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categorically states that the Red Cross personnel accused of involvement were proven not to have been present; that a white helicopter was probably used in a military operation, but the helicopter was not a Red Cross helicopter, and must have been painted by one of several military organizations operating in the region at the time. Perhaps the Red Cross logo itself was also used, although no hard evidence was found for this; that this was part of the military operation to free the hostages, but was clearly intended to achieve surprise by deceiving the local people into thinking that a Red Cross helicopter was landing; and that the Red Cross should have responded more quickly and thoroughly to investigate the allegations than it did.
2169:
Law and
Cooperation within the Movement". The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years. The Assembly, consisting of all of the members of the committee, convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the committee. The president of the Assembly is also the president of the committee as a whole. Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five-member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters. The council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate.
1425:
749:
537:, which he published using his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, and people he thought could help him make a change. His book included vivid descriptions of his experiences in Solferino in 1859, and he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war, inspired by Christian teaching regarding social responsibility and his experience after the battlefield of Solferino. He called for the development of an international treaty to guarantee the protection of medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield.
123:
1029:
7813:
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5835:
2287:
1133:
7214:
6756:
827:
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7178:
775:
452:
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1957:, from 2 to 9 October 1965, delegates "proclaimed" seven fundamental principles which are shared by all components of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986. The durability and universal acceptance is a result of the process through which they came into being in the form they have. Rather than an effort to arrive at agreement, it was an attempt to discover what successful operations and organisational units, over the past 100 years, had in common. As a result, the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were not revealed, but
814:
1522:
Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993 affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the committee from any interference by
Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.
5737:
139:
840:
788:
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43:
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1765:, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Turkey; and refugee flows in Greece and Turkey. The first large-scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter. Due to the League's coordination, the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $ 100 million. Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies.
7968:
5605:
544:, a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunant's book and introduced it for discussion at a meeting of that society. As a result of this initial discussion, the society established an investigatory commission to examine the feasibility of Dunant's suggestions and eventually to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. The members of this committee, which has subsequently been referred to as the "Committee of the Five", aside from Dunant and Moynier were physician
410:
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697:
1777:
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512:. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field. Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near-total lack of medical attendance and basic care. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded. He took point in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance with the local villagers to aid without discrimination.
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5933:
5545:
6042:
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723:
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1934:
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1212:
use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons. Four years later, the original
Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention "relative to the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" was established. The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies.
657:
906:, partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee. The controversy surrounding Dunant's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion, combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier, led to Dunant's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary. He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued. Thus, he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city.
7045:
516:
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801:
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5484:
5352:
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1926:
1818:
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1838:
renamed to the "League of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies" to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol. Three years later, the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes. The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies". In 1997, the ICRC and the IFRC signed the
5804:
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1044:, the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges that it could handle only by working closely with the national Red Cross societies. Red Cross nurses from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war. On 15 August 1914, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners-of-War Agency (IPWA) to trace
710:
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2226:
IFRC organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies such as natural disasters, manmade disasters, epidemics, mass refugee flights, and other emergencies. As per the 1997 Seville
Agreement, the IFRC is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict. The IFRC cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected – each called the
2218:
945:
2075:
IFRC (including its president), and five individuals who are elected by the
International Conference. The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average. Moreover, a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assembly of the International Federation. The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement.
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2547:, in recognition of "the pioneering work of Swiss citizens in establishing internationally recognized standards for the protection of wounded combatants and military medical facilities". In 1906, to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was decided officially to promote the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of
2325:
1721:
9348:
2709:(MDA), or Red Star of David, but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol. The Red Star of David is not recognized as a protected symbol outside Israel; instead the MDA uses the Red Crystal emblem during international operations in order to ensure protection. Depending on the circumstances, it may place the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal, or use the Red Crystal alone.
1691:, and was seriously affected by numerous aerial attacks on medical facilities and ambulances. The ICRC said in November that civilians have "overwhelmingly borne the brunt" civilians the fighting in the Palestinian enclave and Israel so far. Israeli forces have killed over 25,000 people, including civilians, Israeli nationals, and Hamas members in a devastating bombing campaign and ground offensive.
1310:
1475:
1495:, a new Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War", was established. Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, while there were only 10 articles in the first 1864 convention.
1797:, constantly emphasizing the ICRC's neutrality. In 1928, the "International Council" was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League, a task which was later taken over by the "Standing Commission". In the same year, a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time, defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement.
1740:. This move, led by the American Red Cross, expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war (such as man-made or natural disasters). The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation.
1153:'s "Laws and Customs of War on Land" of 1907. This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC's work for prisoners of war. In addition to the work of the International Prisoner-of-War Agency as described above, this included inspection visits to POW camps. A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC through the end of the war.
1491:. The 1929 Geneva convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view (because it was actually formulated in Geneva), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the
2586:. The symbol was officially adopted in 1929, and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it. In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour-reversal of the Swiss flag (rather than a religious symbol), the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour-reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire.
3261:
the 39-year-old water and habitat engineer in the head and burned one car, warning two
Afghans accompanying him not to work for foreigners ... Asked what action ICRC was taking, Bouvier explained that for the time being, the ICRC has decided to temporarily freeze all field trips in Afghanistan, calling all staff to the main delegation's offices.
2453:
Cross Laws" granting full independence as required by the
International Movement. The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters through activities such as
1529:, the ICRC's work became more dangerous. In the 1990s, more delegates died than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were:
2482:, the IFRC in particular called for humanitarian access across Gaza and West Bank, the release of hostages, the protection of civilians, hospitals and humanitarian workers from indiscriminate attack and compliance with international humanitarian law to ensure its continued activities in the occupied Palestinian territories.
1769:
2349:. Within the Movement, the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society. The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement. Article 4 of these statutes contains the "Conditions for recognition of National Societies":
2161:
name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva
Conventions. The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries, based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the committee and respective national governments.
918:. More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts. In a rather short period of time, the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work.
2295:
constitution. The executive body of the IFRC is a secretariat, led by a secretary general. The secretariat is supported by five divisions including "Programme
Services", "Humanitarian values and humanitarian diplomacy", "National Society and Knowledge Development" and "Governance and Management Services".
3260:
Ricardo Munguia, a Swiss citizen of Salvadorian origin was travelling with Afghan colleagues on an assignment to improve the water supply to the district. He was shot in cold blood on Thursday by a group of unidentified assailants who stopped the vehicles transporting them ... the assailants had shot
2298:
The highest decision-making body of the IFRC is its General Assembly, which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies. Among other tasks, the General Assembly elects the secretary general. Between the convening of General Assemblies, the Governing Board is the leading
2160:
in the most common sense of the term, nor is it an international organization. As it limits its members (a process called cooptation) to Swiss nationals only, it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs. The word "international" in its
1837:
from 1960 to 1970 was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. By the end of the 1960s, there were more than 100 societies around the world. On 10 December 1963, the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1983, the League was
1521:
for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the
1386:
in 1944. The choice of the inexperienced Rossel for this mission has been interpreted as indicative of his organization's indifference to the "Jewish problem", while his report has been described as "emblematic of the failure of the ICRC" to advocate for Jews during the Holocaust. Rossel's report was
1192:
with scenes from the POW camps. The pictures showed the prisoners in day-to-day activities such as the distribution of letters from home. The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved
2658:
of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in 1923. The symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1864, as a counter example to the crescent and cross used by two of Iran's rivals, the Ottoman and the Russian empires. Although that claim is inconsistent with the
2413:
Once a National Society has been recognized by the ICRC as a component of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement), it is in principle admitted to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in accordance with the terms defined in the Constitution
2225:
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists. On the international stage, the
1743:
The formation of the League, as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC, was not without controversy for a number of reasons. The ICRC had, to some extent, valid concerns about a possible rivalry between the two organizations. The foundation of the League was seen as an
1486:
On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea", now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention
1344:
to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations. Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, primarily to
1124:
in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries. Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country. The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7
909:
In the following years, national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe. The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late-nineteenth-century, and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority. In 1876, the
568:
From 26 to 29 October 1863, the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. The conference was attended by 36 individuals: eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from
2168:
The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly. The Directorate is the executive body of the committee. It consists of a general director and five directors in the areas of "Operations", "Human Resources", "Resources and Operational Support", "Communication", and "International
1748:
or from associated partners of the Entente. The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and, due to the efforts of Henry Davison, the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the
1682:
The ICRC, working closely with their Red Crescent partners, has a neutral, independent and exclusively humanitarian mandate during such escalations of violence in the Middle East and urged all parties to protect the lives of civilians, to reduce their suffering and protect their dignity. During the
1598:
victims. Their support extends to the national and international armed forces, civilians and the armed opposition. They regularly visit detainees under the custody of the Afghan government and the international armed forces, but have also occasionally had access since 2009 to people detained by the
2452:
Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work, each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country. In many countries, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific "Red
2069:
The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which occurs once every four years, is the highest institutional body of the Movement. It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC, the IFRC and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions. In
1987:
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect
1788:
from 1917 to 1922 marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict, although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions. The League, with support from more than 25 national societies, organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid
1760:
epidemic in Poland. Only five years after its foundation, the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries, an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work. The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss francs, which were used to
1215:
As early as in 1934, a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population in occupied territories during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference. Unfortunately, most governments had little interest in implementing this convention,
1211:
adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members. Until then, only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the committee. This limitation was expanded to include all Swiss citizens. As a direct consequence of World War I, a treaty was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the
1206:
for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922, appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies. A year before the end of the war, the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work. It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from
2310:
The main parts of the budget of the IFRC are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the IFRC and through revenues from its investments. The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General
2184:
The 2023 budget of the ICRC amounts to 2.5 billion Swiss francs. Most of that money comes from states, including Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions, from national Red Cross societies, the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions, and from international
2074:
acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference. In addition, the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the IFRC. It consists of two representatives from the ICRC (including its president), two from the
2019:
The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the
1465:
In 1944, the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize. As in World War I, it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war, 1939 to 1945. At the end of the war, the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely
1667:
Israeli authorities required Palestinian ambulances to undergo thorough searches when passing through checkpoints, saying the policy was driven by Palestinian organizations using ambulances to transport terrorists and armaments. The Israeli Ministry of Health said that: "The Red Crescent closely
1060:
Hardly had the first blows been struck when cries of anguish from all lands began to be heard in Switzerland. Thousands who were without news of fathers, husbands, and sons in the battlefields, stretched despairing arms into the void. By hundreds, by thousands, by tens of thousands, letters and
3951:
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the largest humanitarian network in the world. It comprises the ICRC, 192 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their International Federation, each operating as neutral and independent organizations and all bound by the same
2496:
The Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Crystal emblems are officially recognized by the movement. De jure, the Red Lion and Sun emblem is also an official emblem, though it has fallen to disuse. Various other countries have also lobbied for alternative symbols, which have been rejected because of
1551:
Ricardo Munguia (El Salvador). He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleagues on 27 March 2003 when their car was stopped by unknown armed men. He was shot, while his colleagues were allowed to escape. His killing prompted the ICRC to temporarily suspend
2294:
The IFRC has its headquarters in Geneva. It also runs five zone offices (Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East-North Africa), 14 permanent regional offices and has about 350 delegates in more than 60 delegations around the world. The legal basis for the work of the IFRC is its
1148:
were used in this war for the first time in history, the ICRC mounted a vigorous protest against their use. Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations. In territories that were officially designated as "occupied
2807:
Following the broadcast of the documentary, the Red Cross announced publicly that it would appoint an individual outside the organization to investigate the allegations made in the film and any responsibility on its part. Piotr Obuchowicz was appointed to investigate the matter. The report
2299:
body of the IFRC. It has the authority to make decisions for the IFRC in a number of areas. The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the IFRC, the chairpersons of the Finance and Youth Commissions, and twenty elected representatives from national societies.
1753:, namely Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of Russia. These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies, a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC.
2164:
According to its statutes, it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss-citizen members, which it coopts for a period of four years. There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three-quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term.
