1487:. However, chemical weapons saw little battlefield use in World War II. Both sides were prepared to use such weapons, but the Allied powers never did, and the Axis used them only very sparingly. The reason for the lack of use by the Nazis, despite the considerable efforts that had gone into developing new varieties, might have been a lack of technical ability or fears that the Allies would retaliate with their own chemical weapons. Those fears were not unfounded: the Allies made comprehensive plans for defensive and retaliatory use of chemical weapons, and stockpiled large quantities. Japanese forces used them more widely, though only against their Asian enemies, as they also feared that using it on Western powers would result in retaliation. Chemical weapons were frequently used against
1443:
268:
1852:, and other heavily contaminated areas where disposal occurred are the European, Japanese, Russian, and United States coasts. These chemical weapons dumped in the ocean pose a continual environmental and human health risk, and chemical agents and breakdown products from said agents have been recently been identified in ocean sediment near historical dumping sites. When chemical weapons are dumped or otherwise improperly disposed of, the chemical agents are quickly distributed over a wide range. The long term impacts of this wide-scale distribution are unknown, but known to be negative. In the
1910:
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1989:
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52:
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1366:(1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. However, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against possible use by an aggressor. Continued storage of these chemical weapons is a hazard, as many of the weapons are now more than 50 years old, raising risks significantly. The
1562:: Article 23 of the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land adopted by the First Hague Conference "especially" prohibited employing "poison and poisoned arms". A separate declaration stated that in any war between signatory powers, the parties would abstain from using projectiles "the object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases".
1945: (NRC) recommended that ocean dumping be discontinued. The Army then began a study of disposal technologies, including the assessment of incineration as well as chemical neutralization methods. In 1982, that study culminated in the selection of incineration technology, which is now incorporated into what is known as the
1472:. Though largely ineffective over the long run, it decidedly changed the nature of the war. In many cases the gases used did not kill, but instead horribly maimed, injured, or disfigured casualties. Some 1.3 million gas casualties were recorded, which may have included up to 260,000 civilian casualties.
2015:
Binary munitions contain two, unmixed and isolated chemicals that do not react to produce lethal effects until mixed. This usually happens just prior to battlefield use. In contrast, unitary weapons are lethal chemical munitions that produce a toxic result in their existing state. The majority of the
1996:
The U.S. Government was highly criticized for exposing
American service members to chemical agents while testing the effects of exposure. These tests were often performed without the consent or prior knowledge of the soldiers affected. Australian service personnel were also exposed as a result of the
1973:
Chemical weapons are said to "make deliberate use of the toxic properties of chemical substances to inflict death". At the start of World War II it was widely reported in newspapers that "entire regions of Europe" would be turned into "lifeless wastelands". However, chemical weapons were not used to
1732:
and are ready for their intended use. The U.S. stockpile consisted of 39% of these weapon ready munitions. The final of the three forms is raw agent housed in bulk containers. The remaining 61% of the US stockpile was stored in this manner. Whereas these chemicals exist in liquid form at normal room
1727:
There are three basic configurations in which these agents are stored. The first are self-contained munitions like projectiles, cartridges, mines, and rockets; these can contain propellant or explosive components. The next form are aircraft-delivered munitions. Together they constitute the two forms
1956:
This was to be a full-scale prototype facility using the baseline system. The prototype was a success but there were still many concerns about CONUS operations. To address growing public concern over incineration, Congress, in 1992, directed the Army to evaluate alternative disposal approaches that
1736:
Higher temperatures are a bigger concern because the possibility of an explosion increases as the temperatures rise. A fire at one of these facilities would endanger the surrounding community as well as the personnel at the installations. Perhaps more so for the community having much less access to
1631:
The OPCW administers the terms of the CWC to 192 signatories, which represents 98% of the global population. As of June 2016, 66,368 of 72,525 metric tonnes, (92% of chemical weapon stockpiles), have been verified as destroyed. The OPCW has conducted 6,327 inspections at 235 chemical weapon-related
1595:
This treaty states that chemical and biological weapons are "justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilised world". And while the treaty prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons, it does not address the production, storage, or transfer of these weapons. Treaties that followed
1459:
Simple chemical weapons were used sporadically throughout antiquity and into the
Industrial age. It was not until the 19th century that the modern conception of chemical warfare emerged, as various scientists and nations proposed the use of asphyxiating or poisonous gases. So alarmed were nations
6960:
1427:
are used to quickly kill vegetation and deny its use for cover and concealment. Chemical warfare can also be used against agriculture and livestock to promote hunger and starvation. Chemical payloads can be delivered by remote controlled container release, aircraft, or rocket. Protection against
1957:
might be "significantly safer", more cost effective, and which could be completed within the established time frame. The Army was directed to report to
Congress on potential alternative technologies by the end of 1993, and to include in that report: "any recommendations that the
1654:
consisting of over 3 million chemical weapons, adding up to 31,000 tons of chemical weapons needing to be disposed of. This was ordered because a timely and safe disposal of chemical weapons is far safer than chemical weapon storage. Between the years of 1982 and 1992, the
1569:, signed February 6, 1922, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, aimed at banning chemical warfare but did not succeed because France rejected it. The subsequent failure to include chemical warfare has contributed to the resultant increase in stockpiles.
1218:
that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves."
1847:
The majority of these chemical munitions were dumped into the sea while contained in simple wooden crates, leading to a rapid proliferation of chemicals. Chemical
Weapons being disposed in the ocean during the 20th century is not unique to the
7019:
2000:
Some chemical agents are designed to produce mind-altering changes, rendering the victim unable to perform their assigned mission. These are classified as incapacitating agents, and lethality is not a factor of their effectiveness.
7180:
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6994:
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sites and 2,255 industrial sites. These inspections have affected the sovereign territory of 86 States
Parties since April 1997. Worldwide, 4,732 industrial facilities are subject to inspection under provisions of the CWC.
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temperature, the sulfur mustards H and HD freeze in temperatures below 55 °F (12.8 °C). Mixing lewisite with distilled mustard lowers the freezing point to −13 °F (−25.0 °C).
1997:"Brook Island trials" carried out by the British Government to determine the likely consequences of chemical warfare in tropical conditions; little was known of such possibilities at that time.
7155:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6840:
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1301:(blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the
7205:
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6865:
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6855:
2933:
7248:
7200:
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1965: (CMA) releases regular updates to the public regarding the status of the disposal program. On July 7, 2023, the program completed destruction of all declared chemical weapons.
6210:
6199:
2500:
3525:
7004:
6606:
3572:
1985:
attack on the evening of
December 2, 1943, damaged U.S. vessels in the harbour and the resultant release from their hulls of mustard gas inflicted a total of 628 casualties.
7150:
4657:
2610:
4738:
1238:. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from
3296:
1679:, meteorological conditions, and the types of organisms present in the soil, making it difficult to assess and predict safety. Spills of persistent agents, such as
2798:" The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, June 1, 2001. Web. February 24, 2017.
3840:
2765:
2431:
7094:
1506:
The post-war era has seen limited, though devastating, use of chemical weapons. Some 100,000 Iranian troops were casualties of Iraqi chemical weapons during the
1134:
1479:
saw occasional use of chemical weapons, mainly by multiple
European colonial forces to put down rebellions. The Italians also used poison gas during their 1936
6979:
6942:
4495:
3862:
1177:
677:
516:
7079:
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6999:
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1207:
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7014:
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7009:
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1741:
conducted a study to assess capabilities and costs for protecting civilian populations during related emergencies, and the effectiveness of expedient,
2748:
2199:
7109:
7084:
7039:
7024:
816:
1400:, which together make up NBC, the military initialism for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (warfare or weapons). None of these fall under the term
7069:
2941:
3104:
6777:
6159:
7263:
7160:
7054:
6205:
2911:
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1078:
879:
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1950:
1254:
potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets.
