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on the front lines, community support groups, and routine clinical mental health care. The WHO also recommends that countries enhance their mental healthcare systems outside of the context of a humanitarian crisis so that individuals affected by crises can have access to the care they need once the emergency response is over. A 2020 Cochrane review of psychological and social interventions for the prevention of mental disorders for individuals living in areas affected by humanitarian crisis found the need for better studies to determine the impact of interventions following a review of current studies. Research states that mental health is often neglected by first responders. Disaster can have lasting psychological impacts on those affected. When individuals are supported in processing their emotional experiences to the disaster this leads to increases in resilience, increases in the capacity to help others through crises, and increases in community engagement. When processing of emotional experiences is done in a collective manner, this leads to greater solidarity following disaster. As such, emotional experiences have an inherent adaptiveness within them, however the opportunity for these to be reflected on and processed is necessary for this growth to occur.
555:
to efficient cooperation if expectations and goals divide across partnerships. To overcome obstacles within diverse interactions, NGOs may utilize three strategic environments of operation to establish efficient communication between parties. First, the “internal workplace” considers the diverse environment closely working with the NGOs, consisting of the organization's employees and volunteers from the crisis exposed area. Second, the “inter-organizational forum” addresses the communication line between the multiple NGOs assisting in the specific crisis, including the local authorities and the appropriate reporting to UN agencies. Last, “community relations” recognizes the multicultural dimension of the communication between NGO employees and the individuals at risk of the crisis. The communication and coordination between the various actors in humanitarian crises are essential components for ensuring security, limiting the conflict, and overall delivering efficient crisis management.
124:
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the particular crisis and the context of the organization assisting. With a broader understanding of the needs of the people at risk, and what the organization wishes to accomplice with its work, there is a greater chance for a successful outcome for both parties. Strategic thinking, coordination of actors, and efficient communication in diverse environments are all potential strategies that NGOs can use on both international and local levels to address humanitarian crises. As each organization and crisis is different, there is no such thing as a perfect strategy to manage humanitarian crises across the board. Instead, it is suggested to use methods such as strategic thinking, coordination, and communication to develop a response that is suitable for the specific situation and allows for successful management of serving human needs and protecting human rights.
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NGOs pertain to a domestic level of activity. Non-governmental organizations overall have a non-profit structure, which means that they are solely providing services for the good of the population at risk and in need of assistance, without expectations of return benefits. Which allows them to focus on solidarity efforts in serving human needs and protecting human rights. The organizations are thus dependent on volunteers' investment in the shared vision of the entity. Their work also includes preventive efforts of serving as experts to deliver knowledge on management practices to the other actors. Additionally, by centering their work around a shared vision of establishing long-term peace through coordinated strategies of reconciliation and conflict assistance, they seek to efficiently fulfill their role in the humanitarian crisis management cluster.
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NGOs in
Indonesia and Myanmar. The alliance received the name of The Indonesian Humanitarian Alliance (AKIM) and provided relief to the exposed Rohingya people by getting around the barriers put in place by the Myanmar government. Several international NGOs were also involved in Myanmar to deliver appropriate relief. Their assistance allowed limited contact with the national government in Myanmar yet reached beneficial agreements with other local authorities, as well as established communication and cooperation with local NGOs and UN actors. However, because of the large number of actors involved in the crisis, the organizations faced challenges in the coordination between actors to provide efficient and non-coinciding crisis management.
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differ from natural disasters in their fundamental origin of imposing humanitarian threats, create distinct challenges to appropriate crisis responses because of the new essence of conflicts. Today, conflicts are more frequently domestically fought rather than across national borders. Such development of crises has changed the ways humans are affected by conflict and asks for new response strategies to meet the needs of the people at risk. Thus, the multiple actors involved in human-made humanitarian crises, are faced with a challenging environment to establish efficient management and cooperation over the situation.
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environmental and ecological impact. This can further impact humans the source of income for fishermen, an economical impact. This causes the residents of this particular area to be stripped from their source of food and their culture of consuming sea fish. This can lead to women and children being forced to work in dangerous conditions to gain income and food, a social impact. Evidently, one crisis can have many impacts that are interconnected with one another and there is no single solution. The
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This acute anxiety may impact the population's capacity to care for themselves via the resources provided by humanitarian aid groups in the short-term. Acute mental health impacts can also hinder a population's recovery capacity in rebuilding after a crisis. Acute stress can exacerbate pre-existing conditions for individuals who already suffer from mental health disorders, making serious conditions like depression or schizophrenia more difficult to live with.
