790:
198:
501:
399:
390:
379:
368:
357:
346:
333:
320:
179:
300:
288:
276:
257:
238:
219:
420:
564:
511:
430:
166:
45:
619:
2070:, without having in place any alternative for peasants who relied on the traditional, if exploitative, credit system in the countryside. That led to an agricultural crisis and a fall in agricultural production. Such reforms were abruptly introduced and enforced, without preliminary pilots. Land reform was criticized by one journalist as "confiscating land in a haphazard manner that enraged everyone, benefited no one, and reduced food production," and the "first instance of organized, nationwide repression in Afghanistan's modern history."
2216:"as most people in the West suppose", that "ignited" the mujahidin revolt against the Kabul authorities and prompted the refugee exodus to Pakistan. According to scholar Gilles Dorronsoro, it was the violence of the state rather than its reforms that caused the uprisings. The communists violently imposed PDPA policies across the villages of Afghanistan, perpetrating mass rapes of Afghan women, killing religious clerics and village chiefs, looting houses, stealing food supplies and torturing captives.
1859:
their homes they realized that the rebels were in complete control of the city and learned that
President Daoud and his brother Naim had been killed early that morning. After a day of fighting, an army lieutenant of the 444th Commando Brigade named Imamuddin entered the palace with a unit of soldiers to arrest Daoud. The president refused to go with them and fired a pistol at the soldiers. The soldiers responded by killing both Daoud and Naim. In addition, the Defense Minister of Daoud's cabinet
5054:
541:
470:
1674:
5040:
2462:
1375:
5175:
458:
2733:. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian.
5190:
626:
1724:, which could not be done after ten minutes of effort and additional attempts of finding the numbers of other military chiefs. A minute later, the telephone stopped working, as the 4th and 15th Tank Brigades began firing at the Arg. 50 armored vehicles belonging to the 4th Tank Brigade entered the city under the orders of then-Senior Captain
2053:. The Soviet Union was the PDPA's model for modernizing Afghanistan and Taraki and Karmal were Soviet agents since the 1950s. The PDPA's party constitution leaked in 1978 explicitly mentioned Marxism–Leninism as the future of Afghanistan and by the end of 1978, Amin declared the Saur revolution as the "continuation of
1739:
According to an eyewitness, the first signs of the impending coup in Kabul, at about noon on 27 April, were reports of a tank column headed toward the city, smoke of unknown origin near the
Ministry of Defense, and armed men, some in military uniform, guarding Ariana Circle, a major intersection. The
2021:
of the Khalq faction was formed, with the 455th
Commando Battalion and 242nd Parachute Battalion being merged to create the 26th Airborne Regiment. In Kabul, the initial cabinet appeared to be carefully constructed to alternate ranking positions between Khalqists and Parchamites. Taraki (a Khalqist)
1909:
There was speculation that the Soviet Union was behind the coup, but no convincing evidence to support this ever appeared. Soviet military advisors in Kabul had been informed about the coup several hours before it began, but (based on the current state of knowledge as of 2024) they were not involved
1874:
Other family members and close relatives of Daoud that included women and children were also killed at the presidential palace, who Daoud had earlier ordered to be brought to the palace from their homes in the city for their safety as soon as he was informed of the emergence of a crisis situation in
1858:
The aerial attacks on the palace intensified about midnight as six Su-7s made repeated rocket attacks, lighting up the city. The next morning, 28 April, Kabul was mostly quiet, although the sound of gunfire could still be heard on the southern side of the city. As the people of Kabul ventured out of
2092:
editorial, which declared: "Privileges which women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear a healthy generation for building the future of the country ... Educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government attention." Women
2065:
At first the new government had a moderate approach and reforms were not strongly felt; however from late
October the PDPA launched drastic reforms that struck the socioeconomic tribal structure of rural Afghanistan. In a "disastrous symbolic move", it changed the national flag from the traditional
2194:
prison six miles east of Kabul. Many of the victims were village mullahs and headmen who were obstructing the modernization and secularization of the intensely religious Afghan countryside. By
Western standards, this was a salutary idea in the abstract. But it was carried out in such a violent way
1764:, and its traditional association with the communists in Afghanistan, made clear that the PDPA was leading the coup, and also that the rebels had captured the radio station. The Presidential Guard, present at the Arg, additionally thought that they were fighting against Islamists, not the PDPA.
1922:
used the term "military coup" in its report, which would most likely have been called a "popular revolution" if the
Soviets stood behind the coup. Political scientist William Maley has noted that while the Soviets were not directly involved, rising tensions with Daoud may have prompted them to
1555:, but rather a "popular revolution" carried out by the "will of the people" against Daoud's government. The Saur Revolution involved heavy fighting throughout Afghanistan and resulted in the deaths of as many as 2,000 military personnel and civilians combined; it remains a significant event in
2189:
The soldiers' knock on the door in the middle of the night, so common in many Arab and
African countries, was little known in Afghanistan, where a central government simply lacked the power to enforce its will outside of Kabul. Taraki's coup changed all that. Between April 1978 and the Soviet
2728:
There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th
Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by
2401:
programme and was brutal in its repression of opposition, arresting many without charge. The regime alienated a wide variety of people, including tribal and clan leaders, Islamists, Maoists, Western-educated teachers, and traditional religious leaders, all becoming victims of the
Khalqists.
1815:
states that these killings were not performed due to opposition to the coup, but rather due to personal disputes or bloodlust. Additionally, Azimi claimed that
Western estimates on casualties during the coup were exacerbated, claiming only 40 people might’ve died all together.
2323:
A main component of the PDPA program was land confiscation and distribution; which was fiercely opposed in the rural regions. As soon as PDPA began imposing its socio-economic agenda, anti-communist revolts erupted across the countryside. Between April 1978 and the
1595:. Since then, there has been reports of multiple coup attempts against Daoud’s government on September 1973, August 1974, and December 1976. According to some of the PDPA’s leaders, the party had begun plotting a possible coup attempt as early as 1976.
2447:"It was the greatest crime against the people of Afghanistan. Parcham's leaders were against armed actions because the country was not ready for a revolution... I knew that people would not support us if we decided to keep power without such support."
1681:
Preliminary steps for the coup came in April, when a tank commander under Daoud warned of intelligence suggesting an attack on Kabul in the near future, specifically 27 April. On the commander's recommendation, tanks were positioned around the
1644:
was put under house arrest, which gave him a chance to order an uprising, one that had been slowly coalescing for more than two years. Amin, without having the authority, instructed the Khalqist army officers to overthrow the government. The
2030:
conveyed in a meeting that the revolution was the work of Khalq and that Parcham had no part of it. Taraki and Amin in early July relieved most of the Parchamites from their government positions. Karmal was sent abroad as Ambassador to
2039:, the military leader of the Saur Revolution until the Soviet invasion and subsequent change in leadership in late 1979. In September 1979, it was Taraki's turn to become a victim of the Revolution, as Amin overthrew and executed him.
1933:
that direct Soviet involvement in the coup was unlikely: "Although they had probably become somewhat disillusioned with President Daoud, we do not think they would have tried to take over this important non-aligned country."
5096:
2141:, the PDPA regime launched a vicious crackdown across the country; arresting, torturing and killing tens of thousands of people, implementing a strategy of "killing the population into submission". When Soviet diplomat
1795:
towards the unit, killing Maqbal as surviving members of security unit were scattered. The tank crew eventually gained control of the headquarters, engaging in the unjust executions of officers. As
2316:” plot which were foiled by the Khalq. Some Afghan citizens managed to avoid being executed due to a pledge or for proving their innocence. The Khalq also executed those accused of being spies for
2328:
in October 1979, Khalqists murdered more than 50,000 Afghans during their campaign of "red terror". During this period, more than 27,000 people were killed by the Khalqist regime in the notorious
5091:
1633:
of the PDPA charged that the government was responsible, a belief that was shared by much of the Kabul intelligentsia. PDPA leaders apparently feared that Daoud was planning to eliminate them.
2177:, while Afghanistan had historically been extremely poor and underdeveloped, it was a "civilized" country that "had never known very much political repression" until 1978. Political scientist
1835:, the headquarters of the 1st Central Corps, and hid in the house of a gardener who reported their location to the PDPA rebels. In the morning, they were arrested and summarily executed in
5081:
2263:
1716:
On the early morning of the day of the coup, Daoud had just gotten ready when one of his office members informed him of a “riot” that was taking place in one of the military garrisons in
1748:, where a company of policemen apparently confronted an advancing tank column. From there the fighting spread to other areas of the city. Later that afternoon, the first fighter planes,
6570:
4213:
2026:, Karmal (a Parchamite) was senior Deputy Prime Minister, and Hafizullah Amin (a Khalqist) was foreign minister. The unity between Khalq and Parcham was only brief: Amin and General
2924:
2773:
2043:
7905:
5134:
3835:
1713:’s activities and to shift the government’s attention towards the leftist’s ideological enemies, leading to the weakening of any Islamist organizations in Afghanistan.
2066:
black, red and Islamic green color to a near-copy of the red flag of the Soviet Union, a provocative affront to the people of the conservative country. It prohibited
1803:
by helicopter, Daoud Taroon also engaged in the impartial killings of officers who just happened to be present at the airfield, accusing them of “opposing the coup”.
2502:
4873:, another personal account of an American who traveled to Afghanistan to rescue assets shortly after the revolution and during Daud Khan's short-lived government
2248:
676:
504:
6756:
8070:
2433:
described the Khalqist red terror campaign as "the first instance of organized nationwide repression in Afghanistan's modern history". In 1991, PDPA member
6187:
4971:
1686:, the presidential palace. On the 27th, the tanks turned their guns on the palace. The tank commander who made the request had, in secret, defected to the
8080:
1850:’s 11th Division who refused to accept the coup, with the death toll nearing 1000 people. The commander of the 11th Division was eventually shot dead.
