Kigali - Knowledge

922:, in which 500,000–800,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu were killed in well-planned attacks on the orders of the interim government. Opposition politicians based in Kigali were killed on the first day of the genocide, and the city then became the setting for fierce fighting between the army and the RPF including at the latter's base. The RPF began attacking from the north of the country, and gradually took control of most of Rwanda between April and June. After encircling Kigali and cutting off its supply routes, they began fighting for the city itself in mid-June. The government forces had superior manpower and weapons but the RPF fought tactically, and were able to exploit the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali. The RPF took control of Kigali on 4 July, a date now commemorated as 2361:. The population reached 115,000 by 1978, and 235,000 by 1991. The city lost a large fraction of its people during the 1994 genocide, including those killed and those who fled to neighbouring countries. From 1995 the economy began to recover and large numbers of long-term Tutsi refugees returned from Uganda. Many of these refugees settled in Kigali and other urban areas, due to difficulty in obtaining land in other parts of the country. This phenomenon, coupled with a high birth rate and increased rural-to-urban migration, meant that Kigali reattained its previous size quite quickly and began to grow even more rapidly than before. The population exceeded 600,000 in 2002, and in the 2012 census had almost doubled to 1.13 million, although this was in part because the administrative boundaries of the city had been expanded. 3335: 2373:(NISR) to the migration of working-age Rwandans from rural to urban areas. Similarly, Kigali has a lower level of over-60s, with 2.6 per cent, than the Rwanda average of 4.9 per cent, also likely reflecting the tendency for non-working-age inhabitants to live rurally. In 2014, the proportion of people classified as living in poverty within Kigali was 15 per cent, compared with 37 per cent for Rwanda as a whole. The 2012 census recorded a workforce of 487,000 in Kigali. The city's biggest employment sector is agriculture, fishing and forestry, covering 24 per cent of the workforce; utilities and financial services with 21 per cent; trade 20 per cent and government 12 per cent. 98: 2901: 740: 2502:

agriculture in Kigali is subsistence farming on small plots, but there are some larger modern farms close to the city, particularly in Gasabo district, which has the highest average area of cultivated land per household in the country. Other major employment areas in the city are government, which comprises 12 per cent of the workforce, transportation and communication, construction, and manufacturing. The NISR classifies 21 per cent of the workforce as being employed in "other services" such as utilities and financial services, the latter including banking, pensions, insurance, microfinance, and the

2446: 947: 73: 3505: 2548: 1161: 3136: 2681: 80: 2349: 3213: 3384:, responsibility for primary healthcare has moved from the national level to district level. Healthcare centres in the city are run as a mixture of public sector, government-assisted and private sector, with some traditional healers also operating. Not all residents have easy access to these facilities, however, with some having to walk more than 30 minutes to reach the nearest centre. The government has devolved the financing and management of healthcare to local communities, through a system of health insurance providers called 154: 124: 2617: 3184: 2416: 955: 604: 91: 11690: 1069: 224: 62: 2442:, and found that 92 per cent of these were from the city of Kigali. However, the authors noted that this figure excluded turnover from small-scale farming, and was also inflated for companies headquartered in Kigali with revenue generated elsewhere in Rwanda. Official statistics classify economic activity as either "farm" or "non-farm", and Kigali accounts for 39 per cent of non-farm waged employees in the country. 3180:. Within the city there was a total of 1,017 kilometres (632 mi) of road in 2012, although only fourteen per cent of this was paved road and many of the unpaved sections were of poor quality and dangerous during rainfall. The authorities have been making gradual improvements since the 1990s, increasing the quality of the surfaces and also upgrading most of the city's arterial routes to dual-carriageway. 2632:(OSAC) praises the RNP's professionalism, but notes that it lacks specialist skills in dealing with policing tasks such as investigation, counter-terrorism, bomb disposal, and forensics. OSAC also notes that the RNP has limited resources on the ground, stating that police are often "unable to respond to an emergency call in a timely manner", and that police patrols are more focused on terrorism than crime. 11707: 2980:. It has six constituent colleges, spanning nine campuses, three of which are in Kigali. These are the Gikondo campus, which serves as the university's headquarters and is home to its business and economics programmes, the Nyarugenge campus on the former KIST site, which houses the sciences, architecture and engineering, and the Remera campus which covers medicine, nursing, dentistry and health sciences. 838:

colonial administration. This arrangement persisted until the mid-1920s, but from 1924 the Belgians began once more to sideline the monarchy, this time permanently. Belgium took over control of dispute resolution, appointment of officials and collection of taxes. Kigali remained relatively small through the remainder of the colonial era, as much of the administration took place in Ruanda-Urundi's capital

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and levying taxes, around 30 per cent of which were passed to the city-wide authority. The changes, implemented with the goal of reducing bureaucracy and inefficiency, gave the city council much greater power including control of the budget. The districts ceased to be separate legal entities, their mayors being replaced by district executive administrators appointed by the national government.

161: 131: 2438:(GDP), and found that the three districts of Kigali represented 42 per cent of Rwanda's total night-light output. When translated, this gives a total city GDP of approximately US$ 1.8 billion or $ 1,619 per capita, compared with a national average of $ 436 per capita. Another 2015 World Bank study measured the total turnover of registered companies in the country, as reported to the 862:(known as Astrida under the Belgians), due to its prominence as a centre of intellect and religion. The authorities eventually chose Kigali because of its more central location. The city grew steadily during the following decades; in the early 1970s the population was 25,000 with only five paved roads, and by 1991 it was around 250,000. On 5 July 1973 there was 762:, and established the city as the headquarters. Alexis Kagame promoted an alternative theory that the city was established as a capital under Cyilima I Rugwe in either the 1300s or the 1500s. There is little direct evidence for this, however, and the more recent kings of the pre-colonial era are known to have been based at Nyanza. Rwanda and neighbouring 2369:

under the age of 50. The city has a higher proportion of 14–35 year olds than the Rwanda average, with 50.3 per cent versus 39.6 per cent nationwide. Children between birth and seventeen (i.e. < 18) years of age have a below-average share of the total, with 39.6 per cent against 47.7 per cent nationally. These differences are attributed by the

2380:(HDI), a composite measure of life expectancy and health, education, and standard of living. This figure had risen or remained the same every year since 1992, during the civil war, when the figure was 0.223. It is also the highest of Rwanda's five provinces with the next highest, the Northern Province, recording an HDI of 0.531. Analysts at the 416: 934:

infrastructure now exist across the city. A masterplan, adopted by the city and the government in 2013 and supported by international finance and labour, seeks to establish Kigali as a decentralised modern city by 2040. The development has been accompanied by forced eviction of residents in informal housing zones, however, and groups such as

1268:, change in climate has reduced the number of rainy days experienced during a year, but has also caused an increase in frequency of torrential rains. Strategic Foresight also characterise Rwanda as a rapidly warming country, with an increase in average temperature of between 0.7 °C to 0.9 °C over the 50 years to 2013. 2651:, then-commander of the central division Rogers Rutikanga cited "efficient operations and daily surveillance" as the means by which the city was policed. Rutikanga noted that there were crimes related to burglary, drugs, assault and robbery, as well as petty crime and pickpocketing, but that numbers were kept low through 798:. Despite a German ordinance written in 1905, which prohibited "non-indigenous natives" from entering Rwanda, Kandt began permitting the entry of foreign traders in 1908, which allowed commercial activity to begin in Rwanda. Kigali's first businesses were established by Greek and Indian merchants, with assistance from 2559:

government responsibility for strategic planning and urban development, as well as liaising with the three constituent districts and monitoring the districts' development plans. Like other provinces, Kigali is divided into districts—Gasabo, Kicukiro, and Nyarugenge—which are in turn divided into 35 sectors.

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to invest in a programme of new peat-fired, hydroelectric, and methane power stations across Rwanda as well as the construction and repair of power lines. As of 2018, 82 per cent of Kigali's households had access to electricity, with the government targeting 100 per cent provision within seven years.

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and engagement with schools, businesses, municipal government and social service providers. In its advice to overseas visitors, OSAC states that there is a "moderate risk from crime in Kigali", but notes that such crime is rarely violent. It cites pickpocketing and petty theft as the biggest concerns

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and was the site of the original city founded by Richard Kandt in 1907. The house that Kandt lived in is now the Kandt House Museum of Natural History. The CBD is situated towards the western edge of the built-up area, as the terrain to the east was more suitable for development of the expanding city

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for cultivation and grazing, caused the two lakes' water levels to fall from 1990 onwards; by 2004 levels were reduced by 50 per cent, leading to a sharp drop in output from the power stations. Coupled with this, demand had been increasing since the 1980s as the economy grew, particularly in Kigali.

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Car ownership in Kigali is low, with just six per cent of households possessing one as of 2011. Most residents therefore rely on public transport for journeys within the city and elsewhere. Historically most passenger journeys within Kigali were in minibuses, operating under a share taxi system with

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Kigali was not historically the hub of Rwanda's cultural heritage. For example, the country's traditional dance, a choreographed routine consisting of three components, originated in the royal court at Nyanza. However, the capital is now home to many groups which perform the dance including the LEAF

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system, with the electorate voting for delegates at the sub-sector village level, who go on to elect other delegates through each level of the administrative hierarchy. The mayor and two deputy mayors form the executive committee, which reports to the council and implements its decisions. As of 2023

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From January 2020 a new administrative system for Kigali was introduced, after a law was passed by the national parliament the previous year. Under the previous system, in effect since 2002, power was significantly devolved to the districts which were led by their own mayors, managing infrastructure

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Industry in Kigali formed only 14 per cent of the city's GDP in 2014, focused on a small industrial zone set up in the 1970s. Challenges for the sector include the high cost of importing raw materials into a land-locked country, as well as substandard infrastructure and a lack of skilled workers. In

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to insufficient numeracy and English skills in primary-school finishers, cost, the need for children to contribute to household labour, and insufficient teaching resources. The city's three districts occupied the top positions in the national table of exam results at primary level in 2019, although

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When Germany decided in 1907 to separate the administration of Rwanda from that of Burundi, Kandt was appointed as resident. He chose to make his headquarters in Kigali due to its central location in the country, and also because the site on Nyarugenge Hill afforded good views and security. Kandt's

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On 14 September 2022, the government announced that, starting with the academic year 2022–2023, parents will no longer pay school fees for students in pre-primary and primary, however, they will contribute Rwf975 for school feeding program. This will help parents with limited means be able to send

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In 2013 the government implemented significant changes in the country's public university system, intended to improve efficiency by removing duplicated courses of study and eliminating discrepancies in student assessment between the different schools. The previously independent Kigali institutions

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of Rwanda, serving as the country's main port of entry and largest business centre. The NISR does not maintain detailed economic data for subnational entities in Rwanda, but economists have used various measures to estimate the city's output. A 2015 working paper by the World Bank Policy Research

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in Rwanda, the first of which was established in 2014 on Masoro Hill in Gasabo district, close to Kigali International Airport. Companies operating within the zone benefit from good infrastructure, availability of land and transport links, as well as tax breaks. It attracted 61 businesses in its

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The city's largest employment sector is agriculture, fishing and forestry, representing 24 per cent of the workforce. Farmland comprised over 60 per cent of the land within the city's boundaries in 2012, mostly in the outer areas surrounding the urban core. As is the case nationwide, much of the

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put the figure at almost 62 per cent. Activity within the service sector includes retail, information technology, transport and hotels, and real estate. The city authorities have prioritised business services for expansion, constructing several modern buildings in the CBD such as the Kigali City

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hypothesised that the high male-to-female ratio was due to a tendency for men to migrate to the city in search of work outside the agricultural sector, while their wives remained in a rural home. The population is young, with 73 per cent of residents being less than 30 years old, and 94 per cent

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at the start of the Belgian administration. The famine, combined with the difficulty of governing the complex Rwandan society, prompted the Belgians to re-establish the German-style indirect rule at the end of 1917. Musinga was restored to his throne at Nyanza, with Kigali remaining home to the

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are a very popular form of private-hire vehicle, with 10,486 drivers registered with cooperatives or syndicates in 2012, a figure which is likely an underestimate. The government has announced plans to replace the country's fleet of petrol-powered motorcycles with electric vehicles, and online

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extremists loyal to the interim government killing an estimated 800,000-1,000,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu nationwide. The RPF resumed fighting, ending a cease-fire of more than a year. They gradually took control of most of the country and seized Kigali on 4 July 1994. Post-genocide Kigali has

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since the 1994 genocide, with aid from the United States, European Union, Japan, China, and others. Kigali is the centre of the country's road network, with paved roads linking the city to most other major cities and towns in the country. It is also connected by road to other countries in the

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states that fear of arrest serves as a deterrent for most such protests, and that the police often disperse protests even when they have official permission. Those gatherings which do take place are mostly peaceful and crime-free. OSAC's report assesses the city's terrorism risk as "minimal".