1603:. They have provided basic first aid training and aid kits to both the Afghan security forces and Taliban members because, according to an ICRC spokesperson, "ICRC's constitution stipulates that all parties harmed by warfare will be treated as fairly as possible". In August 2021, when
2868:: " acceptance of everything he had seen... and everything he had been told... was total and complacent. The report which he prepared for his superiors in the Red Cross was exactly what the Germans had hoped for... a totally uncritical, even approving affirmation of their propaganda."
1065:, came the first inquiries for missing relatives; then these inquiries themselves became a storm. The letters arrived in sackfuls. Nothing had been prepared for dealing with such an inundation of misery. The Red Cross had no space, no organization, no system, and above all no helpers.
2626:(MDA), Israel's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance, and blood bank service, as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, a new emblem (officially the Third Protocol Emblem, but more commonly known as the Red Crystal) was adopted by an amendment of the
1639:
warned on 26 February 2022 that neighborhoods of major cities were becoming the frontline with significant consequences for their populations, including children, the sick, and elderly. The ICRC urgently called on all parties to the conflict not to forget their obligations under
2637:
The Crystal can be found on official buildings and occasionally in the field. This symbolises equality and has no political, religious, or geographical connotations, thus allowing any country not comfortable with the symbolism of the original two flags to join the movement.
1201:
as its "High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners". His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations "High Commissioner for Refugees". Nansen, who invented the
1607:-led forces retreated from Afghanistan, the ICRC decided to remain in the country to continue its mission to assist and protect victims of conflict. Since June 2021, ICRC-supported facilities have treated more than 40,000 people wounded during armed confrontations there.
1744:
attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution. In addition to that, all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the
2311:
Assembly. Any additional funding, especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions, is raised by "appeals" published by the IFRC and comes for voluntary donations by national societies, governments, other organizations, corporations, and individuals.
2736:, used for decades as the reason for excluding the Magen David Adom—the Shield (or Star) of David." In protest, the American Red Cross withheld millions in administrative funding to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies since May 2000.
2152:
and has offices in over 100 countries. It has more than 22,000 staff members worldwide, about 1,400 of them working in its Geneva headquarters, 3,250 expatriate staff serving as general delegates and technical specialists, and about 17,000 locally recruited staff.
967:
in 1914, 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world. The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America
937:. More significant than the honor of the prize itself, this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean-Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of
2670:
replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent in 1980, consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols. Although the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse, Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time; the
1808:
refused any cooperation with the Red Cross, these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia. During the war, an estimated 29 people died while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol, most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army. During the
1265:
One defense to these allegations is that the Red Cross was trying to preserve its reputation as a neutral and impartial organization by not interfering with what was viewed as a German internal matter. The Red Cross also considered its primary focus to be
1813:
from 1936 to 1939 the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies. In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War, the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality.
1998:
It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress.
1558:(Canada). He worked as a logistics coordinator for the ICRC mission in Iraq. He was killed while travelling through Baghdad together with members of the Iraqi Red Crescent. On 8 April 2003 their car accidentally came into a cross-fire of fighting.
2602:
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was concerned with the possibility that the two previous symbols (Red Cross and Red Crescent) were conveying religious meanings which would not be compatible with, for example, a majority
852:
The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict.
479:
Until the middle of the nineteenth century, there were no organized or well-established army nursing systems for casualties, nor safe or protected institutions, to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield. A devout
2705:, arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized, the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well, despite the Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols being used outside of a religious context. This emblem has been used by
7973:
1286:, and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons. By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries. The Central Information Agency on Prisoners-of-War (
4015:"Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005 Article 1 – Respect for and scope of application of this Protocol"
2102:
The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial, neutral, and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts. According to the revised
4939:
2234:(PNS). Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the International Federation as full members or observers, about 25–30 regularly work as PNS in other countries. The most active of those are the
2468:(EMS) providers. The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on-site logistics.
1694:
In late November, the team of the ICRC started a multi-day operation to facilitate the release and transfer of hostages held in Gaza and of Palestinian prisoners to the West Bank. In early December, US Secretary of State
1408:
allowing ICRC delegates to visit the concentration camps. This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war. Ten delegates, among them Louis Haefliger
7907:
2107:
of 2022, the ICRC is entrusted the role of "co-convener" with the national Red Cross or Crescent society in situations of international and non-international armed conflicts, internal strife and their direct results.
8893:
8588:
2372:
Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society, auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian
1652:
1731:
In 1919, representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the US came together in Paris to found the "League of Red Cross Societies" (IFRC). The original idea came from
1277:
The Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision formed the legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II. The activities of the committee were similar to those during World War I: visiting and monitoring
2771:
in general. While the organization has organized philanthropic relief projects (both domestic and international), as a sectarian religious body it is ineligible for recognition from the International Committee.
7803:
1193:
ones. After the end of the war, between 1920 and 1922, the ICRC organized the return of about 500,000 prisoners to their home countries. In 1920, the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded
6941:
6773:
1332:, and the ICRC eventually abandoned applying pressure, saying later it did so in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs. The ICRC was also unable to obtain a response to reliable information about the
7988:
5821:
2344:
National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Within their home country, they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by
1964:
That makes it even more important to note that the definition that appears for each principle is an integral part of the Principle in question and not an interpretation that can vary with time and place.
7183:
2366:
Be the only National Red Cross and-or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings with other components of the
2197:
for its individual missions. In 2023, Ukraine is the ICRC's biggest humanitarian operation (at 316.5 million Swiss francs), followed by Afghanistan (218 million francs) and Syria (171.7 million francs).
1125:
million records from 1914 to 1923. The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families. The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the
5883:
7207:
1573:. Idris, wearing a Red Crescent uniform, detonated a 22-pound (10 kilogram) bomb made up of TNT packed into pipes, in the center of Jerusalem outside a shoe store on the busy main shopping street
4682:
Compte rendu de la Conférence internationale réunie à Genève les 26, 27, 28 et 29 octobre 1863 pour étudier les moyens de pourvoir à l'insuffisance du service sanitaire dans les armées en campagne
2009:
In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.
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4687:
Report of the International Conference meeting in Geneva on 26, 27, 28 and 29 October 1863 to study the means of providing for the insufficiency of the medical service in the Armies in the field
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1846:. More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics.
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An assessment of the capacity of the Red Cross National Societies to address the psychological and social needs of survivors of disasters and complex emergencies in Central and South America
1672:) until April 2002. At that time, the IDF claimed that Red Crescent ambulances were being used to carry terrorists. The Red Crescent personnel involved in this violation were interrogated."
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Depending on their respective human, technical, financial, and organizational resources, many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as
2361:
Be constituted on the territory of an independent State where the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field is in force.
569:
non-governmental organizations, seven non-official foreign delegates, and the five members of the International Committee. The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were:
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The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a global humanitarian network of 80 million people that helps those facing disaster, conflict and health and social problems.
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7387:
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2558:, requiring that "all hospital ships shall make themselves known by hoisting, together with their national flag, the white flag with a red cross provided by the Geneva Convention".
1699:
insisted that the Red Cross delegation must have access to the remaining hostages. The ICRC is not a negotiating power but the ICRC chief had direct talks with senior Hamas leader
1466:
affected. In 1948, the Committee published a report reviewing its war-era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947. The ICRC opened its archives from World War II in 1996.
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The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide.
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9171:
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1290:) had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards, and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency. One major obstacle was that the
898:
In 1867, the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened. Also in 1867, Jean-Henri Dunant was forced to declare
5002:
6641:
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6143:
941:. Only two months earlier his long-standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the committee as its longest-serving president ever.
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Be so organized as to be able to fulfill the tasks defined in its own statutes, including the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflict.
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6569:
6215:
2040:
There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory.
1945:
Altogether, there are about 80 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC, the International Federation, and the National Societies, the majority with the latter.
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that has resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians. The ICRC has called the violence "abhorrent" and implored both sides to reduce the suffering of civilians.
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between Ethiopia and Italy from 1935 to 1936, the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss francs. Because the Italian fascist regime under
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9354:
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7074:
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2536:, and several other places. In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the "Greek Red Cross"; that term is also used in
2540:
law to describe the Red Cross. The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag, whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not.
1421:) accepted the assignment and visited the camps. Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen-Gusen by alerting American troops.
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1988:
life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples.
434:, members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human
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685:
to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of 26 delegates to Geneva. On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first
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to support the national societies with disaster preparedness through the education of voluntary members and the provision of equipment and relief supplies
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2254:. Another major mission of the IFRC which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified, worldwide ban on the use of
4307:
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2302:
The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross (left) and Red Crescent (right) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame.
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which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement. In 2004, the IFRC began its largest mission to date after the
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telegrams poured into the little House of the Red Cross in Geneva, the only international rallying point that still remained. Isolated, like stormy
560:
general of great renown. Eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded".
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committee adopted the name "International Committee of the Red Cross" (ICRC), which is still its official designation today. Five years later, the
1126:
689:"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention:
3890:
2176:(CICR). The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words "COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE" circling the cross.
1569:
was transported to Jerusalem, Israel, by a Red Crescent ambulance, whose driver was part of the plot, and killed herself while committing the
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2862:: "In contrast to those of the Danish delegates, Rossel's report was phrased in positive terms, falling in line with German propaganda."
2792:
in 1999. It alleged the involvement of the Red Cross with the British and Indonesian military in a massacre in the Southern Highlands of
652:
The introduction of a common distinctive protection symbol for medical personnel in the field, namely a white armlet bearing a red cross.
622:
4425:
3585:
3521:
3213:
2659:
Red Crescent's history, that history also suggests that the Red Lion and Sun, like the Red Crescent, may have been conceived during the
2189:. All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the committee: an annual
9479:
9110:
8444:
8041:
7958:
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2354:
In order to be recognized in terms of Article 5, paragraph 2 b) as a National Society, the Society shall meet the following conditions:
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856:
Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention, the first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France,
4228:
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Statutes and Fundamental Principles, with the goal of assisting and protecting victims of humanitarian crises in an impartial manner.
3693:"Israel and the Occupied Territories: Hospitals risk turning into morgues without electricity; hostages must be released immediately"
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1433:
1258:
has been the subject of significant controversy and criticism. As early as May 1944, the ICRC was criticized for its indifference to
326:
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By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million
185:
4694:
4339:
1536:(Canada) and five others. They were shot at point-blank range while sleeping on 17 December 1996 in an ICRC field hospital in the
1298:
refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes, including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany, and the
1262:
suffering and death—criticism that intensified after the end of the war, when the full extent of the Holocaust became undeniable.
9444:
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4256:
2408:
Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its work by the principles of international humanitarian law.
1229:
7219:
4658:
Dromi, Shai M. (2016). "For good and country: nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century".
1036:. International Prisoners-of-War Agency. Researches department. German section. Express messages and communications to families.
9454:
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2781:
1321:
and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions.
1177:
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Today, there are 192 National Societies recognized within the Movement and which are members of the International Federation.
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The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: Ethics and Tools for Humanitarian Action
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2403:
Adhere to the present Statutes, share in the fellowship which unites the components of the Movement and co-operate with them.
1591:
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865:
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World Health Organization Fifty-sixth World Health Assembly A56/INF.DOC./6 Provisional agenda item 19 16 May 2003 14. The
1756:
The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent
153:
Light green: Red Crescent Society that is not part of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
9336:
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8184:
5215:
3831:
3749:
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2977:[Resolutions and votes of the Geneva International Conference, 26–29 October 1863] (in Spanish). 29 October 1863.
2116:
The core tasks of the committee, which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes, are the following:
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soldiers. It was the first Red Crescent society of its kind and one of the most important charity organizations in the
509:
5111:
International Organization and the Evolution of World Society. Volume 2: The International Committee of the Red Cross.
5003:"Romain Rolland et la Croix-Rouge: Romain Rolland, Collaborateur de l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre"
4472:
3682:
World Health Organization Fifty-sixth World Health Assembly A56/INF.DOC./6 Provisional agenda item 19 16 May 2003 #35.
2428:, the South Sudan Red Cross Society (12 November 2013) and, the last, the Tuvalu Red Cross Society (on 1 March 2016).