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population is likely to be pregnant. In times of emergency and such crises, deaths associated with pregnancy, reproductive health, sexual violence and sexual exploitation increase drastically especially amongst females. During such emergencies, women lose access to family planning services, prenatal care, postpartum care and other health services. The heightened risk of female health and safety makes them vulnerable to disease, violence and death.
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studies also showed a significant proportion of crisis-affected populations (between 5 and 30%) experiencing depression. Though a few large studies have been conducted, research gaps exist in investigating chronic mental health impacts of humanitarian crises, which is why these estimates have so much variation. PTSD along with moderate to severe depression and anxiety can be life-long disorders without adequate and prompt treatment.
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occurs in a large region, the area may be susceptible to air pollution, dust clouds, release of carcinogenic gases and others. Forest ecological wildlife, for example, is severely impacted by such events. In the cases of water natural disasters such as floods and tsunamis, extensive damage due to the water is prevalent. Fish, corals and other ocean life is impacted, which further impacts the livelihoods of fishermen.
416:. The UNISDR, led by the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary General for Disaster Risk Reduction, serves, “…as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities". A component of UNISDR work is implementation of the
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distress, displacement of individuals and families, and prolonged disruption in normal daily activities. On the other hand, crisis from manmade disasters such as wars, social unrest, protests, conflicts, and terrorist attacks have a broad range of impacts on the physical, mental, and social well-being of the individuals affected.
142:) is defined as a singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or well-being of a community or large group of people. It may be an internal or external conflict and usually occurs throughout a large land area. Local, national and international responses are necessary in such events.
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In addition to the coordination aspect and its significance in humanitarian crisis management provided by NGOs, there is another potential strategy highlighting efficient communication to implement sufficient responses. NGOs often have to work with a diverse set of actors which may present challenges
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There is no singular solution to any one humanitarian crisis. Often, the primary cause of a humanitarian crisis is intertwined with several other factors. Further, one repercussion can lead to another which may lead to another. For instance, in the case of a flood, fish and ocean life is impacted, an
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The WHO and the Inter-Agency
Standing Committee (IASC) recommend that mental health care should be an integral part of emergency response during a humanitarian crisis. The type of mental health care provided can range and vary based on the context and resources but can include mental health first aid
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deal with aiding particularly women suffering from various types of humanitarian crises. According to the Women's
Refugee Commission, during the first hours of a humanitarian crisis, women and young children are at most risk. During such an event, agencies and organizations approach matters variably.
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Humanitarian crisis may arise from both natural and human-made conflicts and disasters. Humanitarian crisis from natural disasters include tsunami, earthquake, hurricane, floods, droughts, and wildfires that may result in disruption through damage to property, physical injury and death, psychological
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impacts can cause additional concerns for populations affected by humanitarian crises. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that one in five individuals in a disaster-impacted population may already suffer from a mental health disorder that could then be exacerbated by the disaster context.
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If it occurs as a cause of humanitarian crisis, the society would have been in a state of civil insecurity and economic shortfalls, which could cause the government to collapse. This can also result from food insecurity, famines, corruptions and various other issues. Direct effects of this situation
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nuclear accidents, chemical explosions) and long-term human-made disasters related to "civil strife, civil war and international war". Internationally, the humanitarian response sector has tended to distinguish between natural disasters and complex emergencies which are related to armed conflict and
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There is no simple categorization of humanitarian crises. Different communities and agencies tend to have definitions related to the concrete situations they face. A local fire service will tend to focus on issues such as flooding and weather induced crises. Medical and health related organizations
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Besides the attention to efficient coordination of actors and the recognition of diverse environments of communication, NGOs can also adopt strategic thinking in their work with humanitarian crises. What identifies the approach of strategic thinking is an overarching awareness of the environment of
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had suffered from violent discrimination and denial of human rights for an extensive period. The
Myanmar government prevented aid from both the UN and neighboring countries to support the ongoing crisis. Instead, the Indonesian government established a strategic cluster of cooperation between local
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OCHA is a United
Nations office, “…responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies." OCHA's leader operates as both the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and as the Emergency Relief Coordinator, advocating for increased awareness of,
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The stress of a humanitarian crisis can cause acute, or short-term, anxiety in the population of people affected. Humanitarian crises often displace people from their homes and cut off their access to resources, which affects their ability to meet their basic needs and creates significant anxiety.