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Kigali is a province-level city, one of the five provinces of Rwanda. The area under the city's jurisdiction has been expanded several times since Rwandan independence, the current boundaries being established through a 2005 law as part of local-government restructuring. The law gave the city

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Since the war and genocide the city has experienced rapid population growth as a result of migration from other areas, as well as a high birth rate. Buildings that were heavily damaged during the fighting have been demolished, much of the city has been rebuilt, and modern office buildings and

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The city council is composed of eleven individuals, down from 33 in the old system. Six of the council members are directly elected by the public, each district electing one man and one woman. The remaining five members are appointed by the president of Rwanda, subject to the approval of the

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As of the 2012 Rwandan census, the population of Kigali was 1,132,686, of which 859,332 were urban residents. The population density was 1,552 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,020/sq mi). At the time of independence in 1962, Kigali had 6,000 inhabitants, consisting primarily of those

1005:, which occupies the northern half of the city's territory. The built-up urban area covers about 70 per cent of the municipal boundaries. Kigali lies in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. It is situated between Mount Kigali and 2736:

music festival has been held annually in July or August. Artists from Rwanda and other countries perform music in a variety of styles including reggae and blues, with audiences of several thousands. Some of the musicians also give lessons to attendees during the festival. The

2925: 3283:, 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of Kigali, with construction beginning in 2017. It will become the country's largest when it opens, complementing the existing Kigali airport. The national carrier is RwandAir, and the country is served by seven foreign airlines. 3089:

in Gahanga, which opened in 2017. Rwanda's only golf course, the Kigali Golf Club, is based in Nyarutarama; as of 2020 it is being expanded to eighteen holes and hopes to attract regional tournaments in future. Seven of the sixteen teams in the association football

1260:: the major one from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all, and a shorter and less severe one from December to February. The wettest month is April, with an average rainfall of 154 millimetres (6.1 in), while the driest month is July. 2515:

first year of operation, manufacturing products such as paper and foam mattresses. As the zone grew over subsequent years, further businesses relocated there from other parts of the capital such as the Gikondo Industrial Park. The city sits close to deposits of

1180:, has been home to wealthy foreign residents and Rwandans since colonial times, with large houses and high-end restaurants. The residence of the Rwandan president is located in this area. The lower part of Kiyovu, north of the main road, consisted until 2008 of 874:

to commemorate Independence Day a few days earlier, and they began occupying government buildings from dawn on 4 July. Businesses closed for a few days, and troops patrolled across the city, but the coup was bloodless and life continued as normal, historian

2797:, during which the president lights a "flame of hope" and addresses the nation. This is followed by an official week of mourning and, on 4 July, the Liberation Day holiday. Along with the rest of Rwanda, the last Saturday of each month in Kigali is 3094:

are based in Kigali. Most of these do not have their own stadia and play fixtures at multiple venues including Amahoro Stadium, Nyamirambo Regional Stadium and various smaller grounds. The country's two most successful teams are based in the city:

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that had formed after independence, when strict residence rules were relaxed. The houses in lower Kiyovu were expropriated by the government in 2008 with residents compensated or relocated to other areas, including to a purpose-built estate in the

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In 2018 Kigali had 239 primary schools with 203,680 pupils enrolled, and 143 secondary schools with an enrolment of 60,997. The large rate of drop-out between primary and secondary, a phenomenon which occurs across Rwanda, is attributed by the

2774:, were set in the city but filmed in other countries. Several of the films featured survivors as cast members. Kigali also has a growing domestic film industry which began in the early 2000s with the Rwanda Film Centre, founded by journalist 3425:

is the most popular station in the country, with an audience share of 45.2 per cent, followed by TV1 with 9.3 per cent, and TV10 with 6.4 per cent. Rwanda TV was historically run by the government, but in 2013 it was transferred to the RBA.

494:, Kigali is a relatively new city. It has been Rwanda's economic, cultural, and transport hub since it was founded as an administrative outpost in 1907, and became the capital of the country at independence in 1962, shifting focus away from 3400:

There are a total of eleven different terrestrial television stations broadcast in Rwanda, ten of which are domestic. All of the ten domestic channels are headquartered in Kigali. These stations are provided by two organisations—the public

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In addition to the city government, most Rwandan government offices are located in Kigali, particularly in the suburbs of Kacyiru and Kimihurura. This includes Village Urugwiro in Kacyiru, which is the office of the president, and the

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in the 16th century, but Ruganzu's son Cyilima I Rugwe fought back with help from Bugesera and was able to expand Rwanda's territory. In the late 16th or early 17th century, the kingdom of Rwanda was invaded from the north by the

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north of the city; by 2006 these were providing 56 per cent of the country's electricity, but were very costly. Power outages remained a frequent occurrence in the late 2010s. This prompted the government and national supplier

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associated with the Belgian colonial residency. It grew considerably after being named as the independent nation's capital, although it remained a relatively small city until the 1970s due to government policies restricting

2973: 584:—which historically had control of significant areas of local governance. Reforms in January 2020 transferred much of the districts' power to the city-wide council. The city also hosts the main residence and offices of the 1192:

The government has plans to create a new business district in lower Kiyovu to complement the existing CBD, although as of late 2017 there had been only a handful of buildings erected there. Other eastern suburbs include

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described Nyamirambo in 2015 as "Kigali's coolest neighbourhood", citing its multi-cultural status and an active nightlife, which is not found in much of the rest of the city. North of Nyamirambo, and west of the CBD is

806:. Items traded included cloth and beads. Commercial activity was limited and there were only around 30 firms in the city by 1914. Kandt also opened government-run schools in Kigali, which began educating Tutsi students. 842:, now known as Bujumbura in Burundi. Usumbura's population exceeded 50,000 during the 1950s and was the mandate's only European-style city, while Kigali's population remained at around 6,000 until independence in 1962. 829:. In early 1917, Belgium attempted to assert direct rule on the mandate, placing King Musinga under arrest and sidelining Rwandans in the judiciary. In this period, Kigali was one of two provincial capitals, alongside 5298: 2592:, who had fought with the RPF during the Rwandan Civil War and was the first post-genocide mayor from 1994 to 1997. Day-to-day budget and staff management are the responsibility of a city manager, appointed by 3381: 1132:. This was the second part of the city to be settled, being built in the 1920s by the Belgian colonial government as a home for civil servants and Swahili traders. The latter group were mostly members of the 3236:

in Kenya. In 2019 the Rwanda–Uganda border was closed by the Rwandan government amid a diplomatic dispute over rebel groups and the treatment of Rwandan nationals in Uganda. Some travellers began using the

636:, most likely because the mountain itself was broad and wide, with the city later being named after the mountain. According to Rwandan oral history, the name originated in the 14th century. Rwandan scholar 11249: 10928: 1044:, which flows south from Lake Muhazi before flowing west between Mount Kigali and Mount Jali, and draining into the Nyabarongo. The Nyabugogo is fed by various smaller streams throughout the city, and its 517:, chose the site for his headquarters, citing its central location, views and security. Foreign merchants began to trade in the city during the German era, and Kandt opened some government-run schools for 833:. An agricultural-labour shortage caused by the recruitment of locals to assist the European armies during the war, the plundering of food by soldiers, and torrential rains which destroyed crops, led to 10989: 3631:, p. 19. Those based in Kigali are: Rwanda TV; Isango Star; Authentic TV; TV One and Radio One; TV7; Flash TV; Big Television Network; Contact TV; Goodrich TV; TV10. The sole overseas station is 3349:

and receives most of its funding from the government. UTH-K has 519 beds and employs 155 personnel. Founded in 1918, it is currently in Kigali CBD, but plans to relocate to a new larger site in the

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Total GDP calculated as sum of Gasabo, Kicukiro and Nyarugenge districts: $ 925,037,044 + $ 537,601,961 + $ 371,304,245 = $ 1,833,943,250. Per-capita figure assumes a city population of 1,132,686.

1040:, forms the western and southern borders of the administrative city of Kigali, although this river lies somewhat outside the built-up urban area. The largest river running through the city is the 2945: 2998: 1229:, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the CBD on the eastern edge of the city, where Kigali International Airport is located. Kigali has been ranked the "cleanest city in Africa" in recent years. 6275: 2815:

am. All able-bodied people between 18 and 65 are expected to carry out community tasks such as cleaning streets or building homes for vulnerable people. Most normal services close down during

9305: 8357: 695:, around 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of modern Kigali. The early kingdom included Kigali but it was a small state at this point in its history with larger and more powerful neighbours, 2993:

this success was not replicated at secondary level in which rural districts were the top performers. The top-three performing individual secondary schools offering the Rwandan syllabus—

11386: 2470:, and has its own sites of interest such as the Kigali Genocide Memorial and ecotourist facilities, as well as bars, coffee shops and restaurants. Expansion of destinations by carrier 3345:

Rwanda has five national referral hospitals, of which four are located in Kigali. The largest of these is the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTH-K), which is governed by the

3002: 2778:. One of the centre's goals was to diversify the subjects covered by Rwandan films beyond the genocide theme, presenting other aspects of the country. In 2005, Kabera inaugurated the 2697:. Drummers play together in groups of varying sizes, usually between seven and nine in number. Traditional music and songs are performed in venues across the city by acts such as the 2782:

which takes place annually at venues in the capital and elsewhere, giving it the nickname "Hillywood", a portmanteau word combining Rwanda's nickname "land of a thousand hills" with

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A number of radio stations also operate in Kigali, with transmitters located at Mount Jali and at Mount Rebero, the south of the city. The 2017 GeoPoll survey found that RBA-owned

2693:, a cultural troupe affiliated with the city government. Drums are of great importance in traditional Rwandan music; the royal drummers enjoyed high status within the court of the 11538: 9558: 9442: 7432: 2949: 2937: 719:. The king was forced to flee westward, leaving Kigali and eastern Rwanda in the hands of Bugesera and Gisaka. The formation of a new Rwandan dynasty in the 17th century by the 2539:

in the northern suburbs of Kigali, which was built in the 1980s and was able to produce up to 1,800 tonnes (1,800 long tons; 2,000 short tons) of pure tin per year as of 2019.

5881: 11601: 6153: 903: 553: 11521: 2628:(RNP). The city falls within RNP's central division, which is headed as of 2020 by Assistant Commissioner of Police Felly Rutagerura Bahizi. The United States government's 675:

hunter-gatherers who settled the area between 8000 and 3000 BC and remain in the country today. They were followed between 700 BC and AD 1500 by a number of

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in the Kigali area, one on Mount Jali, and one in Gasabo. In addition to the terrestrial channels, StarTimes also run a pay TV service along with two other networks,

727:, followed by eastward invasions and the conquest of Bugesera, marked the beginning of the Rwandan kingdom's dominance in the area. The capital of the kingdom was at 3192:

sixteen passengers per bus. In the 2010s these were phased out in many areas of the city, in favour of larger buses, some of which permit cashless payment through a

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International coaches run from Nyabugogo to other destinations in East Africa. Until 2019, this included the Ugandan capital Kampala, which was reached either via

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In 2013, the economy was reported to be dependent on foreign aid and illegal resource extraction from the DRC. The largest contributor to Kigali's economy is the

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border crossing to reach Kampala via Tanzania, a much longer journey. As of 2020 Rwanda has no railways, but the government has agreed with Tanzania to construct

1137: 1102: 6587: 5764: 3465: 2964:'s college of engineering. As of 2018, there were a total of 50,594 students enrolled at tertiary institutions in Kigali, with a total of 28 separate campuses. 10996: 4011: 3005:—were all in Kigali, however. The city also has a number of private schools, which target wealthy Rwandans and expatriates, including the Green Hills Academy, 2738: 2535:, a similar distance away. Much of the raw mineral is exported out of Rwanda for processing, but there are some local processing facilities. This includes the 437: 2571:. Each council member serves for a renewable five-year term. The executive branch of the city government is headed by the mayor, who is elected via a complex 2577: 1098: 262: 3107:

play their home games in Kigali, with venues including Club Rafiki and the Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Kigali, as well as the Amahoro Stadium's

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attribute the gains in HDI seen across Rwanda as a whole to a "strong focus on homegrown policies and initiatives", which have accompanied economic growth.

10929:"Performance audit report on procurement and management of drugs and medical supplies and its impact on health care at University Teaching Hospital-Kigali" 696: 4525: 902:

was established in the city, and the RPF were granted use of a building in the city for their diplomats and soldiers. In April 1994 President Habyarimana

3414: 4452: 11787: 4926: 3434: 2466:, including leisure tourism, conferences and exhibitions. Kigali is the major arrival point for tourists visiting Rwanda's national parks and tracking 1122: 707: 8526: 6907: 6264: 5193: 2387:

As with Rwanda as a whole, Christianity is the dominant religion in Kigali. In the 2012 census, 42.1 per cent of the city's inhabitants identified as

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Rwanda and Kigali have a growing popular music industry, influenced by African Great Lakes, Congolese, and American music. The most popular genre is

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The city has an average daily temperature range between 15 and 27 °C (59 and 81 °F), with little variation through the year. There are two

1089: 1041: 641: 9169: 4497: 10410:"Bright Lights, Big Cities: Measuring National and Subnational Economic Growth in Africa from Outer Space, with an Application to Kenya and Rwanda" 9313: 8361: 8078: 3714: 10427:"Reshaping urbanization in Rwanda: economic and spatial trends and proposals – note 1: urbanization and the evolution of Rwanda's urban landscape" 4965: 11371: 8472: 2928:, which was founded in 1976, but the city did not become a major centre of learning until the second half of the 1990s. At that time, the public 2698: 2334: 1796: 1097:, are located in the CBD, as are the headquarters of the country's largest banks and businesses. Other buildings in the CBD include the upmarket 6733: 9727: 7214: 3477: 3238: 2657: 11730: 186: 12588: 11639: 7993: 3122:

Kigali was awarded hosting of the 2025 UCI Road World Championships, marking the first time the organisation's flagship event visits Africa.

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is more prevalent in Kigali than elsewhere in Rwanda, with 5.7 per cent of people following the faith compared with 2.0 per cent nationwide.

6443: 12085: 10884: 3370: 2532: 1218: 1153:. Situated at the lowest part of the city, in the valley of the eponymous Nyabugogo River, Nyabugogo is home to Kigali's principal bus and 1006: 899: 490:. It is near the nation's geographic centre in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. As a 8386: 3077:

is a 10,000-capacity indoor arena next to Amahoro Stadium, which opened in 2019. The arena hosts sports such as basketball, including the

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diplomatic cable sent shortly afterwards, the disruption following the coup was short-lived and the army had left the streets by 11 July.

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provided 90 per cent of Rwanda's electricity. A combination of below average rainfall and human activity, including the draining of the

10888: 10868: 10845: 6367: 6335: 3471: 3438: 2933: 2370: 1186: 1114: 1052:, which act as a water store and flood protection for the city, although these are under threat from agriculture and development. The " 1048:

contains most of Kigali's territory, other than areas in the south which outflow directly to the Nyabarongo. The rivers are flanked by

3392:

were piloted in 1999, and were made available nationwide by the mid-2000s, with the assistance of international development partners.