2398:
Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race, sex, class, religion or political opinions.
8387:
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5118:
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4932:
4924:
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1912:
872:, became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict.
86:
64:
2156:
According to Swiss law, the ICRC is defined as a private association. Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is not a
1894:
57:
9175:
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7177:
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4821:
Humanitäres Völkerrecht – Informationsschriften. The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict.
2472:
2378:
Have an autonomous status which allows it to operate in conformity with the Fundamental Principles of the Movement.
1684:
1635:, the fighting moved to more populated areas in East, North, and South Ukraine. The head of the ICRC delegation in
1358:
1156:
151:
Maroon: Red Cross Society that is not part of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1424:
9012:
8740:
8568:
8377:
8199:
5513:
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2172:
Due to Geneva's location in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC usually acts under its French name
1505:
2989:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864"
1644:
to ensure the protection of the civilian population and infrastructure, and respect the dignity of refugees and
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632:"Committee of the Five": Gustave Moynier, Guillaume-Henri Dufour, Henry Dunant, Louis Appia, Théodore Maunoir
253:
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2230:(ONS) – as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance – called
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said: "There have been several proven cases of misuse of Palestinian ambulances to transport ammunition or
2714:
1843:
9116:
4819:
Forsythe, David P. "The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law." In:
1761:
bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in Russia, Germany, and Albania; earthquakes in Chile,
673:
Only a year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the
636:
Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference, adopted on 29 October 1863, were:
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2/2003, German Red Cross and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, p. 64–77.
2822:
1801:
1632:
1620:
4257:"The Red Crystal: An additional emblem for use by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"
2615:
region, where the majority did not associate with these symbols. Therefore, in 1992, the then-president
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3324:"Israeli government rejects charity's report that claims occupation has damaged health of Palestinians"
3275:"Israeli government rejects charity's report that claims occupation has damaged health of Palestinians"
3239:
1388:
1094:
1028:
806:
598:
31:
5125:
The Sound of Silence: The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present.
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War 1939–45. Geneva, Central Prisoners of war Agency, Electoral building/Palace of the General Council
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The Russian Red Cross supports the organisation Myvmeste, which supports the Russian Army with their
2465:
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In 1952, the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time. Also, the period of
1790:
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664:(Denmark) in 1864; jointly erected in 1989 by the national Red Cross societies of Denmark and Germany
17:
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963:, extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare. Shortly before the beginning of the
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organization was founded in the Ottoman Empire in 1868, partly in response to the experience of the
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Use the name and emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent in conformity with the Geneva Conventions.
1875:
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1303:
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51:
2975:"Resoluciones y votos de la Conferencia Internacional de Ginebra, 26-29 de octubre de 1863 – CICR"
2268:
to provide relief assistance in emergency situations of large magnitude, such as natural disasters
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3999:“The IFRC calls for safe and unhindered access across the Gaza Strip and the release of hostages”
3406:""Complicating "female suicide bombers": violence, agency and gender in the rhetoric of shahida""
2517:
1879:
1687:(PRCS) provided hospitals in the Gaza strip with support through large humanitarian convoys from
1577:. The explosion she caused killed her and Pinhas Tokatli (81), and injured more than 100 others.
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887:(1853–1856), in which disease overshadowed battle as the main cause of death and suffering among
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History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II: From Sarajevo to Hiroshima.
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of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country. When
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History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima.
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3522:"Armed conflict in Ukraine: A statement by Florence Gillette, head of ICRC delegation in Kyiv"
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Memorial commemorating the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the
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and to bring medical, psychological, and social support for people injured by land mines.
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548:, who had significant experience working as a field surgeon; Appia's friend and colleague
8:
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In 1906, the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time. One year later, the
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2893:"Annual Report 2019 – International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies"
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The most recent National Societies to have been recognized within the Movement are the
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Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva in association with Paul Haupt Publishers, Bern, 1993.
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4956:
4928:
4920:
4902:
4880:
4865:
4851:
4838:
4824:
4810:
4796:
4777:
4740:
4723:
4709:
4644:
4589:
4568:
4550:
4529:
3663:
3652:
3630:
3353:
3304:
2859:
2804:
of May 1996, when Western and Indonesian activists were held hostage by separatists.
2732:, wrote: "The international committee's feared proliferation of symbols is a pitiful
2525:
2441:
2247:
2239:
2104:
1839:
1810:
1789:
goods for civil populations affected by hunger and disease. The ICRC worked with the
1785:
1404:
On 12 March 1945, ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General
1271:
1194:
922:
610:
492:
in June 1859 with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in
485:
409:
383:
4014:
3804:"Blinken emphasizes to Red Cross chief that access must be granted to Gaza hostages"
2332:
8674:
8527:
8061:
8050:
7099:
7062:
7007:
6707:
6491:
6383:
6179:
6131:
5950:
5926:
5405:
5019:
4763:
4667:
4467:
4062:
3386:
3343:
3335:
3294:
3286:
3140:
2706:
2691:
2623:
2479:
2425:
2337:
2243:
1826:
1805:
1669:
1645:
1555:
1479:
1410:
1341:
1295:
1267:
1145:
1129:
in Geneva. The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC.
1073:
Group picture of the volunteers – mostly women – in front of the Musée Rath in 1914
793:
678:
614:
594:
4106:
4039:
2900:
2554:
The 1899 convention signed at the Hague extended the use of the Red Cross flag to
9324:
9279:
9239:
9092:
8945:
8717:
8532:
8522:
8073:
7873:
7812:
7435:
7321:
6935:
5907:
4627:
4606:
4544:
4523:
4136:
3768:"Israel Gaza: Hostages shot by IDF put out 'SOS' sign written with leftover food"
3589:
3439:
2865:
2725:
2698:
2675:
continue to recognize it as an official emblem, and that status was confirmed by
2521:
2030:
It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.
1518:
1392:
1372:
1203:
1198:
1114:
1045:
570:
541:
423:
267:
225:
138:
9058:
9028:
8856:
3602:"Palestinian Misuse of Medical Services and Ambulances for Terrorist Activities"
3339:
3290:
1149:
territories", the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the
9062:
9006:
9002:
8979:
8827:
8801:
8644:
8547:
8342:
7633:
6689:
5932:
5179:
4586:
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims.
3579:
2720:
2583:
2579:
2461:
2186:
1933:
1834:
1750:
1745:
1700:
1696:
1563:
1439:
1414:
1379:
1243:
1239:
1140:
During the entire war, the ICRC monitored warring parties' compliance with the
1090:
951:'s Red Cross flag with which in 1905 he prevented an attack by the Russian army
888:
876:
656:
606:
493:
8973:
5023:
1619:, where the organization has been active since 2014, working closely with the
1454:(1904–1961), a physician from Geneva was one of the first foreigners to visit
1354:
515:
9433:
9415:
9402:
9022:
9018:
7901:
7645:
6599:
6245:
4916:
2702:
2555:
2537:
1337:
1299:
1255:
1086:
646:
The utilization of volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield;
9218:
4949:
4671:
4040:"The Red Cross – an emblem of the world's largest humanitarian organization"
1768:
1382:
was sent to Berlin as a delegate of the International Red Cross; he visited
1082:
1033:
9261:
9181:
9088:
8861:
8796:
8786:
8697:
8542:
8408:
8108:
7982:
7967:
7573:
7345:
7273:
7225:
5846:
5664:
5074:
Globalisation, Multilateralism, Europe: Towards a Better Global Governance?
4640:
Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector
3553:
3357:
3308:
2682:
2676:
2631:
2612:
2566:
1794:
1541:
1533:
1451:
1368:
1325:
1318:
1217:
1216:
and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of
1078:
1053:
1017:
915:
741:
489:
467:
431:
220:
8916:
4895:
The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law.
2594:
1925:
1817:
9128:
9080:
9050:
9034:
8512:
8357:
7429:
7357:
7165:
7044:
6887:
6875:
6485:
6473:
6029:
5877:
5483:
5351:
4982:
Sending, Ole Jacob; Pouliot, Vincent; Neumann, Iver B. (20 August 2015).
4768:
2548:
2123:
to organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield
1615:
Among the ten largest ICRC deployments worldwide has been the mission in
1391:. He erroneously stated that Jews were not deported from Theresienstadt.
1121:
1098:
1069:
1041:
993:
964:
884:
861:
702:
545:
240:
9319:
9293:
Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture
4850:. 13th edition, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1994.
4835:
Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
4618:
2687:
2505:
9084:
9074:
7937:
7669:
7501:
7465:
7261:
7201:
6827:
6803:
6719:
6635:
6623:
6509:
6437:
6149:
5858:
5724:
5507:
5471:
5190:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
4400:"Red Cross/Magen David Adom Issue Simmers, Even As U.S. Releases Funds"
3893:. Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Archived from
2202:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
2056:
1574:
1566:
1459:
1350:
1048:
and to re-establish communications with their respective families. The
899:
1929:
Entry to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva
1498:
In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the
1101:
to the Agency. Most of the staff were women, some of whom – like
9229:
8537:
8507:
8486:
7827:
7693:
7381:
7285:
6899:
6731:
6611:
6329:
6221:
5447:
5423:
5251:
4310:[Second period (1301-1327) Establishment and consolidation].
3986:
2574:
The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the
2255:
2094:
1623:. At first, the ICRC was active primarily in the disputed regions of
1595:
1562:
On 27 January 2002, Palestinian Red Crescent volunteer paramedic and
1455:
1429:
1247:
1049:
1001:
969:
960:
501:
481:
435:
4793:
Humanitarian Politics: The International Committee of the Red Cross.
4737:
With the Armies of the Tsar: A Nurse at the Russian Front 1914–1918.
2646:
2120:
to monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions
1864:
1829:, ICRC president Leopold Boissier, League Chairman John A. MacAulay.
463:
115:, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Geneva, 2005
9257:
8019:
7797:
7741:
7489:
7477:
7405:
7309:
7297:
7068:
7019:
6959:
6791:
6671:
6659:
6461:
6281:
6089:
6077:
5974:
5956:
5791:
5700:
5688:
5652:
5616:
5519:
3059:
2764:
2760:
2748:
2733:
2622:
On 8 December 2005, in response to growing pressure to accommodate
2608:
2604:
2551:, although no written evidence of this origin had ever been found.
1537:
1526:
1443:
1395:
recorded his experiences in 1979, producing a documentary entitled
1340:, et al. After November 1943, the ICRC achieved permission to send
1279:
1189:
1173:
1077:
However, by the end of the year, the Agency already had some 1,200
1013:
944:
934:
649:
The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts;
628:
106:
9388:
4063:"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies"
2129:
to help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflict (
2078:
1969:
Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
668:
9140:
7705:
7681:
7657:
7609:
7549:
7333:
7237:
7111:
6923:
6851:
6839:
6815:
6767:
6575:
6563:
6545:
6401:
6305:
6293:
6209:
6173:
6113:
6065:
6053:
5998:
5944:
5889:
5803:
5676:
5592:
5544:
5531:
5495:
5459:
5435:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5131:. 13(4)/2002. Routledge/ Taylor & Francis, pp. 186–204,
4913:
Dunant's Dream: War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross
4848:
Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
3167:
2768:
2445:
2217:
1628:
1616:
1600:
1594:
areas and has set up six physical rehabilitation centers to help
1447:
1364:
997:
903:
892:
728:
640:
The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers;
5308:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
5199:
4807:
The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross.
3387:"Shurat HaDin head protests to Red Cross head over Red Crescent"
2818:
Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2513:
The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863.
2492:
Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2324:
2208:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1720:
1707:
in November, demanding direct access to the remaining hostages.
1631:, assisting persons injured by armed confrontations there. When
1324:
During the war, the ICRC was unable to obtain an agreement with
204:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
148:
Blue: The Red Star of David (The Red Crystal outside of Israel)
9273:
8253:
7952:
7846:
7729:
7597:
7585:
7561:
7453:
7417:
7249:
7135:
7123:
7056:
6995:
6947:
6779:
6743:
6647:
6533:
6497:
6425:
6377:
6257:
6233:
6197:
6125:
5920:
5712:
5640:
5628:
5580:
5556:
5399:
4609:(1975). "Bleaching the Black Lie: The Case of Theresienstadt".
