Influenza A virus - Knowledge

859: 58: 1022: 1096:. Avian and pig influenza viruses can, on rare occasions, transmit to humans and cause zoonotic influenza virus infections; these infections are usually confined to people who have been in close contact with infected animals or material such as infected feces and meat, they do not spread to other humans. Symptoms of these infections in humans vary greatly; some are in asymptomatic or mild while others can cause severe disease, leading to severe pneumonia and death. A wide range of Influenza A virus subtypes have been found to cause zoonotic disease. 354: 79: 44: 1186: 888: 498: 269:" designates an IAV subtype that has a type-1 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. Almost all possible combinations of H (1 thru 16) and N (1 thru 11) have been isolated from wild birds. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms. 7206: 7194: 1325:

strain has evolved from an equine influenza avian virus which has adapted to sustained transmission among dogs. The H3N2 strain is derived from an avian influenza which jumped to dogs in 2004 in either Korea or China. It is likely that the virus persists in both animal shelters and kennels, as well as in farms where dogs are raised for meat production.

845:, takes place in the nucleus and involves two steps. The RdRp first of all transcribes the negative-sense viral genome into a positive-sense complimentary RNA (cRNA), then the cRNAs are used as templates to transcribe new negative-sense vRNA copies. These are exported from the nucleus and assemble near the cell membrane to form the core of new virions. 1394:

Stream 3. Minimizing the impact of pandemic, zoonotic, and seasonal epidemic influenza. This is principally concerned with vaccination - improving the effectiveness of vaccines, vaccine technology, as well as the speed with which an effective vaccine can be developed and ways in which vaccines can be

1371:

Influenza research includes efforts to understand how influenza viruses enter hosts, the relationship between influenza viruses and bacteria, how influenza symptoms progress, and why some influenza viruses are deadlier than others. Past pandemics, and especially the 1918 pandemic, are the subject of

1137:

As of June 2024, the influenza viruses which circulate widely in humans are IAV subtypes H1N1 and H2N3, together with Influenza B. Annual vaccination is the primary and most effective way to prevent influenza and influenza-associated complications, especially for high-risk groups. Vaccines against

1390:

Stream 2. Limiting the spread of pandemic, zoonotic and seasonal epidemic influenza. This is more broadly targeted at both pandemic and seasonal influenza, looking at the transmission of the virus between people and the ways in which it can spread globally, as well as the environmental and social

1324:

Most animals infected with canine influenza A will show symptoms such as coughing, runny nose, fever, lethargy, eye discharge, and a reduced appetite lasting anywhere from 2–3 weeks. There are two different influenza A dog flu viruses: one is an H3N8 virus and the other is an H3N2 virus. The H3N8

1290:

Signs of swine flu in pigs can include fever, depression, coughing (barking), discharge from the nose or eyes, sneezing, breathing difficulties, eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed. Some pigs infected with influenza, however, may show no signs of illness at all. Swine flu subtypes are

1248:

Because of the impact of avian influenza on economically important chicken farms, avian virus strains are classified as either highly pathogenic (and therefore potentially requiring vigorous control measures) or low pathogenic. The test for this is based solely on the effect on chickens - a virus

1239:

of a large variety of influenza A viruses, which they can spread over large distances in their annual migration. Symptoms of avian influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection, and on the species of bird affected. Symptoms of influenza in birds may include swollen

872:

The predominant natural reservoir of influenza viruses is thought to be wild waterfowl. The subtypes of influenza A virus are estimated to have diverged 2,000 years ago. Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of

387:

By definition, the subtyping scheme only takes into account the two outer proteins, not the at least 8 proteins internal to the virus. Almost all possible combinations of H (1 thru 16) and N (1 thru 11) have been isolated from wild birds. H17 and H18 have only been discovered in bats.

969:

in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. With reassortment between strains, an avian strain which does not affect humans may acquire characteristics from a different strain which enable it to infect and pass between humans - a

1309:

of one to three days. Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever, nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. EI is caused by two subtypes of influenza A viruses: H7N7 and H3N8, which have evolved from avian influenza A viruses.

315:

with the aim to inform development of both seasonal and pandemic vaccines. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. As well as human viruses, GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially

1002:

with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. As well as human viruses, GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially

907:", which was caused by a H2N2 subtype of the virus in which the genome segments coding for HA and NA appeared to have derived from avian influenza strains by reassortment, while the remainder of the genome was descended from the 1918 virus. The 1968 pandemic (" 1138:

the flu are trivalent or quadrivalent, providing protection against the dominant strains of IAV(H1N1) and IAV(H3N2), and one or two influenza B virus strains; the formulation is continually reviewed in order to match the predominant strains in circulation.

1398:

Stream 4. Optimizing the treatment of patients. This stream aims to reduce the impact of influenza by looking at methods of treatment, vulnerable groups, genetic predispositions, the interaction of influenza infection with other diseases, and influenza

296:, usually as a result of close contact with infected animals; symptoms range from mild to severe including death. Bird-adapted strains of the virus can be asymptomatic in some aquatic birds but lethal if they spread to other species, such as chickens. 525:

Core - The central core of the virion contains the viral RNA genome, which is made of eight separate segments. The nucleoprotein (NP) coats the viral RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein that assumes a helical (spiral) configuration. Three large proteins

1201:. The onset of symptoms is sudden, and initial symptoms are predominately non-specific: a sudden fever; muscle aches; cough; fatigue; sore throat; headache; difficulty sleeping; loss of appetite; diarrhoea or abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting. 1060:

Days are shorter during the winter, and lack of sunlight leads to low levels of vitamin D and melatonin, both of which require sunlight for their generation. This compromises our immune systems, which in turn decreases ability to fight the

384:" designates an influenza A subtype that has a type-5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's behavior. 978:

among humans since the 1900s originated from strains circulating in wild aquatic birds through reassortment with other influenza strains. It is possible (though not certain) that pigs may act as an intermediate host for reassortment.

932:

Influenza A virus continues to circulate and evolve in birds and pigs. Almost all possible combinations of H (1 thru 16) and N (1 thru 11) have been isolated from wild birds. As of June 2024, two particularly virulent IAV strains -

1406:

Stream 5. Promoting the development and application of modern public health tools. Aiming to improve the ways in which public policy can combat influenza; this includes the introduction of new technologies, epidemic and pandemic

1291:

principally H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; it is spread either through close contact between animals or by the movement of contaminated equipment between farms. Humans who are in close contact with pigs can sometimes become infected.

548:

consists of a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell. Two viral proteins; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are inserted into the envelope and are exposed as spikes on the surface of the virion. Both proteins are

561:

The table below presents a concise summary of the influenza genome and the principal functions of the proteins which are encoded. Segments are conventionally numbered from 1 to 8 in descending order of length.

553:; a host's immune system can react to them and produce antibodies in response. The M2 protein forms an ion channel in the envelope and is responsible for uncoating the virion once it has bound to a host cell. 1144:- it is possible to vaccinate poultry and pigs against specific strains of influenza. Vaccination should be combined with other control measures such as infection monitoring, early detection and biosecurity. 1042:. The season occurs during the cold half of the year in temperate regions; November through February in the northern hemisphere and May to October in the southern hemisphere. Flu seasons also exist in the 901:", which caused an estimated 20 to 50 million deaths worldwide. It is now known that this was caused by an immunologically novel H1N1 subtype of influenza A. The next pandemic took place in 1957, the " 1383:

Stream 1. Reducing the risk of emergence of pandemic influenza. This stream is entirely focused on preventing and limiting pandemic influenza; this includes research into what characteristics make a

1387:

either mild or deadly, worldwide surveillance of influenza A viruses with pandemic potential, and the prevention and management of potentially zoonotic influenza in domestic and farmed animals.

923:) which was antigenically very different from previous H1N1 strains, leading to a pandemic in 2009. Because of its close resemblance to some strains circulating in pigs, this became known as " 4456: 1099:

Zoonotic infections can be prevented by good hygiene, by preventing farmed animals from coming into contact with wild animals, and by using appropriate personal protective equipment.

880:

in 142 BCE. The historian Fujikawa listed 46 epidemics of flu-like illness in Japan between 862 and 1868. In Europe and the Americas, a number of epidemics were recorded through the

5388: 5383: 1057:

During the winter, people spend more time indoors with the windows sealed, so they are more likely to breathe the same air as someone who has the flu and thus contract the virus.

1212:, usually as a result of close contact with infected animals or contaminated material; symptoms generally resemble seasonal flu but occasionally can be severe including death. 768:

in the viral envelope, which is activated once a virion has bound to a host cell. This uncoats the virus, exposing its infective contents to the cytoplasm of the host cell

237:

in humans. Mammals in which different strains of IAV circulate with sustained transmission are bats, pigs, horses and dogs; other mammals can occasionally become infected.

831:

for the transcription of positive-sense viral mRNA using the negative-sense viral RNA as a template. The host cell then transports the viral mRNA into the cytoplasm where

711:

At a later stage of infection, newly manufactured viral RNA segments assemble with the NP protein and polymerase (PB1, PB2 and PA) to form the core of a progeny virion

1050:, with variability from region to region. Annually, about 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000 to 650,000 deaths from seasonal flu occur worldwide. 321: 3466: 2033: 914:) was caused by a H3N2 subtype in which the NA segment was derived from the 1957 virus, while the HA segment had been reassorted from an avian strain of influenza. 6769: 380:, there are 18 known types of hemagglutinin and 11 types of neuraminidase. Subtypes of IAV are classified by their combination of H and N proteins. For example, " 1257:) if 75% or more of chickens die after being deliberately infected with it, or if it is genetically similar to such a strain. The alternative classification is 396:

Due to the high variability of the virus, subtyping is not sufficient to uniquely identify a strain of influenza A virus. To unambiguously describe a specific

4617: 3965: 2422: 5543: 1951: 258:

the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another.

