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1654:
Coalition armies in detail and decided to change his tactics. He had two options: he could fall back on Paris and hope that the
Coalition members would come to terms, as capturing Paris with a French army under his command would be difficult and time-consuming; or he could copy the Russians and leave Paris to his enemies (as they had left Moscow to him two years earlier). He decided to move eastward to
1435:; but the weather was terrible, and the ground so heavy that his favourite artillery, the mainstay of his whole system of warfare, was useless and in the drifts of snow which at intervals swept across the field, the columns lost their direction and many were severely handled by the Cossacks. At nightfall the fighting ceased and the emperor retired to Lesmont, and thence to
1378:), and 20,000 more were set to guard the passes of the Alps. Hence less than 80,000 remained available for the east and north-eastern frontier. However, while Napoleon was weak in numbers, he was now again operating in a friendly country, able to forage food almost everywhere, and benefitted from secure lines of communication.
1509:
In the night his headquarters were again surprised, and BlĂĽcher learnt that
Napoleon himself with his main body was in full march to fall on his scattered detachments. At the same time he heard that Pahlen's Cossacks had been withdrawn forty-eight hours previously, thus completely exposing his flank.
1489:
Believing himself secure behind this screen, he advanced from Vitry along the roads leading down the valley of the Marne, with his columns widely separated for convenience of subsistence and shelter the latter being almost essential in the terrible weather prevailing. BlĂĽcher himself on the night of
1653:
Thus after six weeks fighting the
Coalition armies had hardly gained any ground. The Coalition generals still hoped to bring Napoleon to battle against their combined forces. However, after Arcis-sur-Aube, Napoleon realised that he could no longer continue with his current strategy of defeating the
1591:
there had capitulated only twenty-four hours beforehand, a fact of which
Napoleon was unaware. The Silesian army was thus able to escape, and marching northwards combined with Bernadotte's Army of the North at Laon. This reinforcement brought the forces at BlĂĽcher's disposal up to over 100,000 men.
1590:
In the meantime BlĂĽcher had rallied his scattered forces and was driving
Marmont and Mortier before him. Napoleon, as soon as he had neutralised Schwarzenberg, counter-marched his main body. Moving again by SĂ©zanne, he fell upon BlĂĽcher's left and drove him back upon Soissons. The French garrison
1729:
when he learned that Paris had surrendered. When
Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his marshals decided to overrule Napoleon in order to save Paris from destruction. On 4 April, Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Coalition refused to
1267:
wanted the
Coalition armies to push on, but everyone was weary of the war, and many felt that it would be unwise to push Napoleon and the French nation to extremes. Hence there was a prolonged halt, while the Coalition tried to negotiate with Napoleon. During this period, the Coalition armies
1190:
being the most well-known. However, the campaign ended in total defeat for
Napoleon as the Coalition kept advancing towards Paris. Napoleon was out of position to defend the capital, which capitulated in late March 1814. When Napoleon proposed the army march on Paris, his Marshals decided to
1430:
defile. There he was joined by the
Austrian advance guard and together they decided to accept battle—indeed they had no alternative, as the roads in rear were so choked with traffic that retreat was out of the question. About noon on 2 February Napoleon engaged them in
1473:
Owing to the state of the roads, or perhaps to the extraordinary lethargy which always characterised
Schwarzenberg's headquarters, no pursuit was attempted. But on 4 February BlĂĽcher, chafing at this inaction, obtained the permission of his own sovereign,
1688:
ended when the French commanders, seeing further resistance to be hopeless, surrendered the city on 31 March, just as Napoleon, with the wreck of the Guards and a mere handful of other detachments, was hurrying across the rear of the Austrians towards
1185:
in 1813, the Austrian, Prussian, Russian, and other German armies of the Sixth Coalition invaded France. Despite the disproportionate forces in favour of the Coalition, Napoleon managed to inflict several defeats, the
1662:
outlining his intention to move on the Coalition lines of communications was intercepted by Cossacks in BlĂĽcher's army on 22 March and hence his projects were exposed to his enemies.