84:
6235:
5154:
4694:
2749:"Towards Equality: How Afghan women conquer 27% share in parliament after decades of war | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis"
2364:
2332:
alone. Those killed in the campaign included landowners, religious clerics, Islamists, political dissidents, intellectuals, former bureacrats of the
789:
8075:
7890:
7417:
6167:
2254:
The viciousness and severity of the Khalqist red terror campaign disturbed the Soviet government, which was attempting to turn Afghanistan into a
1636:
During the funeral ceremonies for Khyber a protest against the government occurred, and shortly thereafter most of the leaders of PDPA, including
5734:
2035:. In August 1978, Taraki and Amin claimed to have uncovered a plot and executed or imprisoned several cabinet members, even imprisoning General
7976:
5485:
5294:
1752:, came in low and fired rockets at the Arg in the center of the city. In the early evening, an announcement was broadcast on government-owned
4757:
4358:
4304:
4217:
7966:
5086:
1890:
For the first time in the history of Afghanistan, the last remnants of monarchy, tyranny, despotism and power of the dynasty of the tyrant
1403:
5139:
2418:
as basis of its military invasion. Insurgent groups fought Soviet troops and the PDPA government for more than nine years until the final
8065:
7940:
6827:
5106:
2867:
2570:
2544:
1710:
1698:
1662:
1572:
1476:
183:
2107:"We only need one million people to make the revolution. It doesn't matter what happens to the rest. We need the land, not the people.”
7930:
4953:
745:
669:
8019:
1598:
President Daoud was convinced that closer ties and military support from the Soviet Union would allow Afghanistan to take control of
1111:
2799:
1610:, became uneasy over Soviet attempts to dictate Afghanistan's foreign policy, and relations between the two countries deteriorated.
7971:
6004:
7407:
6051:
4385:
4331:
2333:
1694:
1592:
1560:
299:
287:
275:
256:
237:
218:
171:
8095:
7900:
6172:
4671:
4641:
4586:
4556:
3023:
7895:
5830:
5517:
5495:
4988:
4429:
4368:
4314:
4279:
4063:
4032:
4001:
3881:
3818:
3737:
3682:
3651:
3617:
3583:
3549:
3488:
3443:
3400:
3344:
3317:
3251:
3224:
3170:
3143:
3116:
3053:
2999:
2850:
2687:
2660:
2633:
2606:
2078:
The PDPA, an advocate of equal rights for women, declared the equality of the sexes. The PDPA made a number of statements on
1062:
662:
639:
6918:
6737:
6662:
6322:
5922:
4898:
2086:, who was a major Marxist–Leninist leader and a member of the Revolutionary Council. Ratebzad wrote the famous 28 May 1978
1721:
1302:
755:
2285:
were also arrested or executed by the Khalq. One Afghan citizen was even arrested for having a white flag with the words “
7935:
6342:
5475:
5149:
2406:, in October 1978. With regime brutality only increasing, and several uprisings the following year (most notably that in
2014:
5584:
5512:
4498:
1613:
Under the secular government of Daoud, factionalism and rivalry developed in the PDPA, with two main factions being the
8085:
8024:
7377:
6472:
5450:
5335:
5289:
5284:
5230:
5076:
5015:
4999:
4907:
4189:
3963:
3925:
3643:
2512:
2483:
2419:
2170:
1969:
1513:
1203:
750:
740:
618:
139:
4830:
2181:
wrote, "Khalq used mass arrests, torture, and secret executions on a scale Afghanistan had not seen since the time of
8090:
8055:
7109:
6672:
5942:
5883:
5194:
4814:
4617:
4532:
4481:
4456:
4395:
4341:
4099:
3895:
3849:
3768:
3710:
3522:
3427:
3087:
2721:
1926:
1772:
1512:, after which his supporters were also purged and killed. The successful PDPA uprising resulted in the creation of a
1151:
403:
5680:
1956:
additionally admitted the same thing and attempted to debunk claims of Soviet involvement in the coup, notably from
6812:
6807:
6302:
6265:
5994:
5440:
5021:
4181:
2094:
1705:
planted weapons and undetonated explosives in certain areas and tipped security forces to their locations, blaming
1396:
735:
730:
725:
6490:
6352:
6036:
7532:
6913:
6842:
6742:
6620:
6392:
6382:
5969:
5356:
6307:
6194:
6182:
4240:
2223:
by the Netherlands Prosecution Service, the Khalq regime arrested and executed Afghan citizens accused of being
8060:
6963:
6732:
6312:
6214:
5947:
5391:
5386:
4091:
3887:
3841:
3466:
3187:
2036:
2010:
1796:
1121:
372:
6632:
6362:
5873:
5645:
7910:
6925:
6878:
6642:
6565:
6297:
5144:
2023:
2017:
led the country for three days from 27 April 1978. Eventually, a civilian government under the leadership of
6357:
6066:
5989:
5660:
1910:
in the planning and the Soviet leadership was surprised by the events. According to Deputy Foreign Minister
1580:
1487:
8045:
6943:
6903:
6873:
6822:
6682:
6600:
6596:
6467:
6397:
6162:
5979:
5745:
5640:
5572:
5101:
3039:
2006:
1275:
1230:
1193:
1181:
1126:
500:
7915:
7387:
7382:
7099:
6777:
6505:
6250:
6209:
6153:
6056:
5937:
5895:
5800:
5325:
5279:
1780:
1547:, who would become a significant figure in the revolutionary Afghan government. At a press conference in
1389:
1337:
1879:
told his son, Wais Daoud, to kill his wife, children and sister to avoid being taken alive by the PDPA.
8050:
7752:
6973:
6958:
6948:
6802:
6402:
5890:
5693:
5460:
4983:
3609:
3079:
2325:
1215:
1210:
444:
2402:
Discontent fomented amongst the people of Afghanistan, and the first anti-government revolts began in
1728:, and at the same time, Abdul Qadir took control of the MiG-21-equipped 322nd Air Regiment. The first
7981:
7857:
7802:
7622:
6610:
6317:
5878:
5490:
5407:
5159:
2476:
2273:
The majority of the citizens who were captured by the PDPA regime were labelled by the communists as
1322:
1116:
1074:
419:
1941:’s death, in 2021, he admitted that the coup was done without Soviet assistance in the documentary “
1625:, was murdered. Although the government issued a statement deploring the assassination and claiming
7607:
7174:
6437:
6327:
6081:
5625:
4891:
1997:, who were dissatisfied with the Daoud government. Shortly after the coup, the American Embassy in
1480:
7347:
2190:
invasion of December 1979, Afghan communists executed 27,000 political prisoners at the sprawling
2082:, declaring equality of the sexes and introduced women to political life. A prominent example was
2005:: “The Russians have finally won the great game”. Before the civilian government was established,
6837:
6782:
6767:
6707:
6515:
6495:
6255:
5932:
5537:
4959:
4055:
4024:
3993:
3760:
3575:
3514:
2899:
2707:
2212:
Kaplan stated that it was the Saur Revolution and its harsh land reform program, rather than the
2027:
1776:
1725:
1654:
1265:
920:
350:
5740:
7627:
7131:
6525:
6199:
5675:
5435:
5430:
5223:
4924:
2371:, was on the list and managed to flee Afghanistan with his wife and child while disguised as a
2349:
2255:
1584:
1556:
1509:
925:
824:
544:
473:
7837:
4415:
3808:
3754:
3637:
3603:
3474:
3361:
3307:
3241:
3133:
2836:
2677:
2650:
2623:
2596:
2125:
also introduced severe repression of a kind previously unknown in Afghanistan. Khalqist chief
1791:, hurriedly gathered the security unit to fire at the tanks, as the Khalqist tank crews fired
7862:
7146:
7141:
6908:
6797:
6752:
6712:
6647:
6591:
6510:
6292:
6106:
5984:
5902:
5810:
5775:
5685:
5630:
5527:
5368:
5004:
4942:
4446:
4421:
4085:
4049:
4018:
3987:
3727:
3668:
3569:
3539:
3508:
3417:
3043:
2842:
2411:
2392:
2344:
Alongside the killing of most of Daoud's family during the coup, other members of the former
2213:
1864:
1720:. Daoud hurried to his office and asked his secretary to get hold of the phone number of the
1297:
1245:
1225:
1163:
1143:
1138:
972:
852:
847:
819:
814:
720:
563:
510:
429:
223:
145:
4863:, a personal account of American Larry Clinton Thompson's experiences in the Saur Revolution
3214:
7402:
7169:
7024:
6978:
6893:
6888:
6687:
6586:
6535:
6530:
6422:
6377:
6332:
6270:
6101:
6076:
6026:
5954:
5868:
5718:
5320:
5299:
5179:
4994:
4729:
4270:
Klass, Rosanne (2017). "4: Genocide in Afghanistan 1978–1992". In W. Charny, Israel (ed.).
3108:
2329:
2282:
2191:
2050:
1860:
1836:
1824:
1607:
1537:
1255:
1250:
1032:
1009:
910:
862:
809:
804:
773:
715:
242:
44:
4417:
The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System
2838:
The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System
8:
7847:
7762:
7757:
7657:
7520:
7317:
7201:
7116:
7004:
6857:
6852:
6832:
6817:
6727:
6722:
6627:
6560:
6550:
6462:
6457:
6447:
6347:
6287:
6260:
6086:
6071:
6041:
6019:
5805:
5795:
5522:
5445:
5415:
5399:
4947:
4937:
4884:
4120:
3698:
2807:
2407:
2353:
2274:
2236:
2018:
1953:
1891:
1876:
1812:
1732:, used by the PDPA in their coup, was destroyed by the Republican Guard Brigade using an
1702:
1630:
1626:
1588:
1576:
1521:
1483:
1359:
1332:
1285:
1270:
1186:
1106:
1084:
1079:
1037:
967:
705:
423:
325:
203:
129:
6702:
6615:
4778:
4087:
Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban
1047:
8001:
7797:
7782:
7707:
7687:
7682:
7667:
7514:
7262:
7014:
6898:
6652:
6555:
6540:
6452:
6442:
6417:
6412:
6177:
6131:
6046:
6031:
5974:
5790:
5713:
5589:
5480:
5470:
5045:
4699:
3565:
3288:
2467:
2281:. Army officers, soldiers and commandos who were involved in or had connections to the
2162:
2054:
1977:
1957:
1792:
1677:
The first BMP-1 destroyed by the Presidential Guard during the Saur Revolution in Kabul
1354:
1290:
1240:
1198:
1168:
1156:
1094:
1069:
1057:
1042:
1027:
982:
872:
857:
710:
7697:
7526:
2938:
1811:
writer, has recorded the deaths of 30 officers as a result of the killings. In truth,
8014:
7867:
7812:
7787:
7742:
7672:
7647:
7612:
7602:
7571:
7458:
7342:
7312:
7049:
7039:
6953:
6847:
6692:
6407:
6204:
6061:
6014:
5912:
5863:
5837:
5815:
5655:
5635:
5579:
5567:
5381:
5216:
4977:
4876:
4810:
4787:
4704:
4613:
4528:
4477:
4452:
4425:
4391:
4364:
4337:
4310:
4285:
4275:
4185:
4095:
4059:
4028:
3997:
3959:
3921:
3891:
3845:
3814:
3764:
3733:
3706:
3678:
3647:
3613:
3579:
3545:
3518:
3504:
3484:
3423:
3396:
3340:
3313:
3280:
3247:
3220:
3166:
3139:
3112:
3083:
3049:
2995:
2846:
2717:
2683:
2656:
2629:
2602:
2415:
2388:
2368:
2247:, distributing pamphlets, creating anti-government propaganda and deserting from the
2232:
2182:
2142:
2079:
2046:
1911:
1753:
1342:
1312:
1280:
1220:
1052:
947:
937:
867:
842:
304:
7991:
7662:
4860:
4272:
The Widening Circle of Genocide: Genocide – A Critical Bibliographic Review Volume 3
2529:
2363:
The Khalqists compiled a list of royal people to be executed after the coup. Prince
2258:
under Taraki. In response to Soviet disagreements with the radicalism of the Khalq,
1894:
has ended and all powers of the state are in the hands of the people of Afghanistan.
