communities
5025:Sustainable Development Goals
2736:
2672:Dispute resolution mechanisms
2633:Drafting of further protocols
1697:African common currency union
1687:. Eventually this led to the
1672:Organization of African Unity
1665:
8724:Economy of the African Union
8527:United States military bases
8523:United States Africa Command
6156:TRALAC (November 28, 2018).
5265:Date of access: 14 Oct. 2021
5233:license statement/permission
5004:2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
2685:intellectual property rights
1986:Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
1041:Democratic Republic of Congo
281:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
8769:March 2018 events in Africa
8354:HR, Sciences and Technology
6684:AfricaNews (July 6, 2019).
5037:
2731:COVID-19 pandemic in Africa
10:
8785:
8608:African Economic Community
8413:Peace and Security Council
8120:African and Malagasy Union
5938:tralac, trade law centre.
5133:Tripartite Free Trade Area
5103:Free trade areas in Europe
1693:African Economic Community
1660:
1619:single, liberalised market
60:Status as of August, 2024
18:
8683:
8652:
8631:
8583:
8546:
8533:United States ambassadors
8493:
8484:
8464:
8411:
8385:
8349:Social Affairs and Health
8344:Infrastructure and Energy
8324:
8306:
8278:
8245:
8227:
8204:
8195:
8162:
8090:
7972:
7947:
7666:
6023:. Tralac Trade Law Centre
5217:
2695:policy. Phase III covers
2016:Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
1866:Faustin Archange Touadéra
1521:
1511:
877:
731:
141:
137:Ratification by 22 states
133:
115:
105:
97:
87:
33:
8734:2018 in economic history
8308:African Court of Justice
8105:Decolonisation of Africa
7714:Central African Republic
5139:
3172:Central African Republic
2837:re-elected to a new term
1860:Central African Republic
1579:World Trade Organization
1516:African Union Commission
989:Central African Republic
229:Central African Republic
19:Not to be confused with
8675:East African Federation
8665:United States of Africa
8403:African Investment Bank
7349:"African Union ECOSOCC"
5010:Human rights assessment
2824:Nigeria Labour Congress
2226:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
1786:Free Movement Protocol
65: Ratifying parties
21:African Free Trade Zone
8386:Financial institutions
8377:Cross-Cutting Programs
8280:Pan-African Parliament
5182:East African Community
4995:Other AU member states
2723:digital payment system
1744:African Union Passport
8729:Free trade agreements
8426:African Standby Force
8398:African Monetary Fund
7874:São Tomé and Príncipe
7734:Republic of the Congo
5050:ASEAN Free Trade Area
4474:São Tomé and Príncipe
3364:Republic of the Congo
2888:Date of Ratification
2340:Republic of the Congo
1565:encompassing most of
1369:São Tomé and Príncipe
1330:Republic of the Congo
593:São Tomé and Príncipe
121:; 5 years ago
8393:African Central Bank
7563:. Accra: FAO. 2021.
5455:. November 29, 2018.
5344:. November 30, 2020.
5093:Free trade agreement
2849:2018 peace agreement
2845:ongoing state of war
2813:President of Nigeria
2346:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2136:Daniel Kablan Duncan
1746:. At the summit in
1680:Lagos Plan of Action
1478:(November 29, 2018)
738:10 additional states
8754:Politics of Nigeria
7949:States with limited
7378:. February 11, 2019
7285:. November 12, 2020
5235:). Text taken from
5055:Caribbean Community
2872:
2828:Nigerian government
1956:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
1783:Kigali Declaration
1770:
1464:(November 2, 2020)
1450:(December 6, 2018)
1201:(November 2, 2020)
30:
8759:Politics of Africa
8644:African Border Day
8359:Trade and Industry
8334:Peace and Security
8326:ECOSOCC Committees
8260:Deputy Chairperson
7660:Economy of Africa
7469:on August 14, 2019
7443:. February 8, 2021
7421:. October 27, 2020
7307:. December 5, 2020
7203:. January 15, 2021
6426:. Associated Press
6348:. trade law centre
6314:. trade law centre
5164:Arab Maghreb Union
5156:recognised by the
4576:September 15, 2021
4178:September 30, 2019
3196:September 22, 2020
2870:
2675:AfCFTA Agreement.
2616:Emmerson Mnangagwa
2316:Mahamadou Issoufou
2256:Saadeddine Othmani
1768:
1736:Kigali Declaration
1730:2018 Kigali Summit
1436:(17 January 2022)
28:
8701:
8700:
8579:
8578:
8503:Foreign relations
8480:
8479:
8431:Panel of the Wise
8339:Political Affairs
8209:Executive Council
8152:Secretary General
8130:Sirte Declaration
8050:
8049:
7976:other territories
7749:Equatorial Guinea
7578:978-92-5-135021-8
7250:. March 13, 2024.
6948:. October 8, 2019
6928:www.xinhuanet.com
6715:The South African
6346:tralac Discussion
6312:tralac Discussion
5720:. August 17, 2020
5703:(3 January 2022).
5684:. April 29, 2019.
5619:. March 22, 2018.
