1476:. However, chemical weapons saw little battlefield use in World War II. Both sides were prepared to use such weapons, but the Allied powers never did, and the Axis used them only very sparingly. The reason for the lack of use by the Nazis, despite the considerable efforts that had gone into developing new varieties, might have been a lack of technical ability or fears that the Allies would retaliate with their own chemical weapons. Those fears were not unfounded: the Allies made comprehensive plans for defensive and retaliatory use of chemical weapons, and stockpiled large quantities. Japanese forces used them more widely, though only against their Asian enemies, as they also feared that using it on Western powers would result in retaliation. Chemical weapons were frequently used against
1432:
257:
1841:, and other heavily contaminated areas where disposal occurred are the European, Japanese, Russian, and United States coasts. These chemical weapons dumped in the ocean pose a continual environmental and human health risk, and chemical agents and breakdown products from said agents have been recently been identified in ocean sediment near historical dumping sites. When chemical weapons are dumped or otherwise improperly disposed of, the chemical agents are quickly distributed over a wide range. The long term impacts of this wide-scale distribution are unknown, but known to be negative. In the
1899:
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1978:
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41:
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36:
1355:(1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. However, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against possible use by an aggressor. Continued storage of these chemical weapons is a hazard, as many of the weapons are now more than 50 years old, raising risks significantly. The
1551:: Article 23 of the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land adopted by the First Hague Conference "especially" prohibited employing "poison and poisoned arms". A separate declaration stated that in any war between signatory powers, the parties would abstain from using projectiles "the object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases".
1934: (NRC) recommended that ocean dumping be discontinued. The Army then began a study of disposal technologies, including the assessment of incineration as well as chemical neutralization methods. In 1982, that study culminated in the selection of incineration technology, which is now incorporated into what is known as the
1461:. Though largely ineffective over the long run, it decidedly changed the nature of the war. In many cases the gases used did not kill, but instead horribly maimed, injured, or disfigured casualties. Some 1.3 million gas casualties were recorded, which may have included up to 260,000 civilian casualties.
2004:
Binary munitions contain two, unmixed and isolated chemicals that do not react to produce lethal effects until mixed. This usually happens just prior to battlefield use. In contrast, unitary weapons are lethal chemical munitions that produce a toxic result in their existing state. The majority of the
1985:
The U.S. Government was highly criticized for exposing
American service members to chemical agents while testing the effects of exposure. These tests were often performed without the consent or prior knowledge of the soldiers affected. Australian service personnel were also exposed as a result of the
1962:
Chemical weapons are said to "make deliberate use of the toxic properties of chemical substances to inflict death". At the start of World War II it was widely reported in newspapers that "entire regions of Europe" would be turned into "lifeless wastelands". However, chemical weapons were not used to
1721:
and are ready for their intended use. The U.S. stockpile consisted of 39% of these weapon ready munitions. The final of the three forms is raw agent housed in bulk containers. The remaining 61% of the US stockpile was stored in this manner. Whereas these chemicals exist in liquid form at normal room
1716:
There are three basic configurations in which these agents are stored. The first are self-contained munitions like projectiles, cartridges, mines, and rockets; these can contain propellant or explosive components. The next form are aircraft-delivered munitions. Together they constitute the two forms
1945:
This was to be a full-scale prototype facility using the baseline system. The prototype was a success but there were still many concerns about CONUS operations. To address growing public concern over incineration, Congress, in 1992, directed the Army to evaluate alternative disposal approaches that
1725:
Higher temperatures are a bigger concern because the possibility of an explosion increases as the temperatures rise. A fire at one of these facilities would endanger the surrounding community as well as the personnel at the installations. Perhaps more so for the community having much less access to
1620:
The OPCW administers the terms of the CWC to 192 signatories, which represents 98% of the global population. As of June 2016, 66,368 of 72,525 metric tonnes, (92% of chemical weapon stockpiles), have been verified as destroyed. The OPCW has conducted 6,327 inspections at 235 chemical weapon-related
1584:
This treaty states that chemical and biological weapons are "justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilised world". And while the treaty prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons, it does not address the production, storage, or transfer of these weapons. Treaties that followed