1552:
915:
7777:
7702:
7632:
7617:
7597:
7544:
7327:
7322:
7302:
7252:
7242:
7069:
7034:
7019:
6968:
6697:
6637:
6477:
6136:
6116:
5825:
5767:
5761:
5728:
5708:
5698:
5547:
5348:
5340:
5059:
4774:
4663:
4633:
4578:
4548:
3470:
2430:
2345:
2278:
2220:
2200:
2174:
2083:
2002:
1883:
1768:
1622:
1317:
1235:
1133:
1101:
977:
567:
308:
265:
246:
227:
207:
4831:"Ghosts of Afghanistan: Hard Truths and Foreign Myths by Jonathan Steele - review"
3025:
A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror
2925:"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover"
2774:"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover"
2441:
and served as president after the Soviet invasion, denounced the Saur Revolution:
2235:, purchasing arms and munition, being part of the Afghan Social Democratic Party (
457:
7996:
7852:
7842:
7827:
7807:
7792:
7767:
7712:
7477:
7445:
7337:
7297:
7059:
7054:
6994:
6935:
6667:
6372:
6337:
6245:
6240:
5964:
5858:
5532:
5465:
5455:
5420:
5376:
5363:
5315:
5009:
4175:
3949:
3915:
3633:
3599:
3334:
3160:
3073:
2989:
2730:
2438:
2259:
2088:
1985:
1938:
1868:
1828:
1800:
1641:
1544:
1494:
1425:
1379:
1307:
1176:
1089:
686:
338:
261:
36:
5959:
3786:
Afghanistan: The Wounded Land (TV Mini Series 2020) ⭐ 8.4 | Documentary, History
3705:(revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 988.
2137:" to impose Marxist policies in Afghanistan. Influenced by the practices of the
7822:
7747:
7737:
7732:
7592:
7332:
7121:
7044:
6772:
6677:
6427:
6367:
5999:
5917:
5820:
5780:
5750:
5650:
5605:
5127:
5026:
4965:
2403:
2240:
2154:
2032:
1914:, the Soviet leadership was informed about the coup through a statement by the
1808:
1784:
1650:
1004:
905:
895:
383:
361:
4142:
2966:
2895:
Synd 6 6 78 Afghan Foreign Minister Hafizullah Press Conference on Recent Coup
2893:
2748:
8039:
7986:
7832:
7727:
7692:
7677:
7637:
7179:
7009:
6747:
6657:
6520:
6500:
6387:
6148:
6126:
6091:
5670:
5665:
5620:
5542:
5502:
5251:
4791:
4708:
4499:"Afghanistan death lists - International crimes - Public Prosecution Service"
4411:
3674:
3480:
3390:
3284:
2832:
2713:
2434:
2357:
2267:
2228:
2178:
2133:
who advocated the implementation of a campaign modelled after the Bolshevik "
1832:
1804:
1637:
1548:
1433:
999:
932:
540:
469:
292:
280:
99:
86:
3269:"Review of Afghanistan under Soviet domination 1964-81; The Afghan Syndrome"
1673:
7772:
7722:
7652:
7642:
7496:
7484:
7471:
7277:
7104:
6605:
5853:
5703:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5258:
4835:
2244:
1930:
1599:
1517:
4115:
3639:
A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev
3605:
The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
2292:
Others were arrested/executed for various coup attempt plots such as the “
7817:
7422:
7392:
7247:
7237:
7136:
6999:
6792:
6281:
6111:
6096:
5907:
5755:
5723:
5610:
5425:
5330:
5269:
5117:
4051:
Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan
4020:
Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan
3989:
Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan
3784:
3756:
Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan
3703:
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
3448:
3395:. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's Intern. Defense Publ. pp. 198–200.
2286:
1943:
1847:
1820:
1749:
1741:
1467:
1327:
514:
433:
3866:
3292:
3268:
1374:
7576:
7287:
7257:
7211:
7126:
7094:
7086:
7029:
6717:
6432:
6121:
6009:
5615:
4360:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
4306:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
2158:
2138:
2134:
2126:
1683:
1498:
1349:
942:
781:
50:
6230:
2348:
were jailed. All royal property were seized, members were deprived of
1524:
serving as the PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council.
7872:
7717:
7566:
7539:
7352:
7307:
7216:
7184:
7164:
7156:
6485:
6275:
4248:
2398:
2157:
taught us to be merciless towards the enemies of the revolution, and
1843:
1779:
from the Air Force Gendarmerie Base, firing at the headquarters. The
1740:
first shots heard were near the Ministry of Interior in the downtown
1491:
962:
900:
4758:"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001"
7451:
7292:
7189:
7064:
6883:
6787:
5927:
5785:
5239:
4866:
3955:
3883:
Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982
2943:
2507:
2317:
2130:
1949:
1709:
groups. This was done in order to distract the government from the
1706:
1603:
994:
32:
6571:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
4807:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
4610:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
4525:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
4474:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
4177:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
3920:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 74–75, 77, 83, 86.
2205:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
1497:
in the country. Daoud and most of his family were executed at the
654:
7397:
7282:
7272:
7221:
6762:
5507:
5112:
4786:. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University. pp. 40–41.
4734:
3869:(Report). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center.
3105:
Games Without Rules: the often interrupted history of Afghanistan
2911:
2376:
2146:
1915:
1614:
957:
890:
4289:
2410:) leaving most provinces in the country under guerilla control,
1787:
Khan Jan Maqbal, being caught off guard as they were performing
1767:
At approximately 10:30am, an echelon of tanks moved towards the
1571:
With the support and assistance of minority political party the
7465:
7267:
7206:
6141:
2372:
2224:
1923:
refrain from taking steps to prevent an Afghan communist coup.
1621:
factions. On 17 April 1978, a prominent member of the Parcham,
952:
2336:, and any alleged critics of PDPA regime's ruthless policies.
1875:
Kabul earlier that day. One theory additionally suggests that
1606:. However, Daoud, who was ostensibly committed to a policy of
7950:
7906:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
7412:
7195:
5274:
5122:
4693:
Times, Paul Hofmann Special to The New York (29 April 1979).
3510:
Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal
2868:"Afghanistan Still Facing Aftershocks Of 1978 Communist Coup"
2866:
Afghan, Rehmatullah; Siddique, Abubakar (10 September 2020).
2571:"Afghanistan Still Facing Aftershocks Of 1978 Communist Coup"
2569:
Afghan, Rehmatullah; Siddique, Abubakar (10 September 2020).
2545:"Afghanistan Still Facing Aftershocks Of 1978 Communist Coup"
2543:
Afghan, Rehmatullah; Siddique, Abubakar (10 September 2020).
2122:
2113:
2067:
1998:
1994:
1788:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1687:
1658:
1618:
1506:
1502:
54:
4143:"Afghanistan – Communism, Rebellion and Soviet Intervention"
2100:
1760:
were overthrowing the Daoud government. The use of the word
7490:
7372:
5264:
5208:
4244:
2145:
requested him to not kill two fighters affiliated with the
1919:
989:
4497:
Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en (22 January 2020).
2239:
which was banned after the Saur Revolution, being part of
1853:
7945:
7925:
7920:
3461:
3459:
2339:
2270:
showed us how to build socialism in a backward country."
1646:
4216:. Critical Asian Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2. Archived from
2116:
radio-broadcast after the 1978 April coup in Afghanistan
2097:, but the PDPA went further by declaring full equality.
1993:
The revolution was initially welcomed by many people in
2709:
Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics
2530:"The KGB in Afghanistan: Mitrokhin Documents Disclosed"
1649:, having been informed of the coup two days earlier by
4906:
4780:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
3867:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
3456:
2532:. Federation of American Scientists. 25 February 2002.
2397:
For months, the Khalqist regime violently imposed its
1536:
is the Dari-language name for the second month of the
4448:
Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the Present
4214:"Reassessing Soviet Motives for Invading Afghanistan"
1842:
Lastly, at 11:30pm, armored units were dispatched to
5035:
3670:
Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
2457:
1551:
in June 1978, Amin claimed that the event was not a
2219:According to an Afghan “kill list” translated into
2057:", leaving no doubts about the PDPA's orientation.
3951:Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia
2227:, being a member of Afghanistan’s Maoist movement
1531:
1525:
135:Purging of Daoud's supporters from the government
8037:
7891:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3503:
3362:"An Afghan Secret Revealed Brings End of an Era"
1963:
1904:
6328:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
5735:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
4730:"Afghan "prince" who would be tribal president"
4357:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2005).
4356:
4303:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2005).
4302:
3917:Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective
3837:Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
3571:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–1989
3476:The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World
3465:
3212:
3048:. Berkeley (CA): Counterpoint. pp. 64–65.
3045:Ghosts of Afghanistan: The Haunted Battleground
2375:, joining a bus full of British and Australian
5155:Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan
2865:
2568:
2542:
5224:
4892:
3810:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
3732:(3rd ed.). Red Globe Press. p. 21.
3544:(3rd ed.). Red Globe Press. p. 24.