4600:
Towards a comprehensive Solution to the Question of the Emblem.
4172:"The red cross and red crescent emblems - Special issue - ICRC"
3654:
Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad
3453:"Afghanistan: first ICRC visit to detainees in Taliban custody"
2837:
2756:
2666:
Due to the emblem's association with the Iranian monarchy, the
2277:
to support the national societies with youth-related activities
2149:
1954:
1757:
1651:
In response to events in the conflict, the organisation issued
1624:
1545:
1446:
who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in
1291:
1062:
1056:
described the situation at the Geneva headquarters of the ICRC:
528:
497:
280:
5167:. Translated by Eden, Paul; Cedar, Paul. New York: T. Seltzer.
3750:"Gaza: Death toll surpasses 25,000, Rafah and Khan Younis hit"
2261:
The tasks of the IFRC can therefore be summarized as follows:
9330:
8469:
8434:
8367:
7867:
7717:
7525:
7441:
7393:
7369:
7189:
7087:
6971:
6911:
6863:
6695:
6587:
6449:
6413:
6389:
6317:
6269:
6185:
6137:
6017:
5779:
5760:
5568:
3421:""Coerced and glorified: Female palestinian suicide bombers""
3184:
3182:
1961:
through a deliberate and participative process of discovery.
1704:
1688:
1309:
1009:
1005:
977:
754:
4229:"III. THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND THEIR ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS"
3549:"Red Cross lays down hacktivism law as Ukraine war rages on"
9267:
8598:
8148:
7886:
7513:
7031:
6683:
6521:
6353:
6341:
6101:
5901:
5748:
3966:"Tuvalu Red Cross Society becomes 192th member of the IFRC"
3868:
3864:
3214:"Un Vivant Qui Passe. Auschwitz 1943 - Theresienstadt 1944"
3155:
3095:
2393:
Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State.
1762:
1636:
1604:
1474:
1259:
989:
981:
5200:
International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
4901:. 4(3)/1999. Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 503–527.
4525:
The Geneva Convention. The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross
3179:
3141:"Review of Karny, Miroslav, ed., Terezinska pametni kniha"
2915:
2098:
The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross
959:, adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in
4945:
3194:
2543:
The Red Cross flag is the colour-switched version of the
2139:
to arbitrate between warring parties in an armed conflict
9219:
Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation
4862:
Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross.
3941:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 28 July 2014
3733:"ICRC calls on parties to Gaza war to protect civilians"
2683:
Unrecognized emblems; Red Star of David and Red Swastika
2619:
decided that a third, more neutral symbol was required.
2414:
and Rules of Procedure of the International Federation.
1821:
Peace Nobel Prize ceremony in 1963. From left to right:
860:, Italy, Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg. Also in 1864,
400:
7774:
5194:
5189:
5184:
3832:"The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"
3479:"Red Cross in Afghanistan gives Taliban first aid help"
3373:
The Smarter Bomb; Women and Children as Suicide Bombers
3085:
3083:
2991:. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC
2336:
An Israeli stamp commemorating the 25th anniversary of
1197:, which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist
322:
8917:
Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation
5204:
4877:
The politics of power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia
4443:
4151:
3040:
2885:
1953:
At the 20th International Conference in Neue Hofburg,
1727:, Founding father of the League of Red Cross societies
1188:
Between 1916 and 1918, the ICRC published a number of
1172:
Red Cross nurses serving bread and coffee to American
9308:
9236:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
9013:
United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia
5195:
Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
4981:
4961:
The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust
2933:
2828:
List of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2136:
to organize protection and care for civil populations
2072:
Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
2065:
Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
552:, from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission; and
4602:
Revised 4th edition. ICRC (ref. 0778), Geneva, 2006.
3989:(in Russian; "Help for military families"), Myvmeste
3812:
3080:
2755:, East, and Southeast Asia as a symbol to represent
2057:
International Conference and the Standing Commission
879:
government ratified this treaty on 5 July 1865. The
3623:Gleis, Joshua L.; Berti, Benedetta (10 July 2012).
1469:
8136:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
4209:(Report). International Committee of the Red Cross
3651:
3418:
2955:
2943:
2516:The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the
2305:
2281:
1784:A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the
929:opted to give it jointly to Jean-Henri Dunant and
9440:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
9333:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
9188:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
5253:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
5206:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
4927:(Hardcover edition); HarperCollins, London 1999,
420:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
100:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
9450:International organisations based in Switzerland
9431:
8838:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
4795:Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1978.
4588:ICRC & Macmillan (ref. 0503), Geneva, 2003.
2179:
2143:
1113: – served in high positions as pioneers of
488:, traveled to Italy to meet then-French emperor
30:"Red Cross" redirects here. For other uses, see
5291:
5185:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
4371:"Regarding "An Outrageous Exclusion of Israel""
4060:
3003:
2212:
2148:The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of
2079:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
1428:Telegram by ICRC delegate Fritz Bilfinger from
1127:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum
669:Geneva Convention, national societies, and ICRC
643:Neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers;
5044:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
4316:(in Persian). 14 December 2004. Archived from
3809:(December 9, 2023). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
2126:to supervise the treatment of prisoners of war
1590:In the 2000s, the ICRC has been active in the
8996:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
8887:
8035:
5237:
4749:
4579:The emblem of the Red Cross: a brief history.
4282:"History of the Iranian Red Crescent Society"
3891:"Role and Mandate of the Standing Commission"
3173:
3161:
2775:
2475:through their "Everything for victory" fund.
2265:to promote humanitarian principles and values
1478:Budapest 1945. Repatriation of 2,000 Italian
1246:visit. Most of the children were murdered at
8833:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
5180:The International RCRC Movement – Who we are
5141:
4809:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005.
4201:
3403:
3216:. Fritz Bauer Institut. 2005. Archived from
2921:
1317:Two other main parties to the conflict, the
1184:, upon their arrival in Paris, July 4, 1917.
388:(1917 ICRC, 1944 ICRC, 1963 ICRC & IFRC)
131:in use: Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal
5142:Young, John; Hoyland, Greg (14 July 2016).
5113:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, 1984.
5055:Christianity: History, Belief, and Practice
4955:
4693:(in French). Geneva: Jules-Guillaume Fick.
3188:
2328:An ambulance owned by the Mexican Red Cross
1893:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1675:In October 2023, the ICRC responded to the
1610:
623:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
563:
9111:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
8894:
8880:
8445:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
8042:
8028:
5244:
5230:
4984:Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics
4632:. South African Jewish Historical Society.
4605:
4496:"West Papua in the grip of militia terror"
4463:"ICRC steps up probe into Irian Jaya case"
4418:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4178:. International Committee of the Red Cross
3838:. International Committee of the Red Cross
3622:
3200:
2679:in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal.
1633:Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022
408:
105:
5000:
4864:Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1997.
4767:
4754:[The Illusion of the Objective].
4169:
3505:"Why the ICRC will remain in Afghanistan"
3347:
3298:
3101:
2485:
1948:
1913:Learn how and when to remove this message
1548:. Their murderers have never been caught.
1288:Agence centrale des prisonniers de guerre
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
9460:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
5302:International Committee of the Red Cross
4893:Lavoyer, Jean-Philippe; Maresca, Louis.
4750:Farré, Sébastien; Schubert, Yan (2009).
4542:
4157:
4134:
3789:INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
3697:International Committee of the Red Cross
3626:Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study
3526:International Committee of the Red Cross
3455:. ICRC. 15 December 2009. Archived from
2686:
2645:
2593:
2565:
2504:
2435:
2331:
2323:
2285:
2216:
2093:
2085:International Committee of the Red Cross
1941:staff conducting activities for children
1932:
1924:
1816:
1775:
1767:
1719:
1658:
1504:
1502:, received its third Nobel Peace Prize.
1473:
1423:
1363:
1308:
1233:
1209:International Committee of the Red Cross
1167:
1155:
1131:
1068:
1027:
943:
655:
627:
514:
462:
450:
186:International Committee of the Red Cross
50:This article includes a list of general
9286:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
9045:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
5090:
4625:
4521:
4190:
4130:
4128:
4032:
2961:
2661:1877–1878 war between Russia and Turkey
2319:
1653:rule of engagement for civilian hackers
1387:noted for its uncritical acceptance of
1336:and the mass killing of European Jews,
1230:Theresienstadt Ghetto and the Red Cross
14:
9432:
5326:
5052:
4722:Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1984.
4678:
4567:Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1985.
4528:. Gloucestershire: The History Press.
4493:
4170:Sommaruga, Cornelio (2 October 1997).
3649:
3435:"Woman suicide bomber shakes Israelis"
3427:
2949:
2937:
2174:Comité international de la Croix-Rouge
531:, he decided to write a book entitled
9274:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education
9217:
8915:
8875:
8023:
7773:
5325:
5290:
5225:
5160:
5144:Christianity: A Complete Introduction
5011:International Review of the Red Cross
4874:
4657:
4636:
4449:
4368:
4009:
4007:
3963:
3939:"Cooperating with National Societies"
3818:
3718:-Israel and the Occupied Territories-
3546:
3503:Cipolla, Christine (20 August 2021).
3412:
3397:
3138:
3089:
3046:
2634:, fulfilling Sommaruga's suggestion.
2314:
2274:to support local health care projects
1117:in an organisation dominated by men.
496:, which at that time was occupied by
9337:
9155:Malaria Research and Training Centre
8904:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award
8475:The State of the Humanitarian System
8049:
5164:Romain Rolland; the man and his work
5071:
4344:American Friends of Magen David Adom
4204:Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal
4125:
3379:
3321:
3272:
3115:"Understanding the Hague Convention"
3009:
2843:
2833:World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day
1891:adding citations to reliable sources
1858:
1328:about the treatment of detainees in
820:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
619:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
504:on the evening of 24 June after the
36:
9135:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
7926:(pending recognition and admission)
7775:Non-members and affiliate societies
5216:Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland
5109:Willemin, Georges; Heacock, Roger.
4788:, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
4643:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
4308:"دوره دوم(1301ـ1327) تأسيس و تثبيت"
3594:
3433:Inigo Gilmore (January 28, 2002).
3391:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
3052:
2934:Sending, Pouliot & Neumann 2015
2641:
2111:
1683:violent conflict, the ICRC and the
1282:, organizing relief assistance for
914:was founded through the efforts of
27:International humanitarian movement
24:
9485:1863 establishments in Switzerland
8725:The State of the World's Cash 2020
8650:Central African Republic Civil War
4700:from the original on 24 July 2021.
4494:McLeod, Alastair (29 April 2000).
4004:
3419:Anna-Claire Bowers (Summer 2011).
3143:. Humanities & Social Sciences
500:. He arrived in the small town of
113:Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
9496:
9480:Organizations established in 1863
9147:Manhiça Centre of Health Research
8388:Koyamada International Foundation
5841:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
5173:
4498:. Asia Pacific Solidarity Network
4369:Healy, Bernadine (4 April 2000).
3658:. Yale University Press. p.
2246:, and the Red Cross societies of
1442:(1903–1963), an ICRC delegate in
1371:, delegate of the ICRC, visiting
1097:for 1915, he donated half of the
9380:
9363:
9346:
9318:
9176:National Transplant Organization
8855:
7981:
7966:
7951:
7936:
7915:
7900:
7885:
7866:
7845:
7826:
7811:
7796:
7740:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7632:
7620:
7608:
7596:
7584:
7572:
7560:
7548:
7536:
7524:
7512:
7500:
7488:
7476:
7464:
7452:
7440:
7428:
7416:
7404:
7392:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7344:
7332:
7320:
7308:
7296:
7284:
7272:
7260:
7248:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7184:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7176:
7164:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7067:
7055:
7043:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6898:
6886:
6874:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6562:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6472:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6268:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6196:
6184:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6136:
6124:
6112:
6100:
6088:
6076:
6064:
6052:
6040:
6028:
6016:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5900:
5888:
5876:
5857:
5845:
5833:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5627:
5615:
5603:
5591:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5543:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5276:
5269:
5262:
4061:António Martins (5 March 1999).