5436:www.togofirst.com
5128:Tourism in Africa
4992:
4991:
4932:February 10, 2019
4901:November 20, 2018
4870:November 27, 2020
4862:September 7, 2020
4687:February 10, 2019
4217:February 24, 2022
4147:February 11, 2019
3925:November 27, 2020
3520:Equatorial Guinea
3497:February 27, 2019
3466:February 11, 2019
3427:February 23, 2022
3388:February 10, 2019
3349:February 19, 2023
3313:November 23, 2018
3305:November 13, 2018
3227:November 13, 2020
3040:February 19, 2023
3027:February 10, 2019
2630:
2629:
2046:Ali Bongo Ondimba
1980:Equatorial Guinea
1602:Saharawi Republic
1551:
1550:
1080:Equatorial Guinea
554:Republic of Congo
320:Equatorial Guinea
8776:
8691:
8690:
8603:Development Bank
8491:
8490:
8373:Women and Gender
8369:Economic Affairs
8298:Gallagher Estate
8202:
8201:
8110:Casablanca Group
8077:
8070:
8063:
8054:
8053:
8037:
8036:(United Kingdom)
8032:Tristan da Cunha
8028:Ascension Island
8020:
8007:
7998:
7974:Dependencies and
7667:Sovereign states
7653:
7646:
7639:
7630:
7629:
7614:
7609:
7608:
7606:Official website
7591:
7590:
7569:10.4060/cb6966en
7555:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7534:on July 19, 2018
7533:
7526:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7465:. Archived from
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7141:. Macau Business
7134:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7113:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7069:. Archived from
7063:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7017:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6970:. June 25, 2021.
6964:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6802:. United Nations
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6738:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6521:The East African
6513:
6507:
6506:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6415:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6396:. April 29, 2019
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6370:. March 22, 2023
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6337:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6201:on April 3, 2019
6200:
6189:
6181:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6102:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6044:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5970:The Conversation
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5906:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5875:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5788:
5780:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5686:
5685:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5637:. March 21, 2018
5627:
5621:
5620:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5541:. March 21, 2018
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5515:. March 21, 2018
5505:
5496:
5495:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5309:. Archived from
5299:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5272:
5266:
5255:
5226:
5211:
5152:There are eight
5150:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4949:
4948:February 5, 2021
4941:
4940:January 28, 2021
4933:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4910:
4909:February 9, 2019
4902:
4894:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4792:January 17, 2022
4785:
4784:January 17, 2022
4777:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4711:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4688:
4680:
4679:January 31, 2019
4672:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4639:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4381:December 5, 2020
4374:
4373:December 3, 2020
4366:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4304:
4303:February 1, 2019
4296:
4295:January 25, 2019
4288:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4140:
4139:January 31, 2019
4132:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4109:
4108:February 1, 2019
4101:
4100:January 11, 2019
4093:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4069:January 15, 2021
4062:
4061:November 1, 2020
4054:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4021:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3988:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3918:
3917:October 20, 2020
3910:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3831:February 8, 2019
3821:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3808:October 16, 2018
3801:
3793:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3459:
3458:February 5, 2019
3451:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3420:
3419:January 28, 2022
3412:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3381:
3380:February 7, 2019
3373:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3337:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3236:
3235:February 5, 2022
3228:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3157:December 1, 2020
3150:
3149:January 31, 2020
3142:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3028:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2971:November 4, 2020
2964:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2894:Date of Deposit
2882:Date of Signing
2873:
2869:
2816:Muhammadu Buhari
2773:on 1 July 2018,
2743:AU member states
2608:
2606:
2605:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1771:
1767:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1312:
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1300:
1299:
1288:
1287:
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1273:
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1261:
1260:
1249:
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1247:
1236:
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1234:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1210:
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1208:
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1194:
1182:
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1142:
1141:
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1129:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1115:
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1103:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1077:
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1064:
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1050:
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1038:
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1025:
1024:
1023:
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1011:
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998:
997:
986:
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984:
973:
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959:
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920:
919:
908:
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906:
895:
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893:
866:
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840:
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827:
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800:
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786:
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762:
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749:
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720:
719:
718:
707:
706:
705:
694:
693:
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681:
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629:
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564:
563:
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395:
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382:
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369:
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367:
356:
355:
354:
343:
342:
341:
330:
329:
328:
317:
316:
315:
304:
303:
302:
291:
290:
289:
278:
277:
276:
265:
264:
263:
252:
251:
250:
239:
238:
237:
226:
225:
224:
213:
212:
211:
200:
199:
198:
187:
186:
185:
174:
173:
172:
161:
160:
159:
129:
127:
122:
76:
70:
64:
57:
43:
31:
27:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8679:
8648:
8627:
8575:
8542:
8476:
8460:
8407:
8381:
8320:
8302:
8274:
8241:
8223:
8191:
8158:
8086:
8081:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8035:
8018:
8005:
7996:
7977:
7975:
7968:
7952:
7950:
7943:
7662:
7657:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7579:
7557:
7556:
7547:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7359:
7357:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7332:
7330:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7310:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7288:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7166:FrontPageAfrica
7158:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7135:
7131:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7107:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7076:
7074:
7073:on July 7, 2019
7065:
7064:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7044:. April 8, 2019
7040:
7039:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7011:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6979:
6975:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6878:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6856:
6854:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6805:
6803:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6739:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6682:
6678:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6429:
6427:
6416:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6338:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6260:
6256:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6046:
6045:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5946:
5936:
5932:
5922:
5920:
5913:
5907:
5896:
5883:
5881:
5880:. African Union
5873:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5851:
5849:
5848:. African Union
5841:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5723:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5689:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5482:
5478:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5443:
5428:
5424:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5390:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5313:on May 11, 2018
5301:
5300:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5241:, FAO, FAO.