1147:
1426:), learning at the same time that the emperor in person was at hand. BlĂĽcher accordingly fell back a few miles next morning to a strong position covering the exits from the
1407:
Napoleon attempted to counter the incursion of the Army of Silesia shortly after their crossing but arrived too late, and engaged in pursuit. On 25 January BlĂĽcher entered
1268:
regrouped. Eventually the Coalition followed the lead of the militant "Young German" faction, led by BlĂĽcher and other fighting men of the Coalition armies and attacked.
1673:
and King Frederick William III of Prussia along with their advisers reconsidered, and realising the weakness of their opponent (and perhaps actuated by the fear that
1422:
On 29 January Napoleon caught up with BlĂĽcher and attacked. BlĂĽcher's headquarters were surprised and he himself nearly captured by a sudden rush of French troops (
1677:
from Toulouse might, after all, reach Paris first), decided to march to Paris (then an open city), and let Napoleon do his worst to their lines of communications.
615:
2437:"Chapter 11: Operations of Schwarzenberg and BlĂĽcher (17 to 27 February) up to the second separation of the Allied armies and departure of the Emperor for Troyes"
60:
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1658:, rally what garrisons he could find, and raise the whole country against the invaders. He had actually started on the execution of this plan when a letter to
2460:
1607:
59:
17:
1725:). They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions. Napoleon was out of position to defend Paris, and had only advanced as far as
1494:, on the exposed flank so as to be nearer to his sources of intelligence, and the rest of his army were distributed in four small corps at or near
244:
61:
1552:
Napoleon with his main body struck at the flank of Schwarzenberg's Austrian army, which had meanwhile begun its leisurely advance, and again at
56:
1517:(10 February). This placed his army between BlĂĽcher's vanguard and his main body. Napoleon turned his attention to the vanguard and defeated
608:
1374:
However, he could only collect about 200,000 men in all. Over 100,000 were engaged against Wellington's army on the Spanish frontier (see
57:
2391:
1622:
On 14 March, Schwarzenberg, becoming aware of Napoleon's presence in Reims, began again his advance and his advanced guard had reached
1191:
unanimously overrule Napoleon in order to save the city from further destruction. As a result, the victorious Coalition negotiated the
2212:
The life of Napoleon Bonaparte, once Emperor of the French, who died in exile, at St. Helena, after a captivity of six years' duration
2476:
1546:
1680:
The Coalition armies marched straight for the capital. Marmont and Mortier with what troops they could rally took up a position on
2195:
1722:
601:
415:
1602:
took place on 9 March. Napoleon was here defeated, and with only 30,000 men at his back, retreated to Soissons. On hearing that
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of 1814 and 1815. These very young and inexperienced recruits formed the bulk of the new French Army and were nicknamed
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58:
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1545:. These disasters compelled the retreat of the whole Silesian army, and Napoleon, leaving detachments with marshals
1243:
and forced to retreat to France. Most European countries then turned against Napoleon and started to invade France.
2436:
1518:
1475:
518:
485:
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accept this. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later and sign the
1731:
1659:
1368:
463:
1460:
1003:
721:
907:
763:
89:
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2146:
History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815
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Napoleon was too quick for BlĂĽcher: he decimated Lieutenant General Olssufiev's Russian IX Corps at the
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corps of Cossacks were assigned to him to cover his left and maintain communication with the Austrians.
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1533:. Napoleon then turned on the main body of the Army of Silesia and on 14 February defeated BlĂĽcher in
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1293:, passed through Swiss territory (violating the cantons' neutrality) and crossed the Rhine between
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in northern France). This force was not yet ready and did not, in fact, reach Picardy until March.
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1710:
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La campagne de 1814 après les documents des archives impériales et royales de la guerre à Vienne
1749:, signed by representatives of the French monarchy and the Coalition powers, formally ended the
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He himself retreated towards Étoges endeavouring to rally his scattered detachments.
