17:
440:(DDR) took place in Afghanistan from October 2003 to February 2005, with the aim of disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating the Mujahideen, referred to as the Afghan Militia Forces (AMF), into mainstream civil society. The DDR program was described as "the de facto peace process" by Afghan civil society groups meeting in Berlin in 2004, who also expressed scepticism about whether the DDR process would really occur. Japanese officials were responsible for coordinating the program. The program itself had been intended to start in May 2003, but was delayed by a dispute about the number of AMF forces coordinated by the
3579:
472:, with support from foreign officials. DIAG was generally seen as ineffective, mostly disarming small and less powerful armed groups rather than major ones. Armed groups frequently collected old weapons from ordinary civilians and gave these to the authorities instead of giving up their own modern weapons; this had the double effect of not genuinely disarming the militias, and of disarming ordinary citizens, making them easy targets for the militias.
3609:
3599:
3589:
495:, with the aim of strengthening administrative and security institutions for promoting peace and reintegration; developing the political conditions conducive to peace; and strengthening national, regional and global support for peace and stability. Conditions for Taliban participation included ending violence, breaking ties with international terrorist groups and accepting the
717:(USIP) argued that a peace process continued to be necessary. USIP stated that, "Violent resistance has percolated across the country, with ousted former military leaders, ethnic militia commanders and extremist groups like the local branch of the Islamic State all keen to contest the Taliban's authority."
525:
At the national level of APRP processes, meetings between the Joint
Secretariat and women were judged by the numbers of meetings held, not for the actual impact of the meetings on the peace process. The Afghan government's negligence of women's significant participation in the peace process was seen
272:
and other serious human rights abuses. A common causal factor, according to Astri Suhrke, of both the Bonn
Agreement itself and the Agreement's consequences were the political and military priorities of the United States. Suhrke argues that by 2018, international consensus was that peace processes
181:
of fighters into their local communities. Factors creating difficulties included Afghan distrust for
Najibullah as a former head of the Afghan intelligence agency; support by regional and global powers for exiled opposition leaders; the time scale needed for peace and reconciliation processes. The
379:
In Upper Sangin Valley (USV), a peace agreement was negotiated in May 2010. It was not supported by the local
British Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), and in August 2010 an unsuccessful drone strike aimed at a local commander led to failure of the agreement. A new peace agreement in USV was
542:
phase of the APRP involved arming
Afghanistan Local Police to protect local communities, with the risk of rearming formerly disarmed fighters in structures that were perceived as not being loyal to local communities or the national governmental system. Those former fighters who remained unarmed
451:
The conversion of forces from the AMR to police forces and private militias (not covered by the DDR program) was a major factor weakening the effects of DDR. The main success of DDR was the confiscation and storage of heavy weapons. A major failure was that it didn't break command and control
371:
in 2010 took place between local governments and local armed groups aligned with the
Taliban. The Musa Qala agreement included a 14-point written agreement. Factors that terminated the resulting peace deal included opposition from the national government and an
521:
In practice, the APRP excluded political, tribal, religious leaders and informal local political institutions, and strengthened the exclusion of women, war victims and civil society groups. Women were excluded from both the design and implementation of APRP.
530:
presidency, Ghani promised women to be fully included in the peace process, but that he would not "bother them until the right time". Out of 23 rounds of peace talks from 2005 to 2014, women were present in only two of the rounds.
380:
achieved in
December 2010 and witnessed by US Marine Corps and PRT representatives. Factors in the failure of the second USV peace agreement included destabilisation by US forces and a lack of support by the national government.
1933:
760:
248:
were seen as low priorities in the 2001 Bonn peace process. The process included iterative steps for broadening inclusivity through a constitutional assembly and elections. The four Afghan groups who negotiated were the
176:
Peace processes used to negotiate between government and
Mujahideen included non-aggression or other peace agreements with local commanders, discussion of the proposed agreements at district level, and proposals such as
534:
The Joint
Secretariat met with human rights activists and other civil society representatives after the APRP design had been set. The number of meetings was counted, and the impact of the meetings was not monitored.
526:
as allowing
Taliban to see women as irrelevant. Among the few women in the APRP design team, several received threats of violence and verbal or sexual abuse; some were injured after having been warned. During the
488:
476:
308:
1703:
1521:
1475:
974:
803:
514:, to oversee the implementation of APRP. The peace process was intended to included a stage of community level contact with Taliban and other insurgent groups; disarmament and demobilization; and
1026:
448:, who existed fictitiously for commanders to collect extra salaries. The MOD accepted, in principle, that ten percent of the demobilised AMF members would constitute the new Afghan armed forces.
1956:
2112:
2034:
1557:
547:(PPC) formally required a minimum of three women participants in each committee. Women members of the HPC and the PPCs participated in conferences and seminars for confidence-building.