3392:The fall of Afghanistan: an insider's account
3309:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
3243:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
3135:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
2679:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993
2652:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993
2625:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993
2598:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993
2480:, a newspaper named after the Saur Revolution
1397:
751:Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present)
670:
7967:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
5518:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
4861:Surviving the 1978 Revolution in Afghanistan
2420:withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
2367:, a great-grandson of the 19th century emir
6828:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
4695:"Afghan King, In Rome Exile, Tightens Belt"
4451:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 96.
3564:
2352:, and the flow of money to the exiled King
2093:were already guaranteed freedoms under the
1819:As resistance waned, the leadership of the
1693:In order to distract the government of the
1455:
7931:United States involvement in regime change
5486:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
5231:
5217:
4899:
4885:
4496:
4444:
4390:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing.
4336:. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing.
4079:
4077:
4075:
3213:Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007).
2891:
2827:
2825:
2042:In private conversations, Taraki told the
1449:
1404:
1390:
677:
663:
43:
4804:
4763:. Afghanistan Justice Project. July 2005.
4607:
4522:
4471:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
3909:
3907:
2524:
2522:
2277:, with others being early members of the
2101:Repression and rising tensions: 1978–1979
8071:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
3947:
3697:
3179:
2743:
2741:
2503:"1978: Afghan coup rebels claim victory"
1899:Announcement on Radio Afghanistan at 7pm
1882:The coup marked the end of power of the
1672:
1573:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1543:The uprising was ordered by PDPA member
1477:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
184:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
49:Troops and vehicles at the gates of the
6057:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
4773:
4238:
4232:
4083:
4072:
3864:
3833:
2822:
2701:
2699:
2159:millions of people had to be eliminated
1960:’s brother and various Afghan writers.
1854:Execution of Daoud and government purge
1831:and Lieutenant General Abdul Aziz—left
8038:
7901:Russian espionage in the United States
6173:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4867:How I escaped from jail in Afghanistan
4173:
4160:
3913:
3904:
3598:
3415:
3266:
3102:
3071:
3038:
3021:
2778:Afghanistan Analysts Network – English
2519:
2340:Crackdown on the Barakzai royal family
2161:in order to secure the victory of the
1771:Headquarters, being directed there by
1665:supporters into starting a rebellion.
1540:, during which the events took place.
746:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
644:Location of Afghanistan's capital city
7896:Soviet espionage in the United States
6052:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
5831:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
5496:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
5212:
4880:
4692:
4410:
4383:
4329:
4269:
4211:
4047:
4016:
3985:
3879:
3807:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
3806:
3752:
3725:
3666:
3632:
3537:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3332:
3306:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
3305:
3240:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
3239:
3158:
3132:Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019).
3131:
3067:
3065:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2987:
2902:from the original on 13 December 2021
2831:
2738:
2705:
2675:
2648:
2621:
2594:
1976:Saur Revolution is continuation of
1486:, who had himself taken power in the
658:
8081:1970s coups d'état and coup attempts
7972:Soviet Union–United States relations
6323:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
4674:from the original on 16 January 2018
4644:from the original on 16 January 2018
4589:from the original on 16 January 2018
4559:from the original on 16 January 2018
4476:. Vintage Books. pp. 115, 116.
4274:. New York: Routledge. p. 132.
4239:Prashad, Vijay (15 September 2001).
3419:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan
3359:
3188:"The 1978 Revolution in Afghanistan"
3185:
2939:"Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed"
2696:
1948:”. In 1997, during his residency in
1918:news agency. The Soviet news agency
1450:
1437:
756:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
8076:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
7936:Soviet involvement in regime change
5189:
4147:Library of Congress Country Studies
3022:Jalali, Ali Ahmad (17 March 2017).
2382:
2060:
1429:
684:
13:
8066:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
7977:Soviet Union–United States summits
5451:1947 Polish parliamentary election
5336:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
4909:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
3644:University of North Carolina Press
3379:
3360:Gall, Carlotta (31 January 2009).
3062:
3008:
2484:Afghanistan-Soviet Union relations
1970:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1939:Lieutenant General Shahnawaz Tanai
1846:to fight loyalist officers of the
1516:that was closely aligned with the
1448:, was staged on 27–28 April 1978 (
140:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
14:
8107:
6738:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
6673:United States invasion of Grenada
5943:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
5884:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
4854:
4664:"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet"
4634:"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet"
4579:"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet"
4549:"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet"
3865:Amstutz, J. B. (1 January 1986).
2195:that it alarmed even the Soviets.
2073:
452:717th Civil Disciplinary Regiment
6813:United States invasion of Panama
6663:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
6303:1971 Turkish military memorandum
6266:Communist insurgency in Thailand
6236:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
6168:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
5995:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
5923:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
5441:Restatement of Policy on Germany
5188:
5174:
5173:
5052:
5038:
4182:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
2460:
2412:Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
1823:—consisting of Defence Minister
1587:ruled by his first cousin, King
1373:
788:
624:
617:
562:
539:
509:
499:
468:
456:
428:
418:
397:
388:
377:
366:
355:
344:
331:
318:
298:
286:
274:
255:
236:
217:
196:
177:
164:
7533:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6914:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6843:Fall of the inner German border
6743:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
6393:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
6383:Spanish transition to democracy
6343:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
5970:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
5476:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
5357:Occupation of the Baltic states
4823:
4798:
4767:
4750:
4722:
4686:
4656:
4626:
4601:
4571:
4541:
4516:
4490:
4465:
4438:
4404:
4377:
4350:
4323:
4296:
4263:
4205:
4135:
4108:
4041:
4010:
3979:
3941:
3873:
3858:
3827:
3800:
3777:
3746:
3719:
3691:
3660:
3626:
3592:
3558:
3531:
3497:
3436:
3409:
3353:
3326:
3299:
3260:
3233:
3206:
3152:
3125:
3096:
3032:
2981:
2959:
2931:
2917:
2885:
2859:
2792:
2766:
2511:. 29 April 1978. Archived from
2185:, and probably not even then".
16:1978 coup d'état in Afghanistan
6313:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
5948:Mozambican War of Independence
5387:Indonesian National Revolution
4809:. Vintage Books. p. 116.
4612:. Vintage Books. p. 115.
4527:. Vintage Books. p. 115.
4092:University of Washington Press
3888:University of California Press
3842:University of California Press
3216:A Brief History of Afghanistan
3072:Dupree, Louis (14 July 2014).
2669:
2642:
2615:
2588:
2562:
2536:
2495:
2049:that Afghanistan would follow
1827:, Brigadier General Abdul Ali
1561:decades of continuous conflict
1559:as it marked the beginning of
741:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1:
8096:Military coups in Afghanistan
7911:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
6926:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
6879:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
6601:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
6566:Seven Days to the River Rhine
6298:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
5585:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
5513:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
5087:Democratic Youth Organisation
4943:Soviet control and deployment
4212:Gibbs, David N. (June 2006).
3028:. University Press of Kansas.
2489:
2414:in December 1979, citing the
2264:general secretary of the PDPA
2214:December 1979 Soviet invasion
1964:Aftermath and PDPA government
1929:analysts told U.S. President
1905:Speculated Soviet involvement
1593:first Republic of Afghanistan
1566:
625:
6904:Fall of communism in Albania
6874:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
6823:Polish Round Table Agreement
6163:1968 Polish political crisis
5980:Eritrean War of Independence
5746:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5641:East German uprising of 1953
5573:Chinese Communist Revolution
5238:
4116:"The "Great Saur Revolution"
3333:Urban, Mark (27 July 2016).
3159:Urban, Mark (27 July 2016).
2988:Urban, Mark (27 July 2016).
2676:Azimi, General Nabi (2019).
2649:Azimi, General Nabi (2019).
2622:Azimi, General Nabi (2019).
2595:Azimi, General Nabi (2019).
2425:
2169:According to journalist and
1783:Security Division Commander
1532:
1526:
736:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
731:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
726:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
534:88th Heavy Artillery Brigade
455:7th Infantry Division
146:Soviet military intervention
7:
6778:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
6506:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
6251:Corrective Movement (Syria)
6215:New People's Army rebellion
6210:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5938:Angolan War of Independence
5801:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
5681:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
5326:Jamaican political conflict
4445:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
4420:(2nd ed.). New Haven:
3389:Ghaus, Abdul Samad (1988).
2892:AP Archive (24 July 2015),
2841:(2nd ed.). New Haven:
2453:
1988:, quoted on October 7, 1978
1781:Kabul International Airport
1668:
1514:socialist Afghan government
721:Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89)
716:Bala Hissar uprising (1979)
128:Overthrow and execution of
10:
8112:
6974:Sino-Indian border dispute
6803:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
6733:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
6491:1976 Argentine coup d'état
6403:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
6353:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
6037:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
6005:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
5694:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
5461:Asian Relations Conference
4805:D. Kaplan, Robert (2001).
4608:D. Kaplan, Robert (2001).
4523:D. Kaplan, Robert (2001).
4472:D. Kaplan, Robert (2001).
4174:Kaplan, Robert D. (1990).
4084:Goodson, Larry P. (2001).
3834:Edwards, David B. (2002).
3610:Cambridge University Press
3507:; Cordovez, Diego (1995).
3444:"First radio announcement"
3416:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012).
3267:Husain, S. Irtiza (1983).
3080:Princeton University Press
2780:(in Pashto). 25 April 2018
2386:
2121:Following the April coup,
1967:
1591:, and had established the
8086:April 1978 events in Asia
8010:
7959:
7881:
7858:William Appleman Williams
7803:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
7585:
7557:
7506:
7438:
7431:
7365:
7230:
7155:
7085:
7078:
6987:
6934:
6866:
6579:
6318:Bangladesh Liberation War
6308:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
6223:
6195:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
6183:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
5846:
5621:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
5598:
5308:
5246:
5168:
5107:People's Democratic Party
5069:
5033:
4972:Afghan Airlines shootdown
4916:
4503:www.prosecutionservice.nl
4363:. New York: Basic Books.
4309:. New York: Basic Books.
4048:Leake, Elisabeth (2022).
4017:Leake, Elisabeth (2022).
3986:Leake, Elisabeth (2022).
3880:Kakar, M. Hassan (1995).
3753:Leake, Elisabeth (2022).
3186:Thompson, Larry Clinton.