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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on the 23 March and initially decided to follow Napoleon, but the next day Tsar
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1506:; reinforcements also were on their way to join him and were then about Vitry.
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2395:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–236.
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1564:(21 February). He inflicted such heavy punishment upon his adversaries that
1451:
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agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon (
1655:
1427:
1298:
1753:
on 30 May 1814, returning France to its 1792 boundaries in advance of the
1606:
had fallen to a Coalition corps under the command of the Russian General
1529:
on 11 February; and attacked and defeated them again the next day at the
239:
1339:, was to move in support on the right flank through the Netherlands and
1199:
and the borders of France were returned to where they had been in 1792.
1681:
382:
1594:
On 7 March, Napoleon fell upon the advance guard of this force at the
1495:
1491:
1263:, the Coalition members disagreed on the next action. Russian Emperor
1239:; following some early successes, Napoleon was decisively defeated at
1610:, Napoleon crossed in front of BlĂĽcher's force. On 13 March Napoleon
593:
2124:
Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society
1538:
1503:
2340:
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In late December 1813, three Coalition armies started to cross the
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287:
2375:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1412:
1317:
1313:
1220:
1216:
2422:(in French) (4 vols. ed.). Paris: Librairie militaire de L.
1626:, when Napoleon intercepted it on 20 March. At the start of the
2455:
2156:
The Napoleonic Wars: The Fall of the French Imperium, 1813–1815
2063:
2061:
1757:. Napoleon escaped from Elba the following year leading to the
1542:
1436:
1227:. When this campaign resulted in the destruction of Napoleon's
1231:, the two states took advantage of the situation by forming a
52:
1666:
1603:
1415:, was in communication with the Austrian advanced guard near
1294:
1272:
1260:
2231:
Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
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1964:
1962:
1960:
1889:
1738:
1340:
1478:, to transfer his line of operations to the valley of the
1998:
1986:
1974:
1308:, with 50,000–75,000 Prussians and Russians under Prince
2126:(illustrated ed.), John Wiley & Sons, pp.
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1957:
1947:
1945:
1943:
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and Marmont to deal with them, hurried back to Troyes.
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2010:
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2321:(illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group,
2222:
The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France
2022:
1259:
When the last French troops had crossed west of the
2431:. Translated by Gorsuch, Greg. The Napoleon Series.
2413:. Translated by McClintock, R.S. London: Hugh Rees.
2297:(unabridged ed.), Osprey Publishing, pp.
1809:
1614:; Saint-Priest was mortally wounded in the battle.
1195:, under which Napoleon was exiled to the island of
2197:Les Campagnes d'Allemagne et de France (1813-1814)
2073:
1928:
1913:
1665:The Coalition commanders held a council of war at
1633:
1327:, of about 120,000 Prussians and Russians, under
1235:against France. The retreat from Russia led to a
2468:
1289:), with 200,000–210,000 Austrian soldiers under
55:
2152:
1895:
1737:Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of
2190:
1883:
609:
1566:they fell back precipitately to Bar-sur-Aube
1223:were forcibly allied with France during the
1411:, and, moving rapidly up the valley of the
1400:dragoons at the battle of La Rothière, by
616:
602:
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2219:
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223:
173:
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1637:
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1250:
159:
27:1814 campaign during the Napoleonic Wars
2295:Napoleon's Scouts of the Imperial Guard
2208:
1871:
1798:
1598:and drove it back upon Laon, where the
1351:To meet these forces, Napoleon, by the
14:
2469:
2339:, vol. 3 (illustrated ed.),
2334:
2250:
2228:
2143:
2094:
2052:
2040:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1951:
623:
64:War of the Sixth Coalition France 1814
2380:
2292:
2172:
2028:
1968:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1850:
597:
2461:Campaign in north-east France (1814)
2314:
2270:
2148:(10th ed.), W. Blackwood Alison
2082:
563:Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken
37:Campaign in north-east France (1814)
2233:, United Kingdom: Penguin, p.
