Geneva Conventions

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sanctions for persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present Convention defined in the following Article. Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed , and shall bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with the provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting Party concerned, provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie case.

319: 4144: 358: 384: 558: 332: 233:, the first codified international treaty that covered the sick and wounded soldiers on the battlefield. On 22 August 1864, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva. On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention: 241: 1147: 170: 162: 7231: 1522: 267: 41: 345: 479: 1508: 1480: 1494: 254: 280: 3785: 1468:

complicates the application of the Conventions, which have not been updated in a long time. Adding to this challenge is the very slow speed of the procedure of developing new treaties to deal with new forms of warfare, and determining agreed-upon interpretations to existing ones, meaning that by the time a decision can be made, armed conflict may have already evolved in a way that makes the changes obsolete.

876:, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons: 974:: not to 'insurrectionists' who defy these norms from the very outset of hostilities. Observance of the rules of warfare is what elevates an 'insurrectionist' to the legally cognizable status of 'belligerent' under the 'International law of war'; nothing short of such an 'observance' suffices to effect this transformation from the 1272:

law. This element of the convention has been confused during past incidents of detainment of US soldiers by North Vietnam, where the regime attempted to try all imprisoned soldiers in court for committing grave breaches, on the incorrect assumption that their sole existence as enemies of the state violated international law.

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The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Xth Hague Convention of October 18, 1907 for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention of

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During the negotiation of the Geneva Conventions, France and Britain were initially staunchly opposed to Common Article 3. However, to save face during negotiations and make strategic concessions, France and Britain deliberately introduced ambiguous language in the text of Common Article 3 that made

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There are two criteria to distinguish non-international armed conflicts from lower forms of violence. The level of violence has to be of certain intensity, for example when the state cannot contain the situation with regular police forces. Also, involved non-state groups need to have a certain level

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In addition to these three conventions, the conference also added a new elaborate Fourth Geneva Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War". It was the first Geneva Convention not to deal with combatants, rather it had the protection of civilians as its subject matter.

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In the relations between the Powers who are bound by the Hague Conventions respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, whether that of July 29, 1899, or that of October 18, 1907, and who are parties to the present Convention, this last Convention shall be supplementary to Sections II and III of

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While non-state armed groups are automatically presumed to engage in NIACs, they also can cross into the threshold of an IAC. The 2020 ICRC commentary on the Third Geneva Convention requires two elements for this classification: "the group must in fact fight on behalf of that Party" and "that Party

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Charges may only be brought against an enemy POW after a fair trial, but the initial crime being accused must be an explicit violation of the accords, more severe than simply fighting against the captor in battle. No trial will otherwise be afforded to a captured soldier, as deemed by human rights

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has a specific meaning under these Conventions. A protecting power is a state that is not taking part in the armed conflict, but that has agreed to look after the interests of a state that is a party to the conflict. The protecting power is a mediator enabling the flow of communication between the

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On 20 October 1868 the first unsuccessful attempt to expand the 1864 treaty was undertaken. With the 'Additional Articles relating to the Condition of the Wounded in War' an attempt was initiated to clarify some rules of the 1864 convention and to extend them to maritime warfare. The Articles were

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Soldiers, as prisoners of war, will not receive a trial unless the allegation of a war crime has been made. According to article 43 of the 1949 Conventions, soldiers are employed for the purpose of serving in war; engaging in armed conflict is legitimate, and does not constitute a grave breach.

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The Second Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" replaced the Hague Convention (X) of 1907. It was the first Geneva Convention on the protection of the victims of maritime warfare and mimicked the structure and

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Article 49 of the 1949 Geneva Convention I, Article 50 of the 1949 Geneva Convention II, Article 129 of the 1949 Geneva Convention III and Article 146 of the 1949 Geneva Convention IV provide: The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective penal

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Should a soldier be arrested by belligerent forces, they are to be considered "lawful combatants" and afforded the protectorate status of a prisoner of war (POW) until the cessation of the conflict. Human rights law applies to any incarcerated individual, including the right to a fair trial.

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In 1906 thirty-five states attended a conference convened by the Swiss government. On 6 July 1906 it resulted in the adoption of the "Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field", which improved and supplemented, for the first time, the 1864

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With two Geneva Conventions revised and adopted, and the second and fourth added, in 1949 the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". Usually only the Geneva Conventions of 1949 are referred to as First, Second, Third or Fourth Geneva

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Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapon systems, such as military robots and cyber-weapons, are creating challenges in the creation, interpretation and application of the laws of armed conflict. The complexity of these new challenges, as well as the speed in which they are developed,

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it easy for states to avoid the obligations of the rule. As a consequence, Common Article 3 only concerns with humane treatment and does not deal with methods and means of hostilities, such as bombings committed by non-state armed groups or state forces against civilian targets in the

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The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Geneva Convention for the Relief of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field of July 27, 1929

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The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Convention concluded at Geneva on July 27, 1929, relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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doctrine are listed in Articles 37 through 39 of the Geneva Convention; the prohibition of fake insignia is listed at Article 39.2, but the law is silent on the complete absence of insignia. The status of POWs captured in this circumstance remains a question.

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The 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions had already contained some provisions on the protection of civilians and occupied territory. Article 154 specifically provides that the Fourth Geneva Convention is supplementary to these provisions in the Hague Conventions.

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The Conventions apply to all cases of armed conflict between two or more signatory nations. This language was added in 1949 to accommodate situations that have all the characteristics of war without the existence of a formal declaration of war, such as a

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parties to the conflict. The protecting power also monitors the implementation of these Conventions, such as by visiting the zone of conflict and prisoners of war. The protecting power must act as an advocate for prisoners, the wounded, and civilians.

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presidency.ucsb.edu: "Press Briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel Daniel Dell'Orto and Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence General Keith Alexander June 22,

4951: 1431:(2014–present) has been troublesome because some of the personnel who engaged in combat against the Ukrainians were not identified by insignia, although they did wear military-style fatigues. The types of comportment qualified as acts of 497:

era, leading many to believe that the 1949 Geneva Conventions were addressing a largely extinct reality: on the one hand, most armed conflicts had become internal, or civil wars, while on the other, most wars had become increasingly

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Some scholars hold that Common Article 3 deals with these situations, supplemented by Protocol II (1977). These set out minimum legal standards that must be followed for internal conflicts. International tribunals, particularly the

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Regarding Common Article 3, the ICRC in its 2016 commentary stated the provision includes not just a conflict between territorial government forces and NSAs or NSAs themselves, but also a foreign military intervention against a NSA

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if the territorial state consents to such intervention in its territory. Should the intervening country do so without the consent of the territorial state or in support of a NSA against that state, then Common Article 2 applies.

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There was considerable debate over whether the Geneva Convention should prohibit indiscriminate forms of warfare, such as aerial bombings, nuclear bombings and starvation, but no agreement was reached on those forms of violence.