4001:ifrc.org. Retrieved 30 Nov 2023.
3547:Jones, Connor (4 October 2023).
2784:and the indigenous rights group
2712:In her March 2000 letter to the
2701:requested the addition of a red
2473:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2232:Participating National Societies
2193:to cover its internal costs and
1863:
1736:, who was then president of the
1685:Palestinian Red Crescent Society
1470:After World War II; 20th century
838:
825:
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
747:
734:
721:
708:
695:
137:
121:
41:
9159:Kintampo Health Research Centre
8741:Attacks on humanitarian workers
8200:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
6762:Micronesia, Federated States of
4786:The Red Cross and the Holocaust
4739:Stein and Day, New York, 1975.
4581:ICRC (ref. 0316), Geneva, 1977.
4487:
4455:
4392:
4362:
4332:
4300:
4274:
4249:
4236:Organization of American States
4221:
4163:
4107:"History of the emblems | ICRC"
4099:
4077:
4054:
3992:
3980:
3957:
3931:
3909:
3883:
3853:
3824:
3797:
3782:
3760:
3742:
3726:
3711:
3685:
3676:
3643:
3616:
3568:
3540:
3514:
3497:
3471:
3445:
3364:
3315:
3266:
3232:
3206:
3132:
3107:
2850:
2743:was formed in China during the
2561:
2464:services or acting as civilian
2431:
1854:
1580:
1487:umbrella as a successor to the
1270:whose countries had signed the
1223:
327:United Nations General Assembly
9445:Humanitarian aid organizations
9196:for the Advancement of Science
8756:Health Care In Danger Campaign
8655:Western African Ebola outbreak
8338:International Rescue Committee
8195:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
8084:International humanitarian law
5057:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
5001:Schazmann, Paul-Emile (1955).
4986:. Cambridge University Press.
4879:. University of Hawaii Press.
4629:South African Jewish Year Book
3987:"Помощь семьям военнослужащих"
3322:Dyer, Owen (6 December 2003).
3273:Dyer, Owen (6 December 2003).
3240:"Swiss ICRC delegate murdered"
3015:
2981:
2967:
2927:
2788:released a documentary called
2780:The Australian TV network the
2589:
2347:International Humanitarian Law
1844:tsunami disaster in South Asia
1772:A stamp from the Faroe Islands
1642:international humanitarian law
1585:
1552:operations across Afghanistan.
1023:
426:movement with approximately 16
13:
1:
9455:Organisations based in Geneva
8906:for International Cooperation
8703:Sexual exploitation and abuse
8579:German Federal Foreign Office
8157:History of the United Nations
5095:(Thesis). Waterloo, Ontario.
4950:Institute of European History
4946:EGO - European History Online
4514:
2422:Maldives Red Crescent Society
2306:Funding and financial matters
2282:Legal status and organization
2180:Funding and financial matters
2158:non-governmental organization
2144:Legal status and organization
2070:between the conferences, the
1849:
1823:Crown Prince Harald of Norway
1793:and later the society of the
1500:League of Red Cross Societies
1136:Red Cross ambulance from 1917
446:
365:
352:
9475:Missing people organizations
8818:2015 European migrant crisis
8746:Aid Worker Security Database
8620:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
8492:Global Humanitarian Overview
5091:Walters, William C. (2004).
4965:University of Nebraska Press
4375:International Herald Tribune
4313:Iranian Red Crescent Society
4085:"The history of the emblems"
4042:. Seiyaku.com. 10 March 1945
3739:. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
3404:Chelsea Rock (Spring 2006).
3023:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1901"
2715:International Herald Tribune
2500:
2497:concerns of territorialism.
2440:The Logistics Centre of the
2290:Van of the Italian Red Cross
2213:Mission and responsibilities
1715:
1085:of Geneva, amongst them the
998:Oriental Republic of Uruguay
902:due to business failures in
7:
9246:Hispanic Society of America
9172:The Transplantation Society
9121:2004: The European Union's
9105:International Space Station
8333:International Medical Corps
8205:Humanitarian Cluster System
5292:International Organisations
5026:(inactive 27 August 2024).
4952:, retrieved: 17 March 2021.
4679:Dunant, Jean-Henri (1863).
3871:. November 2015. p. 15
3582:or to transfer terrorists."
3511:. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
3340:10.1136/bmj.327.7427.1308-a
3291:10.1136/bmj.327.7427.1308-a
3060:"The Story of My Childhood"
2823:First Aid Convention Europe
2811:
2576:armed conflict of 1876–1878
1621:Ukrainian Red Cross Society
1509:ICRC Headquarters in Geneva
1254:The Red Cross' response to
1207:1914 to 1918. In 1923, the
1164:in New York harbour ca 1915
735:
10:
9501:
9268:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
8823:Detention Centres in Libya
8708:Core Humanitarian Standard
8440:Network for Refugee Voices
8414:Global Refugee-Led Network
7992:(autonomous branch of the
7877:(autonomous branch of the
7837:(autonomous branch of the
7460:Taiwan (Republic of China)
5146:. Hodder & Stoughton.
4941:Red Cross and Red Crescent
4752:"L'illusion de l'objectif"
4549:. Henry Durant Institute.
4546:From Solferino to Tsushima
4137:"Miscellaneous Navy Flags"
3576:Israeli Ministry of Health
2776:Hostage crisis allegations
2489:
2228:Operating National Society
2205:
2089:
2082:
2062:
1227:
1095:Nobel Prize for Literature
1093:. When he was awarded the
1002:United States of Venezuela
933:, a leading international
807:Kingdom of the Netherlands
599:Kingdom of the Netherlands
441:
32:Red Cross (disambiguation)
29:
9224:
9213:
9166:World Health Organization
9117:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
9099:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
8922:
8911:
8851:
8810:
8792:International development
8779:
8761:Kunduz hospital airstrike
8733:
8688:
8607:
8561:
8500:
8457:
8422:
8396:
8363:Norwegian Refugee Council
8305:
8267:
8226:
8217:
8180:World Humanitarian Summit
8170:
8146:
8099:
8092:
8057:
7784:
7780:
7769:
5338:
5334:
5321:
5297:
5286:
5259:
5024:10.1017/S1026881200125735
4899:International Negotiation
4543:Boissier, Pierre (1985).
4404:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
4135:McMillan, Joseph (2001).
3174:Farré & Schubert 2009
3162:Farré & Schubert 2009
2520:depicted on the flags of
2466:Emergency Medical Service
1791:Russian Red Cross Society
1668:cooperated with the MDA (
1398:A Visitor from the Living
927:Norwegian Nobel Committee
925:was awarded in 1901, the
519:Original document of the
455:The Red Cross, after the
395:
376:
359:
346:
333:
316:
308:
298:
290:
273:
263:
249:
213:
166:
158:
136:
120:
104:
9151:Ifakara Health Institute
8665:South Sudanese Civil War
8640:2011 East Africa drought
8353:Médecins Sans Frontières
8318:Catholic Relief Services
5743:Central African Republic
5129:Diplomacy and Statecraft
4626:De Saxe, Morris (1929).
4522:Bennett, Angela (2006).
3964:Kumar, Navinesh (2016).
3794:. Retrieved 24 Nov 2023.
3723:. Retrieved 14 Nov 2023.
3650:Levitt, Matthew (2007).
2922:Young & Hoyland 2016
2878:
2802:Mapenduma hostage crisis
2728:, then president of the
2668:Islamic Republic of Iran
2656:Red Lion and Sun Society
2426:Cyprus Red Cross Society
2340:, issued 11 January 1955
1611:Russo-Ukrainian conflict
1513:On 16 October 1990, the
1493:Fourth Geneva Convention
1345:the concentration camps
1304:Nazi concentration camps
564:International conference
484:, the Swiss businessman
145:Green: The Red Crescent
9041:Government of Guatemala
8968:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
8958:University of Salamanca
8771:Dolo hospital airstrike
8615:Chinese Famine of 1870s
8162:1951 Refugee Convention
8079:Humanitarian principles
4938:Möller, Esther (2020),
4672:10.1002/2059-7932.12003
4660:The Sociological Review
4637:Dromi, Shai M. (2020).
4087:. ICRC. 14 January 2007
3328:British Medical Journal
3279:British Medical Journal
3139:Schur, Herbert (1997).
2697:For over 50 years, the
2424:(9 November 2011), the
2185:organizations like the
1710:
1489:1907 Hague Convention X
1032:War 1914–1918. Geneva,
994:Republic of El Salvador
974:United States of Brazil
521:First Geneva Convention
508:, an engagement in the
340:Mirjana Spoljaric Egger
193:; 105 years ago
175:; 161 years ago
71:more precise citations.
8990:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
8751:World Humanitarian Day
8625:Ethiopian famine 1980s
8458:Analysis and reporting
8328:Danish Refugee Council
8306:International agencies
5611:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5161:Zweig, Stefan (1921).
4875:Leith, Denise (2002).
4706:A Memory of Solferino.
3119:US Department of State
2786:Rettet die Naturvölker
2694:
2651:
2599:
2571:
2510:
2486:History of the emblems
2455:Restoring Family Links
2449:
2341:
2329:
2291:
2222:
2099:
1949:Fundamental principles
1942:
1930:
1830:
1781:
1773:
1728:
1510:
1483:
1436:
1432:three weeks after the
1417:), and Victor Maurer (
1376:
1314:
1251:
1185:
1165:
1137:
1103:Marguerite van Berchem
1074:
1067:
1037:
952:
846:Kingdom of Württemberg
665:
633:
554:Guillaume-Henri Dufour
524:
476:
460:
236:Guillaume Henri Dufour
8962:University of Coimbra
8713:Sphere (organization)
8635:2010 Haiti earthquake
8553:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
8313:Action Against Hunger
8287:The Federation (IFRC)
8120:A Memory of Solferino
7220:São Tomé and Príncipe
7154:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5076:. London: Routledge.
5053:Stefon, Matt (2011).
4911:Moorehead, Caroline.
4733:Farmborough, Florence
3735:(02 December, 2023).
3065:World Digital Library
2690:
2649:
2597:
2569:
2508:
2490:Further information:
2439:
2335:
2327:
2289:
2220:
2097:
1936:
1928:
1820:
1779:
1771:
1723:
1677:2023 Israel–Hamas war
1665:2023 Israel–Hamas war
1659:Israel–Hamas conflict
1508:
1477:
1427:
1384:Theresienstadt Ghetto
1367:
1312:
1237:
1228:Further information:
1171:
1159:
1135:
1072:
1058:
1040:With the outbreak of
1031:
1018:Union of South Africa
986:United Mexican States
947:
659:
631:
534:A Memory of Solferino
518:
473:A Memory of Solferino
466:
454:
329:: both ICRC and IFRC)
9416:46.22778°N 6.13722°E
9071:Fatana Ishaq Gailani
9055:Olayinka Koso-Thomas
9003:Frederik W. de Klerk
8482:The New Humanitarian
7628:United Arab Emirates
5072:Telò, Mario (2014).
4860:Hutchinson, John F.
4784:Favez, Jean-Claude.
4769:10.3917/lms.227.0065
4426:"Blood On the Cross"
4288:on 28 September 2007
3588:21 June 2011 at the
3248:The New Humanitarian
2741:Red Swastika Society
2534:Freiburg im Breisgau
2518:Saint George's Cross
2320:Official recognition
1939:Turkish Red Crescent
1887:improve this section
1592:Afghanistan conflict
1571:Jaffa Street bombing
1284:civilian populations
1250:in the fall of 1944.
1089:writer and pacifist
1052:writer and pacifist
881:Turkish Red Crescent
866:Charles van de Velde
781:Grand Duchy of Hesse
716:Grand Duchy of Baden
591:Grand Duchy of Hesse
575:Grand Duchy of Baden
527:Back at his home in
510:Austro-Sardinian War
457:Battle of Gravelotte
173:9 February 1863
9412: /
9252:Amref Health Africa
8934:Enrique V. Iglesias
8928:José López Portillo
8766:Airstrikes on Yemen
8114:Battle of Solferino
7544:Trinidad and Tobago
5418:Antigua and Barbuda
4935:(Paperback edition)
4805:Forsythe, David P.