1083:
3478:
2487:
1962:
1130:
1038:
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that multiple international treaties, discussed below, were passed – banning chemical weapons. This however did not prevent the extensive
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by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are
7582:
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3529:
1961:
makes ..." In June 2007, the disposal program achieved the milestone of reaching 45% destruction of the chemical weapon stockpile. The
1958:
1423:
A lethal agent is designed to injure, incapacitate, or kill an opposing force, or deny unhindered use of a particular area of terrain.
1088:
3702:
3165:
3079:"Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Volume 3: Appendices A-S – Storming Media"
7195:
7165:
6767:
4042:
3239:
1170:
903:
898:
3989:
6792:
1578:
Protocol for the
Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
1013:
998:
913:
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1942:
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893:
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1503:, resulting in the overwhelming majority of some three million deaths. This remains the deadliest use of poison gas in history.
7034:
6184:
6168:
2878:
1913:
Stockpile/disposal site locations for the United States' chemical weapons and the sites' operating status as of August 28, 2008
1068:
1053:
1023:
1008:
978:
958:
933:
918:
908:
3913:
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2849:"Laws of War: Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases"
1618:
Convention on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
7119:
6845:
3925:
3408:
2703:
2414:
2389:
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reported approximately 1,500 leaking chemical weapons munitions, and in 1993 a 100-gallon chemical spill was reported at the
1063:
973:
968:
943:
928:
923:
809:
3789:"Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans' Health? Lessons Spanning Half a Century. United States Senate December 8, 1994"
2157:
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi
Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
6752:
3573:"Last Chemical Weapon Destroyed at Blue Grass Army Depot - Program Executive Office Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternative"
1163:
1151:
953:
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1931:
1927:
7175:
6311:
4870:
2681:
1992:
An Australian observer, who has moved into a gas-affected target area to record results, examines an un-exploded shell.
1937:
Historically, chemical munitions have been disposed of by land burial, open burning, and ocean dumping (referred to as
1559:
2064:
1824:
and found large stockpiles of chemical weapons that they did not know how to dispose of or deal with. Ultimately, the
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802:
17:
3888:
1588:
June 17, 1925, and entered into force on February 8, 1928. 133 nations are listed as state parties to the treaty.
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6368:
6121:
4344:
2040:
1904:
1461:
963:
790:
267:
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5165:
4001:
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1404:, which are primarily effective because of their destructive potential. Chemical warfare does not depend upon
6802:
5597:
4845:
4035:
3246:
1738:
1641:
1104:
4020:
1620:. That agreement outlaws the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. It is administered by the
7420:
6971:
6271:
5197:
4743:
2200:"Beyond the Chemical Weapons Stockpile: The Challenge of Non-Stockpile Materiel | Arms Control Association"
2025:
1934: (FEMA). The Congressional directive has resulted in the present Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.
1930: (DOD) to dispose of the stockpiles. This directive fell upon the DOD with joint cooperation from the
1515:
3201:
1442:
6719:
6416:
4979:
4923:
4917:
4839:
4814:
4708:
4271:
3914:
Institute of Medicine; Committee on the Survey of the Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite (1993).
3140:
1605:
1437:
1363:
1223:
1114:
5587:
2100:
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and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; CS and pepper spray are considered
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7145:
7140:
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6251:
6236:
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832:
3338:
7577:
7572:
6405:
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5281:
2035:
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and Chinese communist troops. However, the Nazis did extensively use poison gas against civilians in
702:
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3511:
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5130:
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4028:
2488:
Churchill's plans 'to drench Germany with poison gas' and anthrax - Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman
3982:"The Government of Canada 'Challenge' for chemical substances that are a high priority for action"
2808:
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6704:
6555:
6286:
5341:
5336:
4911:
1566:
1511:
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1922:
The stockpiles, which have been maintained for more than 50 years, are now considered obsolete.
1530:– generally against civilians. Terrorist groups have also used chemical weapons, notably in the
1500:
7373:
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6550:
6520:
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6475:
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6266:
6246:
5366:
5120:
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4289:
4136:
2010:
1825:
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1647:
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389:
379:
3105:"Record Version Written Statement by Carmen J. Spencer Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army"
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1215:
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635:
61:
3164:
Rogers, G. O.; Watson, A. P.; Sorensen, J. H.; Sharp, R. D.; Carnes, S. A. (April 1, 1990).
2822:
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3710:
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2126:
1781:
1483:. In Nazi Germany, much research went into developing new chemical weapons, such as potent
1408:
force to achieve an objective. It depends upon the unique properties of the chemical agent
1203:
870:
689:
350:
345:
3993:
3250:
2174:
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich, Peter Hayes, 2004, pp 2, 272,
2016:
chemical weapon stockpile is unitary and most of it is stored in one-ton bulk containers.
8:
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125:
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7318:
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4146:
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3456:
2848:
2663:
2268:
2030:
1877:
1861:
1656:
1581:
1539:
1535:
1397:
1389:
1359:
1231:
3362:
2727:
2668:
2640:
2127:"One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I"
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7405:
7338:
7313:
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1507:
1450:
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310:
182:
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1909:
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chemical weapons includes proper equipment, training, and decontamination measures.
7551:
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7455:
7445:
7378:
7333:
7328:
7293:
6787:
6656:
6515:
6465:
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6081:
5908:
5788:
5351:
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5316:
4994:
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4804:
4559:
4541:
4510:
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4500:
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3358:
3082:
2696:
Bush War: The Road to Cuito Cuanavale: Soviet Soldiers' Accounts of the Angolan War
2501:
Sean Spicer takes his questionable claims to a new level in Hitler-Assad comparison
2302:
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31:
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is now undergoing measures to dispose of their chemical weapons in a safe manner.
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2352:
Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen
2350:
1938:
1708:
1573:
1519:
1476:
1393:
606:
202:
57:
3889:"Beyond the Chemical Weapons Stockpile: The Challenge of Non-Stockpile Materiel"
3736:
2232:
7495:
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7400:
6601:
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5883:
5823:
5748:
5687:
5421:
5361:
5110:
4551:
4322:
4247:
4161:
2464:, 2d ed. (eds. David H. Shinn & Thomas P. Ofcansky: Scarecrow Press, 2013).
1650:
passed legislation requiring the disposal of the stockpile chemical agents and
1510:. Iraq used mustard gas and nerve agents against its own civilians in the 1988
1469:
1247:
1227:
1048:
865:
649:
542:
398:
249:
77:
3418:
2339:
Archaeology, Vol. 63, No. 1, January/February 2010, (accessed October 3, 2014)
7566:
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5311:
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5043:
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4266:
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4116:
4050:
3976:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3975:
3864:
Alternative technologies for the destruction of chemicam agents and munitions
3370:
2314:
2256:
2143:
1865:
1841:
1691:
1492:
1367:
754:
333:
70:
3792:
2432:"Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory"
2075:
1699:
30:
This article is about the type of munition. For the concept in biology, see
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4314:
4294:
4166:
4065:
2766:"Japan executes sarin gas attack cult leader Shoko Asahara and six members"
2264:
2045:
1982:
1893:
1881:
1869:
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1813:
1704:
1609:
1344:
1310:
1263:
759:
734:
662:
619:
384:
209:
3378:
3054:
2904:"Geneva Protocol reservations: Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare"
2322:
2125:
Vilches, Diego; Alburquerque, Germán; Ramirez-Tagle, Rodrigo (July 2016).
7363:
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1988:
1853:
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1328:
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and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been
450:
421:
361:
303:
175:
118:
97:
3240:"Technical Options for Protecting Civilians from Toxic Vapors and Gases"
2291:"Disposing of the US Chemical Weapons Stockpile: An Approaching Reality"
1468:, among others, was used by both sides to try to break the stalemate of
51:
5999:
5994:
5974:
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the Geneva Protocol did address those omissions and have been enacted.