4557: 3373:, Masaka, and Kacyiru. In 2021, a new 300-bed hospital opened in Nyarugenge district, designated as a specialist referral centre for 1194: 8686: 7926: 7137: 3548: 3418: 1173: 700: 9840: 6181: 4901: 12552: 11810: 11452: 9977: 9681: 9033: 7054: 5874: 3242: 2994: 640:, who did extensive research into the country's oral history and traditions, wrote that the name Kigali came into use after King 9283: 8255: 7568: 600:. Attracting international visitors is a priority for city authorities, including leisure tourism, conferences and exhibitions. 12427: 11780: 8304: 6855: 3104: 3037:, in the Remera area of the city, which was built in the 1980s and has a capacity of 30,000. The stadium is used primarily for 2764: 1110: 938:

have accused the government of removing poor people and children from the city's streets and moving them to detention centres.

108:

Top: Panoramic view of Kigali; Middle: Kigali Convention Center, Kigali CBD; Bottom: Gorilla monument and Kigali City Council,

7183: 5644: 3896: 11550: 11381: 11215: 11160: 11139: 11089: 11068: 11047: 11026: 10918: 10828: 10759: 10735: 10714: 10693: 10672: 10651: 10630: 10588: 10569: 10545: 10522: 10501: 10480: 10456: 10398: 10341: 10320: 10299: 10271: 8440: 8082: 5735: 5067: 2656:

for foreigners within the city. Rwanda as a whole has lower crime rates than other countries in East Africa. In 2014–15, the

1177: 795: 748: 5020: 10609: 6885: 6812: 6786: 6235: 3308:

In 2003–04, the national electricity company was forced to reduce output from the power stations, necessitating widespread

3267:(KIA), in the eastern suburb of Kanombe, is the nation's and the city's principal airport. The busiest routes are those to 759: 514: 9143: 8982: 7731: 11106: 10231: 9309: 8606: 7308: 6642: 3268: 3065:, as well as concerts and public events. The Amahoro complex includes an indoor venue, commonly known by the French name 522: 9196: 8196: 4176: 894:(RPF) did come close to attacking the city in February 1993. In December of the same year, following the signing of the 7058: 6620: 2629: 810: 8636: 7896: 11773: 11632: 11170: 10034: 8170: 5702: 5673: 4605: 3046: 2458: 880: 11543: 1013:, while the lowest areas of the city have an altitude of 1,300 m (4,265 ft). Geologically, Kigali is in a 644:

completed a conquest of the area. The legend states that Rugwe viewed the territory from the top of a hill and said

12141: 12015: 11526: 11308: 10107: 8136: 6672: 3062: 977:

introduced in 2006 as part of a restructuring of local government in the country. The city has boundaries with the

8898: 8858: 2660:

was 2.52 in the country, compared with 11.52 for Uganda, 6.95 for Tanzania, 4.79 for Kenya, and 4.52 for Burundi.

1238: 533:. Kigali remained the seat of colonial administration for Rwanda but Ruanda-Urundi's capital was at Usumbura (now 11565: 8801: 7704: 4820: 3254: 3050: 1093:

than the high slopes of Mount Kigali to the west. Several of Rwanda's tallest buildings, including the 20-storey

153: 123: 10769: 10130: 5404: 11442: 11376: 10948: 10803: 10776: 4927:""Why Not Call This Place a Prison?" – Unlawful Detention and Ill-Treatment in Rwanda's Gikondo Transit Center" 4535: 3334: 3280: 3010: 2985: 2454: 1249:) zone, with temperatures that are cooler than typical for equatorial countries because of its high elevation. 1176:

is the closest, on the eastern slopes of Nyarugenge Hill. The higher part of Kiyovu, to the south of main road

593: 17: 9387: 8661: 6297: 3326:, with only between 2 and 4 per cent of households in the three districts relying on off-grid access in 2020. 3081:

tournament, as well as handball, volleyball, and tennis. Other venues in the city include the 22,000-capacity

863: 11457: 11417: 10235: 9615: 7080: 4869: 3354: 3272: 3232:. The journey via Gatuna on the overnight service takes around ten hours. Some Kampala services continued to 3042: 2941: 2921: 774:, and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king, 12456: 11396: 9584: 3441:

with 7.3 per cent. All three of these are based in Kigali. Various overseas radio stations are broadcast on

12593: 12557: 11721: 11625: 11447: 9873: 8610: 8330: 6936: 4601: 3614:). The remaining ten teams all play games at Kigali venues Club Rafiki, Kigali Arena, NPC, Amahoro stadium 3264: 2601: 907: 537:) in Burundi and Kigali remained a small city with a population of just 6,000 at the time of independence. 2856:

or fish. Cassava leaves are often combined with onions and other ingredients to make a stew dish known as

2407:

form 1.2 per cent and other faiths 0.3 per cent, while those who profess no religion number 3.0 per cent.

12583: 11489: 10466: 8928: 8281: 3747: 3346: 3082: 3054: 3018: 2495: 11533: 11195:

Education in Rwanda: Rebalancing Resources to Accelerate Post-conflict Development and Poverty Reduction

7636: 3209:

operate in some areas of the city, being reintroduced in 2014 after a period in which they were banned.

1106: 97: 12413: 8140: 7851: 7534: 7187: 6340: 5348: 3358: 3323: 2961: 2924:(UNR), were all located in the southern city. The first higher-education institution in Kigali was the 2641:

guidebook describes it as "a genuine contender for the safest capital in Africa", while Bert Archer of

2457:. The World Bank estimates that services contributed 53 per cent of GDP in 2014, while a 2012 study by 970: 10664:

The Emerging Data Revolution in Africa: Strengthening the Statistics, Policy and Decision-making Chain

8721: 6760: 6209: 5490: 973:(UTC+02:00) throughout the year. The city is coterminous with the province of Kigali, one of the five 12399: 11674: 11669: 11177: 9747: 7245: 5742: 4691:

Guichaoua, André (2020). "Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections".

3482: 2917: 2790: 2783: 1265: 1077: 986: 978: 927: 822: 791: 10885:

Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012: Socio-cultural characteristics of the population

9923: 2968:

KHI, KIST, KIE and SFB were merged with three others from outside the city—the UNR, Nyagatare-based

11909: 11679: 11659: 11560: 10281: 7398: 6393: 5577: 3900: 3533: 3528: 2593: 2581: 2491: 2479: 2475: 2463: 2439: 1242: 1206: 982: 11366: 11016: 6454: 6363: 3006: 12080: 11500: 10861: 8232: 6301: 3250: 2377: 1118: 923: 895: 891: 545: 425: 7240: 5573: 2848:(manioc). These staple foods are also served in restaurants across the city, often as part of a 12257: 11193: 10352: 10082: 9589: 9419: 9392: 9261: 9256: 9120: 9091: 9063: 9009: 8959: 8863: 8766: 8445: 8416: 8335: 8025: 7998: 7826: 7799: 7641: 7507: 7368: 7341: 7273: 7110: 7024: 6998: 6969: 6941: 6677: 6513: 6482: 6240: 5843: 5609: 5551: 5523: 5467: 5436: 5382: 5226: 4430: 4405:. Infor Congo (Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi Information and Public Relations Office). 1958. 4150: 4099: 4046: 3782: 3459: 3410: 3369:. In addition to the national hospitals, the city also contains three provincial hospitals, at 3149: 3086: 2957: 2864:

are the most popular food when eating out in the evening, usually made from goat but sometimes

2647: 2625: 2435: 2404: 1010: 589: 540:

Kigali grew slowly during the following decades. It was not initially directly affected by the

10683: 10470: 10417: 10388: 9952: 9443:"Electricity access in Rwanda quadrupled in the last 7 years as more households get connected" 8174: 7390: 7133: 6389: 2948:(UNILAK). Further institutions were added in Kigali in the 21st century, including the public 549: 11942: 11575: 11058: 11037: 10970: 10838: 10796: 10662: 9233: 7336: 7158: 6964: 6418: 6012: 5669: 3091: 2511: 2503: 1226: 965:

Kigali is located in the centre of Rwanda, at 1°57′S 30°4′E. Like the rest of Rwanda it uses

109: 9226:"RwandAir plans further regional expansion in 2015 and launch of long-haul services in 2017" 3279:

near Cyangugu. With capacity for growth at KIA limited, the government commissioned the new

3045:

home games as well as domestic fixtures. It was one of four stadia used for fixtures in the

2868:, beef or fish. The city has restaurants serving dishes from outside the country, including 2689:

community arts troupe, whose founding members were eighteen homeless orphaned children, and

2434:

unit used the amount of light visible at night in different regions as a proxy for relative

946: 867: 596:, but a significant proportion of the population works in agriculture including small-scale 12484: 11570: 11422: 11412: 11301: 10448:

Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era

7930: 7900: 7773: 5110: 4824: 3739: 3523: 3038: 2977: 2953: 2905: 2779: 2746: 2568: 1256:

annually, from February to June and from September to December. These are separated by two

468: 380: 11152:

Friends and Foes Volume II: Friendship and Conflict from Social and Political Perspectives

9559:"D&B Business Directory: The University Teaching Hospital of Kigali – Company Profile" 8581: 6994: 4717:

500,000–800,000 is the range of scholarly estimates listed on the third page of the paper.

851: 754:

The founding of Kigali is generally dated to 1907, when German administrator and explorer

8: 11806: 11648: 11343: 11325: 9658: 9562: 9472: 9446: 7934: 7364: 6270: 6213: 5495: 3318: 3144: 2969: 2664: 994: 990: 974: 966: 597: 585: 581: 569: 479: 403: 392: 370: 236: 11689: 11596: 10425:

Bundervoet, Tom; Parby, Jonas Ingemann; Nakamura, Shohei; Choi, Narae (December 2017).

10375: 9844: 6186: 6037: 4930: 4708: 4562: 4502: 3718: 3291:

Kigali's electricity supply was, until the early 2000s, generated almost entirely from

2913: 2752: 2652: 2588:, who held the post from 1975 to 1990 under the presidency of Juvénal Habyarimana, and 1157:

station, with vehicles departing for numerous domestic and international destinations.

1057: 935: 911: 794:(CBD), was the first European-style house in the city, and remains in use today as the 783: 771: 657: 506: 11391: 7994:"National exams: Kigali dominates in primary as rural schools dominate in high school" 4992: 4651: 1264:

has caused a change in the pattern of the rainy seasons. According to a report by the

72: 12207: 11555: 11338: 11211: 11156: 11135: 11085: 11064: 11043: 11022: 10955: 10914: 10824: 10755: 10731: 10710: 10689: 10668: 10647: 10626: 10605: 10584: 10565: 10555: 10541: 10534: 10518: 10497: 10476: 10452: 10413: 10394: 10379: 10337: 10316: 10295: 10267: 9739: 9147: 7664: 7572: 7433:"Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs" 6508: 6414: 5063: 4712: 4406: 3518: 3177: 3100: 2804: 2572: 2420: 1094: 998: 887: 767: 688: 577: 541: 502: 10904: 8614: 6859: 4012:"Kigali city guide: where to eat, drink, shop and stay in Rwanda's charming capital" 3168:; the most important trade route for imports and exports is the road to the port of 3013:. These schools, which charge high fees, offer international programmes such as the 876: 11606: 11203: 10514:

Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture

10367: 10205: 8902: 8829: 8110: 7191: 4727: 4700: 4567: 3904: 3450: 3339: 3313: 2912:

In colonial and pre-genocide Rwanda, Butare was the country's principal centre for

2744:

A number of films about the Rwandan genocide have been filmed in Kigali, including

2536: 2467: 2430: 1198: 1053: 1033: 919: 818: 724: 557: 8450: 8049: 7663:

Gaidashova, Svetlana; Okech, Suleman; Gold, C. S.; Nyagahungu, I. (January 2005).