5220:
5215:
5214:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5118:Rules of Origin
5098:Free-trade area
5040:
5012:
4997:
4956:
4954:
4917:
4915:
4878:
4876:
4839:
4837:
4823:January 9, 2019
4800:
4798:
4761:
4759:
4728:
4726:
4695:
4693:
4656:
4654:
4623:
4621:
4584:
4582:
4545:
4543:
4506:
4504:
4467:
4465:
4428:
4426:
4389:
4387:
4350:
4348:
4311:
4309:
4272:
4270:
4256:January 9, 2023
4233:
4231:
4194:
4192:
4186:October 7, 2019
4155:
4153:
4116:
4114:
4077:
4075:
4038:
4036:
4005:
4003:
3972:
3970:
3933:
3931:
3894:
3892:
3855:
3853:
3847:August 31, 2022
3839:August 31, 2022
3816:
3814:
3777:
3775:
3738:
3736:
3699:
3697:
3660:
3658:
3621:
3619:
3582:
3580:
3552:
3550:
3513:
3511:
3474:
3472:
3435:
3433:
3396:
3394:
3357:
3355:
3321:
3319:
3282:
3280:
3243:
3241:
3204:
3202:
3165:
3163:
3126:
3124:
3118:August 26, 2021
3087:
3085:
3048:
3046:
3012:
3010:
2979:
2977:
2963:October 6, 2020
2940:
2938:
2901:
2899:
2868:
2739:
2719:rules of origin
2704:rules of origin
2681:
2668:rules of origin
2657:
2644:
2635:
2603:
2601:
2586:Yoweri Museveni
2573:
2571:
2556:Kassim Majaliwa
2554:Prime Minister
2543:
2541:
2524:Prime Minister
2513:
2511:
2496:Cyril Ramaphosa
2483:
2481:
2466:Vincent Meriton
2464:Vice President
2453:
2451:
2423:
2421:
2393:
2391:
2363:
2361:
2333:
2331:
2303:
2301:
2273:
2271:
2254:Prime Minister
2243:
2241:
2213:
2211:
2194:Prime Minister
2183:
2181:
2153:
2151:
2134:Vice President
2123:
2121:
2106:Nana Akufo-Addo
2093:
2091:
2063:
2061:
2033:
2031:
2014:Prime Minister
2003:
2001:
1984:Prime Minister
1973:
1971:
1943:
1941:
1926:Azali Assoumani
1913:
1911:
1883:
1881:
1853:
1851:
1823:
1821:
1804:Prime Minister
1793:
1791:
1732:
1712:
1668:
1663:
1575:free-trade area
1563:free trade area
1507:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1481:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1453:
1441:
1439:
1427:
1425:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1192:
1190:
1187:(May 10, 2018)
1178:
1176:
1165:
1163:
1152:
1150:
1147:(May 10, 2018)
1138:
1136:
1125:
1123:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1097:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1006:
995:
993:
982:
980:
969:
967:
956:
954:
943:
941:
930:
928:
917:
915:
904:
902:
891:
889:
886:
885:
873:
862:
860:
849:
847:
836:
834:
823:
821:
810:
808:
797:
795:
784:
782:
771:
769:
758:
756:
745:
743:
740:
739:
727:
716:
714:
703:
701:
690:
688:
677:
675:
664:
662:
651:
649:
638:
636:
625:
623:
612:
610:
599:
597:
586:
584:
573:
571:
560:
558:
547:
545:
534:
532:
521:
519:
508:
506:
495:
493:
482:
480:
469:
467:
456:
454:
443:
441:
430:
428:
417:
415:
404:
402:
391:
389:
378:
376:
365:
363:
352:
350:
339:
337:
326:
324:
313:
311:
300:
298:
287:
285:
274:
272:
261:
259:
248:
246:
235:
233:
222:
220:
209:
207:
196:
194:
183:
181:
170:
168:
157:
155:
152:
151:
143:
125:
123:
120:
92:Free-trade area
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
74:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
49:
48:
47:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8782:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8764:2018 in Rwanda
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8589:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8552:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8417:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8330:
8328:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8312:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8251:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8233:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8177:Extreme points
8174:
8168:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8115:Monrovia Group
8112:
8107:
8102:
8100:Pan-Africanism
8096:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8080:
8079:
8072:
8065:
8057:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:Western Sahara
8038:
8021:
8008:
7999:
7985:Canary Islands
7981:
7980:
7978:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7656:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7620:
7615:
7599:
7598:External links
7596:
7593:
7592:
7577:
7545:
7513:
7499:
7480:
7454:
7432:
7410:
7389:
7367:
7340:
7329:. May 27, 2018
7318:
7296:
7274:
7253:
7235:
7214:
7192:
7171:
7152:
7129:
7105:
7084:
7055:
7033:
7009:
6988:
6973:
6959:
6933:
6915:
6886:
6864:
6838:
6813:
6800:Africa Renewal
6786:
6759:
6748:. July 7, 2019
6728:
6717:. July 3, 2019
6702:
6676:
6657:
6636:
6615:
6594:
6573:
6554:
6533:
6508:
6489:
6463:
6452:. July 7, 2019
6437:
6407:
6381:
6359:
6325:
6298:
6273:
6254:
6233:
6212:
6171:
6148:
6123:
6090:
6064:
6034:
6008:
5982:
5956:
5930:
5894:
5862:
5830:
5819:. July 4, 2019
5804:
5770:
5745:
5731:
5705:
5687:
5669:
5648:
5622:
5599:
5578:
5552:
5526:
5497:
5476:
5473:. August 2024.