1448:
Simple chemical weapons were used sporadically throughout antiquity and into the
Industrial age. It was not until the 19th century that the modern conception of chemical warfare emerged, as various scientists and nations proposed the use of asphyxiating or poisonous gases. So alarmed were nations
6949:
1416:
are used to quickly kill vegetation and deny its use for cover and concealment. Chemical warfare can also be used against agriculture and livestock to promote hunger and starvation. Chemical payloads can be delivered by remote controlled container release, aircraft, or rocket. Protection against
1946:
might be "significantly safer", more cost effective, and which could be completed within the established time frame. The Army was directed to report to
Congress on potential alternative technologies by the end of 1993, and to include in that report: "any recommendations that the
1643:
consisting of over 3 million chemical weapons, adding up to 31,000 tons of chemical weapons needing to be disposed of. This was ordered because a timely and safe disposal of chemical weapons is far safer than chemical weapon storage. Between the years of 1982 and 1992, the
1558:, signed February 6, 1922, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, aimed at banning chemical warfare but did not succeed because France rejected it. The subsequent failure to include chemical warfare has contributed to the resultant increase in stockpiles.
1207:
that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves."
1836:
The majority of these chemical munitions were dumped into the sea while contained in simple wooden crates, leading to a rapid proliferation of chemicals. Chemical
Weapons being disposed in the ocean during the 20th century is not unique to the
7008:
1989:
Some chemical agents are designed to produce mind-altering changes, rendering the victim unable to perform their assigned mission. These are classified as incapacitating agents, and lethality is not a factor of their effectiveness.
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sites and 2,255 industrial sites. These inspections have affected the sovereign territory of 86 States
Parties since April 1997. Worldwide, 4,732 industrial facilities are subject to inspection under provisions of the CWC.
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temperature, the sulfur mustards H and HD freeze in temperatures below 55 °F (12.8 °C). Mixing lewisite with distilled mustard lowers the freezing point to −13 °F (−25.0 °C).
1986:"Brook Island trials" carried out by the British Government to determine the likely consequences of chemical warfare in tropical conditions; little was known of such possibilities at that time.
7144:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6829:
6824:
1290:(blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the
7194:
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1954: (CMA) releases regular updates to the public regarding the status of the disposal program. On July 7, 2023, the program completed destruction of all declared chemical weapons.
6199:
6188:
2489:
3514:
6993:
6595:
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1974:
attack on the evening of
December 2, 1943, damaged U.S. vessels in the harbour and the resultant release from their hulls of mustard gas inflicted a total of 628 casualties.
7139:
4646:
2599:
4727:
1227:. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from
3285:
1668:, meteorological conditions, and the types of organisms present in the soil, making it difficult to assess and predict safety. Spills of persistent agents, such as
2787:" The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, June 1, 2001. Web. February 24, 2017.
3829:
2754:
2420:
7083:
1495:
The post-war era has seen limited, though devastating, use of chemical weapons. Some 100,000 Iranian troops were casualties of Iraqi chemical weapons during the
1123:
1468:
saw occasional use of chemical weapons, mainly by multiple
European colonial forces to put down rebellions. The Italians also used poison gas during their 1936
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666:
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conducted a study to assess capabilities and costs for protecting civilian populations during related emergencies, and the effectiveness of expedient,
2737:
2188:
7098:
7073:
7028:
7013:
805:
1389:, which together make up NBC, the military initialism for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (warfare or weapons). None of these fall under the term
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7252:
7149:
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potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets.
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2476:
1951:
1119:
1027:
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that multiple international treaties, discussed below, were passed – banning chemical weapons. This however did not prevent the extensive
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by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are
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1950:
makes ..." In June 2007, the disposal program achieved the milestone of reaching 45% destruction of the chemical weapon stockpile. The
1947:
1412:
A lethal agent is designed to injure, incapacitate, or kill an opposing force, or deny unhindered use of a particular area of terrain.