24:
2400:
1171:1814 campaign in north-east France
69:Click an image to load the battle.
51:
25:
18:1814 campaign in north-east France
2508:
2448:
2418:Weil, Maurice-Henri (1891–1896).
2410:Napoleon and the campaign of 1814
2381:Maude, Frederic Natusch (1911). "
1617:
1581:Episode of the Campaign of France
1443:being left to observe the enemy.
2477:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
2454:
2368:
2335:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009),
2273:The Waterloo Campaign, June 1815
2153:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2002),
1476:Frederick William III of Prussia
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148:
2220:Lamartine, Alphonse de (1854),
1723:Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur
1634:Coalition armies march on Paris
1359:called up the conscript classes
2175:The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815
1785:Hodgson gives no size for the
1779:
1713:, by Antoine-Alphonse Montfort
1541:, pursuing the latter towards
131:
13:
1:
2115:
1419:on the afternoon 28 January.
1376:Invasion of south-west France
1202:
1181:. Following their victory at
1163: Napoleon not in command
840:Campaign in north-east France
783:Campaign in south-west France
636:Campaign in north-east France
497:Gebhard Leberecht von BlĂĽcher
71:Left to right, top to bottom:
1696:
1684:heights to oppose them. The
1446:
1312:, crossed the Rhine between
1246:
361:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
7:
2427:Weil, Maurice (1995–2016).
2200:(in French), archived from
1797:25,000 more men than Maud (
1705:Napoleon's farewell to his
1381:
1255:Strategic situation in 1814
552:Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev
530:Ferdinand von Wintzingerode
508:Friedrich Wilhelm von BĂĽlow
10:
2513:
2492:War of the Sixth Coalition
2144:Alison, Archibald (1860),
1751:War of the Sixth Coalition
1466:
1179:War of the Sixth Coalition
836:War of the Sixth Coalition
44:War of the Sixth Coalition
2275:, Da Capo Press, p.
2209:Hodgson, William (1841),
2122:Alexander, R. S. (2012),
1531:Battle of Château-Thierry
1335:, and Dutch troops under
1207:Following defeats in the
1177:'s final campaign of the
1157: Napoleon in command
631:
579:
273:
141:
99:
49:
41:
36:
2407:Houssaye, Henry (1914).
2271:Nofi, Albert A. (1998),
2229:Lieven, Dominic (2009),
1772:
1709:in the Courtyard of the
1628:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
322:François Joseph Lefebvre
300:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2392:Encyclopædia Britannica
1741:and the monarchy under
1732:Treaty of Fontainebleau
1711:Palace of Fontainebleau
1571:
2429:"The Campaign of 1814"
2318:The History of Germany
2315:Turk, Eleanor (1999),
2293:Pawly, Ronald (2012),
2251:McLynn, Frank (2002),
1714:
1650:
1587:
1464:
1404:
1390:
1256:
574:Karl Philipp von Wrede
475:Karl von Schwarzenberg
427:Etienne Maurice Gerard
274:Commanders and leaders
65:
2254:Napoleon: a biography
2173:Gates, David (2003),
2159:, Osprey Publishing,
1704:
1671:Alexander I of Russia
1641:
1579:
1515:Battle of Champaubert
1454:
1433:Battle of La Rothière
1396:
1389:
1254:
486:Frederick William III
63:
2463:at Wikimedia Commons
2383:Napoleonic Campaigns
2194:(17 November 2002),
1793:have 10,000 and the
1763:defeated at Waterloo
1761:; he was eventually
1660:Empress Marie-Louise
1490:7/8 February was at
1457:battle of Montmirail
1369:Empress Marie-Louise
1301:on 20 December 1813.
1291:Prince Schwarzenberg
405:Claude Victor-Perrin
2497:Invasions of France
2070:, pp. 202–207.
2007:, pp. 187–188.
1983:, pp. 262–263.