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Whether the conflict is an IAC or a NIAC or both depends on the nature and circumstances of the situation. Since there is a general prohibition against the use of force between States (as is reflected within article 2(4) of the

502:. Modern armed conflicts were inflicting an increasingly higher toll on civilians, which brought the need to provide civilian persons and objects with tangible protections in time of combat, bringing a much needed update to the 462:

The First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" was the fourth update of the original 1864 convention and replaced the 1929 convention on the same subject

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signed but were only ratified by the Netherlands and the United States of America. The Netherlands later withdrew their ratification. The protection of the victims of maritime warfare would later be realized by the third

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In light of these developments, two Protocols were adopted in 1977 that extended the terms of the 1949 Conventions with additional protections. In 2005, a third brief Protocol was added establishing an additional

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Nations that are party to these treaties must enact and enforce legislation penalizing any of these crimes. Nations are also obligated to search for persons alleged to commit these crimes, or persons having

4916: 4813: 4926: 4206: 970:"... Common Article 3 continues the conventional practice (reflected in both the 'Lieber' and 'The Hague' provisions) of according humanitarian protections only to 'belligerents' who defer to the 833:

has explained that this language describes non-international armed conflict (NIAC) "where at least one Party is not a State." For example, it would apply to conflicts between state forces and

6294: 515: 2760:"Article 3 of Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field: Conflicts not of an international character. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 6214: 1416:, claimed the power, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, to determine that any person, including an American citizen, who is suspected of being a member, agent, or associate of 6612: 5360: 5172: 2829:"Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.: Commentary of 2020 - C. Paragraph 1: Scope of application of common Article 3 - Introduction" 1094:

must accept both the fighting role of the group and the fact that the fighting is done on its behalf." It further states that "here a Party to a conflict has overall control over the

3372: 1424:, or possibly any other terrorist organization, is an "enemy combatant" who can be detained in U.S. military custody until hostilities end, pursuant to the international law of war. 3622: 1560: 771:

The Geneva Conventions apply at times of war and armed conflict to governments who have ratified its terms. The details of applicability are spelled out in Common Articles 2 and 3.

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The Conventions apply to a signatory nation even if the opposing nation is not a signatory, but only if the opposing nation "accepts and applies the provisions" of the Conventions.

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treaties.un.org: "Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts (Protocol II)"

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treaties.un.org: "Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I)"

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judgement, the ICTY ruled that grave breaches apply not only to international conflicts, but also to internal armed conflict. Further, those provisions are considered

5720: 4666: 4321: 4246: 1343: 1256: 2759: 2701: 537:) is a series of four volumes of books published between 1952 and 1958 and containing commentaries to each of the four Geneva Conventions. The series was edited by 7081: 6239: 5385: 4845: 2618: 2596: 2574: 2552: 2530: 2508: 2461: 2186: 2160: 2134: 2108: 2025: 2003: 1981: 1032:

upon invitation by Syria, making Russia's participation subject only to Common Article 3 and therefore Protocol II (which Russia ratified on September 29, 1989).

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The Geneva Conventions are rules that apply only in times of armed conflict and seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in hostilities.

1874: 1780: 1165:. Grave breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions include the following acts if committed against a person specifically protected by the conventions: 435:. The "Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" was not to replace these earlier conventions signed at The Hague, rather it supplemented them. 7076: 6234: 6219: 5784: 5165: 3973: 844:

The other Geneva Conventions are not applicable in this situation but only the provisions contained within Article 3, and additionally within the language of

458:, a series of conferences were held in 1949 reaffirming, expanding and updating the prior Geneva and Hague Conventions. It yielded four distinct conventions: 4941: 4371: 4336: 4120: 3582: 1025: 837:(NSAs), or between two NSAs, or to other conflicts that have all the characteristics of war, whether carried out within the confines of one country or not. 5340: 5241: 4971: 4883: 4862: 4768: 4493: 4366: 4331: 2946: 2361: 92:(1939–1945), which updated the terms of the two 1929 treaties and added two new conventions. The Geneva Conventions extensively define the basic rights of 3058: 5914: 5345: 4450: 4410: 4346: 4341: 6947: 6509: 5282: 4455: 4351: 1291:

and they protect civilians caught up in the zone of war. These treaties came into play for all recent non-international armed conflicts, including the

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that has a fighting function and fights on the State's behalf, a relationship of belonging for the purposes of Article 4A(2) exists." For example, the

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The first convention dealt with the treatment of wounded and sick armed forces in the field. The second convention dealt with the sick, wounded, and

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in 1859. He was shocked by the lack of facilities, personnel, and medical aid available to help these soldiers. As a result, he published his book,

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Sumanatilake, P. Saliya (2023). "Non-cognisability of Rebels, Insurrectionists, Separatists or Terrorists under International Humanitarian Law".

688:"for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (first adopted in 1949, successor of the 470:

The Third Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" replaced the 1929 Geneva Convention that dealt with prisoners of war.

715: 711: 689: 409: 405: 6289: 4966: 4691: 4445: 4386: 4292: 4222: 2553:"Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2135:"Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 1043: 1678: 6535: 5355: 5287: 5110: 2417:

Bugnion, Francios (2000). "The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: From the 1949 Diplomatic Conference to the Dawn of the New Millennium".

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Although warfare has changed dramatically since the Geneva Conventions of 1949, they are still considered the cornerstone of contemporary

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armed conflicts are protected by the 1949 conventions. Those not listed as protected persons in such conflicts are instead protected by

6818: 6415: 6264: 6049: 6034: 5864: 5849: 5420: 5380: 4872: 4824: 4671: 4227: 4108: 3966: 3675: 1732: 1540: 1252: 138: 677:"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" (first adopted in 1864, revised in 1906, 6269: 6184: 6064: 5989: 5969: 5964: 5834: 5444: 5405: 5307: 4921: 4867: 4558: 3940: 728: 126: 2966: 7003: 6988: 6655: 6617: 6284: 6209: 6119: 6074: 6019: 5939: 5899: 5879: 5482: 4486: 2927: 2922: 2828: 2531:"Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2486: 2109:"Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 1586: 1545: 1452: 830: 542: 3761: 817:

When the criteria of international armed conflict have been met, the full protections of the Conventions are considered to apply.

6336: 6306: 6274: 6259: 6149: 6109: 6094: 6089: 6054: 6004: 5959: 5894: 5874: 5869: 5854: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5302: 3507: 2871: 1055: 3350: 6254: 6249: 6204: 6154: 6139: 6124: 6084: 6069: 6044: 6009: 5944: 5904: 5884: 5819: 5759: 5520: 4834: 4784: 2971: 1622: 7260: 7098: 6377: 6279: 6199: 6189: 6099: 6059: 6039: 6024: 6014: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5954: 5949: 5929: 5919: 5909: 5292: 5256: 4946: 4818: 4114: 3959: 2995: 2649: 2638: 2220: 2055: 1964: 1939: 1039: 905:

and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the

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during times of conflict. The fourth convention dealt with the treatment of civilians and their protection during wartime.

7028: 6848: 6563: 6144: 6134: 5999: 5994: 5924: 5410: 5312: 5236: 1627: 214: 3530: 3165:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 43 - Armed forces" 946:, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the "War on Terror", and that the 7053: 6558: 5844: 5261: 5053: 5021: 4479: 4460: 7023: 6777: 6440: 5859: 5661: 5185: 5130: 5031: 4528: 4196: 3810: 3725: 2509:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 2092: 2004:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 1570: 1555: 1292: 1071: 937: 503: 432: 134: 20: 2483:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906" 1982:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906" 1224:, and to bring them to trial regardless of their nationality and regardless of the place where the crimes took place. 996:) with respect to Common Article 2, it is generally presumed that any use of such military force which is governed by 6761: 6372: 5666: 5415: 5365: 5213: 5189: 4857: 3829: 3072: 1838: 3280: 1652: 3856: 3834: 3824: 3191:"Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four Challenges for The Geneva Conventions and Other Existing Law" 2240:, Opinion of the Court, U.S. Supreme Court, 548 U.S. ___ (2006), Slip Opinion, p. 68, available at supremecourt.gov 1300: 1054:

was established and recognized internationally, the conflict changed from an IAC to a NIAC, with NATO troops under