6192: 989: 308: 4791: 5784: 7308: 5049:

The threat of pandemic influenza : are we ready? : workshop summary / prepared for Forum on Microbial Threats, Board on Global Health

873:

influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago.

7321: 6783: 2160: 1408: 1158:

The main treatment for mild influenza is supportive; rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medicines to alleviate symptoms while the body's own

4464: 792:

Cooperates with the M1 protein to mediate the export of viral RNA copies from nucleus into cytoplasm in the late stage of viral replication

3305:

Figure 1 shows a diagramatic representation of the genetic relatedness of Asian H5N1 hemagglutinin genes from various isolates of the virus

3088: 3032: 5002:

Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, et al. (September 2005). "Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans".

3684: 1925: 858: 6449: 6280: 4961: 4107: 4075: 2156: 1276:

requires all detections of LPAI H5 and H7 subtypes to be reported because of their potential to mutate into highly pathogenic strains.

522:) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape; larger virions have a filamentous shape. 6320: 5833: 1305:

Equine influenza can affect horses, donkeys, and mules; it has a very high rate of transmission among horses, and a relatively short

619: 7295: 1102:

As of June 2024, there is concern about two subtypes of avian influenza which are circulating in wild bird populations worldwide,

684:

Part of the viral envelope, a protein that binds the virion to host cells, enabling the virus’s RNA genetic material to invade it

728:

Part of the viral envelope. NA enables the newly assembled virions to escape the host cell and go on to propagate the infection.

2007: 436:) indicates that the sample was collected in 2021. No species is mentioned so by default, the sample was collected from a human. 5939: 3572: 2393:

This Memorandum was drafted by the signatories listed on page 590 on the occasion of a meeting held in Geneva in February 1980.

828: 6185: 5977: 5944: 5123: 5104: 5080: 1528: 630:

An accessory protein of most IAVs. Not needed for virus replication and growth, it interferes with the host immune response.

3713: 1166:

are recommended for those with severe symptoms, or for those who are at risk of developing complications such as pneumonia.

6413: 4111: 1273: 730:

NA also facilitates the movement of infective virus particles through mucus, enabling them to reach host epithelial cells.

6470: 5480: 5192: 5154: 4081: 3140: 5511: 2923:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary. Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats

1821: 5063:

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents

6789: 6315: 6272: 5683: 5678: 5485: 5056: 3061:

Knobler SL, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon SM, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats) (2005).

2017: 1265:

and does not predict severity of symptoms in other species. Chickens infected with LPAI display mild symptoms or are

1115: 2585: 6775: 6704: 6178: 5791: 5746: 903: 65: 17: 7326: 4133:

Call SA, Vollenweider MA, Hornung CA, Simel DL, McKinney WP (February 2005). "Does this patient have influenza?".

3966:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza – Available vaccines and vaccination strategies" 1453: 941:- are predominant in wild bird populations. These frequently cause outbreaks in domestic poultry, with occasional 5771: 5378: 5373: 5368: 3991: 3599: 1261:(LPAI). Classification of a virus strain as either LPAI or HPAI is based on the severity of symptoms in domestic 2414: 1110:. Both of these have potential to devastate poultry stocks, and both have jumped to humans with relatively high 534:, and PA), which are responsible for RNA transcription and replication, are bound to each segment of viral RNP. 78: 6374: 6360: 5557: 5455: 5398: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 3741:"Recent Changes in Patterns of Mammal Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Worldwide" 1107: 1103: 938: 934: 381: 266: 4918: 4402: 1240:

head, watery eyes, unresponsiveness, lack of coordination, respiratory distress such as sneezing or gurgling.

1064:

The influenza virus may survive better in colder, drier climates, and therefore be able to infect more people.

876:

Outbreaks of influenza-like disease can be found throughout recorded history. The first probable record is by

376:. Different influenza virus genomes encode different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Based on their 6735: 1026:

Seasonal variation in deaths due to influenza or pneumonia in 122 U.S. cities, as a proportion of all causes.

6812: 1269:, whereas HPAI causes serious breathing difficulties, significant drop in egg production, and sudden death. 6579: 6573: 6484: 6478: 6368: 3263: 2233: 1340: 807: 799: 3114: 7260: 6942: 6868: 6862: 6535: 5572: 5490: 5475: 4787: 1352: 4856:

Taubenberger JK, Baltimore D, Doherty PC, Markel H, Morens DM, Webster RG, et al. (November 2012).

2555: 1482: 404:

which describes, among other things, the subtype, year, and place of collection. Some examples include:

7349: 7184: 598: 5040: 303:

control measures are preferred. In humans, seasonal influenza can be treated in its early stages with

6999: 6606: 6143: 5970: 5918: 5533: 3577:

Science in the News, a Graduate Student Group at the Harvard Graduate School of the Arts and Sciences

1376: 999: 679: 511: 369: 244: 5016: 537:

Capsid - The matrix protein M1 forms a layer between the nucleoprotein and the envelope, called the

7354: 6708: 6620: 6525: 6355: 6328: 6300: 6233: 708:

which transports it into the host cell nucleus, where the viral RNA is transcribed and replicated.

397: 3508:

Hirve S, Newman LP, Paget J, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Fitzner J, Bhat N, et al. (27 April 2016).

2152: 1690: 6504: 6100: 5875: 5761: 5731: 5726: 5620: 5425: 5147: 4246: 2102:"Subtyping influenza A virus with monoclonal antibodies and an indirect immunofluorescence assay" 925: 803: 6170: 7313: 7222: 6898: 6876: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6698: 6636: 6530: 6491: 6294: 5934: 5736: 5538: 5506: 5441: 5011: 2616:

Krammer F, Smith GJ, Fouchier RA, Peiris M, Kedzierska K, Doherty PC, et al. (June 2018).

919: 492: 477: 5070: 6883: 6464: 6334: 6305: 5516: 4017: 2980: 962: 867: 779: 3655: 3264:

The World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network (October 2005).

2061:"Serological characteristics of a "new" serotype of influenza A virus: the Hong Kong strain" 1021: 7282: 7147: 6979: 6614: 6443: 5963: 5526: 3521: 2100:

Johnson J, Higgins A, Navarro A, Huang Y, Esper FL, Barton N, et al. (February 2012).

1236: 742: 657: 73: 4350: 3440: 3317: 2954: 2937: 8: 6565: 6286: 5586: 5470: 5187: 4986: 4730:

Ciminski K, Ran W, Gorka M, Lee J, Malmlov A, Schinköthe J, et al. (December 2019).

4517: 4221:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds" 1426: 1153: 942: 751:, which coats the viral nucleoproteins and supports the structure of the viral envelope. 3765: 3740: 3525: 2881: 2808: 2781: 2311: 1715: 261:

Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic H and N proteins in the

6959: 6954: 6668: 6424: 6055: 5718: 5660: 5407: 5177: 5140: 4967: 4882: 4857: 4838: 4769: 4756: 4731: 4707: 4680: 4569: 4544: 4225:

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency

4220: 3942: 3915: 3891: 3866: 3842: 3815: 3544: 3509: 3368: 3343: 3290: 3265: 3241: 3232: 3216: 3192: 3167: 2902: 2893: 2857: 2832: 2752: 2725: 2696: 2671: 2642: 2617: 2526: 2501: 2470: 2445: 2379: 2362: 2285: 2260: 2210: 2126: 2101: 2077: 2060: 1902: 1877: 1850: 1666: 1641: 1617: 1590: 1111: 1034:

is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of

824: 4428: 4332: 4307: 3624: 3417: 3392: 1978: 895:

In 1918-1919 came the first flu pandemic of the 20th century, known generally as the "

7359: 7269: 7132: 7083: 7064: 7045: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6740: 6645: 6349: 6227: 5741: 5670: 5182: 5119: 5100: 5076: 5052: 5029: 4887: 4830: 4826: 4773: 4761: 4732:"Bat influenza viruses transmit among bats but are poorly adapted to non-bat species" 4712: 4574: 4376: 4288: 4271:

Alexander DJ, Brown IH (April 2009). "History of highly pathogenic avian influenza".

4150: 3947: 3896: 3847: 3770: 3549: 3422: 3373: 3295: 3246: 3197: 3014: 2959: 2862: 2813: 2757: 2701: 2672:"The influenza A virus genome packaging network - complex, flexible and yet unsolved" 2647: 2531: 2475: 2384: 2290: 2215: 2131: 2082: 2013: 1907: 1671: 1622: 1542: 1534: 1524: 1421: 1306: 1132: 1039: 759: 5047:

Mahmoud (2005). Stacey L. Knobler, Alison Mack, Mahmoud A, Stanley M. Lemon (eds.).

4842: 7274: 7107: 6817: 6497: 6429: 6310: 6241: 6108: 6070: 5883: 5828: 5818: 5756: 5420: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5223: 5021: 4990: 4877: 4869: 4822: 4751: 4743: 4702: 4692: 4654: 4564: 4556: 4280: 4142: 3937: 3927: 3886: 3878: 3837: 3827: 3760: 3752: 3539: 3529: 3412: 3404: 3363: 3355: 3285: 3277: 3236: 3228: 3217:"New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China" 3187: 3179: 2949: 2897: 2889: 2852: 2844: 2803: 2793: 2747: 2737: 2691: 2683: 2637: 2629: 2521: 2513: 2465: 2457: 2374: 2280: 2272: 2205: 2195: 2121: 2113: 2072: 1897: 1889: 1661: 1653: 1612: 1602: 1516: 1384: 1319: 1300: 784:

Counteracts the host’s natural immune response and inhibits interferon production.

700:

The nucleoprotein associates with the viral RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP).