4704: 3602:

From. Four teams play home games outside Kigali: RP-IPRC Huye BBC and UR BBC-MEN (

1181: 854:

in 1962. Two other cities were considered: Nyanza, as the traditional seat of the

12578: 12292: 11981: 11516: 11333: 11294: 11150: 11129: 11079: 10908: 10749: 10745: 10725: 10704: 10641: 10620: 10599: 10559: 10512: 10491: 10446: 10331: 10310: 10289: 10261: 10077: 9414: 9174: 9115: 9004: 8954: 8761: 8531: 8411: 8105: 8020: 7822: 7502: 7468: 7464:"Welcome to Hillywood: how Rwanda's film industry emerged from genocide's shadow" 7437: 7268: 7105: 7019: 6912: 6448: 6158: 5198: 5024: 4970: 4902:"Kigali's future or costly fantasy? Plan to reshape Rwandan city divides opinion" 4402: 4094: 4016: 3666: 3538: 3442: 3276: 3197: 3078: 3034: 2881: 2869: 2823: 2605: 2531:, around 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Kigali, while tungsten is mined at 2462:

Tower. Attracting international visitors is a priority for both the city and the

2400: 1136:

faith, which led to Nyamirambo being known as the "Muslim Quarter". Nyamirambo's

1018: 1002: 871: 834: 739: 668: 573: 11765: 10038: 9468: 9086: 9058: 7794: 6881: 6808: 6782: 6477: 5604: 5546: 5518: 5462: 5431: 5377: 5221: 4425: 4041: 3777: 3632: 3212: 1128:

To the south west of the CBD, and also on the Nyarugenge Hill, is the suburb of

12462: 10990:"List of FM and TV stations operating in Rwanda and their approximate coverage" 9536: 8554: 8498: 5787:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kigali Aero" 4879: 4874: 4145: 3454: 3433:

was the most popular, with 38.6 per cent of the national audience, followed by

3350: 2900: 2877: 2873: 2837: 1810: 1261: 1202: 1045: 886:

Kigali was not directly affected during the first three years of the 1990–1994

803: 775: 728: 79: 10751:

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda

10371: 6646: 6536: 2624:

In common with the rest of the country, policing in Kigali is provided by the

866:, in which minister of defence Juvénal Habyarimana overthrew ruling president 12572: 12451: 11931: 11745: 11732: 11250:"Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration" 9743: 7709: 7162: 6537:"Cassiterite from Nyamiumba Mine, Rutongo area, Kigali City Province, Rwanda" 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 5838: 5698: 4457: 4410: 3510: 3490: 3486: 3292: 3258: 2758: 2668: 2637: 2483: 2388: 2213: 1675: 826: 755: 744: 687:, who began clearing forests for agriculture. According to oral history, the 676: 672: 637: 530: 510: 201: 188: 10995:. Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA). 30 July 2018. Archived from 8701: 8144: 6265:"We have 18 months to save world, Prince Charles warns Commonwealth leaders" 3103:, who won nine in the same period. As of 2020, ten of the fourteen teams in 2635:

Despite this, Kigali has a reputation for being a relatively safe city. The

2547: 2494:, and national leaders, having been postponed from June 2020 as a result of 1056:" is a restored marshland in Kigali that serves as a shelter for vulnerable 12509: 12431: 12422: 12352: 12314: 12027: 11871: 11796: 8225:"Working as a team is a key for a new committee to be successfull [ 7904: 7313: 5408: 3430: 3309: 3300: 3135: 3112: 3074: 2853: 2841: 2770: 2415: 2358: 1169: 1145: 959: 633: 491: 299: 275: 46: 11207: 6154:"Kigali steadily grows as a hub for meetings, conferences and exhibitions" 6093: 6091: 6089: 6067: 5765:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kigali" 1009:, both of which have elevations of more than 1,800 m (5,906 ft) 12524: 12347: 12097: 11937: 11849: 11699: 11125: 6734:"Kigali City Gets Acting Mayor As Government Begins Implementing New Law" 5875:"State of the Art Report for RurbanAfrica, Work Package 3: City Dynamics" 5327: 5302: 5277: 5252: 3296: 3058: 2904:

Pupils at Kagugu Primary School in Kigali, using laptops provided by the

2889: 2827: 2775: 2589: 2516: 2396: 1214: 1210: 1081: 814: 692: 617: 90: 9636: 4403:"Ruanda Urundi / Preface by Jean-Paul Horroy, governor of Ruanda-Urundi" 3275:, which serves Kampala; there is one domestic route, between Kigali and 2482:'s 2014 Annual General Assembly, and a 2018 extraordinary summit of the 1144:) is the oldest mosque in Kigali, dating to the 1930s. Travel publisher 509:

in the beginning of the 20th century, the city was founded in 1907 when

12489: 12385: 12369: 12358: 12341: 12336: 12218: 12147: 12072: 11920: 11876: 11232: 11199: 11149:

Watson, Graeme; Renzi, Barbara Gabriella; Viggiani, Elisabetta (2010).

10353:"Rwanda's involvement in Eastern DRC: A criminal real options approach" 9814: 9345: 9343: 8665: 8640: 8585: 7084: 6565: 6540: 6236:"2018 in review: Rwanda on track to become a meetings, conferences hub" 6086: 6041: 4530: 3667:"Population of Rwanda according to the population and housing censuses" 3193: 3116: 3070: 2680: 2642: 2616: 2381: 1257: 1253: 1154: 1129: 1037: 879:

describing the reaction as "widespread popular relief". According to a

408: 366: 329: 318: 12533: 11617: 9367: 9355: 8224: 8106:"Uganda/Zimbabwe: Zambia to Face Zimbabwe, Uganda At Umuganda Stadium" 6561: 4828: 3493:

and is routinely censored or forced to self-censor by the government.

2348: 1168:

The remainder of Kigali's suburbs lie to the east of the CBD, with an

548:(RPF), which began in 1990. However, in April 1994 Rwanda's President 12408: 12363: 12270: 12243: 10949:"Youth development success amongst motorcycle taxi drivers in Kigali" 8806: 8201: 8122: 6336:"Rwanda's agricultural revolution is not the success it claims to be" 3607: 3406: 3229: 3206: 3183: 2926:

Institut Africain et Mauricien de statistique et d'économie appliquée

2861: 2729: 2713: 2445: 2392: 1022: 915: 779: 534: 415: 361: 10177: 9789: 9340: 9328: 7269:"Five teams set for EAC Local Authorities Sports and Cultural Games" 6704:"New Kigali City Structure: Districts Lose Budgeting, Planning Role" 6645:. Ministry of Local Government (Rwanda). August 2007. Archived from 3867: 3865: 3863: 2741:, held in September, features music as well as dance and local art. 817:, with Kigali being captured by the Northern Brigade led by Colonel 603: 588:

and most government ministries. The largest contributor to Kigali's

565:

experienced rapid population growth, with much of the city rebuilt.

12538: 12495: 12394: 12281: 12261: 12158: 12136: 12114: 12067: 12060: 12038: 12033: 12022: 12010: 12004: 11997: 11986: 11854: 11580: 11105:. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2015. Archived from 10209: 9869: 9728:"Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda" 8834: 5693: 5691: 5353: 5115: 4997: 4732: 4656: 3611: 3543: 3446: 3374: 3357:, which was constructed in the late 1980s with assistance from the 3153: 2799: 2793:

observed every year on 7 April, the Kigali Genocide Memorial hosts

2524: 2471: 1160: 1026: 1014: 839: 474: 7732:"Item 1 – Institut Pédagogique National du Rwanda, Butaré (RWA.2)" 7549: 3201:

booking and metering has been rolled out for both motorcycles and

3111:

and the Kigali Arena. This includes the two most successful clubs

572:, with boundaries set in 2006. It is divided into three districts— 12519: 12500: 12478: 12445: 12303: 12297: 12286: 12275: 12252: 12238: 12229: 12103: 12049: 11975: 11959: 11887: 11865: 11860: 11832: 10601:

A History of Rwandan Identity and Trauma: The Mythmakers' Victims

8473:"Gary Player Design completely revamps Kigali course to 18 holes" 7686: 7684: 7682: 6509:"Kigali Special Economic Zone impacts Rwanda's industrial growth" 3860: 3584:, p. 64: Sum of columns up to 45–49, and divide by 1,132,686 3233: 3202: 3173: 3169: 2845: 2832: 2709: 2528: 2364:

As of the 2012 census, 51.7 per cent of residents were male. The

1049: 830: 799: 763: 712: 526: 61: 12169: 11281: 9682:"Nyarugenge Hospital Opens To Serve As COVID-19 Referral Centre" 9306:"New Bugesera International Airport construction works kick-off" 9034:"After Kagame Intervention Bicycle Taxis Generate Rwf3.6Billion" 8983:""YEGO Cab" – A New 'Low Cost' Taxi- Service Launched In Kigali" 8830:"Could cashless payments make Rwanda's bus conductor redundant?" 7606: 7604: 7602: 5688: 2920:, founded in 1936, and three 1960s establishments including the 1068: 12325: 12224: 12213: 12202: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12180: 12163: 12130: 12108: 12055: 12044: 11992: 11964: 11926: 11915: 11904: 11893: 11882: 10780: 8859:"Featured: Navigating the new Tap & Go System step by step" 8305:"Now President Kagame Wishes Kigali Arena Had 20, 000 Capacity" 7735: 7531:"Rwandan genocide commemorations dampened by Covid-19 lockdown" 4095:"The story of Kandt and how Kigali came to be the capital city" 3990: 3988: 3951: 3949: 3603: 3225: 3221: 3205:

in recent years, such as Yego Cab and Move Ride by Volkswagen.

3165: 3096: 2989: 2786:. The term is also used for Rwanda's film industry in general. 2725: 1222: 954: 859: 716: 495: 487: 448: 398: 351: 229: 11706: 10408:

Bundervoet, Tom; Maiyo, Laban; Sanghi, Apurva (October 2015).

10351:

Cassimon, Danny; Engelen, Peter-Jan; Reyntjens, Filip (2013).

9764: 9415:"Kigali to enjoy uninterrupted electricity supply – REG chief" 7877: 7847: 7679: 7483: 6835:"Dusengiyumva Samuel sworn in as the new City of Kigali Mayor" 6115: 5882:

UCPH Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management

4226: 4224: 12473: 12467: 12440: 12380: 12374: 12330: 12308: 12152: 12119: 11970: 11953: 11948: 11843: 11838: 11827: 10770:"Understanding Dropout and Repetition in Rwanda: Full Report" 10536:

Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda

8559: 8503: 8050:"Rwanda: Govt Scraps Tuition Fees for Public Primary Schools" 7973: 7795:"The Sun is rising at Kigali's School of Finance and Banking" 7662: 7599: 5194:"Kigali businesses brace for residential to city centre move" 4308: 3246: 3157: 2865: 2721: 1133: 684: 518: 10561:

Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931

10280: 8707: 7288: 5491:"Kigali: how creativity has transformed the Rwandan capital" 4361: 4359: 3985: 3946: 3457:. A number of newspapers are published in Kigali, including 3353:

area of the city. The other national referral hospitals are

3099:, who won eighteen championships between 1969 and 2020, and 2490:

was held in the city in June 2022, with attendees including

632:, which means wide or broad. This was originally applied to 12319: 12174: 12092: 11898: 11602:

Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira

10424: 10285: 10050: 10006: 9611: 8360:. Rwanda Housing Authority. 17 January 2019. Archived from 7961: 7949: 6444:"Businesses relocate to Rwanda's new Special Economic Zone" 6080: 6016: 4748: 4320: 4284: 4248: 4221: 3161: 2684:

Traditional dancers at Gasogi village in the east of Kigali

2645:

described it as "clean and safe". In a 2015 interview with

680: 561: 483: 340: 10622:

In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa, 1885–1960

9994:

M. Peace Plaza building where Goodrich TV is headquartered

8167:"Orange African Nations Championship, Rwanda 2016: Venues" 6989: 6987: 5645:"The transformation of Kigali into Africa's cleanest city" 5624: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4062: 3973: 3936: 3934: 3021:

which enable students to study at universities worldwide.

2852:, a self-service buffet meal which can also include meat, 821:

on 6 May 1916. The Belgians were granted sovereignty by a

11286: 10934:. Office of the Auditor General, Rwanda (OAG). April 2016 10685:

Mapping research and innovation in the Republic of Rwanda

9927: 8412:"Thousands to grace Gahanga Cricket Stadium inauguration" 6666: 6664: 6588:"Despite pressure, govt will not ban raw mineral exports" 6103: 5962: 5938: 5222:"Tourism and hospitality establishments get star grading" 4356: 4332: 4296: 3119:, who have won five and four league titles respectively. 2717: 2520: 10819:

Munyakazi, Augustine; Ntagaramba, Johnson Funga (2005).

10493:

The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History

9639:. Rwanda Medical & Dental Council. 12 September 2018 8802:"Bus modernisation drives Kigali residents to 'despair'" 8687:"UCI Road World Championships heading to Rwanda in 2025" 7750: 7457: 7455: 7020:"Road safety campaign taken to commercial motorcyclists" 4272: 4260: 3015:

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

2940:(KIE) were founded, along with private universities the 667:

The earliest inhabitants of what is now Rwanda were the

8197:"DR Congo win second CHAN title with 3–0 win over Mali" 7865: 7616: 7587: 6984: 6783:"Responsibilities of the Council of the City of Kigali" 6697: 6695: 6562:"Nyakabingo Mine, Kigali, Kigali City Province, Rwanda" 5950: 5808: 5806: 5804: 4848: 4846: 4801: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4672: 4632: 4383: 4211: 4209: 4196: 4194: 3931: 3826: 3824: 3143:

The Rwandan government has increased investment in the

11247: 10976:. Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA). 2013 10971:"Kigali: State of Environment and Outlook Report 2013" 10057: 9585:"Construction of new $ 100m hospital to start in 2020" 9373: 9361: 9349: 9334: 9005:"City, Traffic Police finally give way to cycle-taxis" 8878: 8744: 8742: 7219:

United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa

6661: 6147: 6145: 6132: 6130: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5928: 5926: 4620: 3463:, the country's largest English-language publication, 2956:, as well as branches of foreign universities such as 2826:. For those reliant on subsistence agriculture, local 11171:"Primary Health Care Systems: Case study from Rwanda" 10709:(illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press. 10407: 10153:"102.3 KISS FM – Kigali's Number 1 Hit Music Station" 10152: 10078:"Azam TV entry to intensify rivalry in pay TV market" 9857:

In addition to its editorial staff based in Kigali...