963: 959: 955: 24: 7114: 6942: 6751: 6573: 5691: 5620: 5610: 5350: 5266: 3819: 1535: 1063: 3804: 3648: 3548: 3164: 2720: 2462:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864" 2400: 1781:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864" 423:", was the third version to replace the original convention of 1864. The other was adopted after experiences in 6998: 6838: 6711: 6568: 6457: 6408: 6079: 6029: 5395: 5297: 5093: 5012:

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)

4917:

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

4904: 4732: 4676: 4007: 3515: 3050: 2735: 1596: 1456: 1281: 997: 947: 646: 65: 3442: 2847: 1875:"Additional Articles relating to the Condition of the Wounded in War. Geneva, 20 October 1868 – State Parties" 810:

further clarifies that armed conflict against colonial domination and foreign occupation also qualifies as an

710:"relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War" (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 6726: 6530: 5715: 5431: 5071: 4548: 4028: 1373: 993: 5150: 3113: 3076: 1896: 7191: 7119: 6865: 6746: 6169: 5779: 5625: 5246: 4696: 4681: 4510: 3982: 1151: 3769: 1711: 7255: 7033: 6993: 6706: 6578: 6367: 5615: 5047:

Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)

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armed conflict (IAC), where at least one of the warring nations has ratified the Conventions. Primarily:

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explicitly forbids the invocation of the Geneva Conventions "as a basis for a private right of action."

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between signatory nations. This is the original sense of applicability, which predates the 1949 version.

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The image before the weapon : a critical history of the distinction between combatant and civilian

3718:

Compassionate Superintelligence AI 5.0: AI with Blockchain, Bmi, Drone, Iot, and Biometric Technologies

3135: 2619:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2337: 2187:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 1051: 350: 3249: 1307:. The Geneva Conventions also protect those affected by non-international armed conflicts such as the 7165: 7134: 6736: 6632: 6553: 6401: 5370: 4727: 1331: 2674: 1763: 416:

convention. It remained in force until 1970 when Costa Rica acceded to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.

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on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)

3901: 3891: 2947:"The United States is at War with Syria (according to the ICRC's New Geneva Convention Commentary)" 1686: 1335: 1315: 1059: 936:

prisoners because the United States-al Qaeda conflict was "not of an international character." The

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Conforming Instrumentalists: Why the USA and the United Kingdom Joined the 1949 Geneva Conventions

2872:"The Gitmo Fallout: The fight over the Hamdan ruling heats up – as fears about its reach escalate" 2783:"Forum Isolation: Social Opprobrium and the Origins of the International Law of Internal Conflict" 950:

process used to try these suspects was in violation of U.S. and international law. In response to

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because the U.S. intervened in Syrian territory without the former's consent. On the other hand,

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Despite the length of these documents, they were found over time to be incomplete. The nature of

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Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

4742: 4717: 4610: 3316:"A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya" 3222: 3190: 1228: 1221: 1170: 852:

that were not part of the treaties. When the provisions of this article apply, it states that:

421:

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field

7129: 7086: 7008: 6926: 6686: 6493: 6362: 5550: 5506: 5439: 4878: 1182: 1075: 1067: 198: 52: 28: 3691:"Amidst new challenges, Geneva Conventions mark 70 years of 'limiting brutality' during war" 3466:"Guantánamo Bay: A Reflection On The Legal Status And Rights Of 'Unlawful Enemy Combatants'" 1314:

The lines between combatants and civilians have blurred when the actors are not exclusively

6855: 6622: 5696: 5545: 4956: 4808: 4686: 4543: 1612: 1327: 1212: 932:

On February 7, 2002, President Bush adopted the view that Common Article 3 did not protect

740: 324: 311: 259: 73: 6721: 3409: 1860: 129:. The Geneva Conventions concern only protected non-combatants in war. The use of wartime 8: 7139: 6803: 6487: 5641: 5105: 4753: 4643: 4590: 4553: 3625:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. Archived from 2235: 2084: 1863:, film on the creation of the Red Cross, Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions 1428: 1232: 1208: 1157:

Not all violations of the treaty are treated equally. The most serious crimes are termed

1099: 363: 193: 130: 2597:"Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2161:"Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 419:

The 1929 conference yielded two conventions that were signed on 27 July 1929. One, the "

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The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001

1513: 1448: 1413: 1396: 1384: 1365: 1304: 1197: 942: 820: 788: 499: 376: 142: 101: 4962:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

3757:," European Journal of International Law, Volume 28, Issue 2, May 2017, Pages 483–511. 3504: 202:, in 1862, on the horrors of war. His wartime experiences inspired Dunant to propose: 7216: 7043: 6891: 6650: 5555: 5335: 4538: 4173: 3951: 3721: 3556: 3487: 3417: 3230: 3210: 3114:"How "grave breaches" are defined in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols" 3024: 2814: 2802: 2446: 2396: 2315: 2216: 2088: 2072: 2051: 1960: 1935: 1834: 1378: 1087: 724: 638: 397: 169: 122: 117: 77: 4957:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

3206: 3096: 1146: 557: 7048: 6901: 6435: 6424: 5769: 5218: 5067:

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities

4656: 4605: 3607: 3583:"The Russian Soldier Captured in Crimea May Not Be Russian, a Soldier, or Captured" 3477: 3330: 3255: 3202: 3004: 2794: 2426: 2376: 2295: 2260: 2080: 1803: 1632: 1551:

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

1409: 1361: 1360:

Controversy has arisen over the US designation of irregular opponents as "unlawful

1308: 1128: 1029: 860:, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed 631: 451: 428: 337: 207: 146: 89: 4927:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

1189:

Also considered grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention are the following:

774: 7091: 6906: 6896: 6447: 5011: 4722: 4523: 3754: 3534: 3511: 3081: 2900:(Kindle ed.). Atlanta (Georgia), U.S.A.: Self Published via Amazon's K.D.P. 1828: 1499: 1079: 849: 834: 826: 756:(1977) relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts 630:

members of armed forces at sea. The third convention dealt with the treatment of

511: 396:

For both of these accomplishments, Henry Dunant became co recipient of the first

178: 150: 93: 7230: 3799: 2575:"Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 2026:"Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 1521: 88:

colloquially denotes the agreements of 1949, negotiated in the aftermath of the

7201: 7175: 7018: 6921: 6716: 5744: 5330: 3690: 3526: 1459:

use the Geneva Convention as a primary text investigating torture and warfare.

1401: 1286: 902: 863: 549:

are often relied upon to provide authoritative interpretation of the articles.

161: 2798: 40: 7249: 5180: 4814:

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

4471: 3649:"Advanced Seminar in International Humanitarian Law for University Lecturers" 3560: 3491: 3421: 3214: 2806: 2736:"How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law?" 1405: 1390: 1178:

compelling a protected person to serve in the armed forces of a hostile power

1107: 1083: 1021: 898:

outrages upon dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; and

796: 750:(1977) relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 112: 3254:. DoD GEN35 B. American Forces Information Service, Dept. of Defense. 1987. 2430: 7235: 7170: 7160: 7071: 6916: 6782: 6482: 5584: 5540: 5529: 5182: 4563: 4003: 3927: 3251:

Prisoner of war : rights & obligations under the Geneva Convention

1581: 1576: 1527: 1438: 1323: 1319: 1240: 926: 922: 848:. The rationale for the limitation is to avoid conflict with the rights of 759: 443: 285: 189: 3335: 779:

This article states that the Geneva Conventions apply to all the cases of

478: 6886: 6731: 6316: 5589: 5579: 4435: 3922: 3054: 2951: 1606: 1601: 1349: 1204: 1111: 857: 845: 753: 650: 538: 483: 442:

Inspired by the wave of humanitarian and pacifistic enthusiasm following

424: 246: 185: 3315: 2199:

the Regulations annexed to the above-mentioned Conventions of The Hague.