2067:
1925:
698:
589:
113:
2181:
3520:
268:
by 2003. In 2006, Brahimi described the exclusion of the Taliban as "our original sin". The peace process also resulted in giving strong positions to warlords with track records of
750:
1437:
1070:
922:
1228:
543:
feared for their own safety from revenge by "both sides". Women partners of Taliban fighters were not given any rights in the reintegration process into local communities. The
2102:
732:
that started following the Taliban takeover, called for a mutual ceasefire between the insurgency and the Taliban, to be mediated by the Ulema council of religious scholars.
444:(MOD). The MOD claimed to have 250,000 AMF members while the initial DDR plan was to disarm, demobilise and reintegrate 100,000 AMF members. The difference was attributed to
2107:
1190:
1902:
1325:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2149:
621:
550:
As of 2013, the APRP contributed to giving an impression that impunity for war crimes under an amnesty was a necessary part of a peace process, rather than encouraging
2169:
3417:
407:
researchers. Afghan peace groups started pressuring both the Afghan government and the Taliban for ceasefires and to implement other steps in the peace process. The
2174:
630:
While local peace deals had been signed in 2006 and 2010, on 22 September 2016, a national-level draft peace deal was signed between the Afghan government and the
604:
The APRP program finished in 2017 during the Ghani presidency. APRP officially reintegrated 11,074 insurgents and commanders into civilian life. In July 2019, the
355:
established in 2006. A five-member advisory panel for the Action Plan was created in late 2006. As of 2013, the Action Plan had had very little practical effects.
206:
meetings, starting in the 1990s. The NGOs claimed that these local peace processes were necessary as a grassroots complement to national level top-down processes.
1743:
3533:
2942:
503:
and minorities. APRP aimed to negotiate with the Taliban in parallel with reintegrating lower level commanders and fighters. The APRP concluded in March 2016.
1693:
264:
Two consequences of the Bonn Agreement were the Taliban insurgency and empowerment of warlords. The exclusion of the Taliban in the Bonn Agreement led to the
3538:
2693:
2072:
1781:
1626:
229:
215:
2653:
2154:
1506:
1460:
959:
788:
1013:
108:
in March 2018, were active and a brief ceasefire between government forces and the Taliban was held during 16–18 June by both sides simultaneously. The
2029:
1845:
1590:
3384:
2024:
2019:
1827:
1114:
1964:
3638:
3376:
2044:
1152:
661:
643:
336:
1547:
2378:
2306:
186:
did not require political processes to link with these local peace arrangements; it was limited to withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan.
1367:
2731:
2164:
1279:
437:
351:
for transitional justice. The Action Plan was formally adopted by the Afghan government in December 2005, and included as a benchmark in the
300:
237:
178:
69:
3582:
154:
1875:
1180:
580:, the Gulbuddin agreement, and the three-day government–Taliban ceasefire in June 2018 that accompanied the Helmand peace convoy of the
479:(APRP). According to the official statistics, 759 illegal armed groups had been disarmed while 737 illegal armed groups remained armed.
3592:
3422:
2484:
1427:
1057:
324:
73:
909:
3043:
2917:
2615:
2600:
2159:
1996:
1402:
1218:
169:, aiming to end the armed conflict with the Mujahideen and integrate the Mujahideen into a multi-party political process; to get the
3503:
3098:
2754:
2648:
1665:
725:
649:
581:
452:
structures between mid-level commanders and their forces. After DDR finished in February 2005, 1496 illegal armed groups remained.
420:
132:
105:
3543:
2897:
2663:
2585:
2474:
2411:
2049:
1894:
1315:
373:
257:; one based in Cyprus and linked to Iran; and one mainly Pashtun group based in Peshawar. The main mediator of the agreement was
35:
660:
at least two days long. They marched through Taliban-controlled territory. Arriving in Kabul on 18 June, they protested outside
3166:
3025:
2726:
2721:
625:
3548:
3161:
2673:
158:
148:
46:
652:
held a peace march, called the "Helmand peace convoy", across Afghanistan, in reaction to a car bombing on 23 March 2018 in
16:
3493:
3389:
3073:
2892:
2854:
2827:
2822:
1738:
729:
412:
136:
97:
3083:
3068:
3020:
3015:
2683:
2406:
2396:
2144:
383:
Significant reductions in violence occurred while the Musa Qala and Upper Sangin Valley peace agreements were in place.
3394:
3241:
3141:
3048:
2797:
2368:
2005:
1616:
3498:
3455:
3263:
3251:
2965:
2902:
1730:
441:
416:
101:
3427:
3281:
3246:
3058:
2630:
2363:
2039:
1660:
1397:
1271:
1109:
714:
496:
404:
124:
1580:
3229:
3010:
1771:
1104:
3360:
3176:
2995:
2812:
2769:
2749:
2668:
2416:
694:
684:
585:
423:
started in March 2018. The People's Peace Movement saw regional and global powers as a cause of continued war.