4791:Forsythe, David P.
4756:Le Mouvement Social
4708:ICRC, Geneva 1986.
4607:Dawidowicz, Lucy S.
4598:Bugnion, François.
4584:Bugnion, François.
4577:Bugnion, François.
3807:The Times of Israel
3393:. 20 November 2023.
3370:Anat Berko (2016).
3220:on 19 February 2007
3176:, p. abstract.
2798:World Wildlife Fund
2753:Indian subcontinent
2545:Flag of Switzerland
2191:Headquarters Appeal
1970:
1827:King Olav of Norway
1780:A stamp from Turkey
1515:UN General Assembly
1406:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1334:extermination camps
1330:concentration camps
868:, a captain of the
703:Swiss Confederation
506:Battle of Solferino
143:Red: The Red Cross
101:
9470:Medical neutrality
9194:Max Planck Society
8940:Belisario Betancur
8562:Donors and funding
8297:Protective Emblems
8292:National Societies
8269:Red Cross Movement
8131:Geneva Conventions
8126:Red Cross Movement
8100:1850s, Creation of
7790:
5993:Dominican Republic
5344:
5328:National Societies
4957:Rothkirchen, Livia
4563:Boissier, Pierre.
4475:on 12 January 2015
4379:The New York Times
4261:Canadian Red Cross
4202:François Bugnion.
3770:. 17 December 2023
3756:. 21 January 2024.
3528:. 26 February 2022
3104:, pp. 140–43.
2903:on 4 November 2020
2794:Western New Guinea
2790:Blood on the Cross
2730:American Red Cross
2695:
2673:Geneva Conventions
2652:
2628:Geneva Conventions
2617:Cornelio Sommaruga
2600:
2572:
2511:
2450:
2342:
2330:
2315:National Societies
2292:
2236:American Red Cross
2223:
2221:Emblem of the IFRC
2100:
1968:
1943:
1931:
1831:
1811:civil war in Spain
1782:
1774:
1738:American Red Cross
1729:
1525:At the end of the
1511:
1484:
1437:
1377:
1315:
1252:
1186:
1166:
1142:Geneva Conventions
1138:
1081:who worked in the
1075:
1038:
970:Argentine Republic
957:Hague Convention X
953:
912:American Red Cross
833:Kingdom of Prussia
742:Kingdom of Denmark
729:Kingdom of Belgium
666:
634:
603:Kingdom of Prussia
587:Kingdom of Hanover
579:Kingdom of Bavaria
525:
477:
461:
99:
9421:46.22778; 6.13722
9306:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9209:
9208:
9201:Fulbright Program
9123:Erasmus Programme
8984:Mikhail Gorbachev
8902:Laureates of the
8869:
8868:
8843:Aid effectiveness
8734:Aid worker safety
8670:Rohingya genocide
8608:Major emergencies
8518:Christos Christou
8453:
8452:
8378:Save the Children
8348:Médecins du Monde
8277:Seville Agreement
8213:
8212:
8067:in conflict zones
8017:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8004:
8003:
7994:Italian Red Cross
7765:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7755:
6048:Equatorial Guinea
5317:
5316:
5153:978-1-4736-1577-9
5083:978-1-4094-6449-5
5064:978-1-61530-493-6
4993:978-1-316-36878-7
4974:978-0-8032-0502-4
4886:978-0-8248-2566-9
4650:978-0-2266-8010-1
4556:978-2-88044-012-1
4452:, pp. 305–6.
3699:. 12 October 2023
3049:, pp. 79–97.
2860:Livia Rothkirchen
2844:Explanatory notes
2611:country from the
2442:Finnish Red Cross
2240:British Red Cross
2195:Emergency Appeals
2105:Seville Agreement
2054:
2053:
2026:Voluntary Service
1923:
1922:
1915:
1840:Seville Agreement
1786:Russian Civil War
1749:countries of the
1517:granted the ICRC
1302:conducted in the
1272:Geneva Convention
1242:at choreographed
1195:League of Nations
1107:Marguerite Cramer
1006:Republic of China
978:Republic of Chile
923:Nobel Peace Prize
687:Geneva Convention
611:Kingdom of Saxony
486:Jean-Henri Dunant
416:
415:
384:Nobel Peace Prize
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
9492:
9465:Aftermath of war
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9405:
9393:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9359:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9339:
9323:
9322:
9314:
9215:
9214:
9174:and the Spanish
9067:Rigoberta Menchú
8913:
8912:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8873:
8872:
8862:World portal
8860:
8859:
8811:Related articles
8680:Yemeni Civil War
8675:Syrian civil war
8528:Martin Griffiths
8224:
8223:
8097:
8096:
8062:Humanitarian aid
8051:Humanitarian aid
8044:
8037:
8030:
8021:
8020:
7997:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7941:
7940:
7927:
7920:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7889:
7882:
7871:
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7857:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7831:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7800:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7771:
7770:
7745:
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7733:
7732:
7721:
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7709:
7708:
7697:
7696:
7685:
7684:
7673:
7672:
7661:
7660:
7649:
7648:
7637:
7636:
7625:
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7601:
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7589:
7588:
7577:
7576:
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7564:
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7552:
7541:
7540:
7529:
7528:
7517:
7516:
7505:
7504:
7493:
7492:
7481:
7480:
7469:
7468:
7457:
7456:
7445:
7444:
7433:
7432:
7421:
7420:
7409:
7408:
7397:
7396:
7385:
7384:
7373:
7372:
7361:
7360:
7349:
7348:
7337:
7336:
7325:
7324:
7313:
7312:
7301:
7300:
7289:
7288:
7277:
7276:
7265:
7264:
7253:
7252:
7241:
7240:
7229:
7228:
7217:
7216:
7205:
7204:
7193:
7192:
7181:
7180:
7169:
7168:
7151:
7150:
7139:
7138:
7127:
7126:
7115:
7114:
7106:Republika Srpska
7103:
7102:
7091:
7090:
7083:
7072:
7071:
7060:
7059:
7048:
7047:
7035:
7034:
7023:
7022:
7014:Papua New Guinea
7011:
7010:
6999:
6998:
6987:
6986:
6975:
6974:
6963:
6962:
6951:
6950:
6939:
6938:
6927:
6926:
6915:
6914:
6903:
6902:
6891:
6890:
6879:
6878:
6867:
6866:
6855:
6854:
6843:
6842:
6831:
6830:
6819:
6818:
6807:
6806:
6795:
6794:
6783:
6782:
6771:
6770:
6759:
6758:
6747:
6746:
6735:
6734:
6723:
6722:
6714:Marshall Islands
6711:
6710:
6699:
6698:
6687:
6686:
6675:
6674:
6663:
6662:
6651:
6650:
6639:
6638:
6627:
6626:
6615:
6614:
6603:
6602:
6591:
6590:
6579:
6578:
6567:
6566:
6549:
6548:
6537:
6536:
6525:
6524:
6513:
6512:
6501:
6500:
6489:
6488:
6477:
6476:
6465:
6464:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6440:
6429:
6428:
6417:
6416:
6405:
6404:
6393:
6392:
6381:
6380:
6369:
6368:
6357:
6356:
6345:
6344:
6333:
6332:
6321:
6320:
6309:
6308:
6297:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6273:
6272:
6261:
6260:
6249:
6248:
6237:
6236:
6225:
6224:
6213:
6212:
6201:
6200:
6189:
6188:
6177:
6176:
6165:
6164:
6153:
6152:
6141:
6140:
6129:
6128:
6117:
6116:
6105:
6104:
6093:
6092:
6081:
6080:
6069:
6068:
6057:
6056:
6045:
6044:
6033:
6032:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6002:
6001:
5990:
5989:
5978:
5977:
5960:
5959:
5948:
5947:
5936:
5935:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5905:
5904:
5893:
5892:
5881:
5880:
5873:
5862:
5861:
5850:
5849:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5819:
5818:
5807:
5806:
5795:
5794:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5764:
5763:
5752:
5751:
5740:
5739:
5728:
5727:
5716:
5715:
5704:
5703:
5692:
5691:
5680:
5679:
5668:
5667:
5656:
5655:
5644:
5643:
5632:
5631:
5620:
5619:
5608:
5607:
5596:
5595:
5584:
5583:
5572:
5571:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5547:
5535:
5534:
5523:
5522:
5511:
5510:
5499:
5498:
5487:
5486:
5475:
5474:
5463:
5462:
5451:
5450:
5439:
5438:
5427:
5426:
5415:
5414:
5403:
5402:
5391:
5390:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5366:
5355:
5354:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5323:
5322:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5213:database of the
5168:
5157:
5123:Wylie, Neville.
5106:
5087:
5068:
5049:
5043:
5035:
5007:
4997:
4978:
4919:, London, 1998.
4890:
4781:
4771:
4701:
4699:
4692:
4675:
4654:
4633:
4622:
4560:
4539:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4471:. Archived from
4468:The Jakarta Post
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4346:. Archived from
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4284:. Archived from
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4199:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4011:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3897:on 15 March 2014
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3657:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3443:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3189:Rothkirchen 2006
3186:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:. Archived from
2889:
2872:
2854:
2707:Magen David Adom
2692:Magen David Adom
2650:Red Lion and Sun
2642:Red Lion and Sun
2624:Magen David Adom
2480:Hamas-Israel war
2338:Magen David Adom
2244:German Red Cross
2112:Responsibilities
1971:
1967:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1867:
1859:
1806:Benito Mussolini
1670:Magen David Adom
1646:prisoners of war
1556:Vatche Arslanian
1480:prisoners of war
1413:), Paul Dunant (
1411:Mauthausen-Gusen
1296:German Red Cross
1268:prisoners of war
1151:Hague Convention
1146:chemical weapons
1111:Suzanne Ferrière
990:Republic of Peru
982:Republic of Cuba
844:
842:
841:
831:
829:
828:
818:
816:
815:
805:
803:
802:
794:Kingdom of Italy
792:
790:
789:
779:
777:
776:
766:
764:
763:
755:Kingdom of Spain
753:
751:
750:
740:
738:
737:
727:
725:
724:
714:
712:
711:
701:
699:
698:
679:Empire of Brazil
662:Battle of Dybbøl
615:Kingdom of Spain
595:Kingdom of Italy
550:Théodore Maunoir
429:
412:
407:
404:
402:
371:
367:
354:
231:Théodore Maunoir
201:
199:
194:
183:
181:
176:
141:
125:
109:
102:
98:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
9500:
9499:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9430:
9429:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9386:
9381:
9379:
9369:
9364:
9362:
9352:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9338:sister projects
9335:at Knowledge's
9329:
9317:
9309:
9307:
9298:
9280:Ellen MacArthur
9240:Paris Agreement
9220:
9205:
9093:Valeri Polyakov
8946:Contadora group
8918:
8907:
8900:
8870:
8865:
8854:
8847:
8806:
8775:
8729:
8718:Sphere Handbook
8690:
8684:
8603:
8557:
8533:Jemilah Mahmood
8523:Winnie Byanyima
8496:
8449:
8418:
8392:
8301:
8263:
8219:
8209:
8173:reform attempts
8172:
8166:
8142:
8101:
8088:
8074:Humanitarianism
8053:
8048:
8018:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7991:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7965:
7964:
7962:(former member)
7961:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7935:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7884:
7883:
7876:
7865:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7844:
7843:
7836:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7795:
7776:
7757:
7752:
7750:
7739:
7738:
7727:
7726:
7715:
7714:
7703:
7702:
7691:
7690:
7679:
7678:
7667:
7666:
7655:
7654:
7643:
7642:
7631:
7630:
7619:
7618:
7607:
7606:
7595:
7594:
7583:
7582:
7571:
7570:
7559:
7558:
7547:
7546:
7535:
7534:
7523:
7522:
7511:
7510:
7499:
7498:
7487:
7486:
7475:
7474:
7463:
7462:
7451:
7450:
7439:
7438:
7427:
7426:
7415:
7414:
7403:
7402:
7391:
7390:
7379:
7378:
7367:
7366:
7355:
7354:
7343:
7342:
7331:
7330:
7328:Solomon Islands
7319:
7318:
7307:
7306:
7295:
7294:
7283:
7282:
7271:
7270:
7259:
7258:
7247:
7246:
7235:
7234:
7223:
7222:
7211:
7210:
7199:
7198:
7187:
7186:
7175:
7174:
7163:
7158:
7156:
7145:
7144:
7133:
7132:
7121:
7120:
7109:
7108:
7097:
7096:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7066:
7065:
7054:
7053:
7042:
7041:
7029:
7028:
7017:
7016:
7005:
7004:
6993:
6992:
6981:
6980:
6969:
6968:
6957:
6956:
6945:
6944:
6942:North Macedonia
6933:
6932:
6921:
6920:
6909:
6908:
6897:
6896:
6885:
6884:
6873:
6872:
6861:
6860:
6849:
6848:
6837:
6836:
6825:
6824:
6813:
6812:
6801:
6800:
6789:
6788:
6777:
6776:
6765:
6764:
6753:
6752:
6741:
6740:
6729:
6728:
6717:
6716:
6705:
6704:
6693:
6692:
6681:
6680:
6669:
6668:
6657:
6656:
6645:
6644:
6633:
6632:
6621:
6620:
6609:
6608:
6597:
6596:
6585:
6584:
6573:
6572:
6561:
6556:
6554:
6543:
6542:
6531:
6530:
6519:
6518:
6507:
6506:
6495:
6494:
6483:
6482:
6471:
6470:
6459:
6458:
6447:
6446:
6435:
6434:
6423:
6422:
6411:
6410:
6399:
6398:
6387:
6386:
6375:
6374:
6363:
6362:
6351:
6350:
6339:
6338:
6327:
6326:
6315:
6314:
6303:
6302:
6291:
6290:
6279:
6278:
6267:
6266:
6255:
6254:
6243:
6242:
6231:
6230:
6219:
6218:
6207:
6206:
6195:
6194:
6183:
6182:
6171:
6170:
6159:
6158:
6147:
6146:
6135:
6134:
6123:
6122:
6111:
6110:
6099:
6098:
6087:
6086:
6075:
6074:
6063:
6062:
6051:
6050:
6039:
6038:
6027:
6026:
6015:
6014:
6007:
5996:
5995:
5984:
5983:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5954:
5953:
5942:
5941:
5930:
5929:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5899:
5898:
5887:
5886:
5875:
5874:
5867:
5856:
5855:
5844:
5843:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5813:
5812:
5801:
5800:
5789:
5788:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5758:
5757:
5746:
5745:
5734:
5733:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5709:
5698:
5697:
5686:
5685:
5674:
5673:
5662:
5661:
5650:
5649:
5638:
5637:
5626:
5625:
5614:
5613:
5602:
5601:
5590:
5589:
5578:
5577:
5566:
5565:
5554:
5553:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5528:
5517:
5516:
5505:
5504:
5493:
5492:
5481:
5480:
5469:
5468:
5457:
5456:
5445:
5444:
5433:
5432:
5421:
5420:
5409:
5408:
5397:
5396:
5385:
5384:
5373:
5372:
5361:
5360:
5349:
5330:
5313:
5293:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5250:
5176:
5171:
5154:
5103:
5084:
5065:
5037:
5036:
5005:
4994:
4975:
4887:
4718:Durand, André.