1077:
3691:
3154:
3068:"Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Volume 3: Appendices A-S – Storming Media"
7184:
7154:
6756:
4031:
3228:
1159:
892:
887:
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1567:
Protocol for the
Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
1002:
987:
902:
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1492:, resulting in the overwhelming majority of some three million deaths. This remains the deadliest use of poison gas in history.
7023:
6173:
6157:
2867:
1902:
Stockpile/disposal site locations for the United States' chemical weapons and the sites' operating status as of August 28, 2008
1057:
1042:
1012:
997:
967:
947:
922:
907:
897:
3902:
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2838:"Laws of War: Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases"
1607:
Convention on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
7108:
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2403:
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reported approximately 1,500 leaking chemical weapons munitions, and in 1993 a 100-gallon chemical spill was reported at the
1052:
962:
957:
932:
917:
912:
798:
3778:"Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans' Health? Lessons Spanning Half a Century. United States Senate December 8, 1994"
2146:
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi
Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
6741:
3562:"Last Chemical Weapon Destroyed at Blue Grass Army Depot - Program Executive Office Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternative"
1152:
1140:
942:
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7209:
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1920:
1916:
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6300:
4859:
2670:
1981:
An Australian observer, who has moved into a gas-affected target area to record results, examines an un-exploded shell.
1926:
Historically, chemical munitions have been disposed of by land burial, open burning, and ocean dumping (referred to as
1548:
2053:
1813:
and found large stockpiles of chemical weapons that they did not know how to dispose of or deal with. Ultimately, the
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1577:
June 17, 1925, and entered into force on February 8, 1928. 133 nations are listed as state parties to the treaty.
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6357:
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2029:
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1450:
952:
779:
256:
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6134:
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5400:
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1393:, which are primarily effective because of their destructive potential. Chemical warfare does not depend upon
6791:
5586:
4834:
4024:
3235:
1727:
1630:
1093:
4009:
1609:. That agreement outlaws the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. It is administered by the
7409:
6960:
6260:
5186:
4732:
2189:"Beyond the Chemical Weapons Stockpile: The Challenge of Non-Stockpile Materiel | Arms Control Association"
2014:
1923: (FEMA). The Congressional directive has resulted in the present Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.
1919: (DOD) to dispose of the stockpiles. This directive fell upon the DOD with joint cooperation from the
1504:
3190:
1431:
6708:
6405:
4968:
4912:
4906:
4828:
4803:
4697:
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3903:
Institute of Medicine; Committee on the Survey of the Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite (1993).
3129:
1594:
1426:
1352:
1212:
1103:
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2089:
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and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; CS and pepper spray are considered
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6240:
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3327:
7566:
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5270:
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1520:
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and Chinese communist troops. However, the Nazis did extensively use poison gas against civilians in
691:
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3500:
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5119:
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4017:
2477:
Churchill's plans 'to drench Germany with poison gas' and anthrax - Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman
3971:"The Government of Canada 'Challenge' for chemical substances that are a high priority for action"
2797:
6723:
6693:
6544:
6275:
5330:
5325:
4900:
1555:
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1911:
The stockpiles, which have been maintained for more than 50 years, are now considered obsolete.
1519:– generally against civilians. Terrorist groups have also used chemical weapons, notably in the
1489:
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6539:
6509:
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6464:
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6255:
6235:
5355:
5109:
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4278:
4125:
1999:
1814:
1806:
1636:
1259:
378:
368:
3094:"Record Version Written Statement by Carmen J. Spencer Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army"
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624:
50:
3153:
Rogers, G. O.; Watson, A. P.; Sorensen, J. H.; Sharp, R. D.; Carnes, S. A. (April 1, 1990).