337:

There are two methods of classification, one based on surface proteins (originally

217: 163: 7071: 5089: 4487: 3789: 2517: 2363:"A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO memorandum" 1741: 1515:. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). Vol. 2123. pp. 429–450. 7198: 7031: 6936: 6856: 6845: 6716: 6680: 6600: 6386: 6247: 5856: 5840: 4697: 3629: 3534: 3408: 2848: 2200: 2183: 1520: 1363:. Bat influenza viruses have been found to be poorly adapted to non-bat species. 1285: 1226: 1209: 1205: 953:

Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of

468:

This example carries an unusual designation in the last part: instead of a usual

293: 289: 151: 139: 127: 4560: 4103: 2833:"Biochemical principles and inhibitors to interfere with viral capping pathways" 2337:"Influenza A Subtypes and the Species Affected | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC" 2336: 1767: 1564:"Influenza A Subtypes and the Species Affected | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC" 1563: 7210: 6267: 6159: 5595: 5202: 4169: 3882: 3359: 3062: 2918: 2798: 2444:

Dadonaite B, Vijayakrishnan S, Fodor E, Bhella D, Hutchinson EC (August 2016).

1163: 821: 545: 353: 342: 304: 281: 262: 241: 4858:"Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus: unexpected rewards from the past" 4747: 4069: 3932: 3832: 2670:

Jakob C, Paul-Stansilaus R, Schwemmle M, Marquet R, Bolte H (September 2022).

2633: 2182:

Tong S, Zhu X, Li Y, Shi M, Zhang J, Bourgeois M, et al. (October 2013).

1411:, and the communication of accurate and trustworthy information to the public. 7343: 7245: 6262: 6257: 6205: 6113: 5888: 5751: 4592: 4518:"Key Facts about Canine Influenza (Dog Flu) | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC" 3467:"70 years of GISRS – the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System" 2742: 2034:"70 years of GISRS – the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System" 1878:"The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission" 1538: 1334: 1159: 1053:

There are several possible reasons for the winter peak in temperate regions:

909: 817: 723: 695: 373: 115: 57: 4996: 3816:"Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment" 1508: 704: 7123: 6973: 6651: 6512: 6123: 6002: 5898: 5521: 5197: 5033: 4891: 4834: 4765: 4716: 4578: 4457:"Equine Influenza: Respiratory Diseases of Horses: Merck Veterinary Manual" 4292: 4284: 4154: 4146: 3951: 3900: 3851: 3774: 3756: 3553: 3377: 3299: 3281: 3250: 3201: 2963: 2866: 2817: 2761: 2705: 2651: 2535: 2479: 2294: 2219: 2135: 1911: 1675: 1626: 1546: 1266: 966: 255: 4873: 4642: 3916:"Towards a universal influenza vaccine: different approaches for one goal" 3510:"Influenza Seasonality in the Tropics and Subtropics - When to Vaccinate?" 3426: 3215:

Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, et al. (December 2005).

3018: 2687: 2388: 2086: 7254: 7163: 7112: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7076: 7050: 7020: 6922: 6761: 6673: 6656: 6591: 6252: 6128: 6085: 6012: 6007: 5986: 5903: 5630: 5625: 5613: 5415: 5025: 3183: 2726:"Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement" 2461: 2117: 1607: 1194: 897: 881: 877: 765: 300: 273: 43: 7300: 4790:. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 13 March 2017. 2276: 1657: 1185: 1067:

Cold air reduces the ability of the nasal membranes to resist infection.

887: 497: 7013: 6797: 6554: 6075: 6017: 5861: 5779: 5655: 5608: 5603: 5207: 5068: 3494:

See section 'Pneumonia and Influenza (P&I) Mortality Surveillance'

1351:. In 2012 a second bat influenza A virus IAV(H18N11) was discovered in 1232: 1198: 1047: 1016: 974:

event. It is thought that all influenza A viruses causing outbreaks or

665: 592: 299:

IAV disease in poultry can be can be prevented by vaccination, however

234: 2234:"Influenza Virus Genome Sequencing and Genetic Characterization | CDC" 1893: 1339:

The first bat flu virus, IAV(H17N10), was first discovered in 2009 in

7058: 7039: 7006: 6994: 6988: 6967: 6913: 6841: 6727: 6689: 6458: 6437: 6343: 6221: 6213: 6201: 6138: 6133: 5913: 5908: 5688: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5163: 4194: 4018:"What People Who Raise Pigs Need To Know About Influenza (Flu) | CDC" 3600:"Scientists finally know why people get more colds and flu in winter" 3391:

Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (March 1992).

3166:

Sanjuán R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R (October 2010).

1792: 1348: 1189:

Symptoms of influenza, with fever and cough the most common symptoms.

1175: 1085: 1035: 995: 954: 842: 816:

The RdRp complex transcribes viral mRNAs by using a mechanism called

515: 312: 288:

that may be fatal. Humans can rarely become infected with strains of

285: 247: 103: 7216: 4957: 4658: 3992:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus" 2669: 789:

NEP (Nuclear Export Protein, formerly NS2 non-structural protein 2)

518:, enclosed in a lipid envelope. The virus particle (also called the 7239: 7156: 6803: 6545: 6401: 6090: 6050: 3739:

Plaza PI, Gamarra-Toledo V, Euguí JR, Lambertucci SA (March 2024).

3738: 1956:

UK Government - Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs

1081: 1077: 1004: 975: 971: 891:

Timeline of flu pandemics and epidemics caused by influenza A virus

832: 661: 377: 365: 338: 317: 251: 222: 4855: 3491: 2443: 702:

At the early stage of infection, the RNP binds to the host cell’s

660:

in the PA segment. Inhibits innate host immune responses, such as

7287: 6909: 6200: 6065: 6060: 6040: 6027: 5823: 5072:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?: Workshop Summary

3718:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

3507: 1400: 1262: 1043: 862:

Genetic evolution of human and swine influenza viruses, 1918–2009

550: 362: 277: 205: 3067:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary

798:

Three viral proteins - PB1, PB2, and PA - associate to form the

6518: 6080: 5693: 5043:

Congressional Research Service Report on Pandemic Preparedness.

2780:

Rashid F, Xie Z, Li M, Xie Z, Luo S, Xie L (13 December 2023).

1445: 994:

is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of

958: 748: 538: 230: 5955: 4919:"WHO public health research agenda for influenza: 2017 update" 4681:"Bats reveal the true power of influenza A virus adaptability" 1591:"Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment" 7169: 6928: 6560: 6118: 6045: 6035: 5994: 5893: 5069:

Mahmoud AA, Institute of Medicine, Knobler S, Mack A (2005).

3685:"Zoonotic influenza - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022" 3318:"Transmission of Bird Flu Viruses Between Animals and People" 2938:"Origin and evolution of influenza virus hemagglutinin genes" 1509:"A Brief Introduction to Influenza A Virus in Marine Mammals" 1093: 1089: 272:

Symptoms of human seasonal flu usually include fever, cough,

209: 90: 7205: 5132: 4132: 2782:"Roles and functions of IAV proteins in host immune evasion" 2724:

Dou D, Revol R, Östbye H, Wang H, Daniels R (20 July 2018).

1197:, although usually more severe and less likely to include a 945:

infections in humans who are in close contact with poultry.

4951: 4377:"Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu) in Pigs | CDC" 1360: 226: 4678: 2615: 2099: 1876:

Joseph U, Su YC, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJ (January 2017).

841:

The replication of the influenza virus, unlike most other

6395: 4980: 4044: 3390: 3165: 1875: 1855:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

453:

This example shows an additional field before the place:

4045:"Take everyday precautions to protect others while sick" 1589:

Shao W, Li X, Goraya MU, Wang S, Chen JL (August 2017).

917:

In the 21st century, a strain of H1N1 flu (since titled

457:. It indicates that the sample was collected from a pig. 4679:

Ciminski K, Pfaff F, Beer M, Schwemmle M (April 2020).

4339:. Animal Plant Health Inspection Service. October 2013. 3093:

CDC Archive: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

3060: 1372:

much research to understand and prevent flu pandemics.

1193:

The symptoms of seasonal flu are similar to those of a

3573:"The Reason for the Season: why flu strikes in winter" 2175: 2009:

Historical Dictionary of the World Health Organization

753:

M1 also assists with the function of the NEP protein.

7182: 5001: 3913: 3492:

CDC U.S. influenza season summary with weekly updates

2261:"At the centre: influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins" 2258: 2147: 2145: 1642:"At the centre: influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins" 1639: 1450:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

4813:

Potter CW (October 2001). "A history of influenza".