1488:
1199:
729:
630:
465:
460:
229:
155:
3398:
2233:"Sea-dumped chemical weapons: environmental risk, occupational hazard"
1667:. Chemical decomposition in soil is affected by many factors, such as
1455:, showing blind casualties on a battlefield after a mustard gas attack
1415:
7323:
6591:
6560:
6505:
6094:
6044:
6019:
6009:
5934:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5567:
5547:
5521:
5506:
5444:
5391:
5150:
5088:
5071:
5049:
5026:
4763:
4604:
4397:
4261:
4200:
4126:
3400:
The history, use, disposition, and environmental fate of Agent Orange
2823:"Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); Article 23"
2796:
The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation.
2381:
1897:
1625:
1424:
1405:
1348:
1274:
1255:
1243:
720:
4005:
7129:
6565:
6422:
6411:
6103:
6004:
5913:
5878:
5783:
5697:
5607:
5557:
5440:
5429:
5406:
5396:
5376:
5271:
5238:
5232:
5222:
4622:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4225:
4084:
3202:"Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents"
2407:
War Made New: Weapons, Warriors, and the Making of the Modern World
1716:
1496:
1465:
1351:
resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.
1336:
1332:
1298:
1259:
657:
624:
614:
588:
583:
578:
408:
403:
355:
256:
239:
219:
87:
3023:"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (home page)"
2964:"Status as at: 07-11-2010 01:48:46 EDT, Chapter XXVI, Disarmament"
2659:"Iraq Chemical Arms Condemned, but West Once Looked the Other Way"
2378:
Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition
2231:
Greenberg, M. I.; Sexton, K. J.; Vearrier, D. (February 7, 2016).
7513:
7485:
7480:
7395:
6637:
6211:
Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives
5852:
5847:
5562:
5552:
5542:
5537:
5227:
4855:
4773:
4758:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4617:
4525:
4515:
4475:
4470:
4447:
4442:
4176:
1889:
1885:
1873:
1821:
1695:
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System prior to demolition
1676:
1672:
1589:
1580:, is an International treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and
1558:
has prohibited the use of chemical weapons since 1899, under the
715:
495:
490:
3917:
Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite
2124:
1884:
has left lasting impacts that are still observable today in the
1313:, and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
840:
6679:
6070:
5733:
5728:
5516:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4304:
4106:
3297:"Effectiveness of expedient sheltering in place in a residents"
3166:"Evauluating Protective Actions for Chemical Agent Emergencies"
1585:
1355:
1211:
774:
764:
320:
46:
3945:
Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980
3528:. United States Army Chemical Materials Agency. Archived from
2693:
1977:
An unintended chemical weapon release occurred at the port of
6432:
6014:
5929:
5888:
5175:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4403:
4386:
4339:
3302:. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Elsiver.com. Archived from
2580:
American Arsenal: A Century of Weapon Technology and Strategy
1828:
disposed large quantities of these chemical weapons into the
1768:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1523:
1317:
1290:
1286:
573:
568:
558:
553:
455:
445:
145:
135:
4658:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
2755:, Rick Gladstone, August 24, 2016 retrieved August 25, 2016.
2289:
Carnes, Sam Abbott; Watson, Annetta Paule (August 4, 1989).
1624: (OPCW), which is an independent organization based in
5185:
5180:
4739:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
2749:
Syria Used Chlorine in Bombs Against Civilians, Report Says
2698:. Auckland Park: Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. pp. 128–130.
1978:
1340:
1321:
1269:
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely
275:
Soviet chemical weapons canister from an Albanian stockpile
6648:
6167:
3611:. July 8, 2023. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023
3575:. July 8, 2023. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023
5572:
5125:
3163:
2520:
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1988, p. 16-17
6200:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
3957:
1210:(OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a
3022:
2230:
3609:"Destruction Progress: PEO ACWA U.S. Chemical Weapons"
3000:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2682:
On this day: 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack
27:
Device that uses chemicals to kill or harm individuals
3759:"Text of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention"
3481:. U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. Archived from
1872:
as a type of 'tactical herbicide', aiming to destroy
1840:, and another 2000 tonnes of chemical weapons in the
1206:
to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the
6633:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
3958:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2879:"United States of America: Chemical Weapons Profile"
2477:, University Press of Kansas, USA, 1992, pp.106-107.
2105:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1622:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1208:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2074:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
1737:protective equipment and specialized training. The
1584:in international armed conflicts. It was signed at
1419:
A British gas bomb that was used during World War I
2454:
1592:is the newest signatory, acceding August 7, 2003.
1392:as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from
4002:"U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency (home page)"
3677:"[2.0] A History of Chemical Warfare (2)"
2934:"High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol"
2591:James J. Wirtz, "Weapons of Mass Destruction" in
2518:Poison Gas, the Story Japan Would Like to Forget,
7564:
3629:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3593:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3457:"Operation CHASE (for "Cut Holes and Sink 'Em")"
3339:"Disposal of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea"
2004:
3815:"Brook Island Trials of Mustard Gas during WW2"
2694:Tokarev, Andrei; Shubin, Gennady, eds. (2011).
2375:
2337:"Early Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria,"
1266:are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
1550:
6664:
6262:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
6195:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
6153:
4036:
2877:Shrivastav, Sanjeev Kumar (January 1, 2010).
2611:"In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal"
1951:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
1766:The examples and perspective in this section
1242:, which are primarily effective due to their
1171:
810:
3972:The Chemical Weapons Convention: an Overview
2288:
1836:and chemical warfare agents dumped into the
1635:
3017:
3015:
2638:
2582:(Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 152-54.
2480:
2348:
1926:, contains section 1412, which directs the
6671:
6657:
6160:
6146:
4043:
4029:
3867:. National Research Council (U.S.). 1993.
2876:
2812:. wikisource.org. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
2675:
1784:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1178:
1164:
839:
817:
803:
266:
50:
45:
2537:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2197:
2142:
1800:Learn how and when to remove this message
1499:gas and carbon monoxide were used in the
3920:. National Academies Press. p. 49.
3073:
3071:
3012:
2986:
2926:
2896:
2872:
2870:
2841:
2815:
2801:
2656:
2599:(Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 302.
2493:
2404:
1987:
1908:
1698:
1690:
1501:gas chambers of Nazi extermination camps
1441:
1414:
1343:and other targeted populations in large
64:(PUDA) chemical weapons storage facility
6282:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
2608:
2101:"Brief Description of Chemical Weapons"
1856:of 1955–1975, a chemical weapon called
14:
7565:
6169:United States chemical weapons program
4924:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
4918:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
3336:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
2687:
2657:Sciolino, Elaine (February 13, 2003),
2572:
1832:, including 32 000 tonnes of chemical
1462:use of chemical weapons in World War I
6652:
6206:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
6141:
5166:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
4024:
3907:
3881:
3855:
3829:
3807:
3781:
3751:
3725:
3695:
3669:
3637:
3518:
3471:
3454:
3448:
3431:
3425:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3289:
3232:
3194:
3157:
3068:
2956:
2867:
2585:
2429:
2423:
2284:
2282:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
1226:(WMD), though they are distinct from
3839:. Brooksidepress.org. Archived from
3133:
3097:
3040:
2641:"It's like a knife stabbing into me"
2609:Fassihi, Farnaz (October 27, 2002),
2555:
1752:
1599:
1545:
1384:Chemical warfare involves using the
5255:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
3733:"Naval Armed Guard: at Bari, Italy"
3321:
3112:www.chsdemocrats.house.govhouse.gov
2558:"The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims"
2376:D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007).
2057:
1974:the extent predicted by the press.
1932:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1526:, chlorine, and mustard gas in the
1222:Chemical weapons are classified as
24:
6312:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
4871:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
3937:
3735:. History.navy.mil. Archived from
3397:Young, Alvin L. (April 21, 2009).
3385:
3337:Glasby, G. P. (November 5, 1997).
3081:. Stormingmedia.us. Archived from
2776:from the original on June 22, 2019
2279:
2217:
2184:
1686:
1683:, can remain harmful for decades.
25:
7594:
7583:Chemical weapons demilitarization
4886:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
4876:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
3951:
3891:. Armscontrol.org. Archived from
2462:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
2198:Blackwood, Milton E (June 1998).