195:
109:
21:
1142:
3633:
3564:
3508:
3224:
3219:
2849:
2620:
2426:
2284:
1989:
1853:
3256:
3214:
3156:
3005:
2947:
2922:
2859:
2802:
2774:
2759:
2625:
2605:
2469:
2373:
1065:
1021:
917:
755:
225:
219:
61:
20:
US representative Zalmay Khalilzad (left) and Taliban representative Abdul Ghani Baradar (right) sign the
3204:
3186:
3151:
2817:
2610:
2595:
1357:
910:"Tell us how this ends – Transitional justice and prospects for peace in Afghanistan – Executive Summary"
3323:
3181:
3000:
2877:
2807:
2716:
2590:
2522:
2256:
2206:
693:
in 2018, a US–Taliban agreement that called for prisoner exchange and the withdrawal of US forces, the
671:
On 5 June 2018, Ghani announced an unconditional ceasefire with the Taliban until 20 June, the end of
3528:
3442:
3437:
3409:
3355:
3296:
3291:
3126:
3121:
2927:
2842:
2527:
2512:
2421:
2059:
1257:"The US-Taliban Deal and Expected US Exit from Afghanistan: Impact on South Asian Militant Landscape"
605:
573:
507:
327:(AIHRC) carried out a survey of Afghans' experience of the war since 1978 and how they wished to see
1926:"U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan"
3131:
2985:
2980:
2764:
2557:
2537:
2079:
1982:
689:
On 29 February 2020, following negotiations between US and Taliban negotiators that had started in
609:
577:
84:
that was formally adopted by the Afghan government in 2005, to little practical effect. During the
68:
presidency (2004–2014), local peace deals took place without high-level support, weakly effective
3340:
3234:
3146:
3088:
3053:
2975:
2937:
2932:
2907:
2887:
2837:
2547:
2289:
631:
492:
198:(NGOs) were involved in peace processes, in connection with local peace councils and traditional
849:
3602:
3286:
3063:
2990:
2552:
2328:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2221:
2211:
1517:
1471:
970:
799:
295:(2004–2014), including local peace processes in Helmand province, the emergence of grassroots
277:
were more sustainable than processes that ended violence without being based on human rights.
232:, was widely seen as a "victor's peace", since it excluded the Taliban and was constrained by
3350:
3328:
3209:
2970:
2658:
2532:
2479:
2459:
2431:
2348:
855:
396:
392:
376:(ISAF) killing of a local Taliban commander near the zone of the negotiated peace agreement.
296:
183:
89:
3399:
3316:
3306:
2832:
2464:
2358:
2226:
702:
593:
551:
445:
328:
312:
241:
117:
81:
1731:"Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme (UNDP Support) – Project completion report"
1392:
8:
3273:
3196:
3136:
3108:
3035:
2957:
2869:
2789:
2741:
2703:
2640:
2572:
2504:
2489:
2446:
2436:
2388:
2353:
2340:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2301:
2279:
2261:
2198:
1653:"Impact or Illusion? Reintegration under the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program"
1362:
254:
253:
and three exile-based groups; one based in Rome and linked to former King of Afghanistan
166:
54:
1652:
3612:
3335:
3171:
3116:
2912:
2580:
2562:
2401:
2294:
2231:
2084:
2054:
1585:
1432:
1320:
1283:
1223:
1147:
876:
265:
3598:
622:
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) § 2014–2017: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency
3608:
3488:
3447:
3345:
3311:
2711:
2678:
1058:"Tell us how this ends – Transitional justice and prospects for peace in Afghanistan"
880:
500:
408:
400:
250:
93:
3093:
2494:
2454:
2236:
1694:"Afghanistan needs continued global support during critical transition period – UN"
1353:
868:
127:(USIP) argued that a peace process continued to be necessary. On 5 September 2021,
751:"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover"
3432:
3078:
2882:
2779:
2517:
2216:
1974:
864:
403:
that in the 1930s opposed the British colonial government, resurged according to
344:
258:
173:
security forces to withdraw from Afghanistan; and to develop a new constitution.
39:
2688:
1806:
1698:
1014:"Disarming the militias – DDR and DIAG and the implications for peace building"
340:
3627:
3301:
2542:
1100:
872:
721:
469:
233:
162:
128:
50:
31:
491:(APRP) was a peace program created in 2010, based on the recommendations of
1552:
1358:"Surprise, panic and fateful choices: The day America lost its longest war"
665:
572:(2014–2021), including termination of APRP, transfer of authority from the
569:
563:
527:
292:
286:
274:
245:
170:
161:
was developed from the mid-1980s to 1992 by two successive Afghan leaders,
85:
65:
1876:"Helmand peace convoy makes appeals to Russian, American people for peace"
653:
1288:
1256:
903:
901:
899:
897:
510:
was created as a 70-member body (including nine women), together with a
1310:
1308:
1306:
850:"Peace and Exclusion: The Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program"
675:. During 16–18 June, both sides simultaneously held to the ceasefire.