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such as tornadoes, tsunamis and earthquakes, these incidences leave environmental and ecological impacts on the regions affected. The aftermaths of natural disasters can lead to a significant decrease in natural resources while making the region prone to future issues. For example, if a forest fire
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INGOs and NGOs are part of the clustered system of responsible actors in the management of humanitarian crises. They share organizational characteristics of a detachment from state association and a position of objectivity but differ in their level of operation. INGOs operate internationally, and
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To aid coordination during the humanitarian programme cycle, the UN established the
Cluster Approach. Clusters are groups of humanitarian organizations with explicit responsibilities for coordinating action within each humanitarian sector. Preparedness is fundamental to the Cluster Approach, with
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Socially, women and children (mostly girls) receive a significantly decreased amount of attention in response to humanitarian crises. Women and children make up 3 quarters of refugees or displaced persons at risk post-crisis. A quarter of this population is of reproduction age and a fifth of this
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By expanding the responsibility for humanitarian crises beyond the UN's singular authority, the number of actors involved in the coordination of the system has simultaneously increased. Requiring further attention to efficient cooperation in-between actors. Specifically, human-made crises, which
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strengthening homes, preparing emergency kits, etc.) and into behavioral preparedness (training, early warning, disaster insurance, etc.). The international community possesses five key to key entities for guidance programming, research, and funding for disaster preparedness capacity-building:
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If left untreated, acute mental health impacts from humanitarian crises can become chronic conditions. Large studies estimate that anywhere between 9 and 40% of refugee populations suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) brought on by the crisis that led to their refugee status. These
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Economic issues can lead to humanitarian crises or humanitarian crises can lead to economic downfalls. If it occurs after a humanitarian crisis affects a nation, it is imperative to return the livelihoods in the economic settings of the nation. One of the critical needs on the Women's
Refugee
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However, the top critical requirements within hours and months of the crises include: keeping the refugees and internally displaced persons away from danger, allowing access to fundamental needs such as food and healthcare, identification information, preventing sexual violence and others.
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Disaster preparedness is critical to building both national and international capacity to prevent, respond to, and recover from humanitarian emergencies. Disaster preparedness activities can be categorized into material preparedness (building to code, avoiding building in hazardous areas,
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The El Niño weather pattern is expected to exacerbate hunger, displacement, and health risks globally. Governments and organizations like the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization are focusing on anticipatory action and early response to mitigate the effects of climate-induced damage.
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According to the World Bank data, there is a worrying water scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa. The
Stockholm International Water Institute emphasizes the need for urgent action in water policy, and suggests decentralizing decision-making to better manage the crisis.
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Each humanitarian crisis is caused by different factors and as a result, each different humanitarian crisis requires a unique response targeted towards the specific sectors affected. This can result in either short-term or long-term damage. Humanitarian crises can either be
519:(UN) serves as the primary international actor in humanitarian crisis oversight but has extended responsibilities and management roles to improve the efficiency of crisis responses. With the development of a cluster system, the UN's official organs have incorporated
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Commission's list is providing education and economic opportunities in order to maintain the economic qualities of the region. It is done by using the skills of the displaced persons or refugees involved to provide them with opportunities to gain income.
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The IASC provides a forum for both UN-affiliated and non-UN-affiliated organizations to coordinate action regarding humanitarian policies, advocacy, and response evaluation and improvement. In 2005, the IASC released its
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433:, helping affected nations by working with member National Societies and the international community to prepare for, respond to, and recover from “…natural and man-made disasters in non-conflict situations."
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leaders within each global cluster working to build international capacity by developing standards, setting policy, and sharing leading practices for their sector before a humanitarian emergency occurs.
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provide guidance countries and humanitarians can implement for risk assessment and preparedness planning. Additionally, IASC also oversees global humanitarian clusters as a part of the Cluster Approach.
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is an example that recognizes the unique position NGOs have and the responsibilities they serve in the international community. The crisis was acknowledged internationally when the ethnic group of the
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So experts exclude that to address such crises it is possible to deny essential goods or pledging any action not to alleviate the suffering:if it continues too long, people will get violent.
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197:. For these reasons, humanitarian crises are often interconnected and complex and several national and international agencies play roles in the repercussions of the incidences.