1493: 5488:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

3917: 3077:"Aggression from North Vietnam -- U.S. State Department, Feb. 27, 1965" 3016: 2438: 2388: 2307: 2272: 1485: 1244: 881: 807: 747: 447: 3505:

JK Elsea: "Presidential Authority to Detain 'Enemy Combatants'" (2002)

6911: 6881: 6860: 6341: 4632: 4168: 3841: 3800:

Texts and commentaries of 1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols

3652: 2898:

Addressing Some Contentious Issues In Criminal Justice Administration

2362:"The Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" 1322:, an HCP often is faced with a non-state actor, as argued by General 1236: 1196:

extensive destruction and appropriation of property not justified by

1175:

willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health

1162: 1103: 958:, which President Bush signed into law on October 17, 2006. Like the 909: 906: 627: 222: 174: 111:

The Geneva Conventions define the rights and protections afforded to

3008: 2380: 2299: 2264: 1783:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC 1479: 821:

Common Article 3 relating to non-international armed conflict (NIAC)

6393: 5774: 4932:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

4600: 4158: 3794: 3482: 3465: 1679:"State Parties / Signatories: Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" 1617: 1417: 1346:(ICTY), have clarified international law in this area. In the 1999 1296: 933: 825:

This article states that the certain minimum rules of war apply to

762:(2005) relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem 494: 97: 3805:

The Geneva Conventions: the core of international humanitarian law

2251:

Sperry, C. (1906). "The Revision of the Geneva Convention, 1906".

2073:"Indiscriminate Warfare: Bombing, Nuclear Weapons, and Starvation" 1066:

with its consent in battling Taliban insurgents. In contrast, the

699:"relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" (first adopted in 6331: 6326: 1561:

Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights

1432: 1421: 1262: 1095: 1047: 940:

invalidated the Bush Administration view of Common Article 3, in

892: 885: 723:

Convention. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in whole or with

272: 4202:

Presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties

1592:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

880:

violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds,

121:. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in their entirety or with 6627: 6311: 5498: 5400: 5375: 5361:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)

5252:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

4617: 2721:"The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols" 1369: 775:

Common Article 2 relating to international armed conflict (IAC)

226: 69: 4977:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

4840:

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women

649:

and general treaties concerning the legal status of aliens in

104:; establish protections for the wounded and sick; and provide 6843: 6808: 6741: 5376:

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

4796: 4441:

American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the ICC

3351:"Sixty years of the Geneva Conventions and the decades ahead" 3136:"Practice Relating to Rule 157. Jurisdiction over War Crimes" 3071: 1733:"United Nations Treaty Collection | Chapter IV: Human Rights" 1338:, as well as most military engagements of the US since 2000. 1114:, therefore Common Article 2 solely applied to the conflict. 1017: 869: 739:

The 1949 conventions have been modified with three amendment

298: 2967:"Non-international armed conflicts in Syria: Classification" 2286:

Yingling, Raymund (1952). "The Geneva Conventions of 1949".

1712:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons" 6972: 6522: 6321: 5346:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

5341:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

3445:. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 2901: 1248: 1231:

also applies to the enforcement of grave breaches when the

1040:

invasion of Afghanistan from October 7 to December 17, 2001

1036: 912:

which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

522:

emblems, for those countries that find them objectionable.

165:

The progression of the Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949

4783: 3651:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from 3610:. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 6 August 2014. 1685:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from 1169:

willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment, including

217:

of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone

149:

in international armed conflicts is addressed by the 1925

4667:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2253:

Proceedings of the American Political Science Association

1344:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

1257:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

490: 81: 4846:

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women

3116:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 27 June 2024 2675:"Article 3--Conflicts Not of an International Character" 1000:(IHL) is attributable to deliberate belligerent intent. 4702:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

3770:

Preparing for War: The Making of the Geneva Conventions

3709: 2870:

Michael Isikoff and Stuart Taylor Jr. (July 17, 2006),

1959:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22 and 322. 1086:, who "invited" Soviet troops to intervene against the 3981: 3744:

Matthew Evangelista and Nina Tannenwald (eds.). 2017.

3373:"Meisels, T: "COMBATANTS – LAWFUL AND UNLAWFUL" (2007 3189:

III, John B. Bellinger; Padmanabhan, Vijay M. (2011).

1042:

was initially an IAC because it waged war against the

915:

The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.

5386:

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

4942:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

4858:

Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity

3464:

Sliedregt, Elies van; Gill, Terry D. (19 July 2005).

1447:

Educational institutions and organizations including

5242:

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

5037:

Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

4972:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4863:

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

3443:"The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic – Case No. IT-94-1-A" 3051:"The United Nations and the Third Geneva Convention" 2848:"Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees" 1475: 1259:

to investigate and/or prosecute alleged violations.

841:

of organization, like a military command structure.

531:

The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Commentary

221:

The former proposal led to the establishment of the

2079:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 197–252, 2050:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–25. 44:A facsimile of the signature-and-seals page of the 6510:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 6295:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) 5091: 4657:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 3408:Clark, Wesley K.; Raustiala, Kal (8 August 2007). 6383:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 5416:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) 3048: 1427:The application of the Geneva Conventions in the 1014:American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war 986: 7247: 7212:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic 5303:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture 5136:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 4687:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 4662:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3720:. Compassionate AI Lab, Inner Light Publishers. 2944: 2339:Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary 1934:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 322. 1894: 1070:was an IAC because the Soviet Union invaded the 427:had shown the deficiencies in the protection of 5483:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 5283:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 4852:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3623:"International Law, Torture and Accountability" 1326:in 2007. Examples of such conflict include the 4967:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 4501: 3682: 3407: 3188: 2048:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 1957:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 1932:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 1284:. They protect combatants who find themselves 1263:Right to a fair trial when no crime is alleged 1181:willfully depriving a protected person of the 6409: 5514: 5166: 5111:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 4769: 4487: 3967: 3857: 3463: 1808:. London: Longmans, Green and co. p. 707 1106:was under effective control and direction by 33:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 7207:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks 5121:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 5007:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 2895: 1566:German Prisoners of War in the United States 861: 661:In international law and diplomacy the term 561:Parties to Geneva Conventions and Protocols 108:for the civilians in and around a war-zone. 5421:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) 5116:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 4937:Convention on the Political Rights of Women 2988:"Which Law Applies to the Afghan Conflict?" 2236:For example by the U.S. Supreme Court, see 1925: 1923: 1921: 1436: 56:The original document in single pages, 1864 6819:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation 6416: 6402: 5521: 5507: 5288:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 5173: 5159: 4873:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 4825:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 4776: 4762: 4672:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 4494: 4480: 4121:Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution 4109:Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act 4019:Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences 3974: 3960: 3864: 3850: 3410:"Opinion | Why Terrorists Aren't Soldiers" 3353:. International Committee of the Red Cross 3283:. International Committee of the Red Cross 2762:. International Committee of the Red Cross 2702:"2016 Commentary on the Geneva Convention" 2342:. International Committee of the Red Cross 1541:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 1253:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 467:provisions of the First Geneva Convention. 139:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 5356:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 5308:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 4798:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions 4692:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 3688: 3547:Gonzales, Alberto R. (30 November 2001). 3520: 3481: 3334: 3195:The American Journal of International Law 2369:The American Journal of International Law 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2288:The American Journal of International Law 1901:1899/00, nr. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting)" 1082:from power, then installed puppet leader 829:"not of an international character." The 482:The third protocol emblem, also known as 192:went to visit wounded soldiers after the 5027:Convention for the Prevention of Torture 4103:American Service-Members' Protection Act 3790:The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 3546: 3140:International Committee of the Red Cross 2940: 2938: 2928:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2780: 2487:International Committee of the Red Cross 2285: 2070: 1918: 1801: 1587:International Committee of the Red Cross 1546:Customary international humanitarian law 1453:International Committee of the Red Cross 1145: 831:International Committee of the Red Cross 637:Individuals who fulfill the criteria of 588: Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III 556: 543:International Committee of the Red Cross 477: 168: 160: 51: 39: 6215:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5391:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) 5381:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 5366:International Labour Organization (ILO) 3673: 3313: 3108: 3106: 2416: 1706: 1704: 1200:and carried out unlawfully and wantonly 1056:International Security Assistance Force 48:, which established humane rules of war 7248: 6307:List of human rights abuses by country 5795:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017) 5760:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 5406:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 4835:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 4785:International human rights instruments 4014:Agreement on Privileges and Immunities 3871: 3689:Peace and, Security (13 August 2019). 2985: 2972:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 2335: 2322: 2250: 1826: 1761: 1727: 1725: 1623:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 787:The Conventions apply to all cases of 518:, as an alternative to the ubiquitous 493:had changed with the beginning of the 6397: 6378:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5502: 5351:Organisation of American States (OAS) 5154: 5090: 4993: 4947:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4902: 4901: 4884:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 4819:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4795: 4757: 4475: 4115:International Criminal Court Act 2001 3955: 3845: 3580: 3323:European Journal of International Law 3244: 3242: 3240: 3061:from the original on 1 November 2020. 3049:Keiichiro Okimoto (26 October 2020). 2996:American Journal of International Law 2935: 2923:"Categorization of an armed conflict" 2908: 2045: 1954: 1929: 1743:from the original on 28 November 2023 1671: 1247:to apply universal jurisdiction. The 1026:Russia intervened in Syrian territory 856:Persons taking no active part in the 6849:The State of the Humanitarian System 6423: 5313:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 5237:Committee on the Rights of the Child 3574: 3103: 2833:International Humanitarian Datebases 2733: 2718: 2699: 2210: 1833:. US: Science History Publications. 1701: 1628:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 1573:– traditional rules on fighting wars 1301:the invasion of Chechnya (1994–2017) 1161:and provide a legal definition of a 1122: 570: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III 364:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 213:A government treaty recognizing the 5219:Truth and reconciliation commission 5054:American Convention on Human Rights 4461:World Day for International Justice 3715: 1722: 1653:"The 1864 Geneva Convention - ICRC" 1251:did this when they established the 578: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II 13: 7099:The State of the World's Cash 2020 7024:Central African Republic Civil War 5805:during the Libyan civil war (2011) 5667:National human rights institutions 5662:List of human rights organisations 5032:European Convention on Nationality 3983:International Criminal Court (ICC) 3738: 3620: 3237: 3038:Third Geneva Convention, Article 4 2085:10.1093/oso/9780198868071.003.0006 1895:Dutch Government (20 April 1900). 1770:English version, full text online. 1571:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 1556:Geneva Conference (disambiguation) 1072:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 938:Supreme Court of the United States 606: Parties to GC I–IV and P III 541:who was the vice-president of the 504:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 433:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 135:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 115:who fulfill the criteria of being 14: 7272: 6762:Koyamada International Foundation 5022:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 3777: 3747:Do the Geneva Conventions Matter? 