139:
called for a mutual ceasefire between the insurgency and the Taliban.
123:
Violent resistance continued following the Taliban 2021 takeover. The
1275:
894:
657:
364:
269:
1957:"U.S. Strikes Deal With Taliban to Withdraw Troops From Afghanistan"
1452:
299:
movements in the mid-2010s, and the successive and weakly effective
3460:
1776:
1621:
1581:"Afghan Hunger Strikers Demand Cease-Fire: 'Our Blood Is Finished'"
1387:
1385:
1303:
1185:
588:, resulting from negotiations starting in 2018 in Doha, led to the
112:, resulting from negotiations starting in 2018 in Doha, led to the
1280:
International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research
315:
was not included in peace processes during the Karzai presidency.
1688:
1686:
1548:"Bonn conference could mark formal start of Afghan peace process"
1422:
1420:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
672:
644:
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) § Peace overtures (2018–2020)
1382:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
518:, with the goals of sustainable development and social justice.
464:(DIAG). DIAG was controlled directly by Afghan officials in the
1801:
1799:
368:
28:
Peace processes of the armed conflict in Afghanistan since 1978
1683:
1428:"Panjshir resistance leader says ready for talks with Taliban"
1417:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1212:
1210:
1208:
992:
940:
789:"President Najibullah and the National Reconciliation Policy"
782:
780:
778:
460:
DDR was followed, from 2006 to March 2011, by a new program,
358:
335:, in January 2005. With support from the President's Office,
1807:"Afghan warlord Hekmatyar returns to Kabul after peace deal"
1796:
1219:"Afghanistan: Taliban resume fighting as Eid ceasefire ends"
1136:
1134:
1132:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
742:
568:
Several peace processes took place during the presidency of
291:
Several peace processes took place during the presidency of
1868:
1838:
1766:
1764:
1539:
1340:
1205:
1051:
1049:
1047:
690:
626:
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin § Peace negotiations 2010–2016
57:
governments from the mid-1980s to 1992 had modest results.
1895:"U.S.-Taliban Deal: India should Chalk-out a New Strategy"
1886:
1646:
1644:
775:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1610:
1608:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1143:"A Grass-Roots Afghan Peace Movement Grows, Step by Step"
1129:
821:
1761:
1617:"Peace Movement Blames Foreign Countries For Afghan War"
1351:
1316:"US withdrawal prompted collapse of Afghan army: Report"
1181:"Activists Meet Balkh Residents, Insist Peace Will Come"
1044:
1948:
1641:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1828:"Going Nationwide: The Helmand peace march initiative"
1718:
1605:
1572:
1243:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1846:"Helmand Peace Convoy Rejected Taliban's Allegations"
1514:
Accord – an International Review of Peace Initiatives
1468:
Accord – an International Review of Peace Initiatives
967:
Accord – an International Review of Peace Initiatives
796:
Accord – an International Review of Peace Initiatives
656:
that had killed 14 people. The marchers called for a
1822:
1820:
1493:
664:
offices and nearby embassies and met with president
608:
was closed and its authority was transferred to the
599:
216:
International Conference on Afghanistan, Bonn (2001)
64:
followed the US invasion of Afghanistan. During the
1088:
2004:
1917:
1772:"Ghani Dissolves High Peace Council's Secretariat"
848:
318:
3385:Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1817:
1179:Musavi, Sayed Mohammad Aref (14 September 2018).
1174:
1172:
1170:
1105:"People Power Can Boost the Afghan Peace Process"
395:movements in Afghanistan, which date back to the
349:Action Plan for Peace, Reconciliation and Justice
78:Action Plan for Peace, Reconciliation and Justice
3625:
713:Following the Taliban taking power in 2021, the
1356:; Hudson, John; Witte, Griff (28 August 2021).
1011:
499:, including the constitution's protections for
1579:Mashal, Mujib; Shah, Taimoor (29 March 2018).
1461:"Inclusive local peacebuilding in Afghanistan"
1167:
1012:Stapleton, Barbara J.; Ruttig, Thomas (2013).
331:implemented. The AIHRC published the results,
34:have taken place during several phases of the
1990:
1352:George, Susannah; Ryan, Missy; Pager, Tyler;
438:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
301:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
238:Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
179:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
70:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
1458:
1055:
907:
703:August 2021 Fall of Kabul to Taliban forces
701:, the collapse of the Afghan Army, and the
592:, the collapse of the Afghan Army, and the
489:Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program
477:Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program
309:Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program
116:, the collapse of the Afghan Army, and the
3423:Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
1997:
1983:
1578:
786:
359:Local Helmand peace processes (2006, 2010)
325:Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
74:Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
1287:
957:
466:Disarmament & Reintegration Committee
960:"Brokering local settlements in Helmand"
726:National Resistance Front of Afghanistan
699:withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan
594:August 2021 Fall of Kabul to the Taliban
590:withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan
386:
209:
155:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
133:National Resistance Front of Afghanistan
118:August 2021 Fall of Kabul to the Taliban
114:withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan
92:movements in Afghanistan, including the
15:
2943:Mazar-i-Sharif German consulate bombing
2050:International Security Assistance Force
1650:
1099:
1056:Gossman, Patricia; Kuovo, Sari (2013).