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In addition to these five disaster preparedness entities, there is a multiplicity of government donor agencies that fund disaster preparedness activities, including the
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preparedness for, and response to humanitarian emergencies worldwide. As the Emergency Relief Coordinator, the OCHA lead also chairs the Inter-Agency Standing Committee.
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Mental health disorders included in this estimate range from mild anxiety and/or depression to severe and persistent conditions like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
158:. In such cases, complex emergencies occur as a result of several factors or events that prevent a large group of people from accessing their fundamental needs, such as
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1413:"Psychological and social interventions for the prevention of mental disorders in people living in low- and middle-income countries affected by humanitarian crises"
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with 10 protocols to, “…improve the effectiveness of humanitarian response through greater predictability, accountability, responsibility and partnership".
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1470:"The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research"
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Papola, Davide; Purgato, Marianna; Gastaldon, Chiara; Bovo, Chiara; van Ommeren, Mark; Barbui, Corrado; Tol, Wietse A. (8 September 2020).
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at Tufts University works to understand and find solutions to the intersection of various factors that contribute to humanitarian crisis.
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Kusuma, Ardli Johan; Firman, Firman; Harakan, Ahmad; Setiawan, M. Chairil Akbar; Faedlulloh, Dodi; Ferdian, Komang Jaka (26 July 2021).
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252:(IFRC) lists categories which include different types of natural disasters, technological disasters (i.e. hazardous material spills,
1948:. In Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges: New York: Routledge. pp. 239–265.
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1709:. Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges: New York: Routledge. pp. 181–202.
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1746:. Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges: New York: Routledge. pp. 13–48.
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Technological and Natural Disasters and Ecological Problems: Similarities and Differences in Planning for and Managing Them
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Blackmore, R.; Boyle, J. A.; Fazel, M.; Ranasinha, S.; Gray, K. M.; Fitzgerald, G.; Misso, M.; Gibson-Helm, M. (2020).
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731:"Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines"
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1841:"Responding to the Humanitarian Crisis of the Rohingya in Myanmar: A Comparison between the Role of State and NGOs"
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Irrera, Daniela (2011). "Civil Society and Humanitarian Action: NGOs' Roles in Peace Support Operations".
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498:, and others. Additionally, there are many philanthropies that support disaster preparedness, such as the
1362:"The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1113:"Natural Disasters & Environmental Hazards - Chapter 2 - 2012 Yellow Book - Travelers' Health - CDC"
1083:"Groupe URD – Trainer's Guide "Integrating the Environment into Humanitarian Action and Early Recovery""
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typically require an accentuated or punctuated mass-event to justify a label of "crisis" or "disaster".
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Managing Refugee-Assistance Crises in the Twenty-First Century: The Intercultural Communication Factor
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and other major emergencies. If such a crisis causes large movements of people it could also become a
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1299:"Improving humanitarian assistance across sectors through mental health and psychosocial support"
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Humanitarian Experts Debate Trump's Use Of The Term 'Humanitarian Crisis', NPR24, January 9, 2019
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Many actors are involved in the strategic management of humanitarian crises and emergencies. The
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903:"Women's Refugee Commission – Top 10 Needs Facing Refugees and Those Displaced in Emergencies"
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http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/education-training/complex-humanitarian-emergency-program
2002:
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Testing the Water: How Water Scarcity Could Destabilise the Middle East and North Africa
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may amount to a humanitarian crisis, especially where there are increasing levels of
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Fiscale, Anna; Missoni, Eduardo (2014). Missoni, Eduardo; Alesani, Daniele (eds.).
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Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers
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United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)
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The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction implements the
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are naturally focused on sudden crises to the health of a community.
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1892:. Harvard University: The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations.
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International Institutions: classification and main characteristics
963:"Humanitarian coordination – The international humanitarian system"
872:"Women's Refugee Commission – Humanitarian Crises Around the World"
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Koehn, Peter; Bo-Yuen Ngai, Phyllis (2014). Farazmand, Ali (ed.).
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United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
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United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID)
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The IFRC operates around the globe and across all phases of the
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
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include human rights violations, violence and mass murders.
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Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
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BBC Report on humanitarian crises in Sri Lanka, April 2009
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United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
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Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
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Cueto, Lavinia Javier; Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2021).
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Working Through Ambiguity: International NGOs in Myanmar
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General coordination of responses to crisis situations
1669:"What is the Cluster Approach? | HumanitarianResponse"
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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
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The 10 Most Underreported Humanitarian Crises of 2006
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The 10 Most Underreported Humanitarian Crises of 2005
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Large threat to the health and safety of many people
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Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
531:(NGOs) into the coordination of crisis management.