5458:
5441:
5422:
5407:). Addis Ababa
5388:
5369:
5347:
5324:
5289:
5267:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5011:
5008:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4979:April 25, 2019
4976:
4973:
4971:March 21, 2018
4968:
4965:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4893:March 21, 2018
4890:
4887:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4854:March 21, 2018
4851:
4848:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4815:March 21, 2018
4812:
4809:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4776:March 21, 2018
4773:
4770:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:March 21, 2018
4740:
4737:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:March 21, 2018
4707:
4704:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:March 21, 2018
4635:
4632:
4618:
4617:
4615:April 30, 2019
4612:
4609:
4607:April 19, 2019
4604:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4560:March 21, 2018
4557:
4554:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4529:March 12, 2019
4526:
4523:
4521:March 21, 2018
4518:
4515:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4482:March 21, 2018
4479:
4476:
4462:
4461:
4459:April 30, 2019
4456:
4453:
4451:April 27, 2019
4448:
4445:
4443:March 21, 2018
4440:
4437:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4404:March 21, 2018
4401:
4398:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4326:March 21, 2018
4323:
4320:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4248:March 21, 2018
4245:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4225:April 18, 2022
4222:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4209:March 21, 2018
4206:
4203:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4170:March 21, 2018
4167:
4164:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4131:March 21, 2018
4128:
4125:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4092:March 21, 2018
4089:
4086:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4053:March 21, 2018
4050:
4047:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:March 21, 2018
4017:
4014:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:March 21, 2018
3984:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3948:March 21, 2018
3945:
3942:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3870:March 21, 2018
3867:
3864:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3792:March 21, 2018
3789:
3786:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3753:March 21, 2018
3750:
3747:
3733:
3732:
3730:April 16, 2019
3727:
3724:
3722:April 11, 2019
3719:
3716:
3714:March 21, 2018
3711:
3708:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3675:March 21, 2018
3672:
3669:
3655:
3654:
3652:April 10, 2019
3649:
3646:
3644:March 23, 2019
3641:
3638:
3636:March 21, 2018
3633:
3630:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3597:March 21, 2018
3594:
3591:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3528:March 21, 2018
3525:
3522:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3489:March 21, 2018
3486:
3483:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3450:March 21, 2018
3447:
3444:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3411:March 21, 2018
3408:
3405:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3372:March 21, 2018
3369:
3366:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:March 21, 2018
3333:
3330:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3297:March 21, 2018
3294:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3258:March 21, 2018
3255:
3252:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3219:March 21, 2018
3216:
3213:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3180:March 21, 2018
3177:
3174:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3141:March 21, 2018
3138:
3135:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3063:March 21, 2018
3060:
3057:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2955:March 21, 2018
2952:
2949:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2916:March 21, 2018
2913:
2910:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2867:
2864:
2809:May 30, 2019.
2738:
2735:
2680:
2679:Implementation
2677:
2656:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:Abdalla Hamdok
2522:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2388:
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2372:
2358:
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2328:
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2321:
2318:
2312:
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2282:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:Uhuru Kenyatta
2162:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2012:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1731:
1728:
1711:
1708:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1627:global economy
1549:
1548:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1004:
991:
978:
965:
952:
939:
926:
913:
900:
883:
882:
881:
879:
875:
874:
872:
871:
858:
845:
832:
819:
806:
793:
780:
767:
754:
737:
736:
735:
733:
729:
728:
726:
725:
712:
699:
686:
673:
660:
647:
634:
621:
608:
595:
582:
569:
556:
543:
530:
517:
504:
491:
478:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
374:
361:
348:
335:
322:
309:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
231:
218:
205:
192:
179:
166:
149:
148:
147:
145:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
117:
113:
112:
110:Kigali, Rwanda
107:
103:
102:
101:March 21, 2018
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
73:
67:
61:
59:
52:
51:
50:
45:
38:
37:
36:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8781:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8719:African Union
8717:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8694:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8597:Gold standard
8594:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8270:2025 election
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8182:Member states
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8084:African Union
8078:
8073:
8071:
8066:
8064:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8042:
8039:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8003:
8000:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7789:Guinea-Bissau
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7654:
7649:
7647:
7642:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7530:
7523:
7517:
7502:
7500:9783958618596
7496:
7492:
7491:
7484:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7442:
7436:
7420:
7414:
7399:
7393:
7377:
7371:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7328:
7322:
7306:
7300:
7284:
7278:
7263:
7257:
7249:
7248:www.trade.gov
7245:
7239:
7224:
7218:
7202:
7196:
7181:
7175:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7140:
7133:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7094:
7088:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7043:
7037:
7022:
7016:
7014:
6998:
6992:
6984:
6977:
6969:
6963:
6947:
6946:African Union
6943:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6904:. May 6, 2020
6903:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6874:
6868:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6672:
6671:Quartz Africa
6668:
6661:
6646:
6640:
6625:
6619:
6604:
6598:
6583:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6543:
6537:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6477:
6476:aljazeera.com
6473:
6467:
6451:
6450:African Union
6447:
6441:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6412:
6395:
6394:African Union
6391:
6385:
6369:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6229:
6222:
6216:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6159:
6152:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5891:
5879:
5872:
5866:
5859:
5847:
5840:
5834:
5818:
5817:African Union
5814:
5808:
5792:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5759:
5758:African Union
5755:
5749:
5741:
5735:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5682:African Union
5679:
5673:
5665:
5664:
5663:Quartz Africa
5659:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5618:
5617:
5616:The Economist
5612:
5606:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5540:
5539:Bloomberg.com
5536:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5437:
5433:
5430:First, Togo.