2811:
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1770:
1472:. In Nazi Germany, much research went into developing new chemical weapons, such as potent
1397:
force to achieve an objective. It depends upon the unique properties of the chemical agent
1192:
859:
678:
339:
334:
3982:
3239:
2163:
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich, Peter Hayes, 2004, pp 2, 272,
2005:
chemical weapon stockpile is unitary and most of it is stored in one-ton bulk containers.
8:
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329:
114:
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4135:
3755:
3445:
2837:
2652:
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2019:
1866:
1850:
1645:
1570:
1528:
1524:
1386:
1378:
1348:
1220:
3351:
2716:
2657:
2629:
2116:"One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I"
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7327:
7302:
6927:
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6305:
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1496:
1439:
1240:
758:
299:
171:
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1898:
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chemical weapons includes proper equipment, training, and decontamination measures.
7540:
7479:
7444:
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7367:
7322:
7317:
7282:
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6645:
6504:
6454:
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6070:
5897:
5777:
5340:
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5305:
4983:
4849:
4793:
4548:
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4489:
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4410:
4270:
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4044:
3347:
3071:
2685:
Bush War: The Road to Cuito Cuanavale: Soviet Soldiers' Accounts of the Angolan War
2490:
Sean Spicer takes his questionable claims to a new level in Hitler-Assad comparison
2291:
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361:
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20:
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is now undergoing measures to dispose of their chemical weapons in a safe manner.
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2341:
Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen
2339:
1927:
1697:
1562:
1508:
1465:
1382:
595:
191:
46:
3878:"Beyond the Chemical Weapons Stockpile: The Challenge of Non-Stockpile Materiel"
3725:
2221:
7484:
7439:
7429:
7389:
6590:
6178:
5872:
5812:
5737:
5676:
5410:
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5099:
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4311:
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4150:
2453:, 2d ed. (eds. David H. Shinn & Thomas P. Ofcansky: Scarecrow Press, 2013).
1639:
passed legislation requiring the disposal of the stockpile chemical agents and
1499:. Iraq used mustard gas and nerve agents against its own civilians in the 1988
1458:
1236:
1216:
1037:
854:
638:
531:
387:
238:
66:
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Archaeology, Vol. 63, No. 1, January/February 2010, (accessed October 3, 2014)
7555:
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5300:
5149:
5032:
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4105:
4039:
3965:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3964:
3853:
Alternative technologies for the destruction of chemicam agents and munitions
3359:
2303:
2245:
2132:
1854:
1830:
1680:
1481:
1356:
743:
322:
59:
3781:
2421:"Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory"
2064:
1688:
19:
This article is about the type of munition. For the concept in biology, see
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6479:
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4155:
4054:
2755:"Japan executes sarin gas attack cult leader Shoko Asahara and six members"
2253:
2034:
1971:
1882:
1870:
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1802:
1693:
1598:
1333:
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723:
651:
608:
373:
198:
3367:
3043:
2893:"Geneva Protocol reservations: Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare"
2311:
2114:
Vilches, Diego; Alburquerque, Germán; Ramirez-Tagle, Rodrigo (July 2016).
7352:
7337:
6559:
6427:
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1977:
1842:
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and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been
439:
410:
350:
292:
164:
107:
86:
3229:"Technical Options for Protecting Civilians from Toxic Vapors and Gases"
2280:"Disposing of the US Chemical Weapons Stockpile: An Approaching Reality"
1457:, among others, was used by both sides to try to break the stalemate of
40:
5988:
5983:
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the Geneva Protocol did address those omissions and have been enacted.
1477:
1188:
718:
619:
454:
449:
218:
144:
3387:
2222:"Sea-dumped chemical weapons: environmental risk, occupational hazard"
1656:. Chemical decomposition in soil is affected by many factors, such as
1444:, showing blind casualties on a battlefield after a mustard gas attack
1404:
7312:
6580:
6549:
6494:
6083:
6033:
6008:
5998:
5923:
5651:
5641:
5636:
5556:
5536:
5510:
5495:
5433:
5380:
5139:
5077:
5060:
5038:
5015:
4752:
4593:
4386:
4250:
4189:
4115:
3389:
The history, use, disposition, and environmental fate of Agent Orange
2812:"Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); Article 23"
2785:
The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation.