3301:See U.S. Supreme Court decision, 3073:United States Department of State 2986:W., Reisman; Silk, James (1988). 2945:Adil Ahmad Haque (8 April 2016). 1462: 1141: 614: Parties to GC I–IV and no P 7229: 5790:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp 5528: 4994: 4327:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4142: 3783: 3549:"Martial Justice, Full and Fair" 2845: 2616: 2594: 2572: 2550: 2528: 2506: 2459: 2184: 2158: 2132: 2106: 2023: 2001: 1979: 1872: 1520: 1506: 1492: 1478: 964:Military Commissions Act of 2009 960:Military Commissions Act of 2006 956:Military Commissions Act of 2006 596: Parties to GC I–IV and P I 382: 369: 356: 343: 330: 317: 304: 291: 278: 265: 252: 239: 25:Geneva Protocol (disambiguation) 7115:Attacks on humanitarian workers 6574:Inter-Agency Standing Committee 5915:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet 5621:Natural rights and legal rights 5611:Claim rights and liberty rights 5411:UN Development Programme (UNDP) 5371:World Health Organization (WHO) 3676:"Responding to terror explored" 3674:McManus, Shani (13 July 2015). 3667: 3641: 3614: 3600: 3540: 3498: 3457: 3435: 3401: 3365: 3343: 3307: 3295: 3273: 3223:10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.2.0201 3207:10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.2.0201 3182: 3157: 3128: 3089: 3065: 3042: 3031: 2979: 2959: 2889: 2880: 2864: 2839: 2821: 2774: 2752: 2727: 2712: 2693: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2632: 2610: 2588: 2566: 2544: 2522: 2500: 2475: 2453: 2410: 2354: 2279: 2244: 2229: 2204: 2178: 2152: 2126: 2100: 2064: 2039: 2017: 1995: 1973: 1948: 1888: 1866: 1762:Dunant, Henry (December 2015). 1536:Attacks on humanitarian workers 1233:United Nations Security Council 1098:, volunteer corps or organized 1064:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 525: 66:international humanitarian laws 7130:Health Care In Danger Campaign 7029:Western African Ebola outbreak 6712:International Rescue Committee 6569:Humanitarian-Development Nexus 6458:International humanitarian law 5785:against Palestinians by Israel 5298:European Court of Human Rights 5094:International humanitarian law 4733:International humanitarian law 4677:Special Court for Sierra Leone 3516:Congressional Research Service 3281:"The Geneva Conventions Today" 2215:. Basel: Helbing Lichtenhahn. 1854: 1820: 1795: 1773: 1755: 1683:International Humanitarian Law 1645: 1597:International humanitarian law 1457:Rohr Jewish Learning Institute 1282:international humanitarian law 1117: 1044:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 998:international humanitarian law 987:IAC and/or NIAC classification 948:Guantanamo military commission 766: 656: 647:international human rights law 206:A permanent relief agency for 80:for humanitarian treatment in 1: 7077:Sexual exploitation and abuse 6953:German Federal Foreign Office 6531:History of the United Nations 5062:to Prevent and Punish Torture 4029:Charter of the United Nations 3678:. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. 3581:Faith, Ryan (10 March 2014). 1805:International Law: A Treatise 1638: 1404:, aided by Attorneys-General 1374:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 1318:(HCP). Since the fall of the 1062:(RSM) auspices assisting the 78:international legal standards 16:International treaties of war 7261:Treaties concluded in Geneva 7192:2015 European migrant crisis 7120:Aid Worker Security Database 6994:Great Indian Famine of 1870s 6866:Global Humanitarian Overview 5626:Negative and positive rights 5247:International Criminal Court 4697:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 4682:International Criminal Court 3811:Rules of war (in a nutshell) 1222:ordered them to be committed 1152:International Criminal Court 734: 446:and the outrage towards the 7: 6707:International Medical Corps 6579:Humanitarian Cluster System 6368:List of human rights awards 6240:in the United Arab Emirates 5616:Individual and group rights 5401:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) 4738:International speech crimes 4519:Customary international law 3793:public domain audiobook at 3764:" Cornell University Press. 2781:Mantilla, Giovanni (2018). 1471: 1355:customary international law 667:an international agreement, 552: 279: 10: 7277: 7197:Detention Centres in Libya 7082:Core Humanitarian Standard 6814:Network for Refugee Voices 6788:Global Refugee-Led Network 6290:of the Marcos dictatorship 5396:UN Population Fund (UNFPA) 5058:Inter-American Convention 4922:Convention against Torture 4559:Convention Against Torture 4503:International criminal law 4451:European Union and the ICC 3773:. Oxford University Press. 2787:International Organization 1185:if accused of a war crime. 1126: 520:Red Cross and Red Crescent 514:for medical services, the 351:Kingdom of the Netherlands 156: 18: 7225: 7184: 7166:International development 7153: 7135:Kunduz hospital airstrike 7107: 7062: 6981: 6935: 6874: 6831: 6796: 6770: 6737:Norwegian Refugee Council 6679: 6641: 6600: 6591: 6554:World Humanitarian Summit 6544: 6520: 6473: 6466: 6431: 6350: 6235:in the State of Palestine 6220:in the Dominican Republic 5800:during the Gaddafi regime 5737: 5682: 5675: 5654: 5634: 5603: 5575: 5564: 5536: 5468: 5429: 5321: 5275: 5257:UN Human Rights Committee 5227: 5214:Human rights institutions 5196: 5101: 5086: 5002: 4989: 4912: 4897: 4804: 4791: 4728:Joint criminal enterprise 4710: 4641: 4572: 4509: 4456:United States and the ICC 4428: 4403: 4385: 4312: 4305: 4215: 4189: 4182: 4151: 4140: 4095: 4060: 4044: 4037: 3996: 3989: 3936: 3910: 3879: 3716:Ray, Amit (4 July 2018). 3314:Abresch, William (2005). 2799:10.1017/S0020818318000097 1802:Roxburgh, Ronald (1920). 1275: 703:, last revision in 1949); 7039:South Sudanese Civil War 7014:2011 East Africa drought 6727:Médecins Sans Frontières 6692:Catholic Relief Services 5469:ICRC – organization with 5293:African Court of Justice 4648:(in order of foundation) 3902:Fourth Geneva Convention 3892:Second Geneva Convention 3750:Oxford University Press. 3510:23 November 2021 at the 3260:2027/uiug.30112000632791 2046:Fleck, Dietrich (2013). 1955:Fleck, Dietrich (2013). 1930:Fleck, Dietrich (2013). 1336:Colombian Armed Conflict 1316:High Contracting Parties 1078:Afghan communist leader 1060:Resolute Support Mission 1016:became both an IAC with 708:Fourth Geneva Convention 686:Second Geneva Convention 410:Hague Convention of 1907 406:Hague Convention of 1899 229:. The latter led to the 19:Not to be confused with 7145:Dolo hospital airstrike 6989:Chinese Famine of 1870s 6536:1951 Refugee Convention 6453:Humanitarian principles 6358:History of human rights 5765:Enforced disappearances 5755:Crimes against humanity 5262:UN Human Rights Council 5209:Human rights commission 4830:Declaration of Montreal 4586:Crimes against humanity 4164:Crimes against humanity 3897:Third Geneva Convention 3887:First Geneva Convention 3269:– via HathiTrust. 2431:10.1111/1468-2346.00118 2071:van Dijk, Boyd (2022), 1716:Doctors Without Borders 972:laws and customs of war 697:Third Geneva Convention 675:First Geneva Convention 7125:World Humanitarian Day 6999:Ethiopian famine 1980s 6832:Analysis and reporting 6702:Danish Refugee Council 6680:International agencies 6302:Incitement to genocide 5595:Universal jurisdiction 4743:Universal jurisdiction 4718:Command responsibility 4611:Incitement to genocide 4549:United Nations Charter 4197:List of states parties 3767:Boyd van Dijk (2022). 3608:"Training vs. Torture" 3533:18 August 2018 at the 3169:ihl-databases.icrc.org 1827:Abrams, Irwin (2001). 1437: 1229:universal jurisdiction 1171:biological experiments 1154: 994:United Nations Charter 984: 954:, Congress passed the 918: 884:, cruel treatment and 862: 620: 486: 390:Kingdom of Württemberg 231:1864 Geneva Convention 181: 166: 57: 49: 46:1864 Geneva Convention 7087:Sphere (organization) 7009:2010 Haiti earthquake 6927:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe 6687:Action Against Hunger 6661:The Federation (IFRC) 6494:A Memory of Solferino 6363:List of global issues 5440:Amnesty International 4879:Yogyakarta Principles 4446:Coalition for the ICC 4128:Völkerstrafgesetzbuch 3537:, consulted July 2014 2719:ICRC (8 March 2016). 2664:, consulted July 2014 2652:, consulted July 2014 2419:International Affairs 2336:Pictet, Jean (1958). 2211:Kolb, Robert (2009). 1765:A Memory of Solferino 1368:), especially in the 1183:right to a fair trial 1149: 1052:Karzai administration 968: 854: 560: 481: 199:A Memory of Solferino 172: 164: 72:and three additional 55: 43: 29:Geneva Accords (1988) 6856:The New Humanitarian 6245:in the United States 6020:in Jammu and Kashmir 5566:Fundamental concepts 5471:special status based 4809:Brazilian Resolution 4644:International courts 4544:Nuremberg principles 4436:Legal Tools Database 4174:Crimes of aggression 3753:Giovanni Mantilla, " 2406:on 24 February 2021. 2375:(4): 119–177. 1953. 