9827:

Zion Temple Celebration Center Kicukiro Gatenga Ngoma

9220: 9218: 9170:"A Rwandan's long journey to Uganda through Tanzania" 8899:"Rwanda Encourages Youth to Use Electric Motorcycles" 7769: 7452: 7412: 6097: 5901: 5899: 5779: 5581: 4652:"Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'" 4582: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4344: 3877: 3836: 3809: 11063:(illustrated ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. 9898: 9492: 9490: 8929:"Volkswagen Launches Ride Hailing Service In Rwanda" 8441:"Could golf be the new tourism frontier for Rwanda?" 8358:"Construction of modern multi-sport arena kicks-off" 6692: 5818: 5801: 5605:"Rwanda Golf Union building new luxury country club" 5175: 5173: 5160: 5158: 5081: 5079: 4843: 4236: 4206: 4191: 4114: 4074: 3961: 3848: 3821: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3500: 3421:. A 2017 survey by research firm GeoPoll found that 3312:. As an emergency measure, the government installed 2974:

Higher Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

706:

A member of the Gisaka dynasty killed Rwanda's king

11148: 10818: 9978:"Kagame intervenes in female employee assault case" 9708: 9696: 8782: 8739: 8381: 8379: 7555: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6478:"Kigali Special Economic Zone ready, official says" 6316: 6142: 6127: 6055: 5986: 5974: 5923: 5911: 5716: 5039: 4966:"South Sudan switches to new time zone in February" 4558:"Military Coup in Rwanda Follows Tribal Dissension" 4371: 3919: 3871: 3797: 11131:Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom 10533: 9502: 9215: 9197:"What Is Happening With The Isaka-Kigali Railway?" 8762:"Kigali roads expansion project starts in January" 6673:"Kigali City starts operating under new structure" 6453: 6263: 5896: 4945: 4472: 4005: 4003: 3322:Most of these households are supplied by Rwanda's 2658:number of intentional homicides per 100,000 people 11795: 9514: 9487: 9144:"Will Kagame and Museveni resolve their dispute?" 9059:"A Visit to Mfashumwana a.k.a. Kyererezi Village" 8256:"Rwanda set to renovate Amahoro National Stadium" 7309:"Rwanda reborn: Kigali's culture, heart and soul" 5789:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5767:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5456: 5454: 5170: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5091: 5076: 4863: 4861: 3685: 3249:, where passengers could connect with either the 870:. Military officers had gathered in Kigali for a 691:was founded in the 14th century on the shores of 627: 621: 12570: 11018:A Military History of Africa [3 volumes] 8376: 8097: 8079:China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation 8021:"The era of elite international schools is here" 6900: 6721: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 4498:"Rwanda Coup Traced to Area Rivalry and Poverty" 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3571:, p. 6: 586,123 / 1,132,686 = 51.7 per cent 3160:, as well as to the eastern Congolese cities of 2352:The Green Mosque (Masjid-al-Fatah) in Nyamirambo 10350: 10253: 7637:"The significance & evolution of Ikivuguto" 7215:"APF Rwanda participants enjoy cultural dinner" 6937:"Kagame receives credentials for 10 new envoys" 6121: 5463:"The Post-Kiyovu symmetry: A critical analysis" 4000: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3481:. According to international observers such as 2510:2011, the parliament passed a law establishing 12553:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 10682:Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Tash, April (2015). 10681: 10386: 10131:"Rwanda's state broadcaster to go independent" 9388:"Rwf17.6 billion power substation inaugurated" 8896: 7883: 7503:"Hillywood: Telling the Rwandan story on film" 7489: 6390:"Investment opportunities: Financial services" 5451: 4858: 3139:Dual carriageway on the approach to Kigali CBD 743:Kigali's first European-style house built for 648:, which translates to "this country is vast". 11781: 11633: 11302: 10913:(2nd ed.). Fountain Publishers Limited. 10839:"Population size, structure and distribution" 10768: 9759: 9757: 9531: 9529: 9116:"Who cares for East Africa's road travelers?" 9053: 9051: 8662:"Espoir BBC Kigali basketball team – History" 8527:"Rwanda's Rayon Sport aiming for top honours" 8282:"Amahoro Stadium to be revamped and expanded" 7979: 6670: 6643:"Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework" 5858: 4126: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3654: 3382:Twubakane Decentralisation and Health Project 2620:Rwanda National Police car on a Kigali street 2478:has attracted events to Kigali including the 1213:, an affluent suburb housing the city's only 607:Kigali metal word in the Kigali Car-free Zone 12086:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 10702: 10309:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). 10200: 10198: 9940:KN 1 Road Street, House No 22, Kigali Rwanda 9802:KN 1 Road Street, House No 22, Kigali Rwanda 8331:"Dates for Rwanda Afrobasket 2021 confirmed" 6908:"Rwanda government seeks to own its offices" 6759:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (7 February 2020). 6298:"Postponement of CHOGM 2020 due to Covid-19" 5699:"World Weather Information Service – Kigali" 5405:"Nyamirambo: Kigali's coolest neighbourhood" 5378:"Know Your History: The birth of Nyamirambo" 4426:"100 mayors for City centenary celebrations" 4326: 4290: 4254: 4230: 4175:. National Museums of Rwanda. Archived from 4036: 4034: 3702: 3469:, in French, and Kinyarwanda papers such as 3187:Buses and minibuses at Nyabugogo bus station 2488:The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 914:was also killed in the attack. This was the 825:in 1922, forming the mandatory territory of 11077: 11056: 10329: 10308: 10102: 10100: 9680:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (8 January 2021). 8599: 7992:Mugisha, Emmanuel Côme (31 December 2019). 7610: 6210:"Rwanda to Build Ecotourism Park in Kigali" 5757: 5630: 5519:"Photos: The changing face of Lower Kiyovu" 5324:"Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning" 4068: 3979: 3955: 3216:Motorcycle taxis are very popular in Kigali 2474:and building of new facilities such as the 556:near Kigali. His death was followed by the 529:during World War I, forming the mandate of 11788: 11774: 11704: 11640: 11626: 11309: 11295: 11224: 11192: 11084:(2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 10889:National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda 10869:National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda 10846:National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda 10554: 10224: 10170: 10145: 10128: 10122: 10075: 10069: 10022:Head Office: Tele10 Group Gishushu, Remera 9999: 9970: 9891: 9807: 9782: 9754: 9673: 9604: 9576: 9551: 9526: 9461: 9407: 9379: 9048: 9031: 8981:Buningwire, Williams (18 September 2018). 8980: 8890: 8387:"Rwanda – National Soccer League – Venues" 7690: 7461: 6368:National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda 6109: 5423: 5191: 4365: 4338: 4314: 4302: 4143: 4009: 3778:"The Legacy of Dr. Richard Kandt (Part I)" 3762: 2934:Kigali Institute of Science and Technology 2542: 2371:National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda 1197:, home to most government departments and 989:. It is divided into three administrative 11035: 11014: 10804:Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda 10777:Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda 10660: 10510: 10195: 9732:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 9582: 9385: 9254: 8952: 8328: 8279: 7756: 7571:. Rwanda Governance Board. Archived from 6962: 6701: 6503: 6501: 6364:"EICV3 District Profile: Kigali – Gasabo" 6233: 5836: 5574:"Kigali Genocide Memorial: Getting There" 5544: 5429: 5376:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (24 July 2014). 4690: 4389: 4266: 4173:"Institute of National Museums of Rwanda" 4031: 3994: 1123:Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning 950:The view across Kigali in Rwanda at night 10946: 10910:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide 10531: 10489: 10387:Briggs, Phillip; Connolly, Sean (2018). 10315:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 10259: 10180:(in Kinyarwanda). KT Radio. 30 July 2018 10097: 9539:. University Teaching Hospital of Kigali 9113: 8884: 8708:African Development Bank & OECD 2006 7634: 7622: 7593: 7294: 7138:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 6671:Mutanganshuro, Lavie (20 January 2020). 6207: 5516: 5349:"Gateway to gorillas: A guide to Kigali" 5249:"University Teaching Hospital of Kigali" 4807: 4795: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4678: 4638: 4093:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (6 July 2014). 4042:"Mainstory: Kigali City through history" 3940: 3842: 3815: 3732: 3549:Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park 3333: 3211: 3182: 3134: 2899: 2819:, and public transportation is limited. 2679: 2615: 2546: 2444: 2414: 2399:formed 36.8 per cent of the population. 2347: 1159: 1067: 953: 945: 845: 738: 602: 544:between government forces and the rebel 11647: 11474:Kawanda–Birembo High Voltage Power Line 11124: 10903: 10862:"Final Results: Main indicators report" 10795: 10744: 10133:. Commonwealth Broadcasting Association 9765:"About us – Rwanda Broadcasting Agency" 9386:Bizimungu, Julius (28 September 2018). 9284:"Kigali Bugesera International Airport" 9167: 9141: 9087:"Transporters count losses on Chrismas" 8953:Bizimungu, Julius (12 September 2017). 8856: 8719: 8552: 8496: 7991: 7967: 7955: 7871: 7738:Archives AtoM Catalogue. 6 January 1968 7702: 7665:"Why beer bananas: The case for Rwanda" 7334: 7266: 7055:"Rwanda 2019 Crime & Safety Report" 6965:"The journey of the Rwandan parliament" 6261: 6151: 5602: 5547:"Kabagali: The raggedy side of Kacyiru" 5460: 5192:Kanamugire, Johnson (26 January 2017). 4899: 4626: 4588: 4278: 3883: 3830: 3803: 2366:Rwanda Environment Management Authority 1117:, and government buildings such as the 14: 12571: 11497:University Teaching Hospital of Kigali 10597: 10578: 10444: 10330:Briggs, Philip; Booth, Janice (2006). 10035:"Kwesé Free Sports launches in Rwanda" 10027: 9679: 9661:. Fortune of Africa. 12 September 2018 9114:Agutamba, Kenneth (20 November 2016). 8524: 8302: 8253: 8103: 8047: 7927:"UR Campus Distribution of Programmes" 7418: 7306: 7267:Asiimwe, Geoffrey (24 November 2016). 7078: 6882:"Responsibilities of the City Manager" 6809:"City Leadership: Executive Committee" 6758: 6585: 6498: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6234:Bizimungu, Julius (27 December 2018). 6208:Hitimana, Emmanuel (2 December 2018). 5482: 5461:Malonza, Josephine (20 October 2015). 5375: 5274:"UR College of Science and Technology" 4867: 4523: 4350: 4215: 4092: 4080: 3967: 3925: 3854: 3775: 3033:The largest sports venue in Kigali is 2946:University of Lay Adventists of Kigali 2527:. Cassiterite is mined in the town of 2391:with a further 9.1 per cent following 1111:University Teaching Hospital of Kigali 1036:, part of the upper headwaters of the 662: 568:The city of Kigali is one of the five 27:Capital and the largest city of Rwanda 11769: 11703: 11621: 11551:Kandt House Museum of Natural History 11290: 10860: 10837: 10723: 10618: 10336:(3rd ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. 8438: 7430: 7362: 7238: 7040: 6934: 6761:"Kigali City District Mayors Dropped" 6702:Ndereyehe, Celestin (18 April 2019). 6179: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5839:"Kigali, vast area through 100 years" 5824: 5812: 5488: 4963: 4377: 4242: 4200: 4120: 4010:Richardson, Heather (13 March 2019). 3717:. Institute for Management Research, 3581: 3568: 2830:include bananas, plantains (known as 2611: 796:Kandt House Museum of Natural History 749:Kandt House Museum of Natural History 473: 12589:Populated places established in 1907 11098: 11010:– via Rwanda Governance Board. 10988: 10969: 10883: 10639: 10063: 9838: 9714: 9702: 9257:"Kamembe airport reopens to flights" 9255:Tumwebaze, Peterson (13 June 2015). 8857:Kuteesa, Hudson (26 November 2019). 8788: 8748: 8637:"Patriots Basketball Club – History" 8350: 8303:Kagire, Edmund (25 September 2019). 7635:Ninsiima, Phiona (3 November 2019). 7462:Bloomfield, Steve (30 August 2007). 7184:"National Ballet – Urukerereza" 6322: 6278:from the original on 12 January 2022 6136: 6061: 5999: 5980: 5932: 5917: 5905: 5837:Tumwebaze, Peterson (26 July 2007). 5722: 5603:Asiimwe, Geoffrey (16 August 2015). 5430:Tumwebaze, Peterson (28 June 2013). 5219: 5179: 5164: 5149: 5137: 5097: 5085: 5045: 4964:Malak, Garang A. (29 January 2021). 4852: 4495: 4483: 4423: 3776:Mbanda, Gerald (16 September 2014). 3696: 3628: 3554: 1275:Climate data for Kigali (1991–2020) 1172:spanning the many hills and ridges. 1080:, sometimes known in English by the 778:. Kandt arrived in 1899, to explore 766:had been assigned to Germany by the 505:from the 15th century, and then, by 11453:Isaka–Kigali Standard Gauge Railway 11169: 10927: 10465: 10165:Kigali's Number 1 Hit Music Station 9651: 9629: 9583:Karuhanga, James (18 August 2019). 9520: 9508: 9496: 9310:Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) 9168:Mugisha, Ivan R. (17 August 2019). 9142:Mohamed, Hamza (20 February 2019). 8926: 8689:. sportspromedia. 27 September 2021 8329:Sikubwabo, Damas (8 October 2019). 8048:Kagina, Alice (15 September 2022). 7337:"Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry" 7159:"Freedom in the World 2020: Rwanda" 7081:"The most inviting city in Africa?" 6619:. 26 September 2019. Archived from 6432: 6098:Bundervoet, Maiyo & Sanghi 2015 5545:Tumwebaze, Peterson (23 May 2013). 5517:Tashobya, Athan (11 October 2017). 5111:"Team reaches Nile's 'true source'" 5060:International Travel Maps and Books 5058:"Rwanda/Burundi Travel Map" (Map). 4993:"Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass" 4951: 4900:Topping, Alexandra (4 April 2014). 4728:"Rwanda: How the genocide happened" 4144:Ntagungura, Godfrey (20 May 2011). 3715:"Global Data Lab: Sub-national HDI" 3627:List of ten TV stations taken from 3269:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport 3176:and Nairobi, which is known as the 3105:Rwanda's National Basketball League 2999:Petit Séminaire St Vincent de Ndera 2419:Buildings in Kigali CBD, including 2395:, which was classified separately. 2376:In 2018 Kigali scored 0.632 on the 1072:Map showing major suburbs of Kigali 900:a United Nations peacekeeping force 626:combined with the adjective suffix 24: 10823:(in French). Macmillan Education. 10703:Linden, Ian; Linden, Jane (1977). 10108:"Rwanda Media Measurement Q2 2017" 7897:"Admissions – Information Centers" 7059:Overseas Security Advisory Council 6856:"City of Kigali Mayors since 1994" 6613:"Investing in a smelter in Rwanda" 6586:Esiara, Kabona (28 October 2018). 3489:, the Rwandan media does not have 3145:transport infrastructure of Rwanda 3049:including the final, in which the 2630:Overseas Security Advisory Council 906:when his plane was shot down near 734: 414: 25: 12605: 11275: 11155:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 11134:. University of Wisconsin Press. 10583:(1st ed.). Scarecrow Press. 10564:. University of Wisconsin Press. 10467:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 10294:(5th ed.). OECD Publishing. 