5426:
5418:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5384:
5383:Quartz Africa
5380:
5373:
5357:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5282:September 17,
5277:
5271:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:African Union
5155:
5149:
5145:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Market access
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5030:According to
5028:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4836:
4835:
4831:April 2, 2019
4829:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4542:
4541:
4537:April 2, 2019
4535:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4503:
4502:
4498:June 27, 2019
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4347:
4346:
4342:June 19, 2018
4340:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3969:
3968:
3964:July 31, 2024
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Guinea-Bissau
3813:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3800:July 31, 2018
3798:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3605:June 21, 2018
3603:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3536:June 28, 2019
3534:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3510:
3509:
3505:April 8, 2019
3503:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3266:June 29, 2018
3264:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3188:April 9, 2020
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3110:June 17, 2021
3108:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2932:June 23, 2021
2930:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:Guinea-Bissau
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:Guinea-Bissau
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:Among the 55
2734:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2646:In 2018, the
2639:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:João Lourenço
1833:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Ahmed Ouyahia
1803:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:African Union
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:In 1963, the
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:customs union
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:African Union
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1370:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1173:
1172:Guinea-Bissau
1162:
1160:
1149:
1146:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1029:
1028:Côte d'Ivoire
1018:
1016:
1005:
1003:
992:
990:
979:
977:
966:
964:
953:
951:
940:
938:
927:
925:
914:
912:
901:
899:
888:
887:
880:
876:
870:
859:
857:
846:
844:
833:
831:
820:
818:
807:
805:
794:
792:
791:Guinea-Bissau
781:
779:
768:
766:
755:
753:
742:
741:
734:
730:
724:
713:
711:
700:
698:
687:
685:
674:
672:
661:
659:
648:
646:
635:
633:
622:
620:
609:
607:
596:
594:
583:
581:
570:
568:
557:
555:
544:
542:
531:
529:
518:
516:
505:
503:
492:
490:
479:
477:
466:
464:
453:
451:
440:
438:
427:
425:
414:
412:
401:
399:
388:
386:
375:
373:
362:
360:
349:
347:
336:
334:
323:
321:
310:
308:
297:
295:
284:
282:
271:
269:
268:Côte d'Ivoire
258:
256:
245:
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
206:
204:
193:
191:
180:
178:
167:
165:
154:
153:
146:
140:
136:
132:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
56:
42:
32:
26:
22:
8617:
8139:
8125:Abuja Treaty
8024:Saint Helena
7995:
7899:South Africa
7889:Sierra Leone
7694:Burkina Faso
7559:
7536:. Retrieved
7529:the original
7516:
7504:. Retrieved
7489:
7483:
7471:. Retrieved
7467:the original
7457:
7447:February 22,
7445:. Retrieved
7435:
7425:February 22,
7423:. Retrieved
7413:
7401:. Retrieved
7392:
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7370:
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7331:. Retrieved
7321:
7311:February 22,
7309:. Retrieved
7299:
7289:November 14,
7287:. Retrieved
7277:
7265:. Retrieved
7256:
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7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7217:
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7096:. Retrieved
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7071:the original
7046:. Retrieved
7036:
7024:. Retrieved
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6906:. Retrieved
6901:
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6867:
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6851:
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6825:
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6799:
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6777:. Retrieved
6772:
6762:
6750:. Retrieved
6719:. Retrieved
6714:
6705:
6693:. Retrieved
6689:
6679:
6670:
6660:
6650:December 24,
6648:. Retrieved
6639:
6629:December 24,
6627:. Retrieved
6618:
6608:December 24,
6606:. Retrieved
6597:
6587:December 24,
6585:. Retrieved
6576:
6557:
6545:. Retrieved
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6520:
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6475:
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6449:
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6428:. Retrieved
6423:
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6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6345:
6316:. Retrieved
6311:
6301:
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6285:
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6248:
6236:
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6215:
6203:. Retrieved
6196:the original
6191:
6162:. Retrieved
6151:
6139:. Retrieved
6135:
6126:
6114:. Retrieved
6110:
6081:. Retrieved
6077:
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6051:
6025:. Retrieved
6020:
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5995:
5985:
5973:. Retrieved
5969:
5959:
5947:. Retrieved
5943:
5933:
5921:. Retrieved
5917:
5889:
5882:. Retrieved
5877:
5865:
5857:
5850:. Retrieved
5845:
5833:
5821:. Retrieved
5816:
5807:
5795:. Retrieved
5790:
5761:. Retrieved
5757:
5748:
5734:
5722:. Retrieved
5717:
5708:
5672:
5661:
5651:
5639:. Retrieved
5634:
5625:
5614:
5591:
5581:
5569:. Retrieved
5565:
5560:AfricaNews.