1861:The story of an idea 1613:Nuremberg Principles 1328:Sri Lankan Civil War 1020:and a NIAC with the 962:, its successor the 325:Grand Duchy of Hesse 260:Grand Duchy of Baden 133:is addressed by the 131:conventional weapons 84:. The singular term 7140:Airstrikes on Yemen 6488:Battle of Solferino 6230:in the Soviet Union 6130:in Papua New Guinea 5780:Human rights abuses 5738:Human rights abuses 5642:Corporal punishment 5267:UN Security Council 5106:Genocide Convention 4591:Crime of aggression 4554:Genocide Convention 3695:United Nations News 3336:10.1093/ejil/chi139 2886:10 U.S.C. § 948a(e) 1429:Russo-Ukrainian War 1372:judgments over the 1100:resistance movement 1050:rule. Once the new 247:Swiss Confederation 194:Battle of Solferino 68:consisting of four 7256:Geneva Conventions 6936:Donors and funding 6671:Protective Emblems 6666:National Societies 6643:Red Cross Movement 6505:Geneva Conventions 6500:Red Cross Movement 6474:1850s, Creation of 6225:in the Philippines 5750:Crime of apartheid 5475:Geneva Conventions 5460:Human Rights First 5450:Human Rights Watch 5204:Human rights group 5126:Geneva Conventions 4596:Crime of apartheid 4534:Geneva Conventions 4159:Crimes of genocide 4024:Geneva Conventions 3873:Geneva Conventions 3553:The New York Times 3470:Utrecht Law Review 3414:The New York Times 3375:Law and Philosophy 3303:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 2238:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1739:. United Nations. 1689:on 17 January 2013 1514:Switzerland portal 1449:Harvard University 1414:Keith B. Alexander 1397:Boumediene v. Bush 1385:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1366:unlawful combatant 1332:Sudanese Civil War 1305:Russo-Georgian War 1293:War in Afghanistan 1198:military necessity 1193:taking of hostages 1155: 943:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 681:and finally 1949); 621: 487: 377:Kingdom of Prussia 286:Kingdom of Denmark 273:Kingdom of Belgium 182: 167: 102:military personnel 62:Geneva Conventions 58: 50: 7243: 7242: 7217:Aid effectiveness 7108:Aid worker safety 7044:Rohingya genocide 6982:Major emergencies 6892:Christos Christou 6827: 6826: 6752:Save the Children 6722:Médecins du Monde 6651:Seville Agreement 6587: 6586: 6441:in conflict zones 6391: 6390: 6373:Three generations 5733: 5732: 5650: 5649: 5496: 5495: 5336:Council of Europe 5148: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5131:Hague Conventions 5082: 5081: 4985: 4984: 4905:International law 4893: 4892: 4751: 4750: 4577:international law 4539:Nuremberg Charter 4529:Hague Conventions 4469: 4468: 4424: 4423: 4301: 4300: 4207:Review Conference 4138: 4137: 4091: 4090: 3949: 3948: 3830:GCIII: Commentary 3760:Helen Kinsella, " 2222:978-2-8027-2848-1 2077:Preparing for War 2057:978-0-19-872928-0 1966:978-0-19-872928-0 1941:978-0-19-872928-0 1609:General Order 100 1379:Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 1227:The principle of 1123:Protecting powers 1088:Afghan mujahideen 1068:Soviet–Afghan War 1012:For example, the 714:(II) of 1899 and 639:protected persons 619: 618: 450:disclosed by the 398:Nobel Peace Prize 118:protected persons 94:wartime prisoners 86:Geneva Convention 21:Geneva Conference 7268: 7236:World portal 7234: 7233: 7185:Related articles 7054:Yemeni Civil War 7049:Syrian civil war 6902:Martin Griffiths 6598: 6597: 6471: 6470: 6436:Humanitarian aid 6425:Humanitarian aid 6418: 6411: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6145:in Punjab, India 5770:Forced migration 5680: 5679: 5573: 5572: 5568:and philosophies 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5088: 5087: 4991: 4990: 4899: 4898: 4868:Paris Principles 4793: 4792: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4711:Related concepts 4649: 4606:Genocidal intent 4496: 4489: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4310: 4309: 4187: 4186: 4146: 4117:(United Kingdom) 4061:Security Council 4045:General Assembly 4042: 4041: 3994: 3993: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3835:GCIV: Commentary 3825:GCII: Commentary 3787: 3786: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697:. United Nations 3686: 3680: 3679: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3544: 3538: 3524: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3382:. Archived from 3381: 3377:, v26 pp.31–65)" 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3320: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3246: 3235: 3234: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3099:. Alpha History. 3093: 3087: 3086: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3028: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2919: 2906: 2905: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2399:. Archived from 2366: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1927: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1659:. 18 August 2013 1649: 1633:Targeted killing 1530: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1442: 1410:Alberto Gonzales 1362:enemy combatants 1309:Syrian civil war 1135:protecting power 1129:Protecting power 1030:Free Syrian Army 867: 850:Sovereign States 835:non-state actors 729:by 196 countries 716:Hague Convention 712:Hague Convention 690:Hague Convention 632:prisoners of war 613: 605: 595: 587: 577: 569: 563: 562: 535:The Commentaries 429:prisoners of war 388: 386: 385: 375: 373: 372: 362: 360: 359: 349: 347: 346: 338:Kingdom of Italy 336: 334: 333: 323: 321: 320: 310: 308: 307: 299:Kingdom of Spain 297: 295: 294: 284: 282: 281: 271: 269: 268: 258: 256: 255: 245: 243: 242: 208:humanitarian aid 177:poster from the 147:chemical warfare 127:by 196 countries 90:Second World War 7276: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7228: 7221: 7180: 7149: 7103: 7092:Sphere Handbook 7064: 7058: 6977: 6931: 6907:Jemilah Mahmood 6897:Winnie Byanyima 6870: 6823: 6792: 6766: 6675: 6637: 6593: 6583: 6547:reform attempts 6546: 6540: 6516: 6475: 6462: 6448:Humanitarianism 6427: 6422: 6392: 6387: 6346: 6175:in South Africa 6165:in Sierra Leone 6160:in Saudi Arabia 5890:in Burkina Faso 5845:in Azad Kashmir 5729: 5671: 5646: 5630: 5599: 5569: 5567: 5560: 5551:Intersex people 5532: 5527: 5497: 5492: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5425: 5323: 5317: 5276:Regional bodies 5271: 5229: 5223: 5192: 5179: 5149: 5140: 5097: 5078: 4998: 4981: 4908: 4889: 4800: 4787: 4782: 4752: 4747: 4723:Superior orders 4706: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4579: 4576: 4568: 4524:Peremptory norm 4505: 4500: 4470: 4465: 4420: 4399: 4381: 4297: 4211: 4178: 4147: 4134: 4105:(United States) 4087: 4056: 4033: 3985: 3980: 3950: 3945: 3941:List of parties 3932: 3906: 3875: 3870: 3820:GCI: Commentary 3784: 3780: 3741: 3739:Further reading 3736: 3735: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3683: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3655:on 15 July 2015 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3629:on 4 March 2016 3619: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3545: 3541: 3535:Wayback Machine 3525: 3521: 3512:Wayback Machine 3503: 3499: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3389:on 8 March 2021 3386: 3379: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3097:"THE VIET CONG" 3095: 3094: 3090: 3082:Digital history 3070: 3066: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3009:10.2307/2202961 2990: 2984: 2980: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2943: 2936: 2921: 2920: 2909: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2717: 2713: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2381:10.2307/2213912 2364: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2323: 2300:10.2307/2194498 2284: 2280: 2265:10.2307/3038537 2249: 2245: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2209: 2205: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1928: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899:Kamerstukken II 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1737:treaties.un.org 1731: 1730: 1723: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500:Politics portal 1498: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1465: 1278: 1265: 1144: 1131: 1125: 1120: 1080:Hafizullah Amin 989: 901:the passing of 827:armed conflicts 823: 777: 769: 737: 659: 615: 611: 607: 603: 597: 593: 589: 585: 579: 575: 571: 567: 555: 528: 512:protective sign 491:armed conflicts 484:the Red Crystal 394: 383: 381: 370: 368: 357: 355: 344: 342: 331: 329: 318: 316: 305: 303: 292: 290: 277: 266: 264: 253: 251: 240: 238: 210:in times of war 179:First World War 159: 151:Geneva Protocol 76:that establish 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7274: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7241: 7240: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7202:Crisis mapping 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7176:Neocolonialism 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7154:Related fields 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7019:Typhoon Haiyan 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6922:James Orbinski 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6875:Notable people 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6800: 6798: 6797:Local agencies 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Guardian Girls 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6717:Islamic Relief 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6195:in Switzerland 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:in South Korea 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6115:in North Korea 6112: 6107: 6105:in New Zealand 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6050:in Kyrgyzstan‎ 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:in El Salvador 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860:in Balochistan 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5810:in Afghanistan 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Atrocity crime 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5331:European Union 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5181:International 5178: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5042:Social Charter 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4575:Crimes against 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4306:Investigations 4303: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4190:States parties 4184: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4039: 4038:UN resolutions 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4000: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816:Commentaries: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3779: 3778:External links 3776: 3775: 3774: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3727:978-9382123446 3726: 3708: 3681: 3666: 3640: 3621:Khouri, Rami. 3613: 3599: 3573: 3539: 3519: 3497: 3483:10.18352/ulr.2 3456: 3434: 3400: 3364: 3342: 3329:(4): 741–767. 