9032:Ngabonziza, Dan (3 August 2016). 8897:Eugene Uwimana (22 August 2019). 8497:Schöggl, Hans (9 December 2020). 8171:Confederation of African Football 7852:Carnegie Mellon University Africa 7556:Watson, Renzi & Viggiani 2010 7241:"Rwanda: Dancing off the streets" 7212: 6442:Manson, Katrina (24 April 2015). 6152:Mwijuke, Gilbert (18 July 2015). 5703:World Meteorological Organization 5674:United States Department of State 5220:Mwai, Collins (26 October 2017). 4606:United States Department of State 3295:sources; power stations on Lakes 3130: 3125: 3047:2016 African Nations Championship 2952:(SFB) in Gikondo and the private 2663:Although the constitution allows 2459:Surbana International Consultants 1115:College of Science and Technology 280:730 km (280 sq mi) 12016:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11705: 11688: 9945: 9916: 9876:from the original on 9 July 2019 9862: 9832: 9720: 9435: 9298: 9276: 9248: 9189: 9161: 9135: 9107: 9079: 9025: 8997: 8974: 8946: 8920: 8850: 8822: 8794: 8754: 8713: 8679: 8654: 8629: 8582:"Rwandan Basketball (Men) Teams" 8574: 8553:Schöggl, Hans (1 October 2015). 8546: 8518: 8490: 8465: 8439:Opobo, Moses (7 February 2018). 8432: 8404: 8322: 8296: 8273: 8247: 8217: 8189: 8159: 8129: 8104:Mutale, Chama (7 January 2016). 8067: 8041: 8013: 7985: 7919: 7889: 7840: 7815: 7787: 7762: 7724: 7703:Ouazani, Cherif (5 April 2004). 7696: 7656: 7628: 7561: 7523: 7495: 7424: 7383: 7356: 7328: 7300: 7260: 7232: 7206: 7176: 7151: 7126: 7098: 7072: 7012: 6963:Karuhanga, James (4 July 2019). 6956: 6928: 6874: 6858:. City of Kigali. Archived from 6848: 6827: 6801: 6775: 6752: 6635: 6605: 6579: 6554: 6529: 6470: 6407: 6382: 6356: 6328: 6290: 6262:Furness, Hannah (11 July 2019). 6255: 6227: 6201: 6180:Kamin, Debra (12 January 2018). 6173: 6030: 6005: 5830: 5728: 5662: 5023:. City of Kigali. Archived from 4868:Bafana, Busani (30 March 2016). 3621: 3596: 3587: 3574: 3561: 3503: 3051:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2888:, a fermented milk, and urwagwa 222: 159: 152: 129: 122: 96: 89: 78: 71: 60: 11811:states with limited recognition 11282:Official website of Kigali City 11248:World Resources Report (2011). 11081:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda 11039:A History of Genocide in Africa 10706:Church and Revolution in Rwanda 10581:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda 10333:Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide 10190:CHIC Building, KN 2 Ave, Kigali 9312:. 9 August 2017. Archived from 8254:Andiva, Yvonne (22 June 2018). 7079:Archer, Bert (6 January 2020). 6935:Iliza, Ange (30 January 2020). 6888:from the original on 1 May 2020 6815:from the original on 1 May 2020 6789:from the original on 1 May 2020 6013:"Human Development Index (HDI)" 5642: 5636: 5596: 5566: 5538: 5510: 5432:"Nyabugogo: Where idlers lurk!" 5397: 5369: 5341: 5316: 5291: 5266: 5241: 5213: 5185: 5103: 5051: 5013: 4985: 4957: 4919: 4893: 4813: 4720: 4684: 4644: 4594: 4550: 4517: 4489: 4445: 4417: 4395: 4165: 4146:"The history of City of Kigali" 4086: 3889: 3872:Munyakazi & Ntagaramba 2005 3610:), and RUSIZI Basketball Club ( 3367:Ndera Neuropsychiatric Hospital 3255:Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway 2824:that of the rest of the country 2822:Kigali's cuisine is similar to 2343: 1164:Kigali Golf Club in Nyarutarama 1078:central business district (CBD) 850:Kigali became the capital upon 731:, in the south of the country. 616:The name Kigali comes from the 11443:Bugesera International Airport 11387:École Internationale de Kigali 11382:International Community School 11372:École Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 11036:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2017). 11015:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). 10754:. Princeton University Press. 10643:Rwanda (Cultures of the World) 10490:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). 10475:. Government Printing Office. 10178:"Twandikire | KT Radio 96.7fm" 8955:"YegoMoto makes travel easier" 8720:Tancott, Glen (30 June 2014). 8525:Kagire, Edmund (19 May 2018). 7431:Milmo, Cahal (29 March 2006). 7335:Mbabazi, Linda (11 May 2008). 7239:Rosen, Jon (2 November 2010). 7134:"Intentional Homicide Victims" 7106:"Creating a crime-free Kigali" 4870:"Kigali sparkles on the hills" 4524:Linden, Ian (11 August 1973). 3915:– via RwandaTourism.com. 3409:. They are broadcast from two 3338:A Rwandan youth receiving his 3281:Bugesera International Airport 3011:International School of Kigali 160: 130: 13: 1: 11458:Rwanda Standard Gauge Railway 11418:Kigali Independent University 11078:Twagilimana, Aimable (2015). 10724:Louis, William Roger (1963). 10558:(2011). David Newbury (ed.). 10263:Culture and customs of Rwanda 10236:Stanford University Libraries 9659:"List of Hospitals in Rwanda" 9637:"List of hospitals in Rwanda" 8280:Yanditswe (4 February 2020). 7363:Opobo, Moses (17 July 2018). 7307:Buchan, Kit (11 April 2014). 6415:"Vision, Mission, and Values" 4705:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 4496:Mohr, Charles (7 July 1973). 3642: 3329: 3273:Entebbe International Airport 3061:fixtures, including those of 3043:Rwanda national football team 2950:School of Finance and Banking 2942:Kigali Independent University 2938:Kigali Institute of Education 2922:National University of Rwanda 2916:. Early colleges such as the 1239:Köppen climate classification 813:of Rwanda and Burundi during 552:was killed when his aircraft 501:In an area controlled by the 11448:Kigali International Airport 11057:Streissguth, Thomas (2007). 10511:Cybriwsky, Roman A. (2013). 10360:Crime, Law and Social Change 10254:General and cited references 10129:Clare Hill (28 March 2013). 10076:Ben Gasore (22 April 2015). 9965:KK 512 ST 250 Kigali, Rwanda 9767:. Rwanda Broadcasting Agency 8611:Rwanda Basketball Federation 8555:"Rwanda – List of Champions" 8499:"Rwanda - List of Champions" 8284:. Rwanda Broadcasting Agency 7770:"University of Kigali – UoK" 6182:"36 Hours in Kigali, Rwanda" 5489:Gregg, Emma (8 March 2020). 4693:Journal of Genocide Research 3647: 3265:Kigali International Airport 2895: 2789:On Genocide Memorial Day, a 1113:, the national university's 1063: 969:, and is two hours ahead of 941: 908:Kigali International Airport 790:house, located close to the 611: 288:1,567 m (5,141 ft) 7: 11490:King Faisal Hospital Kigali 10797:"2018 Education Statistics" 10451:. Oxford University Press. 9841:"About Us: Company Profile" 9815:"Contact Us – Authentic tv" 9374:World Resources Report 2011 9362:World Resources Report 2011 9350:World Resources Report 2011 9335:World Resources Report 2011 8927:Kam, Isaac (1 March 2019). 4534:. p. 3. Archived from 3748:Central Intelligence Agency 3496: 3083:Nyamirambo Regional Stadium 3019:International Baccalaureate 3003:Lycée Notre-Dame de Cîteaux 2976:—creating the consolidated 2286:Average precipitation days 2072:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1932:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1748:Average precipitation days 1534:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1394:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1199:the office of the president 858:, and the southern city of 758:was appointed as the first 312:2,400/km (6,200/sq mi) 10: 12610: 12558:British Overseas Territory 11397:École Technique Officielle 11316: 9230:CAPA – Centre For Aviation 8260:Construction Review Online 8141:Rwanda Football Federation 7884:Lemarchand & Tash 2015 7535:Radio France International 7490:Briggs & Connolly 2018 7365:"KigaliUp is back, but..." 7188:Rwanda Development Gateway 4453:"History in Huye (Butare)" 3403:Rwanda Broadcasting Agency 3359:Saudi Fund for Development 3324:wide area synchronous grid 3196:card and online bookings. 3025:their children at school. 2962:Carnegie Mellon University 2765:Shake Hands with the Devil 2675: 2506:, which launched in 2011. 2431:economic and financial hub 2410: 2332: 1808: 1794: 1274: 1232: 971:Coordinated Universal Time 655: 651: 646:burya iki gihugu ni kigali 521:Rwandan students. Belgium 12548: 11821: 11804: 11718: 11686: 11655: 11589: 11509: 11482: 11466: 11435: 11405: 11359: 11352: 11324: 11178:World Health Organization 10579:Dorsey, Learthen (1994). 10372:10.1007/s10611-012-9397-7 10260:Adekunle, Julius (2007). 9899:"Flash FM & Flash TV" 7980:MINEDUC & UNICEF 2017 5743:Strategic Foresight Group 5736:"Blue Peace for the Nile" 5670:"Background Note: Rwanda" 5299:"National Bank of Rwanda" 5062:. ITMB Publishing. 2007. 3483:Reporters Without Borders 3057:. The stadium also hosts 2918:Nyakibanda Major Seminary 2884:. Popular drinks include 2803:, a morning of mandatory 2285: 2211: 2141: 2071: 2001: 1931: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1747: 1673: 1603: 1533: 1463: 1393: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1266:Strategic Foresight Group 958:Suburbs on the slopes of 864:a bloodless military coup 823:League of Nations mandate 792:central business district 770:of 1884, forming part of 443: 424: 391: 377: 360: 349: 338: 327: 316: 308: 297: 292: 284: 273: 268: 258: 253: 245: 235: 217: 182: 116: 53: 44: 37: 11910:Central African Republic 11566:Genocide Memorial Centre 11534:Hôtel des Mille Collines 11494:Rwanda Military Hospital 11226:"Rwanda Economic Update" 11100:"Population projections" 10806:(MINEDUC). December 2018 10727:Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919 10598:Fegley, Randall (2016). 10532:Dallaire, Roméo (2005). 10291:African Economic Outlook 10282:African Development Bank 10206:"Rwanda profile – Media" 9926:. BTN TV. Archived from 9537:"About CHUK: Background" 8477:Golf Course Architecture 7705:"Butare, Silicon Valley" 7399:Rwanda Development Board 6995:"Our Mission and Vision" 6394:Rwanda Development Board 5578:Kigali Genocide Memorial 4327:Linden & Linden 1977 4291:Linden & Linden 1977 4255:Linden & Linden 1977 4231:Linden & Linden 1977 3901:Rwanda Development Board 3534:Kigali Genocide Memorial 3529:Kigali Convention Centre 3405:(RBA), and Chinese firm 3395: 3363:Rwanda Military Hospital 3286: 3243:a standard-gauge railway 3028: 2519:, an ore used to obtain 2492:Charles, Prince of Wales 2480:African Development Bank 2476:Kigali Convention Centre 2464:Rwanda Development Board 2440:Rwanda Revenue Authority 2359:rural-to-urban migration 1243:tropical savanna climate 1207:Kigali Genocide Memorial 928:Rwandan national holiday 671:, a group of aboriginal 10947:Rollason, Will (2012). 10661:Kiregyera, Ben (2015). 10640:King, David C. (2007). 10619:Geary, Anthony (2003). 10472:The World Factbook 2007 10393:. Bradt Travel Guides. 9886:MICLTD,F4/Rwanda/Kigali 9839:Fred (17 August 2019). 9790:"Live TV – Isango Star" 8233:Rwanda Rugby Federation 7823:"Kigali Campus History" 7611:Briggs & Booth 2006 6302:Commonwealth of Nations 4069:Appiah & Gates 2010 3041:, playing host to most 2930:Kigali Health Institute 2576:the incumbent mayor is 2543:Governance and politics 2378:Human Development Index 1119:National Bank of Rwanda 1025:soils on the hills and 1001:in the south east, and 892:Rwandan Patriotic Front 546:Rwandan Patriotic Front 10625:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10312:Encyclopedia of Africa 9963:– via Facebook. 9911:BP: 195, Kigali Rwanda 9901:. Flash Radio & TV 8726:Transport World Africa 7827:Mount Kenya University 7391:"Festivals and Events" 6999:Rwanda National Police 6081:Bundervoet et al. 2017 3437:with 9.3 per cent and 3342: 3217: 3188: 3150:East African Community 3140: 3087:Rwanda Cricket Stadium 2958:Mount Kenya University 2909: 2685: 2626:Rwanda National Police 2621: 2555: 2512:special economic zones 2450: 2436:gross domestic product 2426: 2353: 1165: 1073: 1029:soils in the valleys. 962: 951: 910:. Burundian president 881:US Department of State 751: 679:groups, including the 628: 622: 608: 590:gross domestic product 419: 32:Capital city in Rwanda 12457:São Tomé and Príncipe 11807:Dependent territories 11576:Sainte-Famille Church 11208:10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 10688:. UNESCO Publishing. 10667:. African Sun Media. 10445:Carney, J.J. (2013). 9738:(11): 817–908. 2008. 9286:. Centre for Aviation 9234:Aviation Week Network 6419:Rwanda Stock Exchange 4526:"Rwanda's quiet coup" 3618:, and RP-IPRC Kigali. 3337: 3215: 3186: 3138: 3092:Rwanda Premier League 2986:Ministry of Education 2903: 2683: 2619: 2550: 2504:Rwanda Stock Exchange 2496:the COVID-19 pandemic 2448: 2418: 2351: 1163: 1071: 957: 949: 890:, although the rebel 846:Post-independence era 742: 606: 515:the colonial resident 418: 379: • Summer ( 110:Sainte-Famille Church 11799:of African countries 11746:1.94389°S 30.05944°E 11571:Kigali Green Complex 11423:University of Kigali 11413:University of Rwanda 11377:International School 10891:(NISR). January 2014 9847:on 28 September 2020 9750:on 13 November 2008. 9616:King Faisal Hospital 9563:Dun & Bradstreet 8137:"Amavubi Background" 7931:University of Rwanda 7901:University of Rwanda 7774:University of Kigali 6617:Mining Review Africa 6122:Cassimon et al. 2013 5021:"Kigali at a Glance" 4831:on 11 September 2013 4825:Government of Rwanda 4602:"Cable: Rwanda Coup" 4538:on 23 September 2015 4424:Muramila, Gasheegu. 3606:), RP IPRC MUSANZE ( 3524:Kigali Car-Free Zone 3445:in Kigali including 3355:King Faisal Hospital 3039:association football 2978:University of Rwanda 2954:University of Kigali 2906:One Laptop per Child 2780:Rwanda Film Festival 2739:Hobe Rwanda Festival 1862:Record high °C (°F) 1324:Record high °C (°F) 1182:informal settlements 852:Rwandan independence 309: • Density 202:1.94389°S 30.05944°E 12594:Provinces of Rwanda 11742: / 11649:Provinces of Rwanda 11198:. Country Studies. 10783:. 20 September 2017 10730:. Clarendon Press. 10646:. Benchmark Books. 10604:. Lexington Books. 10266:. Greenwood Press. 9984:. 11 September 2019 9953:"Contact TV Rwanda" 9930:on 29 November 2020 9473:Rwanda Energy Group 9447:Rwanda Energy Group 9316:on 21 February 2018 8722:"Northern corridor" 8364:on 25 February 2020 8177:on 24 February 2016 7970:, pp. 105–107. 7958:, pp. 101–103. 7693:, pp. 136–137. 7297:, pp. 135–139. 6623:on 19 November 2020 6458:on 10 December 2022 6271:The Daily Telegraph 6214:Inter Press Service 5971:, pp. 125–127. 5947:, pp. 107–108. 5496:National Geographic 5027:on 28 February 2014 4933:. 24 September 2015 4821:"Official holidays" 4757:, pp. 264–265. 4317:, pp. 137–138. 3997:, pp. 140–141. 3319:Rwanda Energy Group 3253:or with the future 2970:Umutara Polytechnic 2665:freedom of assembly 2602:Chamber of Deputies 2578:Samuel Dusengiyumva 2405:Jehovah's Witnesses 2142:Record low °C (°F) 2002:Daily mean °C (°F) 1604:Record low °C (°F) 1464:Daily mean °C (°F) 1241:, Kigali is in the 1088:("in town"), is on 1058:grey crowned cranes 997:in the south west, 975:provinces of Rwanda 967:Central Africa Time 782:and search for the 663:Pre-colonial period 598:subsistence farming 586:president of Rwanda 570:provinces of Rwanda 550:Juvénal Habyarimana 475:[ci.ɡɑ́.ɾi] 371:Central Africa Time 263:Samuel Dusengiyumva 198: / 12584:Capitals in Africa 11751:-1.94389; 30.05944 11060:Rwanda in Pictures 10556:Des Forges, Alison 10432:. World Bank Group 9423:. 5 September 2017 9236:. 22 December 2014 9095:. 25 December 2013 9013:. 29 November 2014 8810:. 16 February 2015 8770:. 28 December 2016 8453:on 7 February 2018 8235:. 