2093:
1707:soldier wearing a chemical agent
1522:. The Syrian government has used
60:containing "HD" (mustard gas) at
7547:
7546:
4714:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
4157:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
3679:. Vectorsite.net. Archived from
3343:Science of the Total Environment
3055:"Public Law 99-145 Attachment E"
2639:Paul Hughes (January 21, 2003),
2430:Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015).
2307:10.1001/jama.1989.03430050069029
1917:
1757:
1449:'s iconic World War I painting:
1147:
1146:
6122:List of chemical warfare agents
4345:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
3601:
3565:
3114:. June 15, 2010. Archived from
2788:
2758:
2742:
2712:
2650:
2632:
2602:
2549:
2523:
2510:
2467:
2398:
2369:
2342:
2041:List of chemical warfare agents
1905:Destruction of chemical weapons
1876:foliage and plant life to ease
791:List of chemical warfare agents
2329:
2168:
2151:
2118:
1953: (JACADS) began in 1985.
13:
1:
3791:. Gulfweb.org. Archived from
3363:10.1016/S0048-9697(97)80015-0
3247:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2597:Contemporary Security Studies
2595:(4th ed.), ed. Alan Collins,
2593:Contemporary Security Studies
2249:10.3109/15563650.2015.1121272
2051:
2005:Unitary versus binary weapons
1739:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1642:Chemical weapon proliferation
6369:Operation Davy Jones' Locker
6272:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity
5198:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
4744:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
3947:, Helion & Company, 2017
3207:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2684:, BBC News (March 16, 1988).
2409:. Gotham. pp. 245–250.
2405:Max Boot (August 16, 2007).
2026:1990 Chemical Weapons Accord
1968:
1959:National Academy of Sciences
1949:system. Construction of the
1612:agreement with the force of
1516:Cuban intervention in Angola
7:
6961:National Revolutionary Army
6678:
6417:Methylphosphonyl difluoride
4980:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
4840:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
4709:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
3837:"007 Incapacitating Agents"
2065:"Types of Chemical Weapons"
2019:
1780:, discuss the issue on the
1748:
1606:Chemical Weapons Convention
1551:Before the Second World War
1438:History of chemical warfare
1364:Chemical Weapons Convention
1305:, the effects of so-called
1224:weapons of mass destruction
833:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
7599:
6773:War of the Triple Alliance
6252:Edgewood Chemical Activity
6237:Anniston Chemical Activity
5819:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
5287:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
4613:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
3703:"Mustard Disaster at Bari"
3526:"Agent Destruction Status"
3479:"45 Percent CWC Milestone"
2008:
1902:
1639:
1576:, officially known as the
1435:
1431:
1377:
708:Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
29:
7542:
7506:
7276:
7229:
7128:
6970:
6924:
6801:
6793:Pre-20th century firearms
6733:
6695:
6686:
6615:
6579:
6453:
6406:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
6396:
6356:
6340:
6304:
6295:
6224:
6216:Chemical mortar battalion
6175:
6117:
6077:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
6058:
5922:
5871:
5832:
5696:
5473:
5420:
5282:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
5211:
5012:
4787:
4701:
4693:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
4603:
4550:
4534:
4461:
4371:
4362:
4332:
4313:
4280:
4246:
4199:
4190:
4075:
2720:"CDC | Facts About Sarin"
2556:Schwartz, Terese Pencak.
2355:. Springer. p. 131.
2036:General-purpose criterion
1963:Chemical Materials Agency
1943:National Research Council
1941:). However, in 1969, the
1636:Countries with stockpiles
1608:(CWC) is the most recent
1532:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1335:to commit industrialised
1324:regime used a commercial
351:Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
346:Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
274:
265:
255:
248:
238:
228:
218:
208:
201:
191:
181:
174:
164:
154:
144:
134:
124:
117:
107:
96:
86:
76:
69:
44:
7181:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
7171:South African Border War
6953:Second Sino-Japanese War
6190:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
5794:Chloroacetophenone oxime
5779:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
5387:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
5297:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
4944:Phosphorus pentachloride
4769:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
2560:. Jewish Virtual Library
2144:10.1016/j.eq.2016.04.004
341:Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
7161:Portuguese Colonial War
6556:XM736 8-inch projectile
6287:Umatilla Chemical Depot
6073:(variants and mixtures)
5342:Trichloronitrosomethane
5337:Trifluoronitrosomethane
4912:Methyldichlorophosphine
3645:"TextHandbook-EforS.fm"
3141:"FM 3–9 (field manual)"
2645:The Star (South Africa)
2475:The Roots of Blitzkrieg
1616:. Its full name is the
1567:Washington Naval Treaty
1512:Halabja chemical attack
678:Diphenylamincyanoarsine
56:Pallets of 155 mm
7529:Civilian gun ownership
6551:M687 155 mm projectile
6521:M360 105 mm projectile
6481:M121 155 mm projectile
6476:M110 155 mm projectile
6471:M104 155 mm projectile
6267:Newport Chemical Depot
6247:Deseret Chemical Depot
6185:2nd Chemical Battalion
6178:centers and institutes
5872:Cornea-clouding agents
5367:Phosphorus trichloride
4949:Phosphorus trichloride
4683:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
4137:Phosphorus trifluoride
3968:Santiago Oñate Laborde
3553:Cite journal requires
3506:Cite journal requires
3277:Cite journal requires
3220:Cite journal requires
2615:New Jersey Star Ledger
2535:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2460:"Chemical Weapons" in
2011:Binary chemical weapon
1993:
1914:
1880:access. This usage of
1724:
1696:
1663:in Utah consisting of
1648:United States Congress
1456:
1420:
1373:
311:Cyanogen chloride (CK)
40:Chemical weapon
7206:Nicaraguan Revolution
7156:Araguaia Guerilla War
6725:Early thermal weapons
6628:Dugway sheep incident
6546:M60 105 mm projectile
6536:M44 generator cluster
6277:Pueblo Chemical Depot
6242:Blue Grass Army Depot
6225:Industrial facilities
5266:Disulfur decafluoride
5067:Chlorophenylsilatrane
4975:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
3990:"Chemical categories"
2009:Further information:
1991:
1928:Department of Defense
1912:
1888:environment, causing
1702:
1694:
1495:. Vast quantities of
1464:. The development of
1445:
1418:
690:Incapacitating agents
636:Disulfur decafluoride
316:Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
62:Pueblo Depot Activity
7211:Salvadoran Civil War
6778:Spanish–American War
6753:American Indian Wars
6580:Protective equipment
6461:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb
6348:Operation Ranch Hand
6257:Hawthorne Army Depot
6066:Methyl fluoroacetate
5894:Methyl cyanoacrylate
5814:Allyl isothiocyanate
5402:Uranium hexafluoride
5357:Dinitrogen tetroxide
5302:Chlorine trifluoride
4350:Selenium oxychloride
4220:Phenyldichloroarsine
4214:Methyldichloroarsine
4152:Nickel tetracarbonyl
3996:on November 8, 2005.
3984:. November 28, 2006.
3895:on September 8, 2013
3769:on September 7, 2013
3713:on November 11, 2013
3707:www.mcm.fhpr.osd.mil
3459:. Globalsecurity.org
3436:. Globalsecurity.org
3309:on November 11, 2013
3182:on November 11, 2013
3121:on November 11, 2013
3085:on September 7, 2013
2944:on September 6, 2013
2914:on September 6, 2013
2621:on December 13, 2007
2384:. pp. 567–570.
2349:Eric Croddy (2002).