4542: 4251:

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)

2916: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 1243: 827:. Host cell mRNA is cleaved near the cap to yield a 820:. It consists in the hijacking and cleavage of host 250:, with a segmented genome. Through a combination of 5113: 5090:

Links to Bird Flu pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)

4729: 3914:Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Ross TM (January 2018). 3266:"Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia" 3007:

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

2184:"New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses" 1379:has published a Research Agenda with five streams: 341:), and the other based on its behavior, mainly the 4543:Wasik BR, Voorhees IE, Parrish CR (January 2021). 4355:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 4333:"National H5/H7 Avian Influenza surveillance plan" 3341: 2882:"Replication and Expression Strategies of Viruses" 2723: 2142: 1204:Humans can rarely become infected with strains of 5041:Pandemic Influenza: Domestic Preparedness Efforts 4351:"Factsheet on swine influenza in humans and pigs" 3441:"Factsheet on swine influenza in humans and pigs" 3159: 2925:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2486: 2259:Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (January 2015). 1640:Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (January 2015). 1506: 990:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System 418:indicates that the virus is an influenza A virus. 309:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System 7341: 3033:"CDC Archives : 1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus)" 2879: 1979:"What You Should Know about Flu Antiviral Drugs" 1588: 2917:Mahmoud SM, Alison M, Knobler SL, eds. (2005). 2775: 2773: 2771: 391: 324:in order to keep up with changes in the virus. 5075:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 4270: 3813: 3393:"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses" 3257: 2779: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2415:"Technical note: Influenza virus nomenclature" 1822:"Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis" 6186: 5971: 5148: 5051:. The National Academies Press. p. 285. 3115:"The next pandemic: H5N1 and H7N9 influenza?" 2830: 2499: 284:and, in severe cases, breathing problems and 4126: 2768: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2181: 957:. The segmentation of the influenza A virus 4618:"Characterization of bat influenza viruses" 4549:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 4433:WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health 3864: 3858: 3214: 2658: 2052: 1595:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 1121: 320:influenza viruses. IAV vaccines need to be 6450:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 6193: 6179: 5978: 5964: 5155: 5141: 4962:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4522:Centers for Disease Protection and Control 4492:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4381:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4312:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4174:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4108:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4076:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4049:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4022:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3794:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3322:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3037:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2611: 2609: 2607: 2341:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2238:Centers for Disease Prevention and Control 2157:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1983:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1746:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1695:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1568:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 56: 42: 6321:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 5015: 4881: 4755: 4706: 4696: 4672: 4568: 3941: 3931: 3890: 3841: 3831: 3814:Chow EJ, Doyle JD, Uyeki TM (June 2019). 3764: 3543: 3533: 3416: 3367: 3344:"Influenza: the once and future pandemic" 3342:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (April 2010). 3289: 3240: 3191: 2953: 2935: 2901: 2856: 2807: 2797: 2751: 2741: 2712: 2695: 2641: 2525: 2469: 2378: 2367:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2284: 2209: 2199: 2125: 2076: 2065:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1901: 1665: 1616: 1606: 620:mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein 616:A component of the viral RNA polymerase. 486: 2001: 1999: 1952:"Avian influenza (bird flu) vaccination" 1184: 1118:and may be adapting to mammalian hosts. 1092:) that has jumped from a non-human to a 1020: 886: 857: 853: 644:A component of the viral RNA polymerase 496: 352: 5094: 5046: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4337:United States Department of Agriculture 3597: 3004: 2604: 2553: 2500:Bouvier NM, Palese P (September 2008). 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2252: 2153:"Influenza Type A Viruses and Subtypes" 2058: 2005: 1882:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 1816: 1814: 1633: 601:to inhibit host innate immune response 476:. This was in order to distinguish the 14: 7342: 4812: 4806: 4451: 4449: 3907: 3708: 3706: 3679: 3677: 3650: 3648: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3485: 3141:"Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic)" 3089:"2009 H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 virus)" 2929: 1869: 1071: 884:and up to the end of the 19th century. 368:on the surface of the viral envelope, 7221: 7220: 6174: 5959: 5945:US influenza statistics by flu season 5136: 4987:Web focus: Warnings of a Flu Pandemic 4780: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4084:from the original on 27 December 2019 3459: 3208: 3056: 3054: 2975: 2973: 2955:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004105 2580: 2578: 2576: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2306: 2304: 1996: 1845: 1843: 1395:manufactured and delivered worldwide. 1169: 1038:, caused either by Influenza A or by 948: 448:A/swine/South Dakota/152B/2009 (H1N2) 4898: 4585: 4403:"2023: outbreaks of swine influenza" 4299: 4264: 3807: 3714:"Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential" 3384: 3335: 3309: 2398: 2026: 1811: 1558: 1556: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1274:World Organization for Animal Health 1114:. H5N1 in particular has infected a 627:PB1-F2 (Polymerase Basic 1-Frame 2) 6471:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 5004:The New England Journal of Medicine 4997:Nature Reports: Homepage: Avian Flu 4485: 4446: 4305: 4167: 4042: 3787: 3703: 3674: 3645: 3560: 3445:European Centre for Disease Control 3315: 2425:from the original on 10 August 2023 1976: 1765: 1739: 1688: 1682: 814:Viral messenger RNA Transcription - 442:indicates the subtype of the virus. 424:indicates the place of collection. 24: 5940:2017–2018 United States flu season 5114:Sobrino F, Mettenleiter T (2008). 5097:Influenza Virology: Current Topics 4940: 4505: 4114:from the original on 1 August 2020 4104:"Flu Symptoms & Complications" 3617: 3233:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005 3051: 2970: 2894:10.1016/B978-0-12-811257-1.00003-6 2573: 2542: 2502:"The biology of influenza viruses" 2301: 1840: 1456:from the original on 20 March 2020 1391:factors which affect transmission. 409:A/Rio de Janeiro/62434/2021 (H3N2) 68:micrograph of influenza A viruses 25: 7371: 6790:Severe acute respiratory syndrome 6316:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma 5679:Live attenuated influenza vaccine 5116:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology 4794:from the original on 10 June 2024 2831:Decroly E, Canard B (June 2017). 1733: 1553: 1507:Runstadler JA, Puryear W (2020). 1468: 1251:highly pathogenic avian influenza 1244:Highly pathogenic avian influenza 1162:works to recover from infection. 1080:a disease in a human caused by a 618:It also degrades the host cell’s 463:A/California/04/2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 428:is a laboratory sequence number. 357:Diagram of influenza nomenclature 332: 307:medicines. A global network, the 7204: 7192: 6776:Middle East respiratory syndrome 4827:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x 2419:Pan American Health Organization 2312:"FluGlobalNet - Avian Influenza" 2163:from the original on 1 June 2021 2106:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1768:"Avian Influenza Type A Viruses" 1716:"FluGlobalNet - Avian Influenza" 1215: 835:manufacture the viral proteins. 480:lineage from older H1N1 viruses. 77: 5985: 4849: 4815:Journal of Applied Microbiology 4723: 4635: 4610: 4536: 4479: 4421: 4395: 4369: 4343: 4325: 4273:Revue Scientifique et Technique 4239: 4213: 4187: 4161: 4096: 4062: 4036: 4010: 3984: 3958: 3781: 3732: 3591: 3501: 3433: 3133: 3107: 3081: 3069:. National Academies Press (US) 3025: 2998: 2948:(4). Ocford Academic: 501–509. 2942:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2910: 2880:Rampersad S, Tennant P (2018). 2873: 2824: 2622:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 2450:The Journal of General Virology 2446:"Filamentous influenza viruses" 2437: 2355: 2329: 2226: 2093: 1970: 1944: 1918: 1785: 1759: 1010: 982: 848: 311:(GISRS) monitors the spread of 51:Structure of influenza A virus 6375:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6361:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma 4070:"Flu Symptoms & Diagnosis" 3865:Dharmapalan D (October 2020). 