3306: 3294: 3272: 3236: 3201:(2): 201–243. 3181: 3156: 3127: 3102: 3088: 3064: 3041: 3030: 3003:(3): 485-486. 2978: 2958: 2934: 2907: 2888: 2879: 2863: 2846:Bush, George. 2838: 2820: 2793:(2): 317–349. 2773: 2751: 2726: 2711: 2708:. p. 393. 2692: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2631: 2609: 2587: 2565: 2543: 2521: 2499: 2474: 2452: 2409: 2353: 2321: 2294:(3): 393–427. 2278: 2243: 2228: 2221: 2203: 2177: 2151: 2125: 2099: 2094:978-0198868071 2093: 2063: 2056: 2038: 2016: 1994: 1972: 1965: 1947: 1940: 1917: 1887: 1865: 1853: 1839: 1819: 1794: 1772: 1754: 1721: 1700: 1670: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1517: 1503: 1489: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463:New challenges 1461: 1402:George W. Bush 1376:brig facility 1348:Prosecutor v. 1287:hors de combat 1277: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1217: 1216: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1159:grave breaches 1143: 1142:Grave breaches 1140: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 988: 985: 917: 916: 913: 899: 896: 889: 864:hors de combat 822: 819: 804: 803: 800: 792: 776: 773: 768: 765: 764: 763: 757: 751: 736: 733: 720: 719: 704: 693: 682: 658: 655: 617: 616: 610: 608: 602: 599: 598: 592: 590: 584: 581: 580: 574: 572: 566: 554: 551: 527: 524: 476: 475: 471: 468: 464: 408:and the tenth 393: 392: 379: 366: 353: 340: 327: 314: 301: 288: 275: 262: 249: 235: 219: 218: 211: 158: 155: 113:non-combatants 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7273: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 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6648: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6594:organizations 6590: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Grand Bargain 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6519: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476:the Red Cross 6472: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:in Uzbekistan 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155:in the Russia 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035:in Kazakhstan 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:in Bangladesh 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:in Azerbaijan 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:South America 5714: 5712: 5710: 5709:North America 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655:Organizations 5653: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Emergency NGO 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5322:Multi-lateral 5320: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228:International 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186:organisations 5184: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Slave trading 4621: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4332:Darfur, Sudan 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997:International 3995: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3282: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2761: 2755: 2737: 2734:ICRC (2008). 2730: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2700:ICRC (2016). 2696: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2620: 2613: 2598: 2591: 2576: 2569: 2554: 2547: 2532: 2525: 2510: 2503: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2357: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2027: 2020: 2005: 1998: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1842: 1840:9780881353884 1836: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1782: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:John Ashcroft 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1391:Rasul v. Bush 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108:North Vietnam 1105: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1084:Babrak Karmal 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1035:The U.S.-led 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:Islamic State 1019: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 983: 981: 977: 973: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 944: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 914: 911: 908: 904: 900: 897: 894: 890: 887: 883: 879: 878: 877: 875: 871: 868:by sickness, 866: 865: 859: 853: 851: 847: 842: 838: 836: 832: 828: 818: 815: 813: 812:international 809: 806:Article 1 of 801: 798: 797:police action 793: 790: 786: 785: 784: 782: 781:international 772: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 745: 744: 742: 732: 730: 726: 717: 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 694: 691: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 671: 670: 668: 664: 654: 652: 648: 644: 643:international 640: 635: 633: 629: 624: 609: 601: 600: 591: 583: 582: 573: 565: 564: 559: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 523: 521: 517: 513: 507: 505: 501: 496: 492: 485: 480: 472: 469: 465: 461: 460: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 413: 411: 407: 401: 399: 391: 380: 378: 367: 365: 354: 352: 341: 339: 328: 326: 315: 313: 312:French Empire 302: 300: 289: 287: 276: 274: 263: 261: 250: 248: 237: 236: 234: 232: 228: 224: 216: 212: 209: 205: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 191: 187: 180: 176: 171: 163: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137:and the 1980 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 119: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 54: 47: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7227: 7171:Peacekeeping 7161:Human Rights 7072:CHS Alliance 7065:power, abuse 7004:2004 tsunami 6917:Peter Maurer 6778:NEAR Network 6757:World Vision 6592:Humanitarian 6564:Localisation 6545:21st-century 6504: 6492: 6483:Henry Dunant 6270:in Venezuela 6185:in Sri Lanka 6065:in Lithuania 5990:in Indonesia 5970:in Hong Kong 5965:in Guatemala 5835:in Australia 5825:in Argentina 5676:By continent 5604:Distinctions 5585:Positive law 5530:Human rights 5474: 5230:institutions 5190:institutions 5183:human rights 5125: 5092: 4996:Regional law 4995: 4903: 4797: 4564:Rome Statute 4533: 4230:(elections: 4183:Organisation 4126: 4023: 4004:Rome Statute 3928:Protocol III 3872: 3789: 3768: 3745: 3717: 3711: 3701:11 September 3699:. Retrieved 3694: 3684: 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3653:the original 3643: 3631:. Retrieved 3627:the original 3616: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3586: 3576: 3564:. Retrieved 3552: 3542: 3522: 3500: 3476:(1): 28–54. 3473: 3469: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3413: 3403: 3391:. Retrieved 3384:the original 3374: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3345: 3326: 3322: 3309: 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3250: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3168: 3159: 3150: 3143:. Retrieved 3139: 3130: 3120:18 September 3118:. Retrieved 3091: 3080: 3067: 3044: 3033: 3000: 2994: 2981: 2970: 2961: 2950: 2926: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2875: 2866: 2854:. Retrieved 2841: 2832: 2823: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2754: 2742:. Retrieved 2729: 2714: 2705: 2695: 2683:. Retrieved 2678: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2612: 2600:. Retrieved 2590: 2578:. Retrieved 2568: 2556:. Retrieved 2546: 2534:. Retrieved 2524: 2512:. Retrieved 2502: 2490:. Retrieved 2477: 2465:. 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President 1395: 1394:, and later 1389: 1383: 1377: 1364:" (see also 1359: 1347: 1340: 1324:Wesley Clark 1320:Soviet Union 1313: 1285: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1241:jurisdiction 1235:asserts its 1226: 1218: 1188: 1158: 1156: 1150:The logo of 1134: 1132: 1092: 1034: 1028:against the 1011: 1005: 1002: 990: 979: 975: 971: 969: 951: 941: 931: 927:the Troubles 923:Algerian War 919: 855: 843: 839: 824: 816: 811: 805: 789:declared war 780: 778: 770: 760:Protocol III 738: 725:reservations 721: 666: 662: 660: 642: 636: 625: 622: 547:Commentaries 546: 534: 530: 529: 526:Commentaries 508: 488: 456:Tokyo trials 444:World War II 441: 437: 418: 414: 402: 395: 244: 220: 197: 190:Henry Dunant 188:businessman 183: 141:, while the 123:reservations 116: 110: 85: 61: 59: 37: 6887:Jan Egeland 6771:Consortiums 6732:Mercy Corps 6601:UN agencies 6317:Persecution 6285:in Zimbabwe 6210:in Thailand 6120:in Pakistan 6075:in Malaysia 5940:in Ethiopia 5900:in Cambodia 5880:in Botswana 5692:Middle East 5590:Sovereignty 5580:Natural law 4404:Individuals 4362:Philippines 4322:Afghanistan 3990:Legal texts 3923:Protocol II 3880:Conventions 3449:16 November 3357:16 November 3287:16 November 3265:24 November 3174:24 November 3055:EJIL: Talk! 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