41:
142:
130:, the base of support is narrow, consisting of only two feet. A static pose would cause humans to fall forward onto the face. In addition, there are constant external perturbations, such as breezes, and internal perturbations that come from respiration. Erect posture requires adjustment and correction. There are many mechanisms in the body that are suggested to control this, e.g. a spring action in
310:
Characterized by fast (12–18 Hz) rhythmic muscle contractions that occur in the legs and trunk immediately after standing. No other clinical signs or symptoms are present and the shaking ceases when the patient sits or is lifted off the ground. The high frequency of the tremor often creates a
202:
Some investigators have replaced the ankle inverted pendulum analogy with a model of double linked pendulums involving both hip and ankle sway. Neither model is accepted as more than an approximation. Analysis of postural sway shows much more variation than is seen in a physical pendulum or even a
170:
continually and unconsciously monitors our direction and velocity. The vertical body axis alternates between tilting forward and backward. Before each tilt reaches the tipover point, the nervous system counters with a signal to reverse direction. Sway also occurs in the hip, and there is a slight
214:
structure. A fractal pattern consists of a motif repeated at varying levels of magnification. The levels are related by a ratio called the fractal dimension. It is believed that the fractal pattern offers a range of fine and gross control tuning. Fractal dimension is altered in some motor
248:
It can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, blurred or dimmed vision and fainting, because the brain does not get sufficient blood supply. This, in turn, is caused by gravity, pulling the blood into the lower part of the body.
259:
There are medications to treat hypotension. In addition, there are many lifestyle advisories. Many of them, however, are specific for a certain cause of orthostatic hypotension, e.g. maintaining a proper fluid intake in dehydration.
93:
refers to the model standing with one leg straight, with the majority of the weight on it, and the other leg tucked over and slightly around. There may be a time when a person is standing, where they lose control due to an
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An analogy would be a ball that volleys back and forth between two players without touching the ground. The muscle exertion required to maintain an aligned standing posture is crucial but minimal.
158:. Recent studies, however, show that this spring action by itself is insufficient to prevent a forward fall. Also, human sway is too complicated to be adequately explained by spring action.
652:
561:
Hodges PW, Gurfinkel VS, Brumagne S, Smith TC, Cordo PC (June 2002). "Coexistence of stability and mobility in postural control: evidence from postural compensation for respiration".
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Sasagawa, S; Ushiyama, J; Kouzaki, M; Kanehisa, H (2009). "Effect of the hip motion on the body kinematics in the sagittal plane during human quiet standing".
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The core muscles play a role in maintaining stability. The core muscles are deep muscle layers that lie close to the spine and provide structural support. The
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refers to the classic military position of standing with legs slightly apart, not in as formal or regimented a pose as standing at attention. In modeling,
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791:
Wu, Jianhua; McKay, Sandra; Angulo-Barroso, Rosa (2009). "Center of mass control and multi-segment coordination in children during quiet stance".
154:
Traditionally, such correction was explained by the spring action of the muscles, a local mechanism taking place without the intervention of the
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Lee SW, Chan CK, Lam TS, et al. (September 2006). "Relationship between low back pain and lumbar multifidus size at different postures".
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40:
379:
Gage WH, Winter DA, Frank JS, Adkin AL (April 2004). "Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing".
606:"Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability"
320:
277:
81:, but these terms are also used in military-style organisations and in some professions which involve standing, such as
203:
pair of coupled pendulums. Furthermore, quiet standing involves activity in all joints, not just the ankles or hips.
709:"Evidence of lumbar multifidus muscle wasting ipsilateral to symptoms in patients with acute/subacute low back pain"
67:, which bisects the body into right and left sides. The sway of quiet standing is often likened to the motion of an
223:
Although standing per se is not dangerous, there are pathologies associated with it. One short term condition is
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187:
245:
Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by unusually low blood pressure when the patient is standing up.
55:, is a position in which the body is held in an upright (orthostatic) position and supported only by the
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20:
1001:"Orthostatic hypercoagulability: a novel physiological mechanism to activate the coagulation system"
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879:"Discriminating between elderly and young using a fractal dimension analysis of centre of pressure"
240:
224:
34:
514:"Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius"
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194:
are intersegmental muscles. Dysfunction in the core muscles has been implicated in back pain.
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Standing per se does not pose any harm. In the long term, however, complications may arise.
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dysfunctions. In other words, the body cannot compensate well enough for imbalances.
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Standing, Line of
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has detected slight activity in the muscles of the calves, hips and lower back.
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33:"Orthostasis" redirects here. For posturally transient low blood pressure, see
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Collins JJ, De Luca CJ (August 1994). "Random walking during quiet standing".
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59:. Although seemingly static, the body rocks slightly back and forth from the
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Normally, the body compensates, but in the presence of other factors, e.g.
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280:. As a result, approximately 12% of blood plasma volume crosses into the
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Standing posture relies on dynamic rather than static balance. The human
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Yamada, Norimasa (1995). "Chaotic swaying of the upright posture".
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134:, higher control from the nervous system or core muscles. Humans
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Hides JA, Stokes MJ, Saide M, Jull GA, Cooper DH (January 1994).
256:, diseases and medications, this response may not be sufficient.
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wrap around the spine and function as a compression corset. The
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around the part of the body that made contact with the ground.
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Blaszczyk, Janusz W.; Bacik, Bogdan; Juras, Grzegorz (2003).
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227:, and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs and
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effects. A more recent interpretation is that sway has a
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342:, a former Christian group that said prayers standing
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Prolonged still standing significantly activates the
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999:Masoud M, Sarig G, Brenner B, Jacob G (June 2008).
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877:Doyle TL, Dugan EL, Humphries B, Newton RU (2004).
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311:rippling effect on the leg muscles while standing.
292:and other proteins of coagulation, in turn causing
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16:Human position in which the body is held upright
465:"Paradoxical muscle movement in human standing"
416:"Paradoxical muscle movement in human standing"
26:"Leaning" redirects here. For the surname, see
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512:Loram ID, Maganaris CN, Lakie M (April 2005).
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206:In the past, the variation was attributed to
102:, where they accelerate to the ground due to
973:Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology
463:Loram ID, Maganaris CN, Lakie M (May 2004).
414:Loram ID, Maganaris CN, Lakie M (May 2004).
968:"Clinical Assessment of Postural Stability"
288:causes an increase in the concentration of
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171:winding and unwinding of the lower back.
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276:. Overall, it causes an increase in
604:Loram ID, Lakie M (December 2002).
321:Long-term complications of standing
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282:extravascular compartment
145:A child learning to stand
21:Standing (disambiguation)
315:Long-term complications
241:Orthostatic hypotension
235:Orthostatic hypotension
225:orthostatic hypotension
35:Orthostatic hypotension
941:Human Movement Science
156:central nervous system
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51:, also referred to as
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188:transverse abdominals
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75:Standing at attention
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750:Neuroscience Letters
110:" and may result in
106:. This is known as "
19:For other uses, see
848:1994PhRvL..73..764C
290:coagulation factors
270:coagulation cascade
381:Gait & Posture
306:Orthostatic tremor
300:Orthostatic tremor
294:hypercoagulability
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