3630:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3005:Shimizu K (October 1997). "". 2936:Suzuki Y, Nei M (April 2002). 1708: 1582: 1500: 1438: 1259:low pathogenic avian influenza 839:Replication of the viral RNA - 780:NS1 (non-structural protein 1) 400:of virus, researchers use the 13: 1: 5737:Russian flu (1889–1890) 5162: 4643:"New flu virus found in bats" 4545:"Canine and Feline Influenza" 3598:LaMotte S (6 December 2022). 2586:"Virology of human influenza" 2518:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039 1432: 1341:little yellow-shouldered bats 591:A component of the viral RNA 514:, single-stranded, segmented 402:Influenza virus nomenclature, 6580:Tropical spastic paraparesis 6485:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 4698:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008384 3871:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 3790:"Types of Influenza Viruses" 3745:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3535:10.1371/journal.pone.0153003 3498:, accessed 30 September 2020 3409:10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992 3270:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2919:"1, The Story of Influenza." 2849:10.1016/j.coviro.2017.04.003 2265:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2201:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003657 2012:. Rowman & Littlefield. 1926:"Avian influenza (bird flu)" 1742:"Types of Influenza Viruses" 1646:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 1521:10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_33 1353:flat-faced fruit-eating bats 1147: 998:with the aim to provide the 800:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 510:The influenza A virus has a 505: 392:Influenza virus nomenclature 7: 6943:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis 6863:Human parainfluenza viruses 6536:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 4561:10.1101/cshperspect.a038562 3996:Centers for Disease Control 2837:Current Opinion in Virology 1851:"Swine influenza in humans" 1415: 1366: 501:Influenza A virus structure 348: 327: 10: 7376: 5512:Transmission and infection 5118:. Caister Academic Press. 4978: 4949: 4788:"Influenza Basic Research" 4308:"Avian Influenza in Birds" 4199:National Health Service UK 3883:10.1007/s12098-020-03214-1 3360:10.1177/00333549101250S305 3119:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2981:"The History of Influenza" 2799:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323560 2554:Shaffer C (7 March 2018). 1772:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) 1691:"Influenza Type A Viruses" 1332: 1317: 1298: 1283: 1224: 1173: 1151: 1130: 1126: 1014: 865: 802:(RdRp) which functions to 490: 7229: 7146: 7122: 7030: 6953: 6908: 6897: 6726: 6688: 6667: 6635: 6607:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 6590: 6544: 6423: 6412: 6385: 6212: 6152: 6099: 6026: 5993: 5927: 5874: 5849: 5811: 5804: 5792:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017) 5770: 5732:Influenza pandemic (1557) 5727:Influenza pandemic (1510) 5717: 5706: 5669: 5594: 5585: 5565: 5556: 5499: 5463: 5454: 5434: 5406: 5397: 5252: 5216: 5170: 4923:World Health Organization 4748:10.1038/s41564-019-0556-9 4407:World Health Organization 4168:CDC (29 September 2022). 4110:(CDC). 26 February 2019. 3933:10.1186/s12985-017-0918-y 3833:10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9 3660:World Health Organization 3471:World Health Organization 3145:World Health Organization 2634:10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y 2590:World Health Organization 2038:World Health Organization 1930:European Medicines Agency 1487:World Health Organization 1377:World Health Organization 1294: 1180: 1142:Poultry and other animals 1000:World Health Organization 775: 772: 738: 735: 613:PB1 (Polymerase Basic 1) 609: 606: 588:PB2 (Polymerase Basic 2) 556: 225:with strains that infect 72: 64: 55: 50: 41: 34: 6709:Infectious mononucleosis 6526:Chandipura vesiculovirus 6356:Hepatocellular carcinoma 6301:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 6234:Hepatocellular carcinoma 5834:2007 Australian outbreak 3063:"The Story of Influenza" 2743:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581 1220: 1122:Prevention and treatment 6505:Encephalitis lethargica 6206:viral systemic diseases 5621:Neuraminidase inhibitor 5099:. Caister Academic Pr. 4958:Information on Bird Flu 3397:Microbiological Reviews 2786:Frontiers in Immunology 2730:Frontiers in Immunology 2556:"Influenza A Structure" 1797:National Health Service 1689:CDC (1 February 2024). 1328: 1313: 1279: 6877:Human orthopneumovirus 6531:Herpesviral meningitis 6492:Arbovirus encephalitis 5935:Influenza-like illness 5604:Adamantane derivatives 4461:www.merckvetmanual.com 4285:10.20506/rst.28.1.1856 4147:10.1001/jama.293.8.987 3757:10.3201/eid3003.231098 3656:"Zoonoses - Key Facts" 3282:10.3201/eid1110.050644 3168:"Viral mutation rates" 2676:Nucleic Acids Research 2006:Lee K, Fang J (2013). 1513:Animal Influenza Virus 1483:"Influenza (Seasonal)" 1190: 1028: 892: 863: 502: 493:H5N1 genetic structure 487:Structure and genetics 478:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus 358: 322:reformulated regularly 6335:Merkel-cell carcinoma 5785:1989–1990 UK outbreak 5747:Asian flu (1957-1958) 4979:Further information: 4950:Further information: 4874:10.1128/mBio.00201-12 4622:uniklinik-freiburg.de 4593:"Bat Influenza (Flu)" 4043:CDC (22 March 2024). 3788:CDC (30 March 2023). 3348:Public Health Reports 1977:CDC (20 March 2024). 1740:CDC (30 March 2023). 1357:Artibeus planirostris 1237:asymptomatic carriers 1231:Some species of wild 1188: 1116:wide range of mammals 1024: 963:genetic recombination 890: 868:Timeline of influenza 861: 854:Evolution and history 760:M2 (Matrix Protein 2) 743:M1 (Matrix Protein 1) 641:PA (Polymerase Acid) 500: 356: 233:, as well as causing 6980:Adenovirus infection 6444:Human polyomavirus 2 6273:Oropharyngeal cancer 5752:Hong Kong flu (1968) 5544:Pandemic preparation 5026:10.1056/NEJMra052211 4306:CDC (14 June 2022). 3184:10.1128/JVI.00694-10 2512:(Suppl 4): D49–D53. 2462:10.1099/jgv.0.000535 2373:(4): 585–591. 1980. 2118:10.1128/JCM.01237-11 1766:CDC (11 June 2024). 1608:10.3390/ijms18081650 658:ribosomal frameshift 215:of the virus family 74:Virus classification 6566:Post-polio syndrome 6202:Infectious diseases 4975:General information 4736:Nature Microbiology 4653:(7475): 169. 2013. 4467:on 15 November 2016 3526:2016PLoSO..1153003H 3473:. 19 September 2022 3316:CDC (15 May 2024). 3227:(24): 15460–15466. 3221:Journal of Virology 3172:Journal of Virology 2688:10.1093/nar/gkac688 2421:. 11 January 2023. 2277:10.1038/nrmicro3367 2040:. 19 September 2022 1857:. 20 September 2017 1658:10.1038/nrmicro3367 1427:Veterinary virology 1154:Influenza treatment 1112:case fatality rates 1072:Zoonotic infections 1007:influenza viruses. 599:JAK1/STAT signaling 213:Alphainfluenzavirus 177:Alphainfluenzavirus 6699:Epstein–Barr virus 6669:Respiratory system 6306:Burkitt's lymphoma 5742:Spanish flu (1918) 5661:Baloxavir marboxil 5486:West Bengal (2008) 5421:1977 (Russian flu) 5416:1918 (Spanish flu) 5095:Kawaoka Y (2006). 4968:Pandemic Influenza 4486:CDC (5 May 2023). 4429:"Equine influenza" 4227:. 13 December 2022 3689:www.ecdc.europa.eu 3354:(Suppl 3): 16–26. 2316:science.vla.gov.uk 2240:. 27 February 2024 2059:Masurel N (1969). 1828:. 18 November 2021 1720:science.vla.gov.uk 1191: 1170:Signs and symptoms 1029: 949:Pandemic potential 893: 864: 724:NA (Neuraminidase) 696:NP (Nucleoprotein) 680:HA (Hemagglutinin) 597:PB2 also inhibits 503: 359: 204:(IAV) is the only 7350:Influenza A virus 7337: 7336: 7261:Influenza A virus 7231:Influenza A virus 7223:Taxon identifiers 7180: 7179: 7142: 7141: 6893: 6892: 6824:Influenza virus A 6741:Human coronavirus 6631: 6630: 6621:Herpes of the eye 6168: 6167: 5953: 5952: 5870: 5869: 5800: 5799: 5780:Fujian flu (H3N2) 5702: 5701: 5581: 5580: 5552: 5551: 5507:Genetic structure 5450: 5449: 5254:Influenza A virus 5193:Genome sequencing 5125:978-1-904455-22-6 5106:978-1-904455-06-6 5082:978-0-309-09504-4 5010:(13): 1374–1385. 4742:(12): 2298–2309. 4170:"Cold Versus Flu" 4024:. 19 October 2023 3972:. 10 October 2023 3633:. Merriam-Webster 3579:. 1 December 2014 3276:(10): 1515–1521. 3178:(19): 9733–9748. 3013:(10): 2505–2511. 2682:(16): 9023–9038. 1894:10.1111/irv.12412 1799:. 23 October 2017 1530:978-1-0716-0345-1 1422:Influenza vaccine 1133:Influenza vaccine 796: 795: 201:Influenza A virus 197: 196: 190:Influenza A virus 36:Influenza A virus 16:(Redirected from 7367: 7330: 7329: 7317: 7316: 7304: 7303: 7291: 7290: 7278: 7277: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7208: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7188: 6906: 6905: 6901:digestive system 6818:Orthomyxoviridae 6784:SARS coronavirus 6770:MERS coronavirus 6686: 6685: 6498:Orthomyxoviridae 6421: 6420: 6387:Immune disorders 6311:Hodgkin lymphoma 6287:Kaposi's sarcoma 6195: 6188: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6109:Acute bronchitis 6071:Nasal congestion 6056:Loss of appetite 5980: 5973: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5884:Acute bronchitis 5809: 5808: 5762:Swine flu (2009) 5757:1977 Russian flu 5715: 5714: 5651: 5592: 5591: 5563: 5562: 5461: 5460: 5426:2009 (Swine flu) 5404: 5403: 5224:Orthomyxoviridae 5157: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5110: 5086: 5065: 5037: 5019: 4946:Official sources 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4759: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4700: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4572: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4524:. 