11 December 2018 7803:. 6 September 2011 7575:on 20 October 2019 7028:. 14 February 2018 6916:. 12 February 2019 6884:. City of Kigali. 6811:. City of Kigali. 6785:. City of Kigali. 6344:. 13 December 2017 6187:The New York Times 4931:Human Rights Watch 4563:The New York Times 4503:The New York Times 4179:on 9 December 2008 4050:. 24 November 2007 3744:The World Factbook 3719:Radboud University 3466:La Nouvelle Relève 3386:mutuelles de santé 3347:Ministry of Health 3343: 3245:linking Kigali to 3218: 3189: 3141: 3073:playing hall. The 2995:FAWE Girls' School 2914:tertiary education 2910: 2768:. Others, such as 2753:Sometimes in April 2732:. Since 2011, the 2712:, with a blend of 2686: 2653:community policing 2622: 2612:Crime and policing 2594:the prime minister 2556: 2451: 2449:A market in Kigali 2427: 2354: 1166: 1074: 987:Southern provinces 963: 952: 936:Human Rights Watch 912:Cyprien Ntaryamira 868:Grégoire Kayibanda 784:source of the Nile 772:German East Africa 760:resident of Rwanda 752: 658:Timeline of Kigali 609: 420: 259: • Mayor 207:-1.94389; 30.05944 173:Show map of Africa 143:Show map of Rwanda 12566: 12565: 12208:Equatorial Guinea 11943:Rep. of the Congo 11763: 11762: 11725: 11713:Geographic locale 11697: 11696: 11615: 11614: 11561:Convention Centre 11556:Kigali City Tower 11539:Institut Français 11431: 11430: 11217:978-0-8213-5610-4 11162:978-1-4438-1993-0 11141:978-0-2992-0123-4 11091:978-1-4422-5591-3 11070:978-0-8225-8570-1 11049:978-1-4408-3052-5 11028:978-0-313-39570-3 10956:Brunel University 10920:978-9970-02-089-8 10830:978-0-333-95451-5 10761:978-0-691-10280-1 10737:978-0-19-821621-6 10716:978-0-7190-0671-5 10695:978-92-3-100126-0 10674:978-1-920689-56-8 10653:978-0-7614-2333-1 10632:978-0-85667-552-2 10590:978-0-8108-2820-9 10571:978-0-299-28143-4 10547:978-0-09-947893-5 10524:978-1-61069-248-9 10503:978-1-890951-34-4 10482:978-0-16-078580-1 10458:978-0-19-998227-1 10400:978-1-78477-096-9 10343:978-1-841621-80-7 10322:978-0-19-533770-9 10301:978-92-64-02243-0 10273:978-0-313-33177-0 9777:KG 7 Blvd Kacyiru 8420:. 18 October 2017 8205:. 7 February 2016 7613:, pp. 54–55. 7511:. 20 October 2012 6100:, pp. 21–23. 6038:"Rwanda Overview" 5959:, pp. 97–99. 5069:978-1-55341-380-6 4660:. 12 January 2010 4281:, pp. 25–26. 3958:, pp. 21–22. 3750:. 5 February 2021 3671:citypopulation.de 3555:Explanatory notes 3519:Inema Arts Center 3314:diesel generators 3178:Northern Corridor 3152:, namely Uganda, 3063:the national team 2805:community service 2573:electoral college 2551:Kigali City Hall 2468:mountain gorillas 2421:Kigali City Tower 2340: 2339: 1809:Climate data for 1802: 1801: 1095:Kigali City Tower 888:Rwandan Civil War 768:Berlin Conference 689:Kingdom of Rwanda 542:Rwandan Civil War 507:the German Empire 503:Kingdom of Rwanda 461: 460: 16:(Redirected from 12601: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11767: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11723: 11712: 11709: 11701: 11700: 11692: 11642: 11635: 11628: 11619: 11618: 11607:Rwandan genocide 11547: 11530: 11357: 11356: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11288: 11287: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11262:on 24 March 2012 11261: 11255:. Archived from 11254: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11230: 11221: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11175: 11166: 11145: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11104: 11095: 11074: 11053: 11032: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11001: 10994: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10924: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10866: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10843: 10834: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10801: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10774: 10765: 10746:Mamdani, Mahmood 10741: 10720: 10699: 10678: 10657: 10636: 10615: 10611:978-1-49851944-1 10594: 10575: 10551: 10539: 10528: 10507: 10486: 10462: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10421: 10404: 10383: 10357: 10347: 10326: 10305: 10277: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10202: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10160: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10073: 10067: 10066:, p. 15–18. 10061: 10055: 10054: 10048: 10046: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10017: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9989: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9960: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9935: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9881: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9852: 9843:. Archived from 9836: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9822: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9797: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9746:. Archived from 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9533: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9449:. 1 January 2018 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9222: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9055: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8910: 8903:Voice of America 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8613:. Archived from 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8449:. Archived from 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8383: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8173:. Archived from 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8143:. Archived from 8133: 8127: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8111:Zambian Watchdog 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8081:. Archived from 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7933:. Archived from 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7903:. Archived from 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7677: 7676: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7213:Moore, Timothy. 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7194:on 14 March 2012 7190:. Archived from 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7051: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6862:on 2 August 2020 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6730: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6668: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6649:on 29 March 2013 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6452:. Archived from 6439: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6341:The Conversation 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6267: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6149: 6140: 6134: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6084: 6078: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5871: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5634: 5631:Twagilimana 2015 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5584:on 30 April 2018 5580:. Archived from 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5357:. 21 August 2017 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5001:. 3 January 2006 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4827:. Archived from 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4568:Associated Press 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3983: 3980:Twagilimana 2015 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3956:Streissguth 2007 3953: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3907:on 25 March 2016 3903:. Archived from 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3636: 3625: 3619: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3451:Voice of America 3340:COVID-19 vaccine 3198:Motorcycle taxis 2972:and Ruhengeri's 2814: 2810: 2791:national holiday 2537:Karuruma smelter 2289: 1806: 1805: 1751: 1272: 1271: 1054:Umusambi Village 1034:Nyabarongo River 920:Rwandan genocide 904:was assassinated 819:Philippe Molitor 725:Ruganzu II Ndoli 708:Ruganzu I Bwimba 631: 625: 558:Rwandan genocide 477: 472: 457: 454: 452: 450: 435: 411: 384: 356:856,673 (49.08%) 345:888,882 (50.92%) 228: 226: 225: 213: 212: 210: 209: 208: 203: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 174: 163: 162: 156: 144: 133: 132: 126: 100: 93: 82: 75: 64: 35: 34: 21: 12609: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12562: 12544: 12543: 12529: 12514: 12436: 12417: 12403: 12266: 12247: 11817: 11800: 11794: 11764: 11759: 11750: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11714: 11710: 11698: 11693: 11684: 11651: 11646: 11616: 11611: 11585: 11541: 11524: 11517:Amahoro Stadium 11505: 11501:Masaka Hospital 11478: 11462: 11427: 11401: 11392:Lycée de Kigali 11348: 11320: 11315: 11278: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11252: 11238: 11236: 11235:. February 2016 11228: 11218: 11183: 11181: 11173: 11163: 11142: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11092: 11071: 11050: 11029: 11005: 11003: 11002:on 13 July 2019 10999: 10992: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10960: 10958: 10951: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10921: 10905:Prunier, Gérard 10894: 10892: 10874: 10872: 10864: 10851: 10849: 10841: 10831: 10821:Atlas of Rwanda 10809: 10807: 10799: 10786: 10784: 10772: 10762: 10738: 10717: 10696: 10675: 10654: 10633: 10612: 10591: 10572: 10548: 10525: 10504: 10483: 10459: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10401: 10355: 10344: 10323: 10302: 10274: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10230: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10204: 10203: 10196: 10183: 10181: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10158: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10134: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10098: 10088: 10086: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10044: 10042: 10033: 10032: 10028: 10015: 10013: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9987: 9985: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9958: 9956: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9933: 9931: 9922: 9921: 9917: 9904: 9902: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9879: 9877: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9850: 9848: 9837: 9833: 9820: 9818: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9795: 9793: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9770: 9768: 9763: 9762: 9755: 9726: 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9685: 9678: 9674: 9664: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9610: 9609: 9605: 9595: 9593: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9557: 9556: 9552: 9542: 9540: 9535: 9534: 9527: 9519: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9495: 9488: 9478: 9476: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9424: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9384: 9380: 9376:, pp. 4–5. 9372: 9368: 9364:, pp. 3–4. 9360: 9356: 9348: 9341: 9333: 9329: 9319: 9317: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9267: 9265: 9253: 9249: 9239: 9237: 9224: 9223: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9175:The EastAfrican 9166: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9057: 9056: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9030: 9026: 9016: 9014: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8925: 8921: 8908: 8906: 8895: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8838:. 12 April 2016 8828: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8773: 8771: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8532:The EastAfrican 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8385: 8384: 8377: 8367: 8365: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8301: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8252: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8206: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8147:on 15 June 2020 8135: 8134: 8130: 8116: 8114: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8085:on 7 March 2016 8073: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7701: 7697: 7691:World Bank 2004 7689: 7680: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7633: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7469:The Independent 7460: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7438:The Independent 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7395:VisitRwanda.com 7389: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7053: 7052: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6913:The EastAfrican 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6740:. 5 August 2019 6732: 6731: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6700: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6669: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6486:. 1 August 2013 6476: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6449:Financial Times 6440: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6304:. 21 April 2020 6296: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6159:The EastAfrican 6150: 6143: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6110:World Bank 2016 6108: 6104: 6096: 6087: 6079: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5643:Jha, Ramanath. 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5459: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5199:The EastAfrican 5190: 5186: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5119:. 31 March 2006 5109: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5048:, pp. 7–8. 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4971:The EastAfrican 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4866: 4859: 4855:, p. viii. 4851: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4422: 4418: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4366:Des Forges 2011 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4339:Des Forges 2011 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4315:Des Forges 2011 4313: 4309: 4303:Des Forges 2011 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4142: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4017:The Independent 4008: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3774: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3673:. 1 August 2022 3665: 3664: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3626: 3622: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3539:Amahoro Stadium 3509: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3398: 3332: 3305:Rugezi wetlands 3289: 3277:Kamembe Airport 3271:in Nairobi and 3133: 3128: 3079:AfroBasket 2021 3035:Amahoro Stadium 3031: 2898: 2812: 2808: 2703:Massamba Intore 2691:Indatirwabahizi 2678: 2614: 2608:in Kimihurura. 2586:Francois Karera 2545: 2413: 2346: 2341: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1803: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1235: 1189:neighbourhood. 