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1210:"Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)"
1198:(Report). European Council on Foreign Relations.
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316:In the cases of humanitarian crises, especially
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1170:"Confronting Water Scarcity in North Africa"
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1888:Saha, Soubhik Ronnie (2011).
1673:www.humanitarianresponse.info
710:"Humanitarian workshop flyer"
680:> Retrieved on 4 May 2013.
350:Chronic mental health impacts
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1544:"Building a Better Response"
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1997:Hazard and emergency types
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213:An ongoing or lingering
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368:Sustainable solutions
329:Mental health impacts
273:
140:humanitarian disaster
126:
60:"Humanitarian crisis"
2029:Emergency management
1725:Perspectives (Praha)
1507:"Who we are - UNDRR"
579:Emergency management
152:human-made disasters
45:improve this article
2034:Humanitarian crises
735:Behavioral Sciences
715:14 May 2013 at the
136:humanitarian crisis
1330:. 4 October 2019.
913:on 9 February 2015
748:10.3390/bs11050064
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62: –
61:
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56:Find sources:
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34:This article
32:
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1851:(1): 23–34.
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1681:. Retrieved
1672:
1646:. Retrieved
1637:
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1616:. Retrieved
1607:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1577:
1574:"Who We Are"
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1547:
1519:. Retrieved
1510:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
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1151:. Retrieved
1142:
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1123:17 September
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
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1028:The Guardian
1027:
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911:the original
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235:tuberculosis
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168:safe shelter
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1731:(1): 85–46.
1338:13 December
1309:13 December
1278:13 December
1245:13 December
164:clean water
156:emergencies
154:or complex
2018:Categories
1683:25 October
1648:25 October
1618:25 October
1588:25 October
1558:25 October
1521:25 October
1219:25 January
1179:25 January
1153:9 February
1097:9 February
1067:25 January
1041:25 January
1007:9 February
997:odihpn.org
977:9 February
967:unicef.org
947:9 February
917:9 February
886:9 February
855:9 February
569:Aid agency
201:Categories
71:newspapers
1922:cite book
1875:236445949
1867:1835-3800
1783:1816-3831
1437:1469-493X
1143:panda.org
1061:France 24
1036:0261-3077
845:unfpa.org
741:(5): 64.
635:Footnotes
359:Responses
223:infection
219:virulence
179:epidemics
175:conflicts
2005:Archived
1979:Archived
1677:Archived
1642:Archived
1612:Archived
1582:Archived
1552:Archived
1515:Archived
1482:Archived
1480:: 1–39.
1455:32897548
1398:32956381
1332:Archived
1303:Archived
1272:Archived
1239:Archived
1147:Archived
1091:Archived
1001:Archived
971:Archived
941:Archived
933:"Themes"
880:Archived
849:Archived
819:Archived
789:Archived
785:ifrc.org
767:33946801
713:Archived
694:Archived
674:Archived
650:Archived
563:See also
548:Rohingya
441:Archived
276:Pakistan
231:bird flu
215:pandemic
101:May 2013
1791:1968221
1488:3 April
1446:8094402
1389:7505461
1087:urd.org
758:8147095
544:Myanmar
523:(IOs),
377:British
261:Impacts
85:scholar
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795:11 May
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494:, the
490:, the
257:wars.
239:cancer
183:famine
129:Bengal
87:
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1871:S2CID
1787:S2CID
92:JSTOR
78:books
1928:link
1863:ISSN
1820:ISBN
1779:ISSN
1685:2019
1650:2019
1620:2019
1590:2019
1578:OCHA
1560:2019
1523:2019
1490:2021
1451:PMID
1433:ISSN
1421:2020
1394:PMID
1340:2020
1311:2020
1280:2020
1247:2020
1221:2024
1181:2024
1155:2015
1125:2013
1099:2015
1069:2024
1043:2024
1032:ISSN
1009:2015
979:2015
949:2015
919:2015
888:2015
857:2015
827:2013
797:2020
763:PMID
468:and
248:The
227:AIDS
160:food
64:news
1985:by
1969:by
1853:doi
1812:doi
1771:doi
1441:PMC
1425:doi
1384:PMC
1374:doi
753:PMC
743:doi
385:war
233:or
166:or
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