4704:Dunant, Henry.
4697:
4690:
4651:
4613:(29): 125–140.
4557:
4536:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4350:on 1 March 2010
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4320:on 4 April 2009
4306:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3798:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3754:www.newarab.com
3748:
3747:
3743:
3731:
3727:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3590:Wayback Machine
3580:explosive belts
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3440:Daily Telegraph
3432:
3428:
3417:
3413:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3365:
3320:
3316:
3271:
3267:
3253:
3251:
3250:. 28 March 2003
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3201:Dawidowicz 1975
3199:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3108:
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3096:
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3071:
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3058:
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3016:
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2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2982:
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2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:, p. 181;
2932:
2928:
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2916:
2906:
2904:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:Lucy Dawidowicz
2855:
2851:
2846:
2814:
2778:
2751:is used in the
2726:Bernadine Healy
2699:State of Israel
2685:
2644:
2592:
2564:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2434:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2284:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2182:
2146:
2131:tracing service
2114:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2067:
2059:
1951:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1884:
1868:
1857:
1852:
1718:
1713:
1661:
1613:
1588:
1583:
1519:observer status
1472:
1393:Claude Lanzmann
1389:Nazi propaganda
1238:Photo taken by
1232:
1226:
1204:Nansen passport
1199:Fridtjof Nansen
1115:gender equality
1026:
1016:), and Africa (
1014:Kingdom of Siam
1010:Empire of Japan
965:First World War
921:When the first
850:
839:
837:
826:
824:
813:
811:
800:
798:
787:
785:
774:
772:
761:
759:
748:
746:
733:
722:
720:
709:
707:
696:
694:
671:
571:Austrian Empire
566:
542:Gustave Moynier
449:
444:
427:
399:
391:
369:
362:
349:
336:
319:
301:
286:
268:Humanitarianism
245:
226:Gustave Moynier
209:
197:
195:
192:
191:5 May 1919
179:
177:
174:
154:
132:
116:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9498:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
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9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9395:
9394:
9377:
9375:from Wikiquote
9360:
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9178:
9168:
9162:
9149:(Mozambique),
9143:
9137:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9077:
9063:Fatiha Boudiaf
9047:
9037:
9031:
9025:
9015:
9009:
9007:Nelson Mandela
8999:
8992:
8986:
8980:Jacques Delors
8976:
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8964:
8954:
8948:
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8846:
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8835:
8830:
8828:Crisis mapping
8825:
8820:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8802:Neocolonialism
8799:
8794:
8789:
8783:
8781:
8780:Related fields
8777:
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8652:
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8645:Typhoon Haiyan
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8548:James Orbinski
8545:
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8501:Notable people
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8423:Local agencies
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8385:
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8373:Guardian Girls
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8345:
8343:Islamic Relief
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8335:
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7908:Ossetia, South
7863:
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7778:
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7759:
7758:
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7753:
7640:United Kingdom
7161:
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6559:
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5968:
5939:Czech Republic
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5175:
5174:External links
5172:
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4676:
4655:
4649:
4634:
4623:
4603:
4596:
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4575:
4561:
4555:
4540:
4535:978-0752495828
4534:
4518:
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4509:
4486:
4454:
4442:
4417:
4406:. 18 July 2003
4391:
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4299:
4273:
4248:
4220:
4189:
4162:
4150:
4124:
4113:. 26 June 2024
4098:
4076:
4065:. Crwflags.com
4053:
4031:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3956:
3930:
3908:
3882:
3852:
3823:
3821:, p. 119.
3811:
3796:
3781:
3759:
3741:
3725:
3710:
3684:
3675:
3669:978-0300122589
3668:
3642:
3635:
3615:
3593:
3567:
3539:
3513:
3496:
3470:
3459:on 12 May 2012
3444:
3426:
3411:
3396:
3378:
3363:
3334:(7427): 1308.
3314:
3285:(7427): 1308.
3265:
3231:
3205:
3203:, p. 138.
3193:
3191:, p. 258.
3178:
3166:
3154:
3131:
3106:
3102:Schazmann 1955
3094:
3092:, p. 268.
3079:
3051:
3039:
3027:NobelPrize.org
3014:
3002:
2980:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2926:
2924:, p. 354.
2914:
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2848:
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2813:
2810:
2777:
2774:
2721:New York Times
2684:
2681:
2643:
2640:
2591:
2588:
2584:Russian Empire
2580:Ottoman Empire
2563:
2560:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2484:
2462:blood donation
2433:
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2411:
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2278:
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2214:
2211:
2206:Main article:
2203:
2200:
2187:European Union
2181:
2178:
2145:
2142:
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2137:
2134:
2127:
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2110:
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2083:Main article:
2080:
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2063:Main article:
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2011:
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2007:
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1996:
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1989:
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1979:
1978:
1975:
1950:
1947:
1921:
1920:
1871:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1835:decolonization
1802:Abyssinian war
1751:Central Powers
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1701:Ismail Haniyeh
1697:Antony Blinken
1663:Prior to the
1660:
1657:
1612:
1609:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1564:suicide bomber
1560:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1471:
1468:
1440:Friedrich Born
1434:atomic bombing
1415:Theresienstadt
1380:Maurice Rossel
1244:Theresienstadt
1240:Maurice Rossel
1225:
1222:
1091:Romain Rolland
1025:
1022:
931:Frédéric Passy
849:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
783:
770:
757:
744:
731:
718:
705:
691:
683:Mexican Empire
670:
667:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
607:Russian Empire
565:
562:
448:
445:
443:
440:
418:The organized
414:
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40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9497:
9486:
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9471:
9468:
9466:
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9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9428:
9425:
9392:from Wikidata
9391:
9390:
9378:
9374:
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9361:
9357:
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9344:
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9334:
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9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9030:
9026:
9024:
9023:Yasser Arafat
9020:
9019:Yitzhak Rabin
9016:
9014:
9010:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8953:
8952:Raúl Alfonsín
8949:
8947:
8943:
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8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8220:organizations
8216:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8185:Grand Bargain
8183:
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8178:
8177:
8175:
8169:
8163:
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8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
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8137:
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8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:the Red Cross
8098:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8059:
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8045:
8040:
8038:
8033:
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8026:
8025:
8022:
7999:
7995:
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7984:
7975:
7969:
7960:
7954:
7945:
7939:
7932:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7909:
7903:
7894:
7888:
7880:
7875:
7869:
7862:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7840:
7835:
7829:
7820:
7819:Cyprus, North
7814:
7805:
7799:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7772:
7768:
7751:
7749:
7743:
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7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7652:United States
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
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7581:
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7509:
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7497:
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7293:
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7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6606:Liechtenstein
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6252:Guinea-Bissau
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5884:Côte d'Ivoire
5879:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5289:
5285:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:90-247-3064-3
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5102:0-612-96599-6
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:(in French).
5013:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4933:0-00-638883-3
4930:
4926:
4925:0-00-255141-1
4922:
4918:
4917:HarperCollins
4914:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4870:0-8133-3367-9
4867:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:2-88145-074-1
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:3-258-04719-7
4840:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:0-521-61281-0
4812:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:0-8018-1983-0
4798:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4758:(in French).
4757:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4745:0-8128-1793-1
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:2-88044-009-2
4725:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4714:2-88145-006-7
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:0-333-74771-2
4591:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4573:2-88044-012-2
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4497:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4237:
4230:
4224:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4160:, p. 77.
4159:
4158:Boissier 1985
4154:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4086:
4080:
4064:
4057:
4041:
4035:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3940:
3934:
3918:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3638:
3636:9781421406145
3632:
3629:. JHU Press.
3628:
3627:
3619:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3485:. 26 May 2010
3484:
3480:
3474:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3164:, p. 72.
3163:
3158:
3142:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2940:, p. 221
2939:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:Star of David
2700:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2556:naval ensigns
2552:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2538:United States
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1906:
1903:November 2022
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:This section
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:Henry Davison
1726:
1725:Henry Davison
1722:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1462:was dropped.