908:Gossman, Patricia; Kuovo, Sari (2013).
374:International Security Assistance Force
3626:
1954:
1923:
1832:Afghanistan Analysts Network – English
1706:from the original on 28 September 2021
1545:
1504:
1178:
1140:
748:
615:
475:In 2011, DIAG was integrated into the
142:
2898:Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing
2674:Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre
1978:
1936:from the original on 29 February 2020
1924:George, Susannah (29 February 2020).
1651:Derksen, Deedee (22 September 2011).
1507:"Lessons from Bonn – Victor's peace?"
1459:Nader, Jawed; Roberts, Fleur (2018).
1264:Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses
1254:
1155:from the original on 27 February 2020
426:
149:National Reconciliation (Afghanistan)
3588:
2893:Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis
1963:. The New York Times. Archived from
1739:United Nations Development Programme
1614:
1527:from the original on 9 November 2021
1481:from the original on 9 November 2021
1216:
980:from the original on 9 November 2021
928:from the original on 21 January 2022
846:
809:from the original on 9 November 2021
730:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
280:
137:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
3639:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
3428:UK Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry
1905:from the original on 3 January 2021
1892:
1370:from the original on 29 August 2021
637:
557:
462:Disbandment of illegal armed groups
305:Disbandment of illegal armed groups
24:in Doha, Qatar on 29 February 2020.
13:
3162:2 & 5 September Kabul bombings
2732:Jalalabad Indian consulate bombing
1955:Mashal, Mujib (29 February 2020).
1076:from the original on 11 March 2022
1032:from the original on 23 April 2022
763:from the original on 22 March 2022
708:
697:, was signed. The deal led to the
38:, which has lasted since the 1978
14:
3650:
3456:Bagram torture and prisoner abuse
1671:from the original on 6 April 2022
1560:from the original on 28 June 2022
1405:from the original on 13 July 2022
1328:from the original on 20 June 2022
600:APRP and State Ministry for Peace
72:programs were organised, and the
3607:
3597:
3587:
3578:
3577:
2307:Pakistan Embassy in Kabul attack
1784:from the original on 17 May 2022
1749:from the original on 3 June 2022
1661:United States Institute of Peace
1629:from the original on 30 May 2021
1593:from the original on 3 June 2021
1440:from the original on 8 June 2022
1398:United States Institute of Peace
1272:Nanyang Technological University
1231:from the original on 27 May 2022
1193:from the original on 30 May 2021
1117:from the original on 4 June 2021
749:Ruttig, Thomas (25 April 2018).
715:United States Institute of Peace
497:2004 Constitution of Afghanistan
405:United States Institute of Peace
125:United States Institute of Peace
1546:Borger, Julian (20 June 2011).
1217:Qazi, Shereena (18 June 2018).
319:AIHRC transitional justice plan
3395:Islamic State–Taliban conflict
2006:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1141:Mashal, Mujib (15 June 2018).
196:non-governmental organizations
159:National Reconciliation Policy
47:National Reconciliation Policy
1:
2780:Atiqullah Raufi assassination
2755:Herat Indian consulate attack
1893:Rai, Manish (21 March 2020).
735:
648:From April to June 2018, the
230:December 2001 Bonn Conference
153:During the government of the
3534:International public opinion
2855:Kabul Spanish Embassy attack
2475:Kabul Indian embassy bombing
2412:Kabul Indian embassy bombing
1880:The Khaama Press News Agency
1615:Yaad, Ziar (24 March 2019).
1066:Afghanistan Analysts Network
1022:Afghanistan Analysts Network
918:Afghanistan Analysts Network
756:Afghanistan Analysts Network
220:Bonn Agreement (Afghanistan)
7:
3433:Australian Brereton Inquiry
3099:September Jalalabad bombing
2727:Herat U.S. consulate attack
2684:September Camp Bastion raid
2379:South Korean hostage crisis
1393:"Afghanistan Peace Efforts"
545:Provincial Peace Committees
540:National Community Recovery
516:National Community Recovery
10:
3655:
3182:Haska Meyna mosque bombing
2722:Presidential palace attack
2257:Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay
2064:Withdrawal of U.S. troops
1255:Basit, Abdul (June 2020).
958:Cavendish, Julius (2018).
787:Najibullah, Heela (2018).