1971:, pp. 232–233.
1896:Fremont-Barnes 2002
1791:Austrian Grand Army
1535:Battle of Vauchamps
1357:of 9 October 1813,
2204:on 5 December 2014
1995:, p. 263–265.
1884:French Senate 2002
1789:but estimates the
1755:Congress of Vienna
1745:was restored. The
1715:
1675:Duke of Wellington
1651:
1588:
1560:(18 February) and
1469:Six Days' Campaign
1465:
1405:
1391:
1367:, after the young
1320:on 1 January 1814.
1257:
1209:Wars of the Fourth
1188:Six Days' Campaign
674:Six Days' Campaign
625:Campaign of France
541:Peter Wittgenstein
344:Auguste de Marmont
107:January—March 1814
66:
2487:Conflicts in 1814
2459:Media related to
2215:, Orlando Hodgson
1910:, pp. 21–22.
1787:Army of the North
1767:Seventh Coalition
1596:Battle of Craonne
1424:Battle of Brienne
1354:senatus consultum
1337:Prince Bernadotte
1325:Army of the North
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592:
591:
333:Jacques MacDonald
137:
136:
128:Coalition victory
16:(Redirected from
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1213:Fifth Coalitions
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861:
855:
848:
769:2nd Saint-Dizier
764:Fère-Champenoise
712:2nd Bar-sur-Aube
653:1st Saint-Dizier
648:1st Bar-sur-Aube
626:
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604:
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572:
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519:Barclay de Tolly
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2401:Further reading
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2265:
2245:
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2167:
2138:
2118:
2113:
2109:, pp. 4–5.
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1954:, p. 1112.
1950:
1941:
1933:
1929:
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1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
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1849:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:, p. 504).
1795:Army of Silesia
1784:
1780:
1775:
1747:Treaty of Paris
1699:
1686:Battle of Paris
1644:Battle of Paris
1642:Episode of the
1636:
1620:
1574:
1556:(17 February),
1471:
1449:
1384:
1306:Army of Silesia
1282:Army of Bohemia
1249:
1237:German campaign
1233:Sixth Coalition
1205:
1193:Treaty of Paris
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
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824:
690:Château-Thierry
627:
624:
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588:370,000–405,000
566:
565:
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2484:
2482:1814 in France
2479:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2449:External links
2447:
2446:
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2387:Chisholm, Hugh
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2107:Alexander 2012
2099:
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2087:
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2068:Lamartine 1854
2057:
2055:, p. 205.
2045:
2043:, p. 197.
2033:
2031:, p. 259.
2021:
2019:, p. 190.
2009:
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1939:
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1874:, p. 504.
1855:
1853:, p. 232.
1807:
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1693:to join them.
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1624:Arcis-sur-Aube
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1618:Arcis-sur-Aube
1616:
1600:Battle of Laon
1573:
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2377:public domain
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2354:9781851096725
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2166:9781841764313
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2084:
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2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
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1965:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1946:
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1937:, p. 23.
1936:
1931:
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1364:marie-louises
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1329:Wintzingerode
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717:Gué-à -Tresmes
715:
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257:
246:
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184:
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155:French Empire
151:
146:
145:
140:
133:
127:
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102:
98:
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48:
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19:
2419:
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2360:
2336:
2317:
2294:
2272:
2253:
2230:
2224:, H. G. Bohn
2221:
2211:
2202:the original
2196:
2174:
2155:
2145:
2123:
2102:
2090:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1930:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1872:Hodgson 1841
1799:Hodgson 1841
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1759:Hundred Days
1736:
1716:
1679:
1664:
1656:Saint-Dizier
1652:
1621:
1612:retook Reims
1608:Saint-Priest
1593:
1589:
1580:
1551:
1519:Osten-Sacken
1512:
1508:
1488:
1472:
1428:Bar-sur-Aube
1421:
1406:
1373:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1324:
1305:
1299:Schaffhausen
1286:
1280:
1270:
1258:
1229:Grande Armée
1206:
1170:
1168:
1130:Bar-sur-Aube
773:
756:
722:Saint-Julien
672:
635:
438:
286:
142:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
2362:Attribution
2177:, Pimlico,
2095:McLynn 2002
2053:Alison 1860
2041:Alison 1860
2017:Alison 1860
2005:Alison 1860
1993:Lieven 2009
1981:Lieven 2009
1952:Tucker 2009
1743:Louis XVIII
1417:La Rothière
1398:WĂĽrttemberg
1265:Alexander I
680:Champaubert
663:La Rothière
440:Alexander I
268:WĂĽrttemberg
245:Netherlands
116:North-East
74:La Rothière
2471:Categories
2343:, p.