1862:United States forces
1778:improve this section
1481:invasion of Ethiopia
1402:conventional weapons
1240:conventional weapons
1236:radiological weapons
1202:that uses chemicals
7264:Russo-Ukrainian War
7201:Dominican Civil War
7176:Cambodian Civil War
7137:First Indochina War
6531:M43 BZ cluster bomb
6379:Operation Steel Box
6232:Anniston Army Depot
5759:Bromobenzyl cyanide
5527:Dimethylheptylpyran
5455:Diphenylcyanoarsine
5450:Diphenylchlorarsine
5382:Methyl vinyl ketone
5307:Perchloryl fluoride
5171:Bicyclic phosphates
4990:Trimethyl phosphite
4939:Phosphoryl chloride
4208:Ethyldichloroarsine
4182:Chloral cyanohydrin
4172:Acetone cyanohydrin
4142:Methyl cyanoformate
4008:on October 15, 2004
3355:1997ScTEn.206..267G
3256:on January 13, 2010
3173:www.emc.ed.ornl.gov
2505:The Washington Post
2486:Paxman and Harris:
2237:Clinical Toxicology
2204:www.armscontrol.org
1860:was widely used by
1518:saw limited use of
1447:John Singer Sargent
1390:chemical substances
1198:) is a specialized
745:Riot-control (RCAs)
673:Diphenylcyanoarsine
668:Diphenylchlorarsine
399:Phosgene oxime (CX)
284:Part of a series on
41:
7254:Russo-Georgian War
7196:Lebanese Civil War
7166:Rhodesian Bush War
6783:Mexican Revolution
6768:American Civil War
6758:War of the Pacific
6748:Napoleonic Warfare
6623:CB military symbol
6374:Operation Geranium
6176:Units, formations,
6127:CB military symbol
5985:Enterotoxin type B
5940:Cyclopiazonic acid
5899:N-Methylmorpholine
5799:Ethyl bromoacetate
5277:Ethyl bromoacetate
5244:Perfluoroisobutene
4985:Triethyl phosphite
4256:Levinstein mustard
4147:Iron pentacarbonyl
3795:on August 13, 2006
3434:"Chemical Weapons"
2994:"Demilitarisation"
2753:The New York Times
2664:The New York Times
2031:CB military symbol
1994:
1915:
1725:
1697:
1657:United States army
1582:biological weapons
1540:chemical terrorism
1536:Matsumoto incident
1457:
1421:
1398:biological warfare
1360:non-lethal weapons
1232:biological weapons
39:
7560:
7559:
7272:
7271:
7216:Soviet–Afghan War
7191:Laotian Civil War
6939:Spanish Civil War
6646:
6645:
6526:M426 8-inch shell
6511:M23 chemical mine
6392:
6391:
6384:Operation Red Hat
6317:Operation Top Hat
6135:
6134:
5945:Histrionicotoxins
5923:Biological toxins
5804:Ethyl iodoacetate
5372:Methyl isocyanate
5332:Selenoyl fluoride
5322:Mercuric chloride
5292:Tetranitromethane
5146:Sulfuryl fluoride
5131:HN3 hydrochloride
5126:HN2 hydrochloride
5121:HN1 hydrochloride
5008:
5007:
4965:Phenacyl chloride
4960:Pinacolyl alcohol
4906:Isopropyl alcohol
4901:4-Hydroxycoumarin
4835:1,8-Dibromooctane
4358:
4357:
4282:Nitrogen mustards
4095:Cyanogen chloride
3927:978-0-309-04832-3
3410:978-0-387-87486-9
2730:on April 14, 2003
2705:978-1-4314-0185-7
2507:(April 11, 2017).
2499:Callum Borchers,
2473:Corum, James S.,
2416:978-1-5924-0315-8
2391:978-0-8493-1434-6
2163:978-0-19-280436-5
2131:Educación Química
1924:Public Law 99-145
1810:
1809:
1802:
1743:in-place shelters
1661:Tooele Army Depot
1614:International law
1600:Modern agreements
1556:International law
1546:International law
1188:
1187:
827:
826:
783:
782:
760:Pepper spray (OC)
620:Chloropicrin (PS)
607:Pulmonary/choking
597:
596:
279:
278:
183:Cyanogen chloride
16:(Redirected from
7590:
7578:Chemical warfare
7573:Chemical weapons
7550:
7549:
7426:Mass destruction
7334:Blunt instrument
7259:Syrian Civil War
6693:
6692:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6650:
6649:
6516:M34 cluster bomb
6466:M1 chemical mine
6302:
6301:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6139:
6138:
6109:White phosphorus
6086:post-combustion
6082:Depleted uranium
5909:Osmium tetroxide
5789:Phenacyl bromide
5352:Nitrogen dioxide
5327:Selenium dioxide
5317:Cadmium chloride
4774:Dimefox (TL-792)
4369:
4368:
4197:
4196:
4122:Hydrogen sulfide
4101:Hydrogen cyanide
4090:Cyanogen bromide
4056:chemical warfare
4045:
4038:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4004:. Archived from
3997:
3992:. Archived from
3985:
3932:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3843:on June 16, 2010
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3817:. Home.st.net.au
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3765:. Archived from
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:on April 9, 2010
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3709:. Archived from
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3650:. Archived from
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3532:on June 24, 2010
3522:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3394:
3383:
3382:
3334:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3249:. Archived from
3244:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3175:. Archived from
3170:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2974:on April 7, 2015
2970:. Archived from
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2940:. Archived from
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2910:. Archived from
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2762:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:. Archived from
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2667:, archived from
2654:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2617:, archived from
2606:
2600:
2589:
2583:
2578:Patrick Coffey,
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2335:Samir S. Patel,
2333:
2327:
2326:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2081:on March 3, 2016
2080:
2069:
2061:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1560:Hague Convention
1528:Syrian civil war
1520:organophosphates
1386:toxic properties
1380:Chemical warfare
1326:hydrogen cyanide
1180:
1173:
1166:
1150:
1149:
1131:List of treaties
843:
829:
828:
819:
812:
805:
697:
696:
451:Chlorosarin (GC)
427:
426:
373:Nitrogen mustard
366:
281:
280:
270:
193:Hydrogen cyanide
109:Nitrogen mustard
58:artillery shells
54:
49:
42:
38:
32:Chemical defense
21:
18:Chemical weapons
7598:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7538:
7534:Science fiction
7502:
7374:Directed-energy
7268:
7244:Afghanistan War
7225:
7124:
6966:
6926:Interwar period
6920:
6821:Austria-Hungary
6797:
6729:
6682:
6677:
6647:
6642:
6611:
6575:
6449:
6388:
6364:Operation CHASE
6352:
6336:
6297:
6291:
6220:
6177:
6171:
6166:
6136:
6131:
6113:
6054:
5965:Botulinum toxin
5918:
5867:
5828:
5744:Benzyl chloride
5699:
5692:
5476:
5469:
5460:Cacodyl cyanide
5422:Vomiting agents
5416:
5214:
5207:
5116:Dimethylmercury
5038:Botulinum toxin
5004:
4783:
4697:
4599:
4552:Novichok agents
4546:
4530:
4457:
4354:
4328:
4309:
4276:
4248:Sulfur mustards
4242:
4186:
4132:Carbon monoxide
4112:Cacodyl cyanide
4071:
4070:
4054:Agents used in
4049:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3988:
3980:
3954:
3940:
3938:Further reading
3935:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3683:on June 4, 2017
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3657:on July 3, 2007
3654:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3485:on June 8, 2011
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3411:
3395:
3386:
3335:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2855:. July 29, 1899
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2829:. July 29, 1899
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:on May 27, 2013
2655:
2651:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2287:
2280:
2229:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2022:
2013:
2007:
1971:
1939:Operation CHASE
1920:
1907:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1775:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1728:that have been
1717:protection mask
1709:protective suit
1689:
1687:Manner and form
1681:sulfur mustards
1644:
1638:
1602:
1574:Geneva Protocol
1553:
1548:
1477:interwar period
1440:
1434:
1394:nuclear warfare
1382:
1376:
1228:nuclear weapons
1192:chemical weapon
1184:
823:
779:
739:
725:
684:
683:
682:
652:
642:
641:
640:
631:Diphosgene (DP)
627:
609:
599:
598:
593:
543:Novichok agents
536:
475:
466:Cyclosarin (GF)
461:Ethylsarin (GE)
424:
414:
413:
395:
394:
375:
368:
365:(HD H HT HL HQ)
364:
363:
336:
326:
325:
306:
290:Chemical agents
250:Vomiting agents
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7596:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7309:Anti-personnel
7306:
7304:Anti-ballistic
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7105:United Kingdom
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7020:Czechoslovakia
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6950:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6906:United Kingdom
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6616:Related topics
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6602:People sniffer
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6088:uranium oxides
6079:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5824:Crotonaldehyde
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5749:Benzyl bromide
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5688:Chlorpromazine
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5475:Incapacitating
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Sulfur dioxide
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5215:choking agents
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5111:Tetraethyllead
5108:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4815:A.P.C. complex
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
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4526:V-sub x (GD-7)
4523:
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4498:
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4347:
4342:
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4330:
4329:
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4326:
4323:Phosgene oxime
4319:
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4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
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4278:
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4205:
4203:
4194:
4192:Blister agents
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:Glycolonitrile
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
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4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
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4069:
4068:
4063:
4061:incapacitation
4058:
4051:
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4047:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3998:
3986:
3978:
3961:
3953:
3952:External links
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3934:
3933:
3926:
3906:
3880:
3873:
3854:
3828:
3806:
3780:
3763:www.brad.ac.uk
3750:
3724:
3694:
3668:
3636:
3600:
3564:
3555:|journal=
3517:
3508:|journal=
3470:
3447:
3424:
3409:
3384:
3349:(2): 267–273.