685:United States–Taliban deal
682:
641:
619:
561:
284:
213:
146:
60:A "victor's peace" in the
3573:
3557:
3529:Afghan War documents leak
3519:
3509:2021–2022 Afghan protests
3471:
3443:Kunduz hospital airstrike
3438:War crimes by the Taliban
3408:
3375:
3272:
3195:
3177:Jalalabad suicide bombing
3127:2019 Kabul mosque bombing
3107:
3034:
3026:28 December Kabul bombing
2956:
2868:
2788:
2740:
2702:
2639:
2571:
2503:
2445:
2422:Kidnapping of David Rohde
2387:
2339:
2270:
2197:
2190:
2093:
2060:Drone strikes in Pakistan
2012:
606:Afghan High Peace Council
574:Afghan High Peace Council
508:Afghan High Peace Council
363:Local peace processes in
194:Afghan and international
2850:Kandahar Airport bombing
2080:Resolute Support Mission
873:10.1177/0160597616667592
610:State Ministry for Peace
578:State Ministry for Peace
189:
3504:People's Peace Movement
3341:Operation Allies Refuge
3257:Kabul University attack
3157:17 August Kabul bombing
3074:30 April Kabul bombings
3054:Kabul ambulance bombing
3006:June Lashkargar bombing
2938:Battle of Boz Qandahari
2923:September Kabul attacks
2828:22 August Kabul bombing
2823:10 August Kabul bombing
2813:April Jalalabad bombing
2803:Kabul Parliament attack
2775:December Kabul bombings
2626:Pakistani border attack
650:People's Peace Movement
632:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
582:People's Peace Movement
493:Afghan Peace Jirga 2010
421:People's Peace Movement
106:People's Peace Movement
3494:Enlightenment Movement
3361:August 29 drone strike
3205:6 March Kabul shooting
3152:7 August Kabul bombing
3084:July Jalalabad bombing
3069:22 April Kabul bombing
3064:Kunduz madrassa attack
3044:I-C Hotel Kabul attack
2818:7 August Kabul attacks
2664:Quran burning protests
2601:I-C Hotel Kabul attack
2252:Battle of Shawali Kowt
2247:Dasht-i-Leili massacre
2242:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
2212:Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif
1518:Conciliation Resources
1505:Suhrke, Astri (2018).
1472:Conciliation Resources
971:Conciliation Resources
856:Humanity & Society
847:Quie, Marissa (2016).
800:Conciliation Resources
413:Enlightenment Movement
347:, AIHRC published its
98:Enlightenment Movement
25:
3390:Republican insurgency
3351:Operation Devi Shakti
3324:Kunduz mosque bombing
3210:Kabul gurdwara attack
3167:17 September bombings
3142:28 July Kabul bombing
2586:Sarposa prison escape
2523:February Kabul attack
2397:Haska Meyna airstrike
720:On 5 September 2021,
397:nonviolent resistance
393:nonviolent resistance
387:Afghan peace movement
297:nonviolent resistance
210:Bonn agreement (2001)
90:nonviolent resistance
19:
3634:Afghan peace process
3549:To the fall of Kabul
3485:Afghan peace groups
3481:Afghan peace process
3400:Afghan frozen assets
3356:Kabul airport attack
3307:Battle of Lashkargah
3292:Kabul school bombing
3122:Camp Shorabak attack
3049:STC Jalalabad attack
2833:Ghazni prison escape
2750:Kabul S Hotel attack
2513:January Kabul attack
2470:February Kabul raids
2417:Kabul S Hotel attack
2407:Wech Bagtu airstrike
2359:Nangar Khel incident
1967:on 29 February 2020.
1899:OpedColumn.News.Blog
1436:. 5 September 2021.
552:transitional justice
329:transitional justice
313:Transitional justice
242:transitional justice
236:(US) military aims.