5555:
5543:. Retrieved
5538:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5512:
5489:
5479:
5470:
5461:
5435:
5425:
5415:– via
5409:. Retrieved
5382:
5372:
5360:. Retrieved
5350:
5339:
5315:. Retrieved
5311:the original
5306:
5280:. Retrieved
5270:
5258:
5253:
5237:
5229:free content
5221:
5148:
5029:
5014:A July 2017
5013:
4998:
4987:May 24, 2019
4671:July 2, 2018
4663:South Africa
4599:July 2, 2018
4591:Sierra Leone
4568:July 8, 2021
4490:May 28, 2019
4420:May 26, 2018
4412:May 25, 2018
4365:July 7, 2019
4334:May 28, 2018
4287:July 2, 2018
4264:July 5, 2023
3956:July 1, 2023
3909:July 2, 2018
3886:May 10, 2018
3769:May 10, 2018
3691:July 7, 2019
3683:July 2, 2019
3613:July 2, 2018
3544:July 2, 2019
3274:July 2, 2018
3102:July 2, 2018
3079:May 29, 2019
3071:May 27, 2019
3055:Burkina Faso
2994:July 7, 2019
2924:June 7, 2021
2857:
2841:
2811:
2807:
2779:Sierra Leone
2775:South Africa
2740:
2727:
2712:
2701:
2682:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:Institutions
2645:
2642:Expectations
2636:
2490:South Africa
2406:Brahim Ghali
2286:Filipe Nyusi
2076:Adama Barrow
1760:
1756:South Africa
1733:
1724:
1720:Johannesburg
1713:
1710:Negotiations
1701:
1669:
1638:
1631:
1615:
1598:ratification
1583:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1421:South Africa
1408:Sierra Leone
937:Burkina Faso
856:South Africa
843:Sierra Leone
190:Burkina Faso
126:May 30, 2019
119:May 30, 2019
25:
8749:Trade blocs
8518:Enlargement
8293:Secretariat
8255:Chairperson
8237:Chairperson
8147:Chairperson
8135:Lome Summit
7951:recognition
7904:South Sudan
7794:Ivory Coast
7473:January 10,
7403:January 10,
7382:January 10,
7360:January 10,
7333:January 10,
7267:January 10,
7228:January 10,
7145:January 24,
7122:January 10,
7098:January 10,
7077:January 10,
7048:January 10,
7026:January 10,
7002:January 10,
6952:October 14,
6547:October 30,
5724:December 2,
5411:January 26,
5362:January 14,
5021:Agenda 2063
4702:South Sudan
3878:May 6, 2018
3761:May 7, 2018
3289:Ivory Coast
2693:competition
2376:Paul Kagame
2196:Tom Thabane
2130:Ivory Coast
1896:Idriss Déby
1716:Addis Ababa
732:Signatories
645:South Sudan
144:signatories
8708:Categories
8639:Africa Day
8593:Currencies
8247:Commission
8006:(Portugal)
7964:Somaliland
7884:Seychelles
7849:Mozambique
7834:Mauritania
7819:Madagascar
7774:The Gambia
7709:Cape Verde
6908:August 21,
6879:August 21,
6857:August 21,
6852:The Herald
6690:Africanews
6482:January 2,
6286:World Bank
6268:Al-Jazeera
5996:AfricaNews
5944:tralac.org
5791:unctad.org
5718:Joy online
5566:Africanews
5491:Al Jazeera
5471:tralac.org
5358:. KT Press
5245:References
5057:(CARICOM)
4552:Seychelles
4240:Mozambique
4123:Mauritania
4012:Madagascar
3211:Cape Verde
2891:Deposited
2847:, but the
2771:Nouakchott
2737:Membership
2697:E-Commerce
2689:investment
2614:President
2584:President
2494:President
2460:Seychelles
2436:Macky Sall
2434:President
2404:President
2374:President
2344:President
2314:President
2284:President
2280:Mozambique
2224:President
2220:Mauritania
2164:President
2104:President
2074:President
2044:President
1954:President
1924:President
1894:President
1864:President
1834:President
1777:Signed By
1738:; and the
1666:Background
1538:Portuguese
1512:Depositary
1395:Seychelles
1278:Mozambique
1239:Mauritania
963:Cabo Verde
619:Seychelles
528:Mozambique
489:Mauritania
450:Madagascar
203:Cabo Verde
8164:Geography
7839:Mauritius
7587:244712893
6352:March 28,
6318:March 28,
6205:March 28,
5949:March 28,
5918:Brookings
5635:Arab News
5571:March 21,
5545:March 21,
5519:March 21,
5178:(CEN-SAD)
4162:Mauritius
2885:Ratified
1522:Languages
1252:Mauritius
884:48 states
502:Mauritius
150:44 states
134:Condition
116:Effective
8693:Category
8571:Passport
8486:Politics
8229:Assembly
8030: /
8026: /
8019:(France)
8013: /
7991: /
7987: /
7939:Zimbabwe
7914:Tanzania
7764:Ethiopia
7759:Eswatini
7739:Djibouti
7704:Cameroon
7689:Botswana
7354:Facebook
6773:BBC News
6526:April 7,
6374:June 20,
6291:June 27,
5763:April 9,