3320:
3288:
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2800:
2794:Seto, Yasuo. "
2787:
2757:
2741:
2724:www.bt.cdc.gov
2711:
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2301:(5): 653–659.
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2137:(3): 233–236.
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2018:
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1919:
1916:
1903:Main article:
1894:stunted growth
1838:Bornholm Basin
1812:At the end of
1808:
1807:
1772:of the subject
1770:worldwide view
1765:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1688:
1685:
1665:mustard agents
1640:Main article:
1637:
1634:
1601:
1598:
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1470:trench warfare
1436:Main article:
1433:
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1378:Main article:
1375:
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74:
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71:Blister agents
67:
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55:
26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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7186:Iran–Iraq War
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6743:Early Warfare
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6492:
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6452:
6446:
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6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6332:Operation LAC
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:its compounds
6096:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:Tetanospasmin
6033:
6031:
6030:T-2 mycotoxin
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Batrachotoxin
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Allyl alcohol
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5769:Chloroacetone
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Benzyl iodide
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:Xylyl bromide
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Butyrophenone
5494:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5465:o-Dianisidine
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Cadmium oxide
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Batrachotoxin
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5044:Tetanospasmin
5042:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:Nettle agents
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Cacodyl oxide
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3946:
3943:Glenn Cross,
3942:
3941:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3874:9780309049467
3870:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3821:September 15,
3816:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3610:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3547:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3271:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3214:
3203:
3197:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3016:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2978:September 14,
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2948:September 14,
2943:
2939:
2938:www.sipri.org
2935:
2929:
2918:September 14,
2913:
2909:
2908:www.sipri.org
2905:
2899:
2888:September 14,
2884:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2859:September 14,
2854:
2850:
2844:
2833:September 14,
2828:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2559:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2516:Yuki Tanaka,
2513:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2436:Distillations
2433:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2362:9780387950761
2358:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2181:
2180:0-521-78227-9
2177:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:United States
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:United States
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1842:Gotland Basin
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1793:
1790:December 2012
1783:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1721:skyddsmask 90
1718:
1714:
1713:C-vätskeskydd
1710:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1646:In 1985, the
1643:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Iran–Iraq War
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:the Holocaust
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1368:United States
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:Proliferation
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:United States
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
881:
878:
877:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
847:
846:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
830:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Xylyl bromide
753:
752:
750:
749:
746:
743:
742:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
704:
703:Agent 15 (BZ)
701:
700:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
688:
687:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
646:
645:
637:
634:
632:
629:
626:
625:Phosgene (CG)
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
603:
602:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
548:
545:
544:
540:
539:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
486:
485:
482:
479:
478:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
436:
435:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
417:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:
370:
367:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
330:
329:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
300:
299:
296:Lethal agents
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
273:
269:
264:
260:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
63:
59:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
7421:Martial arts
7384:Depth charge
7354:Conventional
7343:
7095:Soviet Union
6972:World War II
6501:M139 bomblet
6496:M138 bomblet
6491:M134 bomblet
6486:M125 bomblet
6327:Project SHAD
6298:and projects
6040:Tetrodotoxin
5990:Grayanotoxin
5774:Bromoacetone
5764:Thiophosgene
5719:Mace (spray)
5713:Pepper spray
5698:Lachrymatory
5683:Fluphenazine
5678:Procarbazine
5588:Sleeping gas
5436:Chloropicrin
5347:Nitric oxide
5249:Chloropicrin
5193:Cloflubicyne
5156:Oxotremorine
5105:Antillatoxin
5084:Tetrodotoxin
5033:Bungarotoxin
4929:Nitromethane
4891:Formaldoxime
4830:Cyclohexanol
4795:Acetonitrile
4542:GV (EA-5365)
4364:Nerve agents
4167:Lactonitrile
4077:Blood agents
4066:riot control
4010:. Retrieved
4006:the original
3994:the original
3971:
3944:
3916:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:the original
3883:
3863:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:the original
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3767:the original
3762:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:the original
3727:
3717:November 11,
3715:. Retrieved
3711:the original
3706:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3681:the original
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3652:the original
3639:
3613:. Retrieved
3603:
3577:. Retrieved
3567:
3546:cite journal
3534:. Retrieved
3530:the original
3520:
3499:cite journal
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3450:
3440:November 11,
3438:. Retrieved
3427:
3403:. Springer.
3399:
3346:
3342:
3313:November 11,
3311:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3291:
3270:cite journal
3258:. Retrieved
3251:the original
3234:
3213:cite journal
3196:
3186:November 11,
3184:. Retrieved
3177:the original
3172:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3135:
3125:November 11,
3123:. Retrieved
3116:the original
3111:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:the original
3062:www.fema.gov
3061:
3030:. Retrieved
3027:www.opcw.org
3026:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:www.opcw.org
2997:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2967:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2937:
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:the original
2907:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:www.yale.edu
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:www.yale.edu
2826:
2817:
2803:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2770:The Guardian
2769:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:the original
2723:
2714:
2695:
2689:
2677:
2669:the original
2662:
2652:
2644:
2634:
2623:, retrieved
2619:the original
2614:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2534:
2531:"Nazi Camps"
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2439:
2435:
2425:
2406:
2400:
2377:
2371:
2351:
2344:
2331:
2298:
2294:
2243:(2): 79–91.
2240:
2236:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:
2170:
2153:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2071:
2059:
2046:Riot control
2014:
1999:
1995:
1976:
1972:
1955:
1946:
1936:
1921:
1882:agent orange
1870:agent orange
1858:agent orange
1846:
1814:World War II
1811:
1796:
1787:
1767:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1705:Swedish Army
1645:
1630:
1617:
1610:arms control
1603:
1594:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1505:
1485:nerve agents
1474:
1466:chlorine gas
1458:
1451:
1422:
1383:
1362:. Under the
1354:As of 2016,
1353:
1345:gas chambers
1331:trade-named
1318:World War II
1315:
1311:phosgene gas
1279:nerve agents
1268:
1264:pepper spray
1221:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1039:South Africa
1034:Saudi Arabia
1028:Soviet Union
871:Radiological
860:
735:Sleeping gas
663:Chloropicrin
541:
480:
430:
356:Lewisite (L)
289:
210:Chloropicrin
176:Blood agents
119:Nerve agents
36:
7359:Crew-served
7319:Area denial
7151:Six-Day War
7146:Vietnam War
7075:New Zealand
7070:Netherlands
6943:Nationalist
6876:New Zealand
6803:World War I
6763:Crimean War
6607:M1135 NBCRV
6571:Weteye bomb
6439:Mustard gas
6341:Operational
6322:Project 112
6050:Veratridine
6025:Shiga toxin
5980:Domoic acid
5843:Thioacetone
5809:Iodoacetone
5673:Pentazocine
5668:Sevoflurane
5633:CAR-302,668
5628:CAR-302,282
5623:CAR-302,196
5618:CAR-301,060
5613:CAR-226,086
5593:Carfentanil
5491:Apomorphine
5412:Green Cross
5203:Domoic acid
5014:Neurotoxins
4934:OPA mixture
4825:Chlorosoman
4820:Chlorosarin
4754:Phospholine
4453:Crotylsarin
4438:Fluorotabun
4410:Chlorosoman
4392:Chlorosarin
3455:John Pike.