2477:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur
2231:, expressing support for
711:Chindawol uprising (1979)
696:
612:
607:
602:
589:
549:242nd Parachute Battalion
478:242nd Parachute Battalion
409:
189:
157:
61:
53:(presidential palace) in
42:
30:
25:
8091:20th-century revolutions
8056:Communism in Afghanistan
6633:1980 Turkish coup d'état
6468:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
6438:1978 Somali coup attempt
6398:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
6363:1973 Chilean coup d'état
6188:Revolutionary Government
6082:South African Border War
5874:1960 Turkish coup d'état
5791:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
5646:1953 Iranian coup d'état
5626:1952 Egyptian revolution
4241:"War Against the Planet"
3948:Clements, Frank (2003).
3914:Arnold, Anthony (1985).
2055:Great October Revolution
1978:Great October Revolution
1701:sympathizers within the
608:2,000+ killed (combined)
555:455th Commando Battalion
552:444th Commando Battalion
484:455th Commando Battalion
481:444th Commando Battalion
449:Republican Guard Brigade
307:Abdul Sattar Khan
6838:Fall of the Berlin Wall
6783:People Power Revolution
6768:Central American crisis
6708:1986 Black Sea incident
6358:1973 Afghan coup d'état
6256:Western Sahara conflict
6067:1966 Syrian coup d'état
5990:1963 Syrian coup d'état
5933:Portuguese Colonial War
5896:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
5661:1954 Syrian coup d'état
5538:Annexation of Hyderabad
5481:1947–1949 Palestine war
4989:National Reconciliation
4056:Oxford University Press
4025:Oxford University Press
3994:Oxford University Press
3796:– via m.imdb.com.
3761:Oxford University Press
3726:Maley, William (2021).
3667:Dobbs, Michael (1998).
3576:Oxford University Press
3538:Maley, William (2021).
3515:Oxford University Press
3219:. Infobase Publishing.
2334:Republic of Afghanistan
2326:assassination of Taraki
2028:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar
1777:Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy
1736:, infront of the Arg.
1695:Republic of Afghanistan
1655:Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy
1581:1973 Afghan coup d'état
1579:had taken power in the
1501:in the capital city of
1488:1973 Afghan coup d'état
837:By other characteristic
522:1st Central Army Corps
351:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar
172:Republic of Afghanistan
7132:Neoclassical economics
6643:Gulf of Sidra incident
6200:1969 Libyan revolution
5891:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
5676:1954 Geneva Conference
5436:Turkish straits crisis
5431:Corfu Channel incident
5000:Parliamentary election
3103:Ansary, Tamim (2012).
2806:. 2000. Archived from
2706:Ewans, Martin (2002).
2449:
2360:in Italy were halted.
2256:Soviet satellite state
2210:
2167:
2109:
1981:
1902:
1678:
1657:, accused the Iranian
701:Saur Revolution (1978)
545:Afghan Commando Forces
515:Afghan Republican Army
474:Afghan Commando Forces
445:1st Central Army Corps
441:25th Infantry Division
438:11th Infantry Division
434:Afghan Republican Army
190:Commanders and leaders
8061:Communist revolutions
7982:Russia–NATO relations
7863:Jonathan Reed Winkler
7147:Democratic capitalism
7142:Supply-side economics
7110:American conservatism
6909:Breakup of Yugoslavia
6798:Bougainville conflict
6713:South Yemen civil war
6648:Martial law in Poland
6511:Nicaraguan Revolution
6486:Dirty War (Argentina)
6293:1971 JVP insurrection
6107:Years of Lead (Italy)
5985:North Yemen civil war
5903:Berlin Crisis of 1961
5879:Albanian–Soviet split
5811:1959 Tibetan uprising
5776:Syrian Crisis of 1957
5631:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
5491:1948 Arab–Israeli War
5150:Revolutionary Council
4948:Assassination of Amin
4422:Yale University Press
2843:Yale University Press
2445:
2187:
2151:
2105:
2015:Revolutionary Council
1974:
1888:
1867:, and Vice President
1865:Abdul Qadir Nuristani
1676:
1557:Afghanistan's history
1479:(PDPA) and overthrew
1440:), also known as the
1139:Bulgarian unification
815:Counter-revolutionary
706:Herat uprising (1979)
603:Casualties and losses
463:8th Infantry Division
224:Abdul Qadir Nuristani
138:Establishment of the
100:34.52528°N 69.17833°E
7403:Non-Aligned Movement
7025:Peaceful coexistence
6979:North Borneo dispute
6894:German reunification
6889:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
6587:Salvadoran Civil War
6536:Grand Mosque seizure
6531:Yemenite War of 1979
6423:Mozambican Civil War
6378:Carnation Revolution
6333:Yemenite War of 1972
6271:1970 Polish protests
6102:1967 Hong Kong riots
6077:Argentine Revolution
6027:Guatemalan Civil War
5955:Cuban Missile Crisis
5869:Bay of Pigs Invasion
5741:1956 Poznań protests
5719:Geneva Summit (1955)
5321:Hukbalahap Rebellion
5300:Non-Aligned Movement
5077:Council of Ministers
5022:Civil War: 1989–1992
4995:Battle for Hill 3234
4184:. pp. 115–116.
3729:The Afghanistan Wars
3699:Garthoff, Raymond L.
3642:. Chapel Hill (NC):
3541:The Afghanistan Wars
3483:. pp. 386–388.
2845:. pp. 104–105.
2800:"Mohammad Daud Khan"
2330:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
2283:Bala Hissar uprising
2149:, Taraki responded:
2112:— Announcement from
1863:, Interior Minister
1861:Ghulam Haidar Rasuli
1837:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
1825:Ghulam Haidar Rasuli
1583:by overthrowing the
1538:Solar Hijri calendar
911:Contentious politics
782:Political revolution
640:class=notpageimage|
531:15th Armored Brigade
243:Ghulam Haidar Rasuli
8046:1978 in Afghanistan
7848:Alex von Tunzelmann
7838:Vladimir Tismăneanu
7763:Thomas J. McCormick
7758:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
7658:Robert Hugh Ferrell
7521:Crusade for Freedom
7318:Illiberal democracy
7202:Ho Chi Minh Thought
7005:Eisenhower Doctrine
6858:Peaceful Revolution
6853:Romanian Revolution
6833:Revolutions of 1989
6818:1988 Polish strikes
6728:Operation INFEKTION
6723:1987 Lieyu massacre
6628:Eritrean Civil Wars
6611:Peruvian Revolution
6561:1979 Herat uprising
6551:Sino-Vietnamese War
6516:Uganda–Tanzania War
6496:Egyptian–Libyan War
6463:Third Indochina War
6458:Sino-Albanian split
6448:Ethiopian Civil War
6348:Eritrean Civil Wars
6288:Ping-pong diplomacy
6261:Cambodian Civil War
6087:Korean DMZ Conflict
6072:Cultural Revolution
6042:Dominican Civil War
6020:Tlatelolco massacre
5806:1959 Mosul uprising
5796:1958 Lebanon crisis
5523:Al-Wathbah uprising
5446:First Indochina War
5416:Iran crisis of 1946
5145:Heads of government
4984:Battle of Arghandab
4839:. 25 September 2011
4384:Frame, Tom (2022).
4330:Frame, Tom (2022).
4220:on 28 November 2018
4058:. pp. 19, 44.
3634:Zubok, Vladislav M.
3566:Braithwaite, Rodric
3467:Andrew, Christopher
3422:. Scarecrow Press.
2969:. Countrystudies.us
2729:helicopter for the
2354:Mohammed Zahir Shah
2266:, stated: "Comrade
2249:Afghan Armed Forces
2237:Afghan Mellat Party
2019:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1703:Afghan Armed Forces
1631:Nur Mohammad Taraki
1627:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
1589:Mohammed Zahir Shah
1577:Mohammed Daoud Khan
1522:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1490:and established an
1484:Mohammad Daoud Khan
1380:Politics portal
528:4th Armored Brigade
424:Afghan Armed Forces
326:Nur Muhammad Taraki
204:Mohammad Daoud Khan
130:Mohammad Daoud Khan
96: /
8002:Russian Revolution
7798:Mary Elise Sarotte
7783:William B. Pickett
7708:Patrick J. Hearden
7688:Gabriel Gorodetsky
7683:Timothy Garton Ash
7668:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
7263:Ethnic nationalism
7015:Hallstein Doctrine
6899:Yemeni unification
6688:1985 Geneva Summit
6653:Casamance conflict
6556:New Jewel Movement
6541:Iranian Revolution
6526:Chadian–Libyan War
6473:Cambodian conflict
6453:Lebanese Civil War
6443:Western Sahara War
6418:June 1976 protests
6413:Cambodian genocide
6178:17 July Revolution
6132:Nigerian Civil War
6047:Rhodesian Bush War
6032:Colombian conflict
5975:Ramadan Revolution
5714:Bandung Conference
5590:Operation Valuable
5471:Partition of India
5046:Afghanistan portal
4960:Salang Tunnel fire
4700:The New York Times
4251:on 27 January 2008
4094:. pp. 55–56.
3844:. pp. 30–31.
3578:. pp. 41–42.
3517:. pp. 27–28.
3505:Harrison, Selig S.
3366:The New York Times
3336:War in Afghanistan
3192:American Diplomacy
3162:War in Afghanistan
2991:War in Afghanistan
2967:"Daoud's Republic"
2468:Afghanistan portal
2350:Afghan citizenship
2163:October Revolution
2143:Alexander Puzhanov
2139:Russian Bolsheviks
1958:Ahmad Shah Massoud
1954:General Nabi Azimi
1946:: The Wounded Land
1871:were also killed.
1679:
1355:Second Arab Spring
578:373rd Air Regiment
575:355th Air Regiment
572:322nd Air Regiment
394:Major Khaleelullah
105:34.52528; 69.17833
8051:Conflicts in 1978
8033:
8032:
8020:List of conflicts
7868:Rudolph Winnacker
7813:Giles Scott-Smith
7788:Ronald E. Powaski
7743:Melvyn P. Leffler
7673:John Lewis Gaddis
7648:Robert D. English
7613:Warren H. Carroll
7603:Michael Beschloss
7572:Nuclear arms race
7553:
7552:
7459:Neues Deutschland
7361:
7360:
7343:White nationalism
7313:Liberal democracy
7050:Ulbricht Doctrine
7040:Brezhnev Doctrine
6848:Velvet Revolution
6592:Soviet–Afghan War
6408:Angolan Civil War
6205:Goulash Communism
6062:ASEAN Declaration
6015:Mexican Dirty War
5913:Annexation of Goa
5864:1960 U-2 incident
5838:Sino-Soviet split
5816:Laotian Civil War
5656:Bricker Amendment
5636:Mau Mau rebellion
5580:Malayan Emergency
5568:Chinese Civil War
5528:Tito–Stalin split
5382:Division of Korea
5206:
5205:
5082:Central Committee
5016:Soviet withdrawal
4978:Battles of Zhawar
4775:Amstutz, J. Bruce
4670:. 15 March 2017.