29 August 2023 4514: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4463:. Archived from 4453: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4383:. 3 October 2018 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4080:. 10 July 2019. 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3935: 3920:Virology Journal 3911: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3835: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3768: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3537: 3505: 3499: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3420: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3244: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3147:. 3 October 2023 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2957: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2801: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2745: 2721: 2710: 2709: 2699: 2667: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2613: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2582: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2456:(8): 1755–1764. 2441: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2411: 2396: 2395: 2382: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2213: 2203: 2194:(10): e1003657. 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2159:. 2 April 2013. 2149: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1905: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1610: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1560: 1551: 1550: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1479: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1442: 1320:Canine influenza 1301:Equine influenza 1272:Since 2006, the 565: 564: 475: 471: 464: 456: 449: 441: 435: 431: 427: 423: 417: 410: 265:; for example, " 218:Orthomyxoviridae 165:Orthomyxoviridae 82: 81: 60: 46: 32: 31: 27:Species of virus 21: 18:Influenzavirus A 7375: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7355:Animal virology 7340: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7325: 7320: 7312: 7307: 7299: 7294: 7286: 7281: 7273: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7225: 7215: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7181: 7176: 7138: 7118: 7026: 7000:Gastroenteritis 6958: 6955:Gastroenteritis 6949: 6937:Cytomegalovirus 6900: 6889: 6857:Paramyxoviridae 6846:Avian influenza 6722: 6717:Cytomegalovirus 6681:viral pneumonia 6679: 6676:nasopharyngitis 6675: 6672: 6663: 6627: 6601:Cytomegalovirus 6586: 6540: 6428: 6415: 6408: 6381: 6248:Cervical cancer 6208: 6199: 6169: 6164: 6160:Antiviral drugs 6148: 6095: 6022: 5989: 5984: 5954: 5949: 5923: 5866: 5845: 5796: 5766: 5711: 5709: 5698: 5665: 5649: 5596:Antiviral drugs 5577: 5548: 5534:Human mortality 5527:clinical trials 5495: 5446: 5430: 5393: 5257: 5255: 5248: 5212: 5166: 5161: 5126: 5107: 5083: 5059: 5017:10.1.1.730.7890 4983: 4954: 4943: 4941:Further reading 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4899: 4854: 4850: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4728: 4724: 4691:(4): e1008384. 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4659:10.1038/503169e 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4409:. 30 March 2024 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4304: 4300: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4201:. 9 August 2023 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4162: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3912: 3908: 3877:(10): 828–832. 3863: 3859: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3786: 3782: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3520:(4): e0153003. 3506: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3389: 3385: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3262: 3258: 3213: 3209: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3121:. 26 March 2021 3113: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3059: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3039:. 20 March 2019 3031: 3030: 3026: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2934: 2930: 2915: 2911: 2878: 2874: 2829: 2825: 2778: 2769: 2722: 2713: 2668: 2659: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2543: 2498: 2487: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2413: 2412: 2399: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2098: 2094: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2004: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1687: 1683: 1638: 1634: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1531: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1418: 1369: 1345:Sturnira lilium 1337: 1331: 1322: 1316: 1307:incubation time 1303: 1297: 1288: 1286:Swine influenza 1282: 1246: 1235:act as natural 1229: 1227:Avian influenza 1223: 1218: 1210:swine influenza 1183: 1178: 1172: 1164:Antiviral drugs 1156: 1150: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1074: 1019: 1013: 985: 951: 870: 856: 851: 810:the viral RNA. 559: 544:Envelope - The 533: 529: 508: 495: 489: 473: 469: 462: 454: 447: 439: 433: 429: 425: 421: 415: 408: 394: 351: 335: 330: 294:swine influenza 193: 153:Articulavirales 141:Insthoviricetes 129:Negarnaviricota 76: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7318: 7305: 7292: 7279: 7266: 7251: 7235: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7214: 7213: 7201: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7160: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6918: 6916: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6694: 6692: 6683: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6641: 6639: 6637:Cardiovascular 6633: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6550: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6418: 6416:nervous system 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6268:Vaginal cancer 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5928:Related topics 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5650:(experimental) 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5491:2020s outbreak 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5471:Croatia (2005) 5467: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5203:Superinfection 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5171:General topics 5168: 5167: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5111: 5105: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5066: 5057: 5044: 5038: 4999: 4994: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4925:. Geneva. 2017 4897: 4848: 4821:(4): 572–579. 4805: 4779: 4722: 4685:PLOS Pathogens 4671: 4634: 4609: 4584: 4555:(1): a038562. 4535: 4504: 4478: 4445: 4420: 4394: 4368: 4357:. 15 June 2017 4342: 4324: 4298: 4263: 4238: 4212: 4186: 4160: 4141:(8): 987–997. 4125: 4095: 4061: 4035: 4009: 3983: 3970:efsa.europa.eu 3957: 3906: 3857: 3806: 3780: 3751:(3): 444–452. 3731: 3720:. 29 July 2020 3702: 3673: 3662:. 29 July 2020 3644: 3616: 3590: 3559: 3500: 3484: 3458: 3447:. 15 June 2017 3432: 3403:(1): 152–179. 3383: 3334: 3308: 3256: 3207: 3158: 3132: 3106: 3095:. 11 June 2019 3080: 3050: 3024: 2997: 2969: 2928: 2909: 2872: 2823: 2767: 2711: 2657: 2603: 2572: 2541: 2485: 2436: 2397: 2354: 2343:. 17 June 2024 2328: 2300: 2251: 2225: 2188:PLOS Pathogens 2174: 2141: 2112:(2): 396–400. 2092: 2071:(3): 461–468. 2051: 2025: 2018: 1995: 1969: 1943: 1932:. 12 June 2024 1917: 1868: 1839: 1810: 1784: 1758: 1732: 1707: 1681: 1632: 1581: 1552: 1529: 1499: 1467: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1368: 1365: 1333:Main article: 1330: 1327: 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1299:Main article: 1296: 1293: 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1245: 1242: 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1182: 1179: 1174:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1131:Main article: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1015:Main article: 1012: 1009: 984: 981: 950: 947: 855: 852: 850: 847: 794: 793: 790: 786: 785: 782: 777: 774: 770: 769: 766:proton channel 762: 756: 755: 745: 740: 737: 733: 732: 726: 721: 718: 714: 713: 698: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 677: 674: 670: 669: 656:Arises from a 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 624: 623: 614: 611: 608: 604: 603: 589: 586: 583: 579: 578: 575: 572: 569: 558: 555: 546:viral envelope 531: 527: 512:negative-sense 507: 504: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 481: 460: 459: 458: 445: 444: 443: 437: 422:Rio de Janeiro 419: 393: 390: 361:There are two 350: 347: 334: 333:Classification 331: 329: 326: 282:conjunctivitis 263:viral envelope 245:negative-sense 195: 194: 187: 185: 181: 180: 173: 169: 168: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 137: 133: 132: 125: 121: 120: 113: 109: 108: 101: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 70: 69: 62: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7372: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7200: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6869:Parainfluenza 6867: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705:EBV infection 6703: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Poliomyelitis 6559: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Vulvar cancer 6261: 6259: 6258:Penile cancer 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:Bronchiolitis 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6101:Complications 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5889:Bronchiolitis 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5876:Complications 5873: 5863: 5862:Fujian (H5N1) 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5708:Pandemics and 5705: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539:Social impact 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Global spread 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5058:0-309-09504-2 5054: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4013: 3998:. 