228:, signed during the
82:transitional justice
36:Afghanistan conflict
3499:Uprising for Change
3132:1 July Kabul attack
3059:March Kabul bombing
3011:August Herat attack
3001:Battle of Bora Bora
2986:Camp Shaheen attack
2981:Nangarhar airstrike
2878:Nangarhar offensive
2717:June Kabul bombings
2558:Badakhshan massacre
2490:Camp Chapman attack
2437:Spin Boldak bombing
2354:Hyderabad airstrike
2262:Battle of Tora Bora
2207:Bombing of Kandahar
1363:The Washington Post
616:Gulbuddin agreement
442:Ministry of Defence
417:Uprising for Change
411:arose in 2015, the
353:Afghanistan Compact
255:Mohammed Zahir Shah
226:2001 Bonn Agreement
184:1988 Geneva Accords
167:Mohammad Najibullah
143:Democratic Republic
102:Uprising for Change
62:2001 Bonn Agreement
3336:2021 Kabul airlift
3297:Battle of Kandahar
3147:July Farah bombing
3117:Maidan Shar attack
3021:20 October attacks
3016:17 October attacks
2996:June Herat bombing
2976:March Kabul attack
2928:Battle of Tarinkot
2913:Janikhel offensive
2908:July Kabul bombing
2888:April Kabul attack
2843:Hospital airstrike
2798:Park Palace attack
2581:Mano Gai airstrike
2563:Operation Halmazag
2402:Azizabad airstrike
2364:Helmand airstrikes
2232:Battle of Tarinkot
2182:Aviation incidents
2055:Taliban insurgency
1930:WashingtonPost.com
1586:The New York Times
1433:Al Jazeera English
1321:Al Jazeera English
1224:Al Jazeera English
1148:The New York Times
427:DDR, DIAG and APRP
415:during 2016–2017,
391:In the mid-2010s,
333:A Call for Justice
266:Taliban insurgency
100:during 2016–2017,
26:
3621:
3620:
3489:Tabassum movement
3448:Kandahar massacre
3418:ICC investigation
3371:
3370:
3346:Operation Pitting
3312:Capture of Zaranj
3287:Taliban offensive
3242:September attacks
2991:May Kabul bombing
2770:Yahyakhel bombing
2679:Kandahar massacre
2616:Chinook shootdown
2553:May Kabul bombing
2329:Taliban offensive
1856:on 15 August 2019
1354:Constable, Pamela
1101:Stephan, Maria J.
512:Joint Secretariat
419:in 2017, and the
409:Tabassum movement
401:Khudai Khidmatgar
311:started in 2010.
281:Karzai presidency
251:Northern Alliance
104:in 2017, and the
94:Tabassum movement
3646:
3611:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3329:Kandahar bombing
3264:December attacks
3252:November attacks
3235:Jalalabad prison
3094:Ghazni offensive
3089:Battle of Darzab
2971:Sangin airstrike
2966:January bombings
2933:Battle of Kunduz
2903:30 June bombings
2838:Battle of Kunduz
2659:Kapisa airstrike
2533:Sangin airstrike
2495:Battle of Sabzak
2480:Kandahar bombing
2460:Kunduz airstrike
2455:Granai airstrike
2432:Kandahar bombing
2349:Shinwar shooting
2237:Fall of Kandahar
2195:
2194:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:. Archived from
1842:
1836:
1835:
1834:. 23 April 2018.
1824:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1780:. 27 July 2019.
1768:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1735:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1702:. 18 June 2010.
1690:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1511:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1261:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1103:(23 July 2019).
1097:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1018:
1009:
990:
989:
987:
985:
979:
964:
955:
938:
937:
935:
933:
927:
914:
905:
892:
891:
889:
887:
852:
844:
819:
818:
816:
814:
808:
793:
784:
773:
772:
770:
768:
746:
728:involved in the
724:, leader of the
638:2018–August 2021
634:militant group.
558:Ghani presidency
135:involved in the
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3569:
3553:
3515:
3473:
3467:
3404:
3367:
3268:
3247:October attacks
3191:
3103:
3079:Battle of Farah
3030:
2952:
2883:Operation Omari
2864:
2784:
2765:Paktika bombing
2736:
2698:
2654:Urination video
2649:Order of battle
2635:
2631:Ashura bombings
2621:Helmand killing
2567:
2548:Nadahan bombing
2538:Maywand murders
2518:Raid on Khataba
2499:
2485:NATO HQ bombing
2441:
2383:
2369:Baghlan bombing
2335:
2290:Uruzgan bombing
2272:
2266:
2217:Siege of Kunduz
2186:
2095:
2089:
2008:
2003:
1973:
1972:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1324:. 22 May 2022.
1314:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1177:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1139:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1098:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1016:
1010:
993:
983:
981:
977:
962:
956:
941:
931:
929:
925:
912:
906:
895:
885:
883:
865:SAGE Publishing
845:
822:
812:
810:
806:
791:
785:
776:
766:
764:
747:
743:
738:
711:
709:Islamic Emirate
695:US–Taliban deal
687:
679:US–Taliban deal
646:
640:
628:
618:
602:
586:US–Taliban deal
566:
560:
429:
389:
367:in 2006 and in
361:
345:The Netherlands
321:
289:
283:
259:Lakhdar Brahimi
222:
214:Main articles:
212:
192:
151:
145:
110:US–Taliban deal
40:Saur Revolution
32:Peace processes
29:
22:US–Taliban deal
12:
11:
5:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
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3514:
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3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3230:August attacks
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Ghazni bombing
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2948:Bagram bombing
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2860:Bagram bombing
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Bagram bombing
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:Shesh Aba raid
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Nimruz bombing
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Bin Laden raid
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Uruzgan attack
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Sarposa attack
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2374:Bagram bombing
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Guantanamo Bay
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Herat uprising
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:United Kingdom
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1947:
1916:
1885:
1882:. 7 July 2018.