4640:. 15 March 2017.
4585:. 15 March 2017.
4555:. 15 March 2017.
4431:978-0-300-09519-7
4412:Rubin, Barnett R.
4370:978-0-786-72217-4
4316:978-0-786-72217-4
4281:978-1-56000-172-0
4065:978-0-19-884601-7
4034:978-0-19-884601-7
4003:978-0-19-884601-7
3954:. Santa Barbara:
3820:978-1-7283-8701-7
3739:978-1-352-01100-5
3684:978-0-307-77316-6
3653:978-0-8078-5958-2
3619:978-0-521-70314-7
3585:978-0-19-983265-1
3551:978-1-352-01100-5
3490:978-0-14-197798-0
3471:Mitrokhin, Vasili
3402:978-0-08-034701-1
3346:978-1-349-20761-9
3319:978-1-7283-8701-7
3253:978-1-7283-8701-7
3226:978-1-4381-0819-3
3172:978-1-349-20761-9
3145:978-1-7283-8701-7
3118:978-1-61039-094-1
3055:978-1-58243-787-3
3001:978-1-349-20761-9
2852:978-0-300-09519-7
2833:Rubin, Barnett R.
2810:on 17 August 2017
2753:The Asahi Shimbun
2689:978-1-7283-8701-7
2662:978-1-7283-8701-7
2635:978-1-7283-8701-7
2608:978-1-7283-8701-7
2437:, who headed the
2416:Brezhnev Doctrine
2393:Soviet–Afghan War
2389:Afghan resistance
2369:Abdur Rahman Khan
2233:Ruhollah Khomeini
2183:Abdul Rahman Khan
2095:1964 Constitution
2047:Alexander Puzanov
2044:Soviet ambassador
1912:Georgy Korniyenko
1886:after 152 years.
1754:Radio Afghanistan
1640:, were arrested.
1510:military officers
1414:
1413:
948:Mass mobilization
938:Guerrilla warfare
764:
763:
653:
652:
153:
152:
8103:
7778:David S. Painter
7703:John Earl Haynes
7633:Nicholas J. Cull
7618:Adrian Cioroianu
7598:Thomas A. Bailey
7545:Voice of America
7436:
7435:
7348:White separatism
7328:Social democracy
7323:Guided democracy
7303:Authoritarianism
7253:Ultranationalism
7243:Anti-imperialism
7170:Marxism–Leninism
7083:
7082:
7070:Kinmen Agreement
7035:Johnson Doctrine
7020:Kennedy Doctrine
6936:Frozen conflicts
6919:1991 August Coup
6808:Afghan Civil War
6703:Reykjavík Summit
6698:Somali Rebellion
6638:Ugandan Bush War
6616:Gdańsk Agreement
6137:Protests of 1968
6117:War of Attrition
5826:Cuban Revolution
5762:We will bury you
5729:Cyprus Emergency
5709:Kashmir Princess
5699:Jebel Akhdar War
5548:Western betrayal
5233:
5226:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5062:
5060:Communism portal
5057:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5041:
4910:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4247:. Archived from
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4171:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4121:Workers' Liberty
4112:
4106:
4105:
4081:
4070:
4069:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3600:Westad, Odd Arne
3596:
3590:
3589:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3273:Pakistan Horizon
3264:
3258:
3257:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3040:Steele, Jonathan
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3006:
3005:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2927:. 25 April 2018.
2921:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2431:Robert D. Kaplan
2383:Armed resistance
2346:Barakzai dynasty
2310:” plot and the “
2208:
2201:Robert D. Kaplan
2175:Robert D. Kaplan
2117:
2084:Anahita Ratebzad
2061:Economic reforms
2051:Marxism–Leninism
2007:Afghan Air Force
1989:
1937:One year before
1927:State Department
1900:
1884:Barakzai dynasty
1769:Afghan Air Force
1623:Mir Akbar Khyber
1563:in the country.
1535:
1529:
1495:one-party system
1481:Afghan president
1474:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1442:April Revolution
1439:
1431:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1378:
1377:
1231:Hungarian (1956)
1063:Spanish American
792:
769:
768:
691:
689:
679:
672:
665:
656:
655:
628:
627:
621:
568:Afghan Air Force
566:
543:
513:
503:
472:
460:
432:
422:
402:
401:
400:
393:
392:
391:
382:
381:
380:
371:
370:
369:
360:
359:
358:
349:
348:
347:
336:
335:
334:
323:
322:
321:
313:
303:
302:
291:
290:
279:
278:
270:
260:
259:
251:
241:
240:
232:
222:
221:
212:
201:
200:
199:
182:
181:
180:
170:
168:
167:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
69:27–28 April 1978
63:
62:
57:on 28 April 1978
47:
23:
22:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8006:
7997:Second Cold War
7955:
7883:
7877:
7853:Odd Arne Westad
7843:Patrick Vaughan
7828:Athan Theoharis
7808:Ellen Schrecker
7793:Yakov M. Rabkin
7768:Timothy Naftali
7713:Tvrtko Jakovina
7698:Jussi Hanhimäki
7581:
7559:
7549:
7527:Paix et Liberté
7502:
7446:Active measures
7427:
7357:
7338:White supremacy
7298:Totalitarianism
7226:
7151:
7074:
7060:Reagan Doctrine
7055:Carter Doctrine
6995:Truman Doctrine
6983:
6930:
6862:
6757:Soviet reaction
6668:Ndogboyosoi War
6575:
6546:Saur Revolution
6373:1973 oil crisis
6338:Munich massacre
6246:Alcora Exercise
6241:Black September
6219:
5965:Sino-Indian War
5859:Simba rebellion
5842:
5686:Capture of the
5594:
5533:Berlin Blockade
5466:May 1947 crises
5456:Truman Doctrine
5421:Greek Civil War
5410:Blacklist Forty
5377:Gouzenko Affair
5364:Cursed soldiers
5316:Morgenthau Plan
5304:
5242:
5237:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5180:
5164:
5160:Women's Council
5065:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5010:Operation Arrow
4932:Saur Revolution
4912:
4908:
4905:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4803:
4799:
4783:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4424:. p. 115.
4409:
4405:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4282:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4172:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4082:
4073:
4066:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3958:. p. 207.
3946:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3878:
3874:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3813:. AuthorHouse.
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:. p. 173.
3751:
3747:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:. p. 259.
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:. p. 302.
3597:
3593:
3586:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3464:
3457:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:. AuthorHouse.
3304:
3300:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:. AuthorHouse.
3238:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3138:. AuthorHouse.
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:. p. 177.
3101:
3097:
3090:
3082:. p. 771.
3070:
3063:
3056:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2947:. 26 April 1998
2937:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2830:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2731:Bagram air base
2724:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:. AuthorHouse.
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:. AuthorHouse.
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:. AuthorHouse.
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:. AuthorHouse.
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2439:Parcham faction
2428:
2395:
2385:
2365:Ali Abdul Seraj
2342:
2260:Hafizullah Amin
2209:
2199:
2129:was a hardline
2119:
2111:
2103:
2089:New Kabul Times
2076:
2063:
1991:
1986:Hafizullah Amin
1983:
1972:
1966:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1869:Sayyid Abdullah
1856:
1801:Bagram Airfield
1671:
1642:Hafizullah Amin
1569:
1545:Hafizullah Amin
1472:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1422:Sowr Revolution
1418:Saur Revolution
1410:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1023:
1015:
1014:
886:
878:
877:
838:
830:
829:
800:
767:
766:
765:
760:
692:
688:Afghan conflict
687:
685:
683:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
642:
636:
635:
634:
633:
629:
595:12500 personnel
585:
493:
398:
396:
395:
389:
387:
386:
378:
376:
375:
367:
365:
364:
356:
354:
353:
345:
343:
342:
339:Hafizullah Amin
332:
330:
329:
319:
317:
309:
297:
296:
285:
284:
273:
272:
266:
262:Sayyid Abdullah
254:
253:
247:
235:
234:
228:
216:
215:
208:
197:
195:
178:
176:
165:
163:
125:
104:
102:
98:
95:
90:
87:
85:
83:
82:
81:
70:
48:
37:Afghan conflict
26:Saur Revolution
17:
12:
11:
5:
8109:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7887:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7823:Timothy Snyder
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7753:Vojtech Mastny
7750:
7748:Geir Lundestad
7745:
7740:
7738:Walter Laqueur
7735:
7733:Walter LaFeber
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7663:André Fontaine
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:Gar Alperovitz
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7523:
7518:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7333:Third-Worldism
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7122:Libertarianism
7119:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7102:
7100:Chicago school
7097:
7091:
7089:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7045:Nixon Doctrine
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6988:Foreign policy
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6773:Operation RYAN
6770:
6765:
6760:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6678:Able Archer 83
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6428:Oromo conflict
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6368:Yom Kippur War
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6012:
6007:
6002:
6000:Aden Emergency
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5918:Papua conflict
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5823:
5821:Kitchen Debate
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5781:Sputnik crisis
5778:
5773:
5765:
5758:
5753:
5751:Polish October
5748:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:Pact of Madrid
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5606:Bamboo Curtain
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5346:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5185:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Heads of state
5137:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5128:Settam-e-Melli
5125:
5120:
5115:
5104:
5102:National Front
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5049:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5027:Siege of Khost
5024:
5018:
5012:
5007:
5005:Geneva Accords
5002:
4997:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4966:Siege of Urgun
4962:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4938:Herat uprising
4934:
4928:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4856:
4855:External links
4853:
4851:
4850:
4822:
4815:
4797:
4766:
4749:
4738:. 6 March 2009
4721:
4685:
4668:historynet.com
4655:
4638:historynet.com
4625:
4618:
4600:
4583:historynet.com
4570:
4553:historynet.com
4540:
4533:
4515:
4489:
4482:
4464:
4457:
4437:
4430:
4403:
4396:
4376:
4369:
4349:
4342:
4322:
4315:
4295:
4280:
4262:
4231:
4204:
4191:978-0395521328
4190:
4159:
4134:
4107:
4100:
4071:
4064:
4040:
4033:
4027:. p. 15.