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:Sachsenhausen
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:the Holocaust
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1178:16th Infantry
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:), Asia (the
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
962:
958:
950:
949:Gōtarō Mikami
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
847:
836:
834:
823:
821:
810:
808:
797:
795:
784:
782:
771:
769:
768:French Empire
758:
756:
745:
743:
732:
730:
719:
717:
706:
704:
693:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:United States
663:
658:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
637:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:French Empire
580:
576:
572:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
535:
530:
522:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
474:
469:
465:
458:
453:
439:
437:
433:
425:
421:
411:
406:
398:
394:
387:
385:
382:
381:
379:
375:
364:
358:
351:
345:
341:
338:
332:
328:
324:
321:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
293:
289:
283:, Switzerland
282:
279:
278:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
252:
248:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
216:
212:
205:
190:
187:
172:
171:
169:
165:
162:ICRC and IFRC
161:
157:
152:
149:
146:
140:
135:
130:
129:three emblems
124:
119:
114:
108:
103:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
9397:
9387:
9370:
9358:from Commons
9353:
9332:
9262:Khan Academy
9187:
9182:Bill Drayton
9157:(Mali), and
9153:(Tanzania),
9089:Chiaki Mukai
9059:Graça Machel
9029:Mário Soares
8853:
8797:Peacekeeping
8787:Human Rights
8698:CHS Alliance
8691:power, abuse
8630:2004 tsunami
8543:Peter Maurer
8404:NEAR Network
8383:World Vision
8268:
8218:Humanitarian
8190:Localisation
8171:21st-century
8125:
8118:
8109:Henry Dunant
7989:Vatican City
7977:(non-member)
7974:Transnistria
7947:(non-member)
7934:
7911:(non-member)
7896:(non-member)
7864:
7856:(non-member)
7822:(non-member)
7794:
7580:Turkmenistan
7352:South Africa
7280:Sierra Leone
7232:Saudi Arabia
7162:
7040:(suspended)
6560:
6492:Korea, South
6480:Korea, North
5971:
5853:Cook Islands
5671:Burkina Faso
5540:(suspended)
5348:
5252:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5163:
5143:
5128:
5124:
5110:
5092:
5073:
5054:
5040:cite journal
5018:(434): 140.
5015:
5009:
4983:
4960:
4940:
4912:
4898:
4894:
4876:
4861:
4847:
4834:
4833:Haug, Hans.
4820:
4806:
4792:
4785:
4762:(2): 65–83.
4759:
4755:
4736:
4719:
4705:
4686:
4681:
4666:(2): 79–97.
4663:
4659:
4639:
4628:
4610:
4599:
4585:
4578:
4564:
4545:
4524:
4502:27 September
4500:. Retrieved
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4473:the original
4466:
4457:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4429:
4420:
4408:. Retrieved
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4373:. Letter to
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4348:the original
4343:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4318:the original
4311:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4286:the original
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4180:. Retrieved
4176:www.icrc.org
4175:
4165:
4153:
4141:. Retrieved
4117:12 September
4115:. Retrieved
4111:www.icrc.org
4110:
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4056:
4044:. Retrieved
4034:
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3959:
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3943:. Retrieved
3933:
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3911:
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3895:the original
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3855:
3847:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:ICRC in Iran
3835:
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3806:
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3762:
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3696:
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3608:14 September
3606:. Retrieved
3604:. mfa.gov.il
3596:
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3558:. Retrieved
3554:The Register
3552:
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3525:
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3509:swissinfo.ch
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3457:the original
3447:
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3218:the original
3208:
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3147:16 September
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3122:. Retrieved
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3070:. Retrieved
3063:
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3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:
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2993:. Retrieved
2983:
2969:
2962:Bennett 2006
2957:
2952:, p. 2.
2945:
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2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2901:the original
2887:
2852:
2806:
2789:
2779:
2738:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2677:Protocol III
2665:
2653:
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2632:Protocol III
2621:
2613:Asia-Pacific
2601:
2578:between the
2573:
2570:Red Crescent
2562:Red Crescent
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2477:
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2163:
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2068:
2060:
2046:Universality
2045:
2035:
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2015:Independence
2014:
2004:
1994:Impartiality
1993:
1982:
1963:
1959:found –
1958:
1952:
1944:
1909:
1900:
1885:Please help
1873:
1855:Organization
1832:
1799:
1795:Soviet Union
1783:
1755:
1742:
1730:
1693:
1681:
1674:
1662:
1650:
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1581:21st century
1561:
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1534:Nancy Malloy
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1497:
1485:
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1452:Marcel Junod
1438:
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1378:
1369:Marcel Junod
1326:Nazi Germany
1323:
1319:Soviet Union
1316:
1300:mass murders
1294:-controlled
1287:
1276:
1264:
1253:
1224:World War II
1218:World War II
1214:
1187:
1182:1st Division
1161:
1139:
1122:Swiss francs
1119:
1076:
1059:
1054:Stefan Zweig
1039:
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920:
916:Clara Barton
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539:
532:
526:
490:Napoleon III
478:
471:
470:, author of
468:Henry Dunant
424:humanitarian
419:
417:
361:Volunteers
318:Membership
300:Area served
221:Henry Dunant
159:Abbreviation
150:
147:
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9419: /
9258:Salman Khan
9129:Simone Veil
9081:Pedro Duque
9051:Emma Bonino
9035:Helmut Kohl
8974:Óscar Arias
8513:Jan Egeland
8397:Consortiums
8358:Mercy Corps
8227:UN agencies
7807:(no-member)
7508:Timor-Leste
7436:Switzerland
7364:South Sudan
7172:Saint Lucia
7078: [
7051:Philippines
6894:New Zealand
6882:Netherlands
6036:El Salvador
6008: [
5911: [
5868: [
5825: [
5770: [
5490:The Bahamas
5358:Afghanistan
4963:. Lincoln:
4430:Engagemedia
4266:15 November
4213:15 November
4182:11 November
3945:15 November
3875:23 November
3842:15 November
3532:27 February
3489:10 December
3463:10 December
2950:Dunant 1863
2938:Stefon 2011
2907:18 December
2796:during the
2745:Warlord era
2739:In 1922, a
2598:Red Crystal
2590:Red Crystal
2549:Switzerland
2478:During the
1977:Definition
1800:During the
1586:Afghanistan
1460:atomic bomb
1355:Ravensbrück
1099:prize money
1042:World War I
1034:Rath Museum
1024:World War I
885:Crimean War
862:Louis Appia
546:Louis Appia
348:Employees
342:(president)
241:Louis Appia
69:introducing
9434:Categories
9404:46°13′40″N
9372:Quotations
9244:2017: The
9109:2002: The
9085:John Glenn
9075:Somaly Mam
8689:Standards,
7944:Somaliland
7676:Uzbekistan
7472:Tajikistan
7268:Seychelles
7208:San Marino
6834:Mozambique
6810:Montenegro
6726:Mauritania
6642:Madagascar
6630:Luxembourg
6516:Kyrgyzstan
6444:Kazakhstan
5865:Costa Rica
5731:Cape Verde
5514:Bangladesh
5478:Azerbaijan
4611:Salmagundi
4515:References
4450:Leith 2002
4340:"About Us"
4139:. SeaFlags
4069:30 October
3863:(Report).
3819:Dromi 2020
3774:23 January
3703:12 October
3124:19 January
3090:Zweig 1921
3047:Dromi 2016
2432:Activities
2256:land mines
2020:Movement.
2005:Neutrality
1850:Activities
1575:Jaffa Road
1567:Wafa Idris
1458:after the
1375:in Germany
1351:Buchenwald
1083:Musée Rath
1079:volunteers
900:bankruptcy
870:Dutch Army
558:Swiss army
447:Foundation
432:volunteers
335:Key people
198:1919-05-05
180:1863-02-09
52:references
9230:Knowledge
8589:ECHO (EU)
8584:FCDO (UK)
8538:Hugo Slim
8508:Degan Ali
8487:ReliefWeb
7834:Hong Kong
7700:Venezuela
7388:Sri Lanka
7292:Singapore
6990:Palestine
6906:Nicaragua
6738:Mauritius
6618:Lithuania
6336:Indonesia
6228:Guatemala
5454:Australia
5430:Argentina
5137:0959-2296
5032:144703916
4948:, Mainz:
4907:1382-340X
4829:0937-5414
4778:144792195
4435:18 August
4324:14 August
4292:14 August
4091:18 August
4024:18 August
3972:18 August
3923:18 August
3917:"Appeals"
3072:9 October
3010:Telò 2014
2630:known as
2526:Barcelona
2509:Red Cross
2501:Red Cross
2448:, Finland
2367:Movement.
1974:Principle
1874:does not
1596:land mine
1456:Hiroshima
1430:Hiroshima
1280:POW camps
1248:Auschwitz
1190:postcards
1174:doughboys
1162:Red Cross
961:The Hague
858:Oldenburg
540:In 1863,
502:Solferino
482:Calvinist
436:suffering
304:Worldwide
18:Red Cross
9407:6°8′14″E
9325:Politics
9260:and the
9238:and the
9043:and the
8660:Iraq War
7804:Abkhazia
7748:Zimbabwe
7712:Viet Nam
7496:Thailand
7484:Tanzania
7412:Suriname
7316:Slovenia
7304:Slovakia
7075:Portugal
7026:Paraguay
6966:Pakistan
6798:Mongolia
6678:Maldives
6666:Malaysia
6468:Kiribati
6288:Honduras
6096:Ethiopia
6084:Eswatini
5981:Dominica
5963:Djibouti
5798:Colombia
5707:Cameroon
5695:Cambodia
5659:Bulgaria
5623:Botswana
5526:Barbados
4959:(2006).
4695:Archived
4619:40546857
4046:14 April
3792:icrc.org
3721:ICRC.org
3586:Archived
3560:25 March
3483:BBC News
3358:14656835
3309:14656835
3224:14 April
3032:20 March
2812:See also
2765:Buddhism
2761:Hinduism
2749:swastika
2734:fig leaf
2718:and the
2609:Buddhist
2582:and the
1983:Humanity
1540:city of
1527:Cold War
1444:Budapest
1050:Austrian
1012:and the
935:pacifist
681:and the
430:million
377:Award(s)
274:Location
214:Founders
77:May 2022
9161:(Ghana)
9141:Al Gore
8998:(UNHCR)
8093:History
7688:Vanuatu
7664:Uruguay
7616:Ukraine
7556:Tunisia
7340:Somalia
7244:Senegal
7118:Romania
6930:Nigeria
6858:Namibia
6846:Myanmar
6822:Morocco
6774:Moldova
6582:Liberia
6570:Lesotho
6552:Lebanon
6408:Jamaica
6372:Ireland
6312:Iceland
6300:Hungary
6216:Grenada
6180:Germany
6168:Georgia
6120:Finland
6072:Estonia
6060:Eritrea
6005:Ecuador
5951:Denmark
5896:Croatia
5810:Comoros
5683:Burundi
5599:Bolivia
5551:Belgium
5538:Belarus
5502:Bahrain
5466:Austria
5442:Armenia
5394:Andorra
5382:Algeria
5370:Albania
5209:in the
4479:24 June
4410:3 April
4384:3 April
4354:24 June
4241:27 July
4143:16 June
3901:4 March
3349:1146510
3300:1146510
3254:8 March
2995:11 June
2769:Jainism
2530:Georgia
2522:England
2446:Tampere
2090:Mission
1895:removed
1880:sources
1746:Entente
1716:History
1629:Donetsk
1617:Ukraine
1601:Taliban
1538:Chechen
1448:Hungary
1342:parcels
1176:of the
1160:The MV
1063:petrels
904:Algeria
895:world.
889:Turkish
877:Ottoman
494:Algeria
459:in 1870
442:History
396:Website
372:million
355:180,000
325: (
291:Origins
196: (
178: (
167:Founded
65:improve
9311:Portal
9291:2024:
9288:(DNDi)
9284:2023:
9278:2022:
9272:2021:
9266:2020:
9256:2019:
9250:2018:
9234:2016:
9228:2015:
9199:2014:
9192:2013:
9186:2012:
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9170:2010:
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9103:2001:
9097:2000:
9091:, and
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9073:, and
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8966:1987:
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2252:Norway
2248:Sweden
2242:, the
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1546:Grozny
1419:Dachau
1357:, and
1347:Dachau
1260:Jewish
1087:French
1008:, the
1000:, the
996:, the
992:, the
988:, the
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294:Geneva
281:Geneva
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9295:(OEI)
8574:USAID
8470:ALNAP
8435:Adeso
8368:Oxfam
8234:UNHCR
8147:Post
7874:Macau
7724:Yemen
7532:Tonga
7448:Syria
7400:Sudan
7376:Spain
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7094:Qatar
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6918:Niger
6870:Nepal
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6192:Ghana
6144:Gabon
6024:Egypt
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5211:Dodis
5028:S2CID
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2879:Notes
2605:Hindu
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1544:near
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403:.icrc
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7879:RCSC
7839:RCSC
7520:Togo
7038:Peru
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4504:2020
4481:2020
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1711:IFRC
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