3 June 2024 3997: 3993: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820:Critical Care 3817: 3810: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3691:. 23 May 2023 3690: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3055: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2592:. 13 May 2010 2591: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2021: 2019:9780810878587 2015: 2011: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1958:. 5 June 2023 1957: 1953: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1570:. 13 May 2024 1569: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1335:Bat influenza 1326: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1292: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233:aquatic birds 1228: 1216:Other animals 1213: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160:immune system 1155: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 980: 977: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 946: 944: 940: 936: 930: 928: 927: 922: 921: 915: 913: 911: 910:Hong Kong flu 906: 905: 900: 899: 889: 885: 883: 879: 874: 869: 860: 846: 844: 840: 836: 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 818:cap-snatching 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 791: 788: 787: 783: 781: 778: 771: 767: 763: 761: 758: 757: 754: 750: 746: 744: 741: 734: 731: 727: 725: 722: 719: 716: 715: 712: 709: 707: 706: 699: 697: 694: 691: 688: 687: 683: 681: 678: 675: 672: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652: 650: 648: 647: 643: 640: 637: 634: 633: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 615: 612: 605: 602: 600: 594: 590: 587: 584: 581: 580: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 563: 554: 552: 547: 542: 540: 535: 523: 521: 517: 513: 499: 494: 479: 467: 466: 461: 452: 451: 446: 438: 420: 414:The starting 413: 412: 407: 406: 405: 403: 399: 389: 385: 383: 379: 375: 374:neuraminidase 371: 370:hemagglutinin 367: 364: 355: 346: 344: 340: 325: 323: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 246: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219: 214: 211: 207: 203: 202: 192: 191: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117:Orthornavirae 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 80: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 54: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 7230: 7162: 7155: 7131: 7124:Pancreatitis 7106: 7094: 7082: 7070: 7063: 7044: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6993: 6972: 6935: 6921: 6882: 6875: 6861: 6855: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6796: 6782: 6768: 6739: 6715: 6697: 6652:Pericarditis 6644: 6613: 6599: 6572: 6553: 6511: 6496: 6477: 6463: 6442: 6425:Encephalitis 6394: 6367: 6348: 6327: 6293: 6279: 6240: 6226: 6144:Strep throat 6124:Otitis media 6066:Muscle aches 5919:Strep throat 5899:Otitis media 5476:India (2006) 5228: 5198:Reassortment 5115: 5096: 5071: 5062: 5048: 5007: 5003: 4989: 4927:. Retrieved 4922: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4796:. Retrieved 4782: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4650: 4646: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4621: 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4596: 4587: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4521: 4495:. Retrieved 4491: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4460: 4436:. Retrieved 4432: 4423: 4411:. Retrieved 4406: 4397: 4385:. Retrieved 4380: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4311: 4301: 4279:(1): 19–38. 4276: 4272: 4266: 4254:. Retrieved 4250: 4241: 4229:. Retrieved 4224: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4173: 4163: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4098: 4086:. Retrieved 4073: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4048: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4021: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3995: 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3969: 3960: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3793: 3783: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3722:. Retrieved 3717: 3693:. Retrieved 3688: 3664:. Retrieved 3659: 3635:. Retrieved 3628: 3619: 3607:. Retrieved 3603: 3593: 3581:. Retrieved 3576: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3495: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3470: 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3444: 3435: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3325:. Retrieved 3321: 3311: 3304: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3149:. Retrieved 3144: 3135: 3123:. Retrieved 3118: 3109: 3097:. Retrieved 3092: 3083: 3071:. Retrieved 3066: 3041:. Retrieved 3036: 3027: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2984: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2922: 2912: 2885: 2875: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2789: 2785: 2733: 2729: 2679: 2675: 2625: 2621: 2594:. Retrieved 2589: 2563:. Retrieved 2560:News-Medical 2559: 2509: 2505: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2427:. Retrieved 2418: 2392: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2345:. Retrieved 2340: 2331: 2319:. Retrieved 2315: 2271:(1): 28–41. 2268: 2264: 2254: 2242:. Retrieved 2237: 2228: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2165:. Retrieved 2109: 2105: 2095: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2042:. Retrieved 2037: 2028: 2008: 1986:. Retrieved 1982: 1972: 1960:. Retrieved 1955: 1946: 1934:. Retrieved 1929: 1920: 1888:(1): 74–84. 1885: 1881: 1871: 1859:. Retrieved 1854: 1830:. Retrieved 1825: 1801:. Retrieved 1796: 1787: 1775:. Retrieved 1771: 1761: 1749:. Retrieved 1745: 1735: 1723:. Retrieved 1719: 1710: 1698:. Retrieved 1694: 1684: 1652:(1): 28–41. 1649: 1645: 1635: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1572:. Retrieved 1567: 1512: 1502: 1490:. Retrieved 1486: 1458:. Retrieved 1449: 1440: 1374: 1370: 1356: 1344: 1338: 1323: 1304: 1289: 1271: 1267:asymptomatic 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1230: 1203: 1192: 1157: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1101: 1098: 1075: 1052: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1011:Seasonal flu 988: 986: 983:Surveillance 967:reassortment 961:facilitates 952: 931: 924: 918: 916: 908: 902: 896: 894: 875: 871: 849:Epidemiology 838: 837: 813: 812: 797: 752: 729: 710: 703: 701: 668:production. 617: 596: 568:RNA Segment 560: 543: 536: 524: 519: 509: 474:A(H1N1)pdm09 401: 395: 386: 360: 336: 298: 278:muscle aches 271: 260: 256:reassortment 254:and genetic 239: 235:seasonal flu 216: 212: 200: 199: 198: 189: 188: 176: 175: 164: 152: 140: 128: 116: 104: 97: 87:(unranked): 35: 29: 7255:Wikispecies 7021:Coronavirus 6762:Common cold 6674:acute viral 6657:Myocarditis 6501:(probable) 6253:Anal cancer 6129:Pharyngitis 6086:Sore throat 6013:Enterovirus 6008:Coronavirus 5987:Common cold 5904:Pharyngitis 5850:Non-mammals 5631:Laninamivir 5626:Oseltamivir 5614:Rimantadine 5442:2009 A/H1N1 5244:Influenza D 5239:Influenza C 5234:Influenza B 5229:Influenza A 4488:"Horse Flu" 4247:"Avian flu" 3867:"Influenza" 3496:www.cdc.gov 2985:www.flu.com 2792:: 1323560. 2618:"Influenza" 1601:(8): 1650. 1084:(such as a 1040:Influenza B 965:by segment 955:RNA viruses 898:Spanish flu 882:Middle Ages 878:Hippocrates 843:RNA viruses 343:host animal 301:biosecurity 274:sore throat 7344:Categories 7148:Urogenital 7014:Astrovirus 6974:Adenovirus 6798:SARS-CoV-2 6555:Poliovirus 6430:meningitis 6076:Rhinorrhea 6018:Rhinovirus 6003:Adenovirus 5656:Umifenovir 5648:Peramivir 5609:Amantadine 5587:Treatments 5208:Flu season 4471:4 December 4088:24 January 3826:(1): 214. 3625:"zoonosis" 1446:"Taxonomy" 1433:References 1249:strain is 1199:runny nose 1048:subtropics 1032:Flu season 1017:Flu season 866:See also: 804:transcribe 747:Forms the 705:importin-α 666:interferon 593:polymerase 516:RNA genome 491:See also: 472:, it uses 240:IAV is an 221:. It is a 7059:RNA virus 7040:DNA virus 7032:Hepatitis 7007:Norovirus 6995:Rotavirus 6989:RNA virus 6968:DNA virus 6914:Esophagus 6842:Influenza 6728:RNA virus 6690:DNA virus 6459:RNA virus 6438:DNA virus 6344:RNA virus 6222:DNA virus 6214:Oncovirus 6139:Sinusitis 6134:Pneumonia 5914:Sinusitis 5909:Pneumonia 5805:Non-human 5772:Epidemics 5719:Pandemics 5710:epidemics 5689:Pandemrix 5641:Zanamivir 5636:Peramivir 5573:2020–2022 5566:Outbreaks 5481:UK (2007) 5464:Outbreaks 5408:Pandemics 5188:Treatment 5164:Influenza 5012:CiteSeerX 4774:202580293 3926:(1): 17. 2888:: 55–82. 2843:: 87–96. 1539:1940-6029 1409:modelling 1349:Guatemala 1176:influenza 1148:Treatment 1086:bacterium 1036:influenza 996:influenza 976:pandemics 943:spillover 926:Swine flu 920:H1N1pdm09 904:Asian flu 833:ribosomes 825:pre-mRNAs 808:replicate 577:Function 551:antigenic 506:Structure 432:(or just 363:antigenic 339:serotypes 313:influenza 305:antiviral 286:pneumonia 248:RNA virus 242:enveloped 229:and some 184:Species: 112:Kingdom: 105:Riboviria 7360:Zoonoses 7314:11460084 7301:10308782 7288:46700506 7240:Wikidata 7199:Medicine 7157:BK virus 6960:diarrhea 6804:COVID-19 6546:Myelitis 6091:Weakness 6081:Sneezing 6051:Headache 6028:Symptoms 5671:Vaccines 5256:subtypes 5178:Research 5034:16192482 4892:22967978 4843:26392163 4835:11576290 4798:24 March 4792:Archived 4766:31527796 4717:32298389 4579:31871238 4293:19618616 4155:15728170 4112:Archived 4082:Archived 3952:29370862 3901:32048225 3852:31189475 3775:38407173 3766:10902543 3637:29 March 3554:27119988 3514:PLOS ONE 3378:20568566 3300:16318689 3251:16306617 3202:20660197 2964:11919291 2867:28527860 2818:38152399 2809:10751371 2762:30079062 2736:: 1581. 