3432:John Pike.
2883:www.idsa.in
2110:October 21,
2072:www.fas.org
1898:deformities
1854:Vietnam War
1669:temperature
1538:. See also
1329:blood agent
1307:mustard gas
1303:World War I
1059:Switzerland
1044:South Korea
1004:Philippines
994:North Korea
989:Netherlands
362:Mustard gas
321:Arsine (SA)
98:Mustard gas
7567:Categories
7436:Non-lethal
7416:Insurgency
7411:Incendiary
7406:Improvised
7339:Ceremonial
7329:Biological
7289:Amphibious
7141:Korean War
7115:Yugoslavia
6947:Republican
6871:Montenegro
6541:M55 rocket
6296:Operations
6202:(USAMRICD)
6000:Maitotoxin
5995:Guanitoxin
5975:Ciguatoxin
5970:Brevetoxin
5955:Anatoxin-a
5950:Aflatoxins
5863:Putrescine
5858:Cadaverine
5834:Malodorant
5658:Isoflurane
5643:Desflurane
5638:Benperidol
5583:Psilocybin
5578:PAVA spray
5260:Diphosgene
5213:Pulmonary/
5141:Picrotoxin
5100:Strychnine
5094:Brevetoxin
5078:Maitotoxin
5061:Guanitoxin
5055:Ciguatoxin
5022:Anatoxin-a
4955:Pinacolone
4788:Precursors
4749:Selenophos
4605:Carbamates
4521:Chinese VX
4427:Cyclosarin
4416:Ethylsarin
4387:Sarin (GB)
4238:Lewisite 3
4232:Lewisite 2
4201:Arsenicals
4012:August 10,
3899:August 10,
3419:1066598939
3260:August 11,
3149:August 10,
2968:www.un.org
2809:Article 23
2734:October 7,
2490:, p132-35.
2442:(1): 16–23
2052:References
1886:Vietnamese
1874:Vietnamese
1850:Baltic Sea
1830:Baltic Sea
1730:weaponized
1677:alkalinity
1489:Kuomintang
1425:Defoliants
1410:weaponized
1275:stockpiled
1252:incendiary
1204:formulated
1089:Yugoslavia
880:By country
856:Biological
730:PAVA spray
456:Soman (GD)
446:Sarin (GB)
441:Tabun (GA)
230:Diphosgene
156:Cyclosarin
7456:Pneumatic
7446:Offensive
7379:Explosive
7324:Artillery
7314:Anti-tank
7294:Ancillary
6980:Australia
6934:Chaco War
6816:Australia
6697:Premodern
6561:MC-1 bomb
6506:M2 mortar
6454:Munitions
6095:Plutonium
6045:Volkensin
6020:Saxitoxin
6010:Palytoxin
5935:Aconitine
5663:Halothane
5653:Bufotenin
5648:Enflurane
5568:Kolokol-1
5548:Pethidine
5522:Etoxadrol
5507:Etorphine
5503:(CS-4640)
5487:(CS-4030)
5445:glycerine
5392:Salcomine
5151:Tremorine
5089:Aconitine
5072:Palytoxin
5050:Ryanodine
5027:Saxitoxin
4764:Ro 3-0422
4535:GV agents
4398:Thiosarin
4127:Phosphine
3970:entitled
3960:Home page
3847:August 9,
3799:August 9,
3743:August 9,
3687:August 9,
3661:August 9,
3489:August 9,
3463:August 9,
3371:0048-9697
3089:August 9,
3004:March 29,
2625:April 22,
2564:April 19,
2541:April 19,
2446:March 20,
2382:CRC Press
2315:0098-7484
2257:1556-3650
1969:Lethality
1868:utilized
1834:munitions
1820:occupied
1782:talk page
1652:munitions
1626:The Hague
1604:The 1993
1406:explosive
1349:Holocaust
1256:Nerve gas
1244:explosive
1216:precursor
904:Australia
899:Argentina
770:CN (mace)
721:Kolokol-1
100:(Yperite)
7552:Category
7519:Industry
7476:Tectonic
7461:Practice
7451:Personal
7344:Chemical
7284:Aircraft
7249:Iraq War
7221:Gulf War
7130:Cold War
7120:Infantry
7100:Thailand
7000:Bulgaria
6957:Japanese
6916:Infantry
6881:Portugal
6831:Bulgaria
6811:Chemical
6720:Japanese
6715:Medieval
6566:M47 bomb
6423:Phosgene
6412:Chlorine
6357:Disposal
6305:Research
6104:Polonium
6005:Modeccin
5914:Acrolein
5879:Lewisite
5784:Acrolein
5608:CS-27349
5558:Ibogaine
5441:Litharge
5430:Adamsite
5407:Diborane
5397:Fluomine
5377:Ethenone
5272:Acrolein
5239:Fluorine
5233:Phosgene
5223:Chlorine
4623:EA-3887A
4595:C01-A042
4590:C01-A039
4585:C01-A035
4463:V-agents
4373:G-agents
4258:(EA-229)
4226:Lewisite
4085:Cyanogen
3773:March 7,
3625:cite web
3589:cite web
3536:June 16,
3032:June 27,
2780:July 18,
2774:Archived
2273:42603071
2265:26692048
2209:June 28,
2085:June 27,
2020:See also
1947:baseline
1878:military
1776:You may
1749:Disposal
1534:and the
1497:Zyklon B
1339:against
1337:genocide
1333:Zyklon B
1299:vesicant
1271:volatile
1260:tear gas
1214:"or its
1200:munition
1152:Category
1123:Treaties
1115:Missiles
1105:Chemical
1014:Rhodesia
999:Pakistan
914:Bulgaria
861:Chemical
658:Adamsite
650:Vomiting
615:Chlorine
589:C01-A042
584:C01-A039
579:C01-A035
481:V-agents
431:G-agents
409:C01-A039
404:C01-A035
257:Adamsite
240:Chlorine
220:Phosgene
88:Lewisite
7514:Arsenal
7491:Vehicle
7481:Torpedo
7441:Nuclear
7401:Hunting
7396:Firearm
7090:Romania
7050:Hungary
7040:Germany
7030:Finland
7025:Denmark
7015:Croatia
6990:Belgium
6985:Austria
6886:Romania
6846:Germany
6826:Belgium
6788:Antique
6710:Chinese
6705:African
6688:History
6680:Weapons
6638:MKULTRA
6592:M93 Fox
5853:Skatole
5848:Allicin
5563:EA-3834
5553:EA-3580
5543:EA-3443
5538:EA-3167
5533:EA-2148
5517:CS-4297
5512:EA-2092
5501:EA-4941
5228:Bromine
4866:EA-1224
4846:EA-1250
4759:R-16661
4734:EA-2613
4729:EA-2098
4724:EA-2054
4719:EA-2012
4688:3152 CT
4678:TL-1317
4673:TL-1299
4668:TL-1238
4638:EA-4056
4633:EA-3990
4628:EA-3966
4618:EA-3887
4516:EA-1763
4476:EA-3148
4471:EA-2192
4448:EA-4352
4443:EA-1356
4177:Stibine
3974:in the
3964:Lecture
3615:July 8,
3579:July 8,
3379:9394485
3351:Bibcode
2323:2746817
1890:disease
1822:Germany
1673:acidity
1590:Ukraine
1432:History
1316:During
1248:kinetic
1110:Nuclear
1074:Ukraine
1019:Romania
984:Myanmar
939:Germany
894:Algeria