1867:
1837:
1816:
1795:
1760:
1717:
1699:United Nations
1682:
1640:
1604:
1571:
1538:
1492:
1451:
1416:
1381:
1339:
1302:
1242:
1204:
1166:
1128:
1087:
1043:
991:
939:
893:
820:
774:
740:
739:
737:
734:
710:
707:
683:Main article:
681:
680:
639:
636:
617:
614:
601:
598:
559:
556:
501:women's rights
485:
484:
458:
457:
446:ghost soldiers
434:
433:
428:
425:
388:
385:
360:
357:
341:European Union
320:
317:
307:programs. The
282:
279:
211:
208:
191:
188:
147:Main article:
144:
141:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3651:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
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3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
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3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
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3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:Fall of Kabul
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Fall of Herat
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
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3480:
3225:July attacks
3220:June attacks
2712:Farah attack
1965:the original
1960:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1898:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1849:
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1697:
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1620:
1595:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1553:The Guardian
1551:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1513:
1483:. Retrieved
1467:
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1431:
1407:. Retrieved
1396:
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1319:
1293:. Retrieved
1267:
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1233:. Retrieved
1222:
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1146:
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1108:
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795:
765:. Retrieved
754:
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719:
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670:
666:Ashraf Ghani
647:
629:
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570:Ashraf Ghani
567:
564:Ashraf Ghani
549:
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528:Ashraf Ghani
524:
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468:, headed by
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293:Hamid Karzai
290:
287:Hamid Karzai
275:human rights
263:
246:human rights
223:
203:
199:
193:
175:
171:Soviet Union
152:
122:
88:presidency,
86:Ashraf Ghani
77:
76:proposed an
66:Hamid Karzai
59:
44:
30:
3215:May attacks
2918:AUoA attack
2465:Narang raid
1940:29 February
1850:Ariana News
1295:5 September
654:Lashkar Gah
49:during the
3628:Categories
3593:Multimedia
3539:Opposition
3410:War crimes
2170:Australian
2096:and losses
2094:Casualties
2085:Evacuation
2035:Operations
736:References
642:See also:
620:See also:
562:See also:
285:See also:
270:war crimes
55:Najibullah
3558:Memorials
3521:Reactions
3377:Aftermath
2175:Norwegian
2145:Coalition
2113:2001–2006
2073:2020–2021
2068:2011–2016
2040:Logistics
1860:15 August
1276:Singapore
973:: 74–79.
881:151353817
867:: 21–44.
802:: 30–34.
658:ceasefire
399:movement
365:Musa Qala
273:based on
3603:Wikinews
3583:Category
3544:Protests
3461:Salt Pit
3452:Torture
2191:Timeline
2160:Canadian
2108:Civilian
2030:Timeline
2013:Overview
1934:Archived
1903:Archived
1811:BBC News
1782:Archived
1777:TOLOnews
1744:Archived
1742:. 2017.
1704:Archived
1666:Archived
1627:Archived
1622:TOLOnews
1591:Archived
1558:Archived
1522:Archived
1476:Archived
1438:Archived
1403:Archived
1401:. 2022.
1368:Archived
1326:Archived
1289:26918076
1282:: 8–14.
1229:Archived
1191:Archived
1186:TOLOnews
1153:Archived
1115:Archived
1071:Archived
1027:Archived
975:Archived
923:Archived
804:Archived
761:Archived
3474:process
3282:Attacks
2025:History
2020:Prelude
1961:MSN.com
1788:16 July
1753:15 July
1710:15 July
1675:15 July
1564:15 July
1531:15 July
1485:15 July
1444:16 July
1409:14 July
1374:16 July
1332:16 July
1235:16 July
1080:15 July
1036:15 July
984:15 July
932:15 July
886:15 July
813:15 July
767:15 July
673:Ramadan
576:to the
131:of the
3613:Portal
3565:London
2165:German
2045:Impact
1633:3 June
1597:3 June
1516:(27).
1470:(27).
1286:
1197:3 June
1159:3 June
1121:5 June
969:(27).
879:
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624:, and
584:. The
369:Sangin
339:, the
157:, the
51:Karmal
3472:Peace
2273:–2006
1909:9 May
1747:(PDF)
1734:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1284:JSTOR
1270:(4).
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978:(PDF)
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913:(PDF)
877:S2CID
807:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
662:UNAMA
337:UNAMA
204:shura
200:jirga
190:1990s
3274:2021
3197:2020
3109:2019
3036:2018
2958:2017
2870:2016
2790:2015
2742:2014
2704:2013
2641:2012
2573:2011
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1942:2020
1911:2020
1862:2019
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1712:2022
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1635:2021
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1376:2022
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1297:2020
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1199:2021
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1123:2021
1110:USIP
1082:2022
1038:2022
986:2022
934:2022
888:2022
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769:2022
691:Doha
538:The
506:The
487:The
483:APRP
456:DIAG
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