5641:April 7,
5513:BBC News
5196:(ECOWAS)
5172:(COMESA)
5038:See also
5023:and the
4963:Zimbabwe
4768:Tanzania
3628:Ethiopia
3589:Eswatini
3442:Djibouti
3133:Cameroon
3019:Botswana
2876:Country
2853:Ethiopia
2851:between
2822:and the
2803:Botswana
2751:Botswana
2610:Zimbabwe
2550:Tanzania
2010:Eswatini
1950:Djibouti
1774:Country
1503:Zimbabwe
1434:Tanzania
1106:Ethiopia
1093:Eswatini
1054:Djibouti
976:Cameroon
924:Botswana
765:Botswana
723:Zimbabwe
671:Tanzania
346:Ethiopia
333:Eswatini
294:Djibouti
216:Cameroon
142:Original
106:Location
8632:Culture
8585:Economy
8548:Symbols
8187:Regions
8172:Borders
8092:History
8015:Réunion
8011:Mayotte
8002:Madeira
7997:(Spain)
7993:Melilla
7924:Tunisia
7894:Somalia
7879:Senegal
7864:Nigeria
7854:Namibia
7844:Morocco
7809:Liberia
7804:Lesotho
7754:Eritrea
7724:Comoros
7699:Burundi
7674:Algeria
7538:June 6,
7506:June 6,
6831:July 8,
6806:July 8,
6779:July 8,
6752:July 7,
6721:July 7,
6695:July 7,
6503:Reuters
6456:July 8,
6430:July 7,
6424:AP News
6400:July 7,
6164:July 4,
6141:July 8,
6116:July 8,
6083:July 8,
6078:Reuters
6057:July 8,
6027:July 7,
6001:July 7,
5975:July 7,
5923:July 8,
5884:July 8,
5852:July 8,
5823:July 8,
5797:July 8,
5417:Twitter
5317:May 11,
5208:(SADC)
5190:(ECCAS)
5123:Tariffs
5000:Eritrea
4846:Tunisia
4630:Somalia
4513:Senegal
4357:Nigeria
4279:Namibia
4201:Morocco
3940:Liberia
3901:Lesotho
3559:Eritrea
3328:Comoros
3094:Burundi
2908:Algeria
2879:Signed
2860:Somalia
2833:dumping
2791:Burundi
2787:Lesotho
2783:Namibia
2763:Nigeria
2755:Eritrea
2430:Senegal
2250:Morocco
2190:Lesotho
1920:Comoros
1800:Algeria
1752:Nigeria
1661:History
1561:) is a
1546:Swahili
1542:Spanish
1530:English
1462:Tunisia
1382:Senegal
1304:Nigeria
1291:Namibia
1265:Morocco
1199:Lesotho
1015:Comoros
950:Burundi
898:Algeria
878:Parties
830:Nigeria
817:Namibia
804:Lesotho
778:Burundi
697:Tunisia
632:Somalia
606:Senegal
515:Morocco
424:Liberia
255:Comoros
164:Algeria
124: (
8653:Theory
8561:Emblem
8556:Anthem
8451:AMISOM
8436:UNAMID
8288:Bureau
8197:Organs
8034:
8017:
8004:
7934:Zambia
7929:Uganda
7869:Rwanda
7824:Malawi
7784:Guinea
7679:Angola
7585:
7575:
7497:
7137:Lusa.
6902:Tralac
6826:Tralac
6249:au.int
6228:au.int
6192:au.int
6136:Tralac
6111:Tralac
6052:Tralac
6021:Tralac
5878:au.int
5846:au.int
5307:au.int
5259:AfCFTA
5218:Source
5202:(IGAD)
4960:
4924:Zambia
4921:
4885:Uganda
4882:
4843:
4804:
4765:
4732:
4699:
4660:
4627:
4588:
4549:
4510:
4471:
4432:
4396:Rwanda
4393:
4354:
4315:
4276:
4237:
4198:
4159:
4120:
4081:
4045:Malawi
4042:
4009:
3976:
3937:
3898:
3859:
3820:
3784:Guinea
3781:
3742:
3706:Gambia
3703:
3664:
3625:
3586:
3556:
3517:
3478:
3439:
3400:
3361:
3325:
3286:
3247:
3208:
3169:
3130:
3091:
3052:
3016:
2983:
2947:Angola
2944:
2905:
2826:. The
2799:Zambia
2767:Zambia
2765:, and
2715:Niamey
2708:tariff
2607:
2580:Uganda
2577:
2547:
2517:
2487:
2457:
2427:
2397:
2370:Rwanda
2367:
2337:
2307:
2277:
2247:
2217:
2187:
2157:
2127:
2097:
2070:Gambia
2067:
2037:
2007:
1977:
1947:
1917:
1887:
1857:
1830:Angola
1827:
1797:
1748:Kigali
1594:Rwanda
1590:Kigali
1567:Africa
1559:AfCFTA
1534:French
1526:Arabic
1501:
1490:Zambia
1488:
1476:Uganda
1474:
1460:
1446:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1343:Rwanda
1341:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1237:
1224:
1213:Malawi
1211:
1197:
1183:
1170:
1159:Guinea
1157:
1143:
1132:Gambia
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1026:
1013:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
948:
935:
922:
911:Angola
909:
896:
869:Zambia
867:
854:
841:
828:
815:
802:
789:
776:
763:
750:
721:
710:Uganda
708:
695:
682:
669:
656:
643:
630:
617:
604:
591:
578:
567:Rwanda
565:
552:
539:
526:
513:
500:
487:
474:
463:Malawi
461:
448:
435:
422:
409:
398:Guinea
396:
383:
372:Gambia
370:
357:
344:
331:
318:
305:
292:
279:
266:
253:
240:
227:
214:
201:
188:
177:Angola
175:
162:
98:Signed
75:
69:
63:
8613:NEPAD
8456:MISCA
8421:ACIRC
7989:Ceuta
7909:Sudan
7859:Niger
7814:Libya
7799:Kenya
7779:Ghana
7769:Gabon