4009:
4002:
3996:. p. 48.
3978:
3965:978-1851094028
3964:
3940:
3927:978-0817982133
3926:
3903:
3896:
3872:
3857:
3850:
3826:
3819:
3799:
3776:
3769:
3745:
3738:
3718:
3711:
3690:
3683:
3677:. p. 11.
3659:
3652:
3625:
3618:
3591:
3584:
3557:
3550:
3530:
3523:
3496:
3489:
3455:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3378:
3352:
3345:
3325:
3318:
3298:
3279:(4): 141–146.
3259:
3252:
3232:
3225:
3205:
3178:
3171:
3151:
3144:
3124:
3117:
3109:Public Affairs
3095:
3088:
3061:
3054:
3031:
3007:
3000:
2980:
2958:
2930:
2916:
2884:
2858:
2851:
2821:
2804:Afghanland.com
2791:
2765:
2737:
2722:
2716:. p. 88.
2695:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2641:
2634:
2614:
2607:
2587:
2561:
2535:
2518:
2515:on 6 May 2023.
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2427:
2424:
2404:Kunar Province
2384:
2381:
2341:
2338:
2241:Settam-e-Melli
2197:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2080:women's rights
2075:
2074:Women's rights
2072:
2062:
2059:
2033:Czechoslovakia
2024:Prime Minister
1973:
1968:Main article:
1965:
1962:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1855:
1852:
1785:2nd Lieutenant
1773:Nazar Mohammad
1726:Aslam Watanjar
1722:Chief of Staff
1690:beforehand.
1670:
1667:
1651:Mohammed Rafie
1568:
1565:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Italian states
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1005:Tax resistance
1002:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
918:
913:
908:
906:Class conflict
903:
898:
896:Civil disorder
893:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
785:
784:
778:
777:
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
697:
694:
693:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
651:
650:
643:
638:
637:
631:
630:
623:
622:
616:
615:
614:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
600:
599:
598:1300 personnel
596:
592:
591:
587:
586:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
576:
573:
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
553:
550:
537:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
520:
505:PDPA defectors
496:
494:
492:
491:
490:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
482:
479:
466:
465:
464:
461:
453:
450:
442:
439:
415:
412:
411:
410:Units involved
407:
406:
404:Nazar Mohammad
384:Mohammed Yakub
362:Mohammed Rafie
315:
283:Mohammad Nazim
192:
191:
187:
186:
174:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
142:
136:
133:
132:and his family
124:
123:
119:
117:
113:
112:
79:
77:
73:
72:
67:
59:
58:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8108:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7987:War on terror
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7882:Espionage and
7880:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:Andrew Thorpe
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7728:Gabriel Kolko
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7693:Fred Halliday
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7678:Lloyd Gardner
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7638:Norman Davies
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7623:John Costello
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7558:Technological
7556:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:Pro-communist
7437:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:Organizations
7364:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:Eurocommunism
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:Domino theory
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:South Ossetia
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:8888 Uprising
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6693:Iran–Iraq War
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6658:Falklands War
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:NDF Rebellion
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:German Autumn
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:Metapolitefsi
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6150:
6149:Prague Spring
6147:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:Al-Wadiah War
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:12-3 incident
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Domino theory
5669:
5667:
5666:Petrov Affair
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Madiun Affair
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Marshall Plan
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:United States
5249:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5050:
5047:
5036:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:PIA hijacking
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4818:
4816:1-4000-3025-0
4812:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4759:
4753:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4621:
4619:1-4000-3025-0
4615:
4611:
4604:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4536:
4534:1-4000-3025-0
4530:
4526:
4519:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4483:1-4000-3025-0
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4458:1-85065-703-3
4454:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4399:
4397:9781742237633
4393:
4389:
4388:
4387:Veiled Valour
4380:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4343:9781742237633
4339:
4335:
4334:
4333:Veiled Valour
4326:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4103:
4101:0-295-98050-8
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3897:0-520-20893-5
3893:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3851:0-520-22861-8
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3770:9780198846017
3766:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3712:0-8157-3041-1
3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3675:Vintage Books
3672:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3524:0-19-506294-9
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:Penguin Books
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3452:. 4 May 1978.
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3429:9780810878150
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3089:9781400858910
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2968:
2962:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2725:
2723:0-06-050507-9
2719:
2715:
2714:HarperCollins
2711:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2458:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:Babrak Karmal
2432:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:Humaira Begum
2356:and his wife
2355:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:14 Assad 1358
2304:” plot, the “
2303:
2302:
2298:” plot, the “
2297:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:Shola-e Javid
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:Barnett Rubin
2176:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2013:and the PDPA
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:Tajbeg Palace
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Anthony Hyman
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:Babrak Karmal
1634:
1632:
1629:responsible,
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1608:non-alignment
1605:
1602:in northwest
1601:
1600:Pashtun lands
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Strike action
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Direct action
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
921:Demonstration
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
771:
770:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
690:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
660:
657:
641:
620:
611:
606:
601:
597:
594:
593:
588:
577:
574:
571:
570:
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
548:
547:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
521:
519:11th Division
518:
517:
516:
512:
508:
507:
506:
502:
498:
497:
495:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:
454:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
435:
431:
427:
426:
425:
421:
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
405:
385:
374:
363:
352:
341:
340:
328:
327:
316:
314:
312:
306:
301:
294:
289:
282:
277:
271:
269:
263:
258:
252:
250:
244:
239:
233:
231:
225:
220:
214:
213:
211:
205:
194:
193:
188:
185:
175:
173:
162:
161:
156:
147:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
120:
118:
115:
114:
109:
78:
75:
74:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
7992:Brinkmanship
7884:intelligence
7773:Marius Oprea
7723:Harvey Klehr
7653:Herbert Feis
7643:Willem Drees
7608:Archie Brown
7525:
7513:
7495:
7485:Trybuna Ludu
7483:
7476:
7472:Radio Moscow
7464:
7457:
7450:
7278:Anti-Zionism
7194:
7117:Keynesianism
7105:Conservatism
6969:Transnistria
6949:China-Taiwan
6606:Gera Demands
6545:
6479:
6280:
6155:
5960:El Porteñazo
5854:Congo Crisis
5769:
5704:Algerian War
5687:
5563:Western Bloc
5558:Eastern Bloc
5553:Iron Curtain
5409:
5401:
5393:
5370:
5350:
5342:
5259:Soviet Union
5257:
5250:
5187:
5172:
5092:Constitution
4931:
4923:
4871:Ismail Sloan
4870:
4841:. Retrieved
4836:The Guardian
4834:
4825:
4806:
4800:
4779:
4769:
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4733:
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4698:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4667:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4637:
4628:
4609:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4582:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4552:
4543:
4524:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4502:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4447:
4440:
4416:
4406:
4386:
4379:
4359:
4352:
4332:
4325:
4305:
4298:
4271:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4207:
4195:. Retrieved
4176:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4119:
4110:
4086:
4050:
4043:
4019:
4012:
3988:
3981:
3969:. Retrieved
3950:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3916:
3886:. Berkeley:
3882:
3875:
3860:
3840:. Berkeley:
3836:
3829:
3809:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3785:
3779:
3755:
3748:
3728:
3721:
3702:
3693:
3673:. New York:
3669:
3662:
3638:
3628:
3608:. New York:
3604:
3594:
3574:. New York:
3570:
3560:
3540:
3533:
3513:. New York:
3509:
3499:
3475:
3447:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3391:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:
3355:
3339:. Springer.
3335:
3328:
3308:
3301:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3242:
3235:
3215:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3191:
3181:
3165:. Springer.
3161:
3154:
3134:
3127:
3107:. New York:
3104:
3098:
3074:
3044:
3034:
3024:
2994:. Springer.
2990:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2942:
2933:
2919:
2910:– via
2904:, retrieved
2894:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:
2861:
2837:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2803:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2777:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:
2727:
2712:. New York:
2708:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2644:
2624:
2617:
2597:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2513:the original
2506:
2497:
2475:
2446:
2429:
2396:
2362:
2343:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:Allahu Akbar
2272:
2253:
2245:sectarianism
2218:
2211:
2204:
2192:Pul-i-Charki
2188:
2168:
2152:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2087:
2077:
2064:
2041:
1992:
1982:
1975:
1942:
1936:
1931:Jimmy Carter
1925:
1908:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1857:
1841:
1818:
1766:
1761:
1750:Sukhoi Su-7s
1738:
1715:
1692:
1680:
1661:of tricking
1635:
1612:
1597:
1570:
1542:
1518:Soviet Union
1466:
1445:
1441:
1430:د ثور انقلاب
1421:
1417:
1415:
1266:People Power
1260:
983:Disobedience
700:
525:7th Division
337:
324:
310:
267:
248:
229:
209:
202:
158:Belligerents
122:PDPA victory
71:(1 day)
31:Part of the
18:
7818:Shen Zhihua
7628:Michael Cox
7560:competition
7507:Pro-Western
7497:Soviet Life
7423:Safari Club
7393:Warsaw Pact
7248:Nationalism
7238:Imperialism
7137:Reaganomics
7000:Containment
6793:Perestroika
6282:Realpolitik
6112:Six-Day War
6097:Greek junta
5908:Berlin Wall
5756:Suez Crisis
5724:Vietnam War
5611:McCarthyism
5426:Baruch Plan
5371:Unthinkable
5331:Dekemvriana
5270:Warsaw Pact
5196:WikiProject
5020:1990–1992:
4090:. Seattle:
3449:Kabul Times
3371:27 November
3198:5 September
3075:Afghanistan
2973:22 December
2243:, fuelling
2037:Abdul Qadir
2011:Abdul Qadir
1944:Afghanistan
1848:Afghan Army
1821:Afghan Army
1797:Abdul Qadir
1744:section of
1742:Shahr-e Naw
1553:coup d'état
1328:Arab Spring
926:Human chain
916:Coup d'état
825:Proletarian
373:Abdul Qadir
103: /
80:Afghanistan
8040:Categories
7586:Historians
7577:Space Race
7478:Rudé právo
7432:Propaganda
7288:Neo-Nazism
7258:Chauvinism
7212:Trotskyism
7127:Monetarism
7095:Liberalism
7087:Capitalism
7079:Ideologies
7030:Ostpolitik
6753:Solidarity
6718:Toyota War
6621:Solidarity
6478:Operation
6433:Ogaden War
6122:Dhofar War
6010:Shifta War
5768:Operation
5616:Korean War
5408:Operation
5400:Operation
5392:Operation
5369:Operation
5349:Operation
5341:Operation
5111:Factions:
5097:Government
4742:13 October
4714:13 October
4678:15 January
4648:15 January
4593:15 January
4563:15 January
4508:18 January
3479:. London:
2784:13 October
2758:13 October
2490:References
2422:in 1989.