2116:References
2029:Gates 2003
1969:Maude 1911
1935:Pawly 2012
1923:Pawly 2012
1908:Pawly 2012
1851:Maude 1911
1682:Montmartre
1527:Montmirail
1500:Montmirail
1467:See also:
1439:, Marshal
1287:Grand Army
1203:Background
727:Laubressel
685:Montmirail
383:Michel Ney
78:Laubressel
2083:Turk 1999
1707:Old Guard
1697:Aftermath
1558:Montereau
1447:Vauchamps
1247:Situation
707:Montereau
695:Vauchamps
464:Francis I
132:Aftermath
2341:ABC-CLIO
1484:Pahlen's
1382:Campaign
1343:(in the
1285:(or the
1175:Napoleon
868:125miles
815:Toulouse
790:Bidassoa
752:Limonest
580:Strength
288:Napoleon
112:Location
2389:(ed.).
2379::
1765:by the
1554:Mormant
1547:Mortier
1496:Épernay
1492:SĂ©zanne
1441:Marmont
1413:Moselle
1318:Koblenz
1314:Rastadt
1310:BlĂĽcher
1241:Leipzig
1221:Austria
1217:Prussia
1183:Leipzig
820:Bayonne
795:Nivelle
732:Craonne
702:Mormant
668:Lesmont
658:Brienne
233:Bavaria
208:Prussia
183:Austria
2385:". In
2373:
2351:
2325:
2305:
2283:
2261:
2241:
2237:–695,
2181:
2163:
2134:
1543:Vertus
1539:Étoges
1504:Étoges
1437:Troyes
1161:
1155:
810:Orthez
805:Garris
585:80,000
346:
265:
256:Saxony
230:
217:
205:
193:
180:
169:Russia
166:
125:Result
118:France
2301:–23,
1773:Notes
1667:Pougy
1646:, by
1604:Reims
1583:, by
1537:near
1523:Yorck
1480:Marne
1459:, by
1409:Nancy
1333:BĂĽlow
1295:Basel
1273:Rhine
1261:Rhine
873:Paris
866:200km
775:Paris
747:Reims
742:Mâcon
451:Lord
220:Baden
94:Paris
2349:ISBN
2345:1112
2323:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2130:–5,
1739:Elba
1572:Laon
1521:and
1502:and
1455:The
1341:Laon
1331:and
1323:The
1316:and
1304:The
1297:and
1279:The
1219:and
1211:and
1197:Elba
1173:was
1169:The
800:Nive
737:Laon
643:Metz
130:See
104:Date
82:Laon
2235:292
1525:at
2473::
2347:,
2299:21
2279:,
2277:20
2075:^
2060:^
1959:^
1942:^
1915:^
1858:^
1811:^
1769:.
1734:.
1568:.
1498:,
1482:;
1371:.
1275::
1215:,
1022:10
1010:11
998:12
986:13
974:14
962:15
950:16
938:17
926:18
914:19
902:20
890:21
878:22
92:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
2439:.
2128:4
1886:.
1463:.
1135:1
1118:2
1106:3
1094:4
1082:5
1070:6
1058:7
1046:8
1034:9
838::
617:e
610:t
603:v
20:)
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