1142:Masjid al-Fatah 1090:Nyarugenge Hill 1066: 1042:Nyabugogo River 1019:metasedimentary 1011:above sea level 944: 872:military tattoo 848: 835:a severe famine 809:Belgian forces 737: 735:Colonial period 665: 660: 654: 642:Cyilima I Rugwe 614: 467: 447: 433: 432: 406: 401: 396: 395: 378: 323:1,518,632 (87%) 223: 221: 206: 204: 200: 197: 192: 189: 187: 185: 184: 178: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169: 168: 164: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 134: 112: 106: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 94: 85: 84: 83: 76: 67: 66: 65: 49: 40: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12607: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12530: 12528: 12527: 12516: 12505: 12503: 12492: 12481: 12470: 12459: 12448: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12419: 12405: 12390: 12388: 12377: 12366: 12355: 12344: 12333: 12322: 12311: 12300: 12289: 12278: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12249: 12234: 12232: 12221: 12210: 12199: 12188: 12177: 12166: 12155: 12144: 12133: 12122: 12111: 12100: 12089: 12076: 12063: 12052: 12041: 12030: 12019: 12000: 11989: 11978: 11967: 11956: 11945: 11934: 11923: 11912: 11901: 11890: 11879: 11868: 11857: 11846: 11835: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11793: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11770: 11761: 11760: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11695: 11694: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11645: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11622: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11536: 11531: 11522:French Embassy 11519: 11513: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11363: 11361: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11314: 11313: 11306: 11299: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11277: 11276:External links 11274: 11273: 11272: 11245: 11222: 11216: 11190: 11167: 11161: 11146: 11140: 11122: 11112:on 16 May 2018 11096: 11090: 11075: 11069: 11054: 11048: 11033: 11027: 11012: 10986: 10967: 10944: 10925: 10919: 10901: 10881: 10858: 10835: 10829: 10816: 10793: 10779:(MINEDUC) and 10766: 10760: 10742: 10736: 10721: 10715: 10700: 10694: 10679: 10673: 10658: 10652: 10637: 10631: 10616: 10610: 10595: 10589: 10576: 10570: 10552: 10546: 10529: 10523: 10508: 10502: 10487: 10481: 10463: 10457: 10442: 10422: 10405: 10399: 10384: 10348: 10342: 10327: 10321: 10306: 10300: 10278: 10272: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10223: 10212:. 29 July 2019 10194: 10169: 10144: 10121: 10096: 10068: 10056: 10026: 9998: 9969: 9944: 9915: 9890: 9861: 9831: 9817:. Authentic TV 9806: 9781: 9753: 9719: 9707: 9695: 9672: 9650: 9628: 9603: 9575: 9550: 9525: 9513: 9501: 9486: 9460: 9434: 9406: 9378: 9366: 9354: 9339: 9327: 9297: 9275: 9247: 9214: 9203:. 26 July 2019 9201:The Chronicles 9188: 9160: 9134: 9106: 9078: 9067:. 31 July 2010 9047: 9024: 8996: 8973: 8945: 8919: 8915:Eugene Uwimana 8889: 8877: 8849: 8821: 8793: 8781: 8753: 8738: 8712: 8710:, p. 439. 8700: 8678: 8653: 8628: 8617:on 20 May 2020 8598: 8573: 8545: 8517: 8489: 8464: 8431: 8403: 8375: 8349: 8321: 8295: 8272: 8246: 8216: 8188: 8158: 8128: 8096: 8077:(in Chinese). 8066: 8040: 8012: 7984: 7982:, p. xvi. 7972: 7960: 7948: 7918: 7888: 7886:, p. 162. 7876: 7874:, p. 112. 7864: 7839: 7814: 7786: 7761: 7757:Kiregyera 2015 7749: 7723: 7695: 7678: 7655: 7627: 7615: 7598: 7586: 7560: 7548: 7537:. 7 April 2020 7522: 7494: 7492:, p. 106. 7482: 7451: 7423: 7411: 7382: 7355: 7327: 7299: 7287: 7259: 7231: 7205: 7175: 7150: 7125: 7114:. 1 March 2015 7097: 7071: 7039: 7011: 6983: 6955: 6927: 6899: 6873: 6847: 6826: 6800: 6774: 6751: 6738:The Chronicles 6720: 6708:The Chronicles 6691: 6660: 6634: 6604: 6578: 6553: 6528: 6497: 6469: 6431: 6406: 6381: 6355: 6327: 6315: 6289: 6254: 6226: 6200: 6172: 6141: 6126: 6114: 6102: 6085: 6066: 6054: 6029: 6004: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5922: 5910: 5895: 5884:. pp. 2–4 5857: 5829: 5817: 5800: 5778: 5756: 5727: 5715: 5687: 5661: 5635: 5633:, p. 217. 5623: 5595: 5565: 5537: 5509: 5481: 5450: 5422: 5396: 5368: 5340: 5315: 5290: 5265: 5240: 5212: 5184: 5169: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5102: 5090: 5075: 5068: 5050: 5038: 5012: 4984: 4956: 4954:, p. 479. 4944: 4918: 4892: 4880:United Nations 4875:Africa Renewal 4857: 4842: 4812: 4810:, p. 459. 4800: 4798:, p. 421. 4783: 4781:, p. 299. 4771: 4769:, p. 288. 4759: 4747: 4719: 4699:(1): 125–141. 4683: 4681:, p. 386. 4671: 4643: 4641:, p. 130. 4631: 4629:, p. 175. 4619: 4608:. 11 July 1973 4593: 4581: 4549: 4516: 4488: 4471: 4444: 4416: 4394: 4390:Stapleton 2017 4382: 4370: 4368:, p. 210. 4355: 4353:, p. 275. 4343: 4341:, p. 142. 4331: 4329:, p. 130. 4319: 4307: 4305:, p. 135. 4295: 4293:, p. 127. 4283: 4271: 4269:, p. 164. 4267:Stapleton 2013 4259: 4257:, p. 110. 4247: 4245:, p. 172. 4235: 4233:, p. 103. 4220: 4205: 4203:, p. 168. 4190: 4164: 4125: 4123:, p. 146. 4113: 4085: 4073: 4071:, p. 218. 4061: 4030: 3999: 3995:Cybriwsky 2013 3984: 3982:, p. 175. 3972: 3960: 3945: 3943:, p. 158. 3930: 3918: 3888: 3876: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3761: 3731: 3701: 3684: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3620: 3595: 3586: 3573: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3498: 3495: 3455:Deutsche Welle 3397: 3394: 3331: 3328: 3288: 3285: 3194:"Tap & Go" 3156:, Burundi and 3132: 3131:Transportation 3129: 3127: 3126:Infrastructure 3124: 3030: 3027: 2944:(ULK) and the 2897: 2894: 2842:sweet potatoes 2807:lasting from 8 2677: 2674: 2613: 2610: 2544: 2541: 2455:service sector 2429:Kigali is the 2412: 2409: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2330: 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295: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 271: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 239: 233: 232: 219: 215: 214: 180: 179: 166: 165: 158: 157: 151: 150: 149: 148: 136: 135: 128: 127: 121: 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 107: 95: 88: 87: 86: 77: 70: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 45: 42: 41: 38: 31: 26: 18:Kigali, Rwanda 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12606: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12531: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12512: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12493: 12491: 12487: 12486: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12475: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12464: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12424: 12420: 12415: 12411: 12410: 12406: 12401: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12334: 12332: 12328: 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11932:Guinea-Bissau 11929: 11928: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11913: 11911: 11907: 11906: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11895: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11856: 11852: 11851: 11847: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11791: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11772: 11771: 11768: 11758: 11755: 11727: 11717: 11708: 11702: 11691: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11638: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11499: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 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10778: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10666: 10665: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10499: 10496:. MIT Press. 10495: 10494: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10443: 10428: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10392: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10335: 10334: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10265: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10237: 10233: 10232:"Rwanda news" 10227: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10191: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10154: 10148: 10132: 10125: 10109: 10103: 10101: 10085: 10084: 10083:The New Times 10079: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10052: 10040: 10036: 10030: 10023: 10012: 10008: 10007:"Radio TV 10" 10002: 9995: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9966: 9954: 9948: 9941: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9912: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9858: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9816: 9810: 9803: 9792:. Isango Star 9791: 9785: 9778: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9717:, p. 35. 9716: 9711: 9705:, p. 34. 9704: 9699: 9683: 9676: 9660: 9654: 9638: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9592: 9591: 9590:The New Times 9586: 9579: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9522: 9517: 9511:, p. 35. 9510: 9505: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9422: 9421: 9420:The New Times 9416: 9410: 9395: 9394: 9393:The New Times 9389: 9382: 9375: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9344: 9336: 9331: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9285: 9279: 9264: 9263: 9262:The New Times 9258: 9251: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9219: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9149: 9145: 9138: 9123: 9122: 9121:The New Times 9117: 9110: 9094: 9093: 9092:The New Times 9088: 9082: 9066: 9065: 9064:The New Times 9060: 9054: 9052: 9035: 9028: 9012: 9011: 9010:The New Times 9006: 9000: 8984: 8977: 8962: 8961: 8960:The New Times 8956: 8949: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8885:Rollason 2012 8881: 8866: 8865: 8864:The New Times 8860: 8853: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8791:, p. 70. 8790: 8785: 8769: 8768: 8767:The New Times 8763: 8757: 8751:, p. 72. 8750: 8745: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8688: 8682: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8549: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8446:The New Times 8442: 8435: 8419: 8418: 8417:The New Times 8413: 8407: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8338: 8337: 8336:The New Times 8332: 8325: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8283: 8276: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8234: 8230: 8228: 8220: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8124: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8055: 8054:allAfrica.com 8051: 8044: 8028: 8027: 8026:The New Times 8022: 8016: 8001: 8000: 7999:The New Times 7995: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7937:on 7 May 2020 7936: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7907:on 7 May 2020 7906: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7802: 7801: 7800:The New Times 7796: 7790: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7759:, p. 30. 7758: 7753: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7712: 7711: 7710:Jeune Afrique 7706: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7644: 7643: 7642:The New Times 7638: 7631: 7625:, p. 94. 7624: 7623:Adekunle 2007 7619: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7596:, p. 81. 7595: 7594:Adekunle 2007 7590: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7558:, p. 25. 7557: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7510: 7509: 7508:The New Times 7504: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7421:, p. 55. 7420: 7415: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7371: 7370: 7369:The New Times 7366: 7359: 7344: 7343: 7342:The New Times 7338: 7331: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7295:Adekunle 2007 7291: 7276: 7275: 7274:The New Times 7270: 7263: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7235: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7164: 7163:Freedom House 7160: 7154: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7113: 7112: 7111:The New Times 7107: 7101: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7027: 7026: 7025:The New Times 7021: 7015: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6972: 6971: 6970:The New Times 6966: 6959: 6944: 6943: 6942:The New Times 6938: 6931: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6836: 6830: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6696: 6680: 6679: 6678:The New Times 6674: 6667: 6665: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6517:. 1 June 2017 6516: 6515: 6514:The New Times 6510: 6504: 6502: 6485: 6484: 6483:The New Times 6479: 6473: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6436: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6325:, p. 47. 6324: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6243: 6242: 6241:The New Times 6237: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6139:, p. 37. 6138: 6133: 6131: 6124:, p. 54. 6123: 6118: 6112:, p. 14. 6111: 6106: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6083:, p. 18. 6082: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6064:, p. 19. 6063: 6058: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6002:, p. 30. 6001: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5983:, p. 32. 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5935:, p. 29. 5934: 5929: 5927: 5920:, p. 24. 5919: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5846: 5845: 5844:The New Times 5840: 5833: 5827:, p. 15. 5826: 5821: 5815:, p. 10. 5814: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5788: 5782: 5766: 5760: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5725:, p. 10. 5724: 5719: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5612: 5611: 5610:The New Times 5606: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5554: 5553: 5552:The New Times 5548: 5541: 5526: 5525: 5524:The New Times 5520: 5513: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5470: 5469: 5468:The New Times 5464: 5457: 5455: 5439: 5438: 5437:The New Times 5433: 5426: 5411:. 15 May 2015 5410: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5384: 5383:The New Times 5379: 5372: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5229: 5228: 5227:The New Times 5223: 5216: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4808:Dallaire 2005 4804: 4797: 4796:Dallaire 2005 4792: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4779:Dallaire 2005 4775: 4768: 4767:Dallaire 2005 4763: 4756: 4755:Dallaire 2005 4751: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4679:Dallaire 2005 4675: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4639:Dallaire 2005 4635: 4628: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4591:, p. 61. 4590: 4585: 4570:. 6 July 1973 4569: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4486:, p. 21. 4485: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4459: 4458:Lonely Planet 4454: 4448: 4433: 4432: 4431:The New Times 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4392:, p. 34. 4391: 4386: 4380:, p. 96. 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4218:, p. 46. 4217: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4153: 4152: 4151:The New Times 4147: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4117: 4102: 4101: 4100:The New Times 4096: 4089: 4083:, p. 24. 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4049: 4048: 4047:The New Times 4043: 4037: 4035: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 39. 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3941:Chrétien 2003 3937: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3886:, p. 18. 3885: 3880: 3874:, p. 18. 3873: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3857:, p. 37. 3856: 3851: 3845:, p. 58. 3844: 3843:Chrétien 2003 3839: 3833:, p. 61. 3832: 3827: 3825: 3818:, p. 44. 3817: 3816:Chrétien 2003 3812: 3805: 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