889:Albania
866:Nuclear
848:By type
716:EA-3167
496:V-sub x
491:EA-3148
334:Blister
7496:Combat
7466:Ranged
7369:Deadly
7085:Poland
7080:Norway
7065:Mexico
7045:Greece
7035:France
7005:Canada
6995:Brazil
6901:Turkey
6896:Serbia
6891:Russia
6851:Greece
6841:France
6836:Canada
6735:Modern
6398:Agents
6071:Napalm
5836:agents
5700:agents
5603:JB-336
5598:JB-318
5573:LSD-25
5529:(DMHP)
5477:agents
5136:A-8564
5096:(PbTX)
5046:(TeNT)
4663:TL-599
4653:T-1194
4648:T-1152
4643:T-1123
4412:(ClGD)
4394:(ClGB)
4305:TL-301
4107:Arsine
3924:
3871:
3417:
3407:
3377:
3369:
2702:
2413:
2388:
2359:
2321:
2313:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2178:
2161:
1983:German
1896:, and
1864:. The
1826:Allies
1818:Allies
1816:, the
1715:) and
1586:Geneva
1514:. The
1452:Gassed
1356:CS gas
1347:. The
1297:) and
1293:, and
1262:, and
1234:, and
1212:weapon
1069:Taiwan
1054:Sweden
1024:Russia
1009:Poland
979:Mexico
959:Israel
934:France
919:Canada
909:Brazil
498:/GD-7,
7524:Mount
7507:Other
7471:Space
7431:Melee
7364:Cyber
7277:Types
7060:Japan
7055:Italy
7010:China
6866:Japan
6861:Italy
6856:India
6433:Sarin
6059:Other
6015:Ricin
5930:Abrin
5889:KB-16
5176:IPTBO
5107:(ATX)
5080:(MTX)
5074:(PTX)
5063:(GTX)
5057:(CTX)
5040:(BTX)
4896:Nital
4702:Other
4580:A-262
4575:A-242
4570:A-234
4565:A-232
4560:A-208
4404:Soman
4400:(SGB)
4381:Tabun
4340:KB-16
4333:Other
3655:(PDF)
3648:(PDF)
3307:(PDF)
3300:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3243:(PDF)
3205:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3169:(PDF)
3144:(PDF)
3119:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
2269:S2CID
2079:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
1524:sarin
1250:, or
1064:Syria
1049:Spain
974:Libya
969:Japan
964:Italy
944:India
929:Egypt
924:China
574:A-262
569:A-242
564:A-234
559:A-232
554:A-230
422:Nerve
304:Blood
146:Soman
136:Sarin
126:Tabun
7389:List
7349:Cold
6597:MOPP
6587:CAIS
6441:(HD)
6435:(GB)
6419:(DF)
6408:(BZ)
6097:and
5715:(OC)
5432:(DM)
5262:(DP)
5251:(PS)
5235:(CG)
5186:TBPS
5181:TBPO
5029:(TZ)
4951:(TH)
4920:(DF)
4914:(SW)
4908:(TB)
4881:DMHP
4861:DEHP
4851:DIHP
4842:(KB)
4779:MSPI
4429:(GF)
4418:(GE)
4406:(GD)
4383:(GA)
4325:(CX)
4272:CEES
4240:(L3)
4234:(L2)
4222:(PD)
4216:(MD)
4210:(ED)
4103:(AC)
4097:(CK)
4014:2010
3922:ISBN
3901:2010
3869:ISBN
3849:2010
3823:2010
3801:2010
3775:2022
3745:2010
3719:2013
3689:2010
3663:2010
3631:link
3617:2023
3595:link
3581:2023
3559:help
3538:2010
3512:help
3491:2010
3465:2010
3442:2013
3415:OCLC
3405:ISBN
3375:PMID
3367:ISSN
3315:2013
3283:help
3262:2010
3226:help
3188:2013
3151:2010
3127:2013
3091:2010
3034:2016
3006:2014
2980:2013
2950:2013
2920:2013
2890:2013
2861:2013
2835:2013
2782:2019
2736:2015
2700:ISBN
2627:2020
2566:2020
2543:2020
2448:2018
2411:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2319:PMID
2311:ISSN
2295:JAMA
2261:PMID
2253:ISSN
2211:2022
2176:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2112:2014
2087:2016
1981:. A
1979:Bari
1572:The
1565:The
1475:The
1396:and
1341:Jews
1322:Nazi
1320:the
954:Iraq
949:Iran
261:(DM)
244:(CI)
234:(DP)
224:(CG)
214:(PS)
197:(AC)
187:(CK)
170:(VX)
160:(GF)
150:(GD)
140:(GB)
130:(GA)
113:(HN)
103:(HD)
82:(CX)
7486:Toy
5739:CNS
5268:(Z)
4810:AlP
4805:ATO
4300:HN3
4295:HN2
4290:HN1
4228:(L)
3966:by
3359:doi
3347:206
2303:doi
2299:262
2245:doi
2139:doi
1388:of
1374:Use
390:HN3
385:HN2
380:HN1
92:(L)
7569::
6445:VX
6428:QL
5884:CX
5734:CR
5729:CS
5724:CN
5485:BZ
5000:TG
4995:TC
4970:QL
4856:ZS
4800:AT
4511:VX
4506:VS
4501:VR
4496:VP
4491:VM
4486:VG
4481:VE
4433:GP
4422:GH
3761:.
3705:.
3627:}}
3623:{{
3591:}}
3587:{{
3550::
3548:}}
3544:{{
3503::
3501:}}
3497:{{
3413:.
3387:^
3373:.
3365:.
3357:.
3345:.
3341:.
3323:^
3274::
3272:}}
3268:{{
3245:.
3217::
3215:}}
3211:{{
3171:.
3110:.
3070:^
3060:.
3042:^
3025:.
3014:^
2996:.
2966:.
2936:.
2906:.
2881:.
2869:^
2851:.
2825:.
2772:.
2768:.
2751:,
2722:.
2661:,
2643:,
2613:,
2533:.
2503:,
2438:.
2434:.
2380:.
2317:.
2309:.
2297:.
2293:.
2281:^
2267:.
2259:.
2251:.
2241:54
2239:.
2235:.
2219:^
2202:.
2186:^
2135:27
2133:.
2129:.
2103:.
2070:.
1892:,
1844:.
1745:.
1703:A
1675:,
1671:,
1628:.
1542:.
1412:.
1309:,
1295:VX
1291:GD
1289:,
1287:GB
1285:,
1283:GA
1258:,
1246:,
1230:,
1196:CW
1190:A
775:CR
765:CS
532:VX
527:VS
522:VR
517:VP
512:VM
507:VG
502:VE
471:GV
166:VX
6963:)
6959:/
6955:(
6949:)
6945:/
6941:(
6672:e
6665:t
6658:v
6161:e
6154:t
6147:v
5443:-
4267:Q
4262:T
4044:e
4037:t
4030:v
4016:.
3930:.
3903:.
3877:.
3851:.
3825:.
3803:.
3777:.
3747:.
3721:.
3691:.
3665:.
3633:)
3619:.
3597:)
3583:.
3561:)
3557:(
3540:.
3514:)
3510:(
3493:.
3467:.
3444:.
3421:.
3381:.
3361::
3353::
3317:.
3285:)
3281:(
3264:.
3228:)
3224:(
3190:.
3153:.
3129:.
3093:.
3064:.
3036:.
3008:.
2982:.
2952:.
2922:.
2892:.
2863:.
2837:.
2784:.
2738:.
2708:.
2568:.
2545:.
2450:.
2440:1
2419:.
2394:.
2365:.
2325:.
2305::
2275:.
2247::
2213:.
2165:.
2147:.
2141::
2114:.
2089:.
1900:.
1803:)
1797:(
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1788:(
1774:.
1723:)
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