2387:See also:
2301:J. Maiwand
2279:mujahideen
2275:Ikhwanites
2135:Red Terror
2003:Washington
1892:Nader Khan
1877:Daoud Khan
1799:landed in
1567:Background
1492:autocratic
1446:April Coup
1438:إنقلاب ثور
1350:Euromaidan
1298:Bolivarian
1246:Nicaraguan
1226:Guatemalan
1164:Young Turk
1144:Philippine
973:Nonviolent
968:Resistance
943:Insurgency
853:Nonviolent
848:From above
820:Democratic
295:Haji Nawaz
91:69°10′42″E
88:34°31′31″N
7873:Ken Young
7718:Tony Judt
7567:Arms race
7540:Red Scare
7408:NN States
7353:Apartheid
7308:Autocracy
7217:Stalinism
7185:Guevarism
7175:Castroism
7165:Communism
7157:Socialism
6683:Star Wars
6276:Koza riot
5402:Beleaguer
5394:Masterdom
5135:Politburo
4964:1983–84:
4792:612525712
4709:0362-4331
3285:0030-980X
2426:Reception
2399:socialist
2379:smokers.
2313:22.7.1979
2295:Rasul Jan
2289:” on it.
2123:Khalqists
1844:Jalalabad
1756:that the
1475:) by the
1303:Bulldozer
1256:Carnation
1251:Argentine
1194:1917–1923
1182:Communist
1127:Hungarian
963:Rebellion
901:Civil war
863:Permanent
810:Communist
805:Bourgeois
305:Brig. Gen
144:Eventual
8025:Timeline
8015:Category
7960:See also
7452:Izvestia
7293:Islamism
7190:Hoxhaism
7065:Rollback
6944:Abkhazia
6884:Gulf War
6788:Glasnost
6158:incident
5928:Sand War
5786:Ifni War
5295:Rio Pact
5240:Cold War
5181:Category
5070:Politics
4925:Timeline
4843:18 March
4777:(1986).
4672:Archived
4642:Archived
4587:Archived
4557:Archived
4414:(2002).
4290:93-46257
4255:21 March
4224:18 March
4197:17 March
4152:18 March
3971:18 March
3956:ABC-CLIO
3933:18 March
3701:(1994).
3636:(2009).
3602:(2007).
3568:(2011).
3473:(2006).
3293:41394206
3042:(2011).
2951:12 March
2944:BBC News
2906:11 March
2900:archived
2835:(2002).
2814:11 March
2508:BBC News
2454:See also
2318:Pakistan
2198:—
2131:Leninist
2114:Khalqist
2009:colonel
1950:Tashkent
1897:—
1707:Islamist
1669:Uprising
1604:Pakistan
1585:monarchy
1575:(PDPA),
1549:New York
1360:Sudanese
1338:Egyptian
1333:Tunisian
1286:Romanian
1187:Cultural
1173:Chinese
1148:Iranian
1117:February
1038:American
1033:Atlantic
1022:Examples
995:Samizdat
799:By class
774:a series
772:Part of
590:Strength
293:Maj. Gen
281:Maj. Gen
76:Location
35:and the
33:Cold War
7515:Amerika
7398:Comecon
7283:Fascism
7273:Zionism
7222:Titoism
6763:Contras
6231:Détente
5508:Comecon
5113:Parcham
4917:History
4735:Reuters
4127:6 April
3792:5 April
2912:YouTube
2877:23 July
2580:23 July
2554:23 July
2377:hashish
2221:English
2173:member
2147:Parcham
1916:Reuters
1809:British
1615:Parcham
1520:, with
1459:
1444:or the
1291:Singing
1241:Rwandan
1216:Spanish
1211:Siamese
1199:Russian
1169:Mexican
1095:Belgian
1070:Serbian
1058:Haitian
1043:Brabant
1028:English
958:Protest
891:Boycott
885:Methods
858:Passive
311:†
268:†
249:†
230:†
210:†
7466:Pravda
7268:Racism
7207:Maoism
6959:Kosovo
6480:Condor
6156:Pueblo
6142:May 68
5770:Gladio
5688:Tuapse
5351:Jungle
5343:Priboi
5193:
5178:
5014:1989:
4993:1988:
4982:1987:
4976:1986:
4970:1985:
4958:1982:
4952:1981:
4936:1979:
4930:1978:
4813:
4790:
4707:
4616:
4531:
4480:
4455:
4428:
4394:
4367:
4340:
4313:
4288:
4278:
4188:
4098:
4062:
4031:
4000:
3962:
3924:
3894:
3848:
3817:
3767:
3736:
3709:
3681:
3650:
3616:
3582:
3548:
3521:
3487:
3426:
3399:
3343:
3316:
3291:
3283:
3250:
3223:
3194:. AFSA
3169:
3142:
3115:
3086:
3052:
2998:
2872:RFE/RL
2849:
2720:
2686:
2659:
2632:
2605:
2575:RFE/RL
2549:RFE/RL
2373:hippie
2268:Stalin
2225:Maoist
2127:Taraki
1829:Wardak
1793:shells
1507:Khalqi
1426:Pashto
1343:Yemeni
1323:Kyrgyz
1313:Orange
1281:Velvet
1276:Yogurt
1221:August
1204:German
1177:Xinhai
1157:Second
1134:Eureka
1122:German
1053:French
1010:Terror
953:Mutiny
868:Social
843:Colour
264:
245:
226:
206:
169:
116:Result
7951:Stasi
7418:SAARC
7413:ASEAN
7378:SEATO
7231:Other
7196:Juche
6954:Korea
6867:1990s
6580:1980s
6224:1970s
5847:1960s
5599:1950s
5309:1940s
5290:NEATO
5285:SEATO
5275:ANZUS
5123:Khalq
4784:(PDF)
4761:(PDF)
3289:JSTOR
2408:Herat
2155:Lenin
2068:usury
2001:told
1999:Kabul
1995:Kabul
1813:Azimi
1789:Attan
1762:Khalq
1758:Khalq
1746:Kabul
1734:RPG-7
1730:BMP-1
1718:Kabul
1688:Khalq
1659:SAVAK
1619:Khalq
1503:Kabul
1451:۷ ثور
1318:Tulip
1236:Cuban
1152:First
1102:Texas
1075:Greek
1048:Liège
978:Civil
632:Kabul
55:Kabul
7491:TASS
7383:METO
7373:NATO
6599:and
6597:1980
6154:USS
5280:METO
5265:NATO
4845:2018
4811:ISBN
4788:OCLC
4744:2021
4716:2021
4705:ISSN
4680:2018
4650:2018
4614:ISBN
4595:2018
4565:2018
4529:ISBN
4510:2024
4478:ISBN
4453:ISBN
4426:ISBN
4392:ISBN
4365:ISBN
4338:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4286:LCCN
4276:ISBN
4257:2008
4245:ZMag
4226:2018
4199:2018
4186:ISBN
4154:2018
4129:2011
4096:ISBN
4060:ISBN
4029:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3973:2018
3960:ISBN
3935:2018
3922:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3794:2024
3765:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3614:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3546:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3373:2023
3341:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3281:ISSN
3248:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3200:2020
3167:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2975:2013
2953:2018
2908:2018
2879:2023
2847:ISBN
2816:2018
2786:2021
2760:2021
2718:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2582:2023
2556:2023
2391:and
2171:CNAS
2022:was
1920:TASS
1839:.
1807:, a
1775:and
1711:PDPA
1699:PDPA
1663:PDPA
1653:and
1617:and
1533:Sowr
1527:Saur
1468:Saur
1465:7th
1456:lit.
1434:Dari
1416:The
1308:Rose
1271:1989
1261:Saur
1107:1848
1090:July
1085:1830
1080:1820
990:Riot
873:Wave
66:Date
7946:KGB
7941:MVD
7926:MI6
7921:MI5
7916:CIA
7388:EEC
5118:Kar
4869:by
1684:Arg
1647:KGB
1530:or
1505:by
1499:Arg
1420:or
51:Arg
8042::
4833:.
4732:.
4703:.
4697:.
4666:.
4636:.
4581:.
4551:.
4501:.
4284:.
4243:.
4180:.
4162:^
4145:.
4118:.
4074:^
4054:.
4023:.
3992:.
3906:^
3890:.
3759:.
3469:;
3458:^
3446:.
3381:^
3364:.
3287:.
3277:36
3275:.
3271:.
3190:.
3078:.
3064:^
3010:^
2941:.
2898:,
2870:.
2824:^
2802:.
2776:.
2751:.
2740:^
2726:.
2698:^
2573:.
2547:.
2521:^
2505:.
2320:.
2262:,
2251:.
2207:,
2203:,
2165:."
1984:—
1952:,
1697:,
1454:,
1436::
1432:;
1428::
776:on
6759:)
6755:(
5764:"
5760:"
5737:"
5733:"
5232:e
5225:t
5218:v
4900:e
4893:t
4886:v
4847:.
4819:.
4794:.
4746:.
4718:.
4682:.
4652:.
4622:.
4597:.
4567:.
4537:.
4512:.
4486:.
4461:.
4434:.
4400:.
4373:.
4346:.
4319:.
4292:.
4259:.
4228:.
4201:.
4156:.
4131:.
4104:.
4068:.
4037:.
4006:.
3975:.
3937:.
3900:.
3854:.
3823:.
3773:.
3742:.
3715:.
3687:.
3656:.
3622:.
3588:.
3554:.
3527:.
3493:.
3432:.
3405:.
3375:.
3349:.
3322:.
3295:.
3256:.
3229:.
3202:.
3175:.
3148:.
3121:.
3092:.
3058:.
3004:.
2977:.
2955:.
2881:.
2855:.
2818:.
2788:.
2762:.
2692:.
2665:.
2638:.
2611:.
2584:.
2558:.
2153:"
1473:'
1462:'
1424:(
1405:e
1398:t
1391:v
678:e
671:t
664:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