2706:35993811 2652:29955068 2628:(1): 3. 2536:19230160 2480:27365089 2423:Archived 2295:25417656 2220:24130481 2161:Archived 2136:22075584 1912:27426214 1676:25417656 1627:28783091 1547:32170708 1454:Archived 1416:See also 1401:sequelae 1367:Research 1263:chickens 1082:pathogen 1078:zoonosis 1005:zoonotic 972:zoonotic 764:Forms a 662:cytokine 574:Protein 378:serotype 366:proteins 349:Subtypes 328:Virology 318:zoonotic 252:mutation 223:pathogen 160:Family: 124:Phylum: 7246:Q834390 7211:Viruses 7185:Portals 6910:Pharynx 6414:Central 6061:Malaise 6041:Fatigue 5995:Viruses 5812:Mammals 5522:Vaccine 5500:Science 5435:Science 5217:Viruses 5183:Vaccine 4929:28 June 4883:3448162 4757:7758811 4708:7161946 4664:30 June 4627:30 June 4602:30 June 4597:cdc.gov 4570:7778219 4528:25 June 4497:25 June 4438:25 June 4413:25 June 4387:25 June 4361:25 June 4256:25 June 4205:25 June 4179:25 June 4106:. U.S. 4054:22 June 4028:22 June 4002:15 June 3943:5785881 3892:7091034 3843:6563376 3799:22 June 3724:24 June 3695:24 June 3666:24 June 3609:21 June 3583:21 June 3545:4847850 3522:Bibcode 3477:13 June 3451:13 June 3427:1579108 3369:2862331 3327:10 June 3291:3366754 3242:1316012 3193:2937809 3151:21 June 3125:21 June 3099:21 June 3073:20 June 3043:20 June 3019:9360364 2990:20 June 2903:7158166 2886:Viruses 2858:7185569 2753:6062596 2697:9458418 2643:7097467 2596:19 June 2565:18 June 2527:3074182 2506:Vaccine 2471:5935222 2389:6969132 2380:2395936 2347:18 June 2286:5619696 2244:19 June 2211:3794996 2167:13 June 2127:3264186 2087:5309456 2078:2427714 2044:13 June 1988:18 June 1962:18 June 1936:18 June 1903:5155642 1861:17 June 1803:17 June 1777:17 June 1751:17 June 1667:5619696 1618:5578040 1574:17 June 1492:22 June 1460:19 July 1359:) from 1127:Vaccine 1044:tropics 992:(GISRS) 607:2- PB1 582:1- PB2 571:Length 398:isolate 231:mammals 208:of the 206:species 172:Genus: 148:Order: 136:Class: 6574:HTLV-I 6519:Rabies 6369:HTLV-I 5829:Equine 5824:Feline 5819:Canine 5694:Audenz 5684:Brands 5122: 5103: 5079: 5055: 5032: 5014: 4991:Nature 4970:US CDC 4890: 4880: 4841: 4833: 4772: 4764: 4754: 4715: 4705: 4647:Nature 4577: 4567: 4291: 4153: 4118:6 July 3950: 3940: 3899: 3889: 3850: 3840: 3773: 3763: 3552: 3542: 3425: 3418:372859 3415: 3376: 3366: 3298: 3288: 3249: 3239: 3200: 3190: 3017: 2962: 2900: 2865: 2855: 2816: 2806: 2760: 2750: 2704: 2694: 2650: 2640: 2534: 2524: 2478: 2468: 2429:27 May 2387: 2377: 2321:5 June 2293: 2283: 2218: 2208: 2134: 2124: 2085: 2075: 2016: 1910: 1900: 1826:GOV.UK 1725:5 June 1674: 1664: 1625: 1615: 1545: 1537: 1527: 1385:strain 1295:Horses 1181:Humans 1061:virus. 959:genome 829:primer 822:capped 773:8- NS 749:capsid 717:6- NA 689:5- NP 673:4- HA 635:3- PA 557:Genome 539:capsid 520:virion 470:(H1N1) 440:(H3N2) 7327:11320 7309:IRMNG 7275:3PP7B 7170:Mumps 6929:Mumps 6899:Human 6329:MCPyV 6153:Drugs 6119:Croup 6046:Fever 6036:Cough 5894:Croup 5857:Avian 5841:Swine 5389:H11N9 5384:H11N2 5379:H10N8 5374:H10N7 5369:H10N3 4964:(CDC) 4868:(5). 4839:S2CID 4770:S2CID 4317:6 May 4231:6 May 4195:"Flu" 4078:(CDC) 4074:U.S. 3976:9 May 1832:9 May 1793:"Flu" 1700:3 May 1347:) in 1221:Birds 1206:avian 1094:human 1090:virus 1088:, or 739:1027 736:7- M 720:1409 692:1565 676:1775 653:PA-X 638:2233 610:2341 585:2341 455:swine 426:62434 290:avian 227:birds 210:genus 98:Realm 91:Virus 7322:NCBI 7296:GBIF 6884:hMPV 6756:OC43 6752:HKU1 6748:NL63 6744:229E 6402:AIDS 6281:KSHV 5558:H5N8 5456:H5N1 5399:H1N1 5364:H9N2 5359:H7N9 5354:H7N7 5349:H7N4 5344:H7N3 5339:H7N2 5334:H7N1 5329:H6N1 5324:H5N9 5319:H5N8 5314:H5N6 5309:H5N3 5304:H5N2 5299:H5N1 5294:H3N8 5289:H3N2 5284:H3N1 5279:H2N3 5274:H2N2 5269:H1N2 5264:H1N1 5120:ISBN 5101:ISBN 5077:ISBN 5053:ISBN 5030:PMID 4952:H5N1 4931:2024 4888:PMID 4862:mBio 4831:PMID 4800:2021 4762:PMID 4713:PMID 4666:2020 4629:2020 4604:2020 4575:PMID 4530:2024 4499:2024 4473:2016 4440:2024 4415:2024 4389:2024 4363:2024 4319:2024 4289:PMID 4258:2024 4233:2024 4207:2024 4181:2024 4151:PMID 4135:JAMA 4120:2019 4090:2020 4056:2024 4030:2024 4004:2024 3978:2024 3948:PMID 3897:PMID 3848:PMID 3801:2024 3771:PMID 3726:2024 3697:2024 3668:2024 3639:2019 3611:2024 3585:2024 3550:PMID 3479:2024 3453:2024 3423:PMID 3374:PMID 3329:2024 3296:PMID 3247:PMID 3198:PMID 3153:2024 3127:2024 3101:2024 3075:2024 3045:2024 3015:PMID 2992:2024 2960:PMID 2863:PMID 2814:PMID 2758:PMID 2702:PMID 2648:PMID 2598:2024 2567:2024 2532:PMID 2476:PMID 2431:2024 2385:PMID 2349:2024 2323:2024 2291:PMID 2246:2024 2216:PMID 2169:2013 2132:PMID 2083:PMID 2046:2024 2014:ISBN 1990:2024 1964:2024 1938:2024 1908:PMID 1863:2024 1834:2024 1805:2024 1779:2024 1753:2024 1727:2024 1702:2024 1672:PMID 1623:PMID 1576:2024 1543:PMID 1535:ISSN 1525:ISBN 1494:2024 1462:2018 1375:The 1361:Peru 1329:Bats 1314:Dogs 1280:Pigs 1255:HPAI 1195:cold 1108:H7N9 1106:and 1104:H5N1 1046:and 987:The 939:H7N9 937:and 935:H5N1 806:and 776:890 664:and 530:, PB 430:2021 382:H5N1 372:and 267:H1N1 7283:EoL 7270:CoL 7164:MuV 7133:CBV 7108:HEV 7096:HDV 7084:HCV 7072:HAV 7065:CBV 7046:HBV 6923:MuV 6854:V, 6646:CBV 6615:HSV 6592:Eye 6479:LCV 6465:MeV 6396:HIV 6350:HCV 6295:EBV 6242:HPV 6228:HBV 5022:doi 5008:353 4981:Flu 4960:US 4878:PMC 4870:doi 4823:doi 4752:PMC 4744:doi 4703:PMC 4693:doi 4655:doi 4651:503 4565:PMC 4557:doi 4281:doi 4143:doi 4139:293 3938:PMC 3928:doi 3887:PMC 3879:doi 3838:PMC 3828:doi 3761:PMC 3753:doi 3604:CNN 3540:PMC 3530:doi 3413:PMC 3405:doi 3364:PMC 3356:doi 3352:125 3286:PMC 3278:doi 3237:PMC 3229:doi 3188:PMC 3180:doi 2950:doi 2898:PMC 2890:doi 2853:PMC 2845:doi 2804:PMC 2794:doi 2748:PMC 2738:doi 2692:PMC 2684:doi 2638:PMC 2630:doi 2522:PMC 2514:doi 2466:PMC 2458:doi 2375:PMC 2281:PMC 2273:doi 2206:PMC 2196:doi 2122:PMC 2114:doi 2073:PMC 1898:PMC 1890:doi 1662:PMC 1654:doi 1613:PMC 1603:doi 1517:doi 1208:or 526:(PB 292:or 66:TEM 7346:: 7324:: 7311:: 7298:: 7285:: 7272:: 7257:: 7242:: 6860:: 6821:: 6815:, 6738:: 6736:IV 6513:RV 6204:– 5061:. 5028:. 5020:. 5006:. 4921:. 4900:^ 4886:. 4876:. 4864:. 4860:. 4837:. 4829:. 4819:91 4817:. 4768:. 4760:. 4750:. 4738:. 4734:. 4711:. 4701:. 4689:16 4687:. 4683:. 4649:. 4645:. 4620:. 4595:. 4573:. 4563:. 4553:11 4551:. 4547:. 4520:. 4507:^ 4490:. 4459:. 4448:^ 4431:. 4405:. 4379:. 4353:. 4335:. 4310:. 4287:. 4277:28 4275:. 4249:. 4223:. 4197:. 4172:. 4149:. 4137:. 4072:. 4047:. 4020:. 3994:. 3968:. 3946:. 3936:. 3924:15 3922:. 3918:. 3895:. 3885:. 3875:87 3873:. 3869:. 3846:. 3836:. 3824:23 3822:. 3818:. 3792:. 3769:. 3759:. 3749:30 3747:. 3743:. 3716:. 3705:^ 3687:. 3676:^ 3658:. 3647:^ 3627:. 3602:. 3575:. 3562:^ 3548:. 3538:. 3528:. 3518:11 3516:. 3512:. 3469:. 3443:. 3421:. 3411:. 3401:56 3399:. 3395:. 3372:. 3362:. 3350:. 3346:. 3320:. 3294:. 3284:. 3274:11 3272:. 3268:. 3245:. 3235:. 3225:79 3223:. 3219:. 3196:. 3186:. 3176:84 3174:. 3170:. 3143:. 3117:. 3091:. 3065:. 3053:^ 3035:. 3011:55 3009:. 2983:. 2972:^ 2958:. 2946:19 2944:. 2940:. 2921:. 2896:. 2884:. 2861:. 2851:. 2841:24 2839:. 2835:. 2812:. 2802:. 2790:14 2788:. 2784:. 2770:^ 2756:. 2746:. 2732:. 2728:. 2714:^ 2700:. 2690:. 2680:50 2678:. 2674:. 2660:^ 2646:. 2636:. 2624:. 2620:. 2606:^ 2588:. 2575:^ 2558:. 2544:^ 2530:. 2520:. 2510:26 2508:. 2504:. 2488:^ 2474:. 2464:. 2454:97 2452:. 2448:. 2417:. 2400:^ 2391:. 2383:. 2371:58 2369:. 2365:. 2339:. 2314:. 2303:^ 2289:. 2279:. 2269:13 2267:. 2263:. 2236:. 2214:. 2204:. 2190:. 2186:. 2155:. 2144:^ 2130:. 2120:. 2110:50 2108:. 2104:. 2081:. 2069:41 2067:. 2063:. 2036:. 1998:^ 1981:. 1954:. 1928:. 1906:. 1896:. 1886:11 1884:. 1880:. 1853:. 1842:^ 1824:. 1813:^ 1795:. 1770:. 1744:. 1718:. 1693:. 1670:. 1660:. 1650:13 1648:. 1644:. 1621:. 1611:. 1599:18 1597:. 1593:. 1566:. 1555:^ 1541:. 1533:. 1523:. 1511:. 1485:. 1470:^ 1452:. 1448:. 1076:A 929:" 595:. 541:. 465:. 450:. 434:21 411:. 345:. 280:, 276:, 100:: 7187:: 7115:) 7113:E 7111:( 7103:) 7101:D 7099:( 7091:) 7089:C 7087:( 7079:) 7077:A 7075:( 7053:) 7051:B 7049:( 7002:) 6998:( 6957:/ 6912:/ 6844:/ 6836:D 6834:/ 6832:C 6830:/ 6828:B 6826:/ 6813:V 6754:/ 6750:/ 6746:/ 6707:/ 6678:/ 6671:/ 6427:/ 6194:e 6187:t 6180:v 5979:e 5972:t 5965:v 5156:e 5149:t 5142:v 5128:. 5109:. 5085:. 5036:. 5024:: 4933:. 4894:. 4872:: 4866:3 4845:. 4825:: 4802:. 4776:. 4746:: 4740:4 4719:. 4695:: 4668:. 4657:: 4631:. 4606:. 4581:. 4559:: 4532:. 4501:. 4475:. 4442:. 4417:. 4391:. 4365:. 4321:. 4295:. 4283:: 4260:. 4235:. 4209:. 4183:. 4157:. 4145:: 4122:. 4092:. 4058:. 4032:. 4006:. 3980:. 3954:. 3930:: 3903:. 3881:: 3854:. 3830:: 3803:. 3777:. 3755:: 3728:. 3699:. 3670:. 3641:. 3613:. 3587:. 3556:. 3532:: 3524:: 3481:. 3455:. 3429:. 3407:: 3380:. 3358:: 3331:. 3302:. 3280:: 3253:. 3231:: 3204:. 3182:: 3155:. 3129:. 3103:. 3077:. 3047:. 3021:. 2994:. 2966:. 2952:: 2906:. 2892:: 2869:. 2847:: 2820:. 2796:: 2764:. 2740:: 2734:9 2708:. 2686:: 2654:. 2632:: 2626:4 2600:. 2569:. 2538:. 2516:: 2482:. 2460:: 2433:. 2351:. 2325:. 2297:. 2275:: 2248:. 2222:. 2198:: 2192:9 2171:. 2138:. 2116:: 2089:. 2048:. 2022:. 1992:. 1966:. 1940:. 1914:. 1892:: 1865:. 1836:. 1807:. 1781:. 1755:. 1729:. 1704:. 1678:. 1656:: 1629:. 1605:: 1578:. 1549:. 1519:: 1496:. 1464:. 1403:. 1355:( 1343:( 1253:( 912:" 532:2 528:1 416:A 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index