7744:Egypt
7684:Benin
7583:S2CID
7532:(PDF)
7525:(PDF)
6775:. BBC
6245:(PDF)
6224:(PDF)
6199:(PDF)
6188:(PDF)
5914:(PDF)
5874:(PDF)
5842:(PDF)
5787:(PDF)
5405:Tweet
5184:(EAC)
5166:(UMA)
5140:Notes
4735:Sudan
4318:Niger
3979:Libya
3862:Kenya
3745:Ghana
3667:Gabon
3481:Egypt
2986:Benin
2747:Benin
2520:Sudan
2310:Niger
2160:Kenya
2100:Ghana
2040:Gabon
1689:Abuja
1611:Ghana
1607:Accra
1317:Niger
1185:Kenya
1145:Ghana
1119:Gabon
1067:Egypt
752:Benin
658:Sudan
541:Niger
437:Libya
411:Kenya
385:Ghana
359:Gabon
307:Egypt
8660:Afro
8566:Flag
8498:APRM
8446:AMIS
8441:AMIB
8265:AUCC
7919:Togo
7829:Mali
7719:Chad
7573:ISBN
7540:2020
7508:2020
7495:ISBN
7475:2020
7449:2021
7427:2021
7405:2020
7384:2020
7362:2020
7335:2020
7313:2021
7291:2020
7269:2020
7230:2020
7209:2021
7187:2021
7147:2023
7124:2020
7100:2020
7079:2020
7050:2020
7028:2020
7004:2020
6954:2019
6910:2020
6881:2020
6859:2020
6833:2019
6808:2019
6781:2019
6754:2019
6723:2019
6697:2019
6652:2018
6631:2018
6610:2018
6589:2018
6549:2019
6528:2019
6484:2021
6458:2019
6432:2019
6402:2019
6376:2023
6354:2018
6320:2018
6293:2022
6207:2018
6166:2019
6143:2019
6118:2019
6085:2019
6059:2019
6029:2019
6003:2019
5977:2019
5951:2018
5925:2019
5886:2019
5854:2019
5825:2019
5799:2019
5765:2024
5726:2020
5643:2019
5593:CNBC
5573:2018
5547:2018
5521:2018
5413:2022
5364:2019
5319:2018
5284:2019
4983:Yes
4975:Yes
4967:Yes
4944:Yes
4936:Yes
4928:Yes
4905:Yes
4897:Yes
4889:Yes
4866:Yes
4858:Yes
4850:Yes
4827:Yes
4819:Yes
4811:Yes
4807:Togo
4788:Yes
4780:Yes
4772:Yes
4739:Yes
4706:Yes
4683:Yes
4675:Yes
4667:Yes
4642:Yes
4634:Yes
4611:Yes
4603:Yes
4595:Yes
4572:Yes
4564:Yes
4556:Yes
4533:Yes
4525:Yes
4517:Yes
4494:Yes
4486:Yes
4478:Yes
4455:Yes
4447:Yes
4439:Yes
4416:Yes
4408:Yes
4400:Yes
4377:Yes
4369:Yes
4361:Yes
4338:Yes
4330:Yes
4322:Yes
4299:Yes
4291:Yes
4283:Yes
4260:Yes
4252:Yes
4244:Yes
4221:Yes
4213:Yes
4205:Yes
4182:Yes
4174:Yes
4166:Yes
4143:Yes
4135:Yes
4127:Yes
4104:Yes
4096:Yes
4088:Yes
4084:Mali
4065:Yes
4057:Yes
4049:Yes
4016:Yes
3983:Yes
3960:Yes
3952:Yes
3944:Yes
3921:Yes
3913:Yes
3905:Yes
3882:Yes
3874:Yes
3866:Yes
3843:Yes
3835:Yes
3827:Yes
3804:Yes
3796:Yes
3788:Yes
3765:Yes
3757:Yes
3749:Yes
3726:Yes
3718:Yes
3710:Yes
3687:Yes
3679:Yes
3671:Yes
3648:Yes
3640:Yes
3632:Yes
3609:Yes
3601:Yes
3593:Yes
3540:Yes
3532:Yes
3524:Yes
3501:Yes
3493:Yes
3485:Yes
3462:Yes
3454:Yes
3446:Yes
3423:Yes
3415:Yes
3407:Yes
3384:Yes
3376:Yes
3368:Yes
3345:Yes
3340:Yes
3332:Yes
3309:Yes
3301:Yes
3293:Yes
3270:Yes
3262:Yes
3254:Yes
3250:Chad
3231:Yes
3223:Yes
3215:Yes
3192:Yes
3184:Yes
3176:Yes
3153:Yes
3145:Yes
3137:Yes
3114:Yes
3106:Yes
3098:Yes
3075:Yes
3067:Yes
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3036:Yes
3031:Yes
3023:Yes
2990:Yes
2967:Yes
2959:Yes
2951:Yes
2928:Yes
2920:Yes
2912:Yes
2801:and
2789:and
2691:and
2623:Yes
2620:Yes
2596:Yes
2593:Yes
2590:Yes
2563:Yes
2536:Yes
2533:Yes
2530:Yes
2503:Yes
2473:Yes
2470:Yes
2446:Yes
2443:Yes
2440:Yes
2413:Yes
2410:Yes
2386:Yes
2383:Yes
2380:Yes
2356:Yes
2353:Yes
2350:Yes
2326:Yes
2323:Yes
2320:Yes
2296:Yes
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2206:Yes
2203:Yes
2176:Yes
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2170:Yes
2140:Yes
2116:Yes
2113:Yes
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2086:Yes
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2080:Yes
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2023:Yes
2020:Yes
1996:Yes
1993:Yes
1990:Yes
1963:Yes
1960:Yes
1936:Yes
1933:Yes
1930:Yes
1906:Yes
1903:Yes
1900:Yes
1890:Chad
1876:Yes
1873:Yes
1870:Yes
1846:Yes
1843:Yes
1840:Yes
1813:Yes
1810:Yes
1754:and
1553:The
1448:Togo
1226:Mali
1002:Chad
684:Togo
476:Mali
242:Chad
88:Type
7565:doi
6746:BBC
6568:CNN
4752:No
4747:No
4719:No
4714:No
4647:No
4029:No
4024:No
3996:No
3991:No
3573:No
3568:No
3563:No
3003:No
2998:No
2626:No
2566:No
2560:No
2506:No
2500:No
2476:No
2416:No
2266:No
2263:No
2200:No
2146:No
2143:No
2026:No
1966:No
1816:No
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