2370:
1886:
1614:
1413:
1394:
1337:
1263:
1244:
1232:
709:
3994:
7118:
6554:
6411:
6400:
6092:
5993:
5902:
5867:
5772:
5686:
5596:
5546:
5429:
5418:
5395:
5385:
5365:
5260:
5227:
5221:
5211:
4611:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4214:
4073:
3191:"Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents"
2396:
War Made New: Weapons, Warriors, and the Making of the Modern World
1705:
1485:
1454:
1340:
resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.
1325:
1321:
1287:
1248:
646:
613:
603:
577:
572:
567:
397:
392:
344:
245:
228:
208:
76:
3012:"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (home page)"
2953:"Status as at: 07-11-2010 01:48:46 EDT, Chapter XXVI, Disarmament"
2648:"Iraq Chemical Arms Condemned, but West Once Looked the Other Way"
2367:
Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition
2220:
Greenberg, M. I.; Sexton, K. J.; Vearrier, D. (February 7, 2016).
7502:
7474:
7469:
7384:
6626:
6200:
Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives
5841:
5836:
5551:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5216:
4844:
4762:
4747:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4514:
4504:
4464:
4459:
4436:
4431:
4165:
1878:
1874:
1862:
1810:
1684:
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System prior to demolition
1665:
1661:
1578:
1569:, is an International treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and
1547:
has prohibited the use of chemical weapons since 1899, under the
704:
484:
479:
3906:
Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite
2113:
1873:
has left lasting impacts that are still observable today in the
1302:, and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
829:
6668:
6059:
5722:
5717:
5505:
4651:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4293:
4095:
3286:"Effectiveness of expedient sheltering in place in a residents"
3155:"Evauluating Protective Actions for Chemical Agent Emergencies"
1574:
1344:
1200:
763:
753:
309:
35:
3934:
Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980
3517:. United States Army Chemical Materials Agency. Archived from
2682:
1966:
An unintended chemical weapon release occurred at the port of
6421:
6003:
5918:
5877:
5164:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4392:
4375:
4328:
3291:. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Elsiver.com. Archived from
2569:
American Arsenal: A Century of Weapon Technology and Strategy
1817:
disposed large quantities of these chemical weapons into the
1757:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1512:
1306:
1279:
1275:
562:
557:
547:
542:
444:
434:
134:
124:
4647:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
2744:, Rick Gladstone, August 24, 2016 retrieved August 25, 2016.
2278:
Carnes, Sam Abbott; Watson, Annetta Paule (August 4, 1989).
1613: (OPCW), which is an independent organization based in
5174:
5169:
4728:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
2738:
Syria Used Chlorine in Bombs Against Civilians, Report Says
2687:. Auckland Park: Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. pp. 128–130.
1967:
1329:
1310:
1258:
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely
264:
Soviet chemical weapons canister from an Albanian stockpile
6637:
6156:
3600:. July 8, 2023. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023
3564:. July 8, 2023. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023
5561:
5114:
3152:
2509:
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1988, p. 16-17
6189:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
3946:
1199:(OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a
3011:
2219:
3598:"Destruction Progress: PEO ACWA U.S. Chemical Weapons"
2989:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2671:
On this day: 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack
16:
Device that uses chemicals to kill or harm individuals
3748:"Text of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention"
3470:. U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. Archived from
1861:
as a type of 'tactical herbicide', aiming to destroy
1829:, and another 2000 tonnes of chemical weapons in the
1195:
to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the
6622:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
3947:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2868:"United States of America: Chemical Weapons Profile"
2466:, University Press of Kansas, USA, 1992, pp.106-107.
2094:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1611:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1197:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2063:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
1726:protective equipment and specialized training. The
1573:in international armed conflicts. It was signed at
1408:
A British gas bomb that was used during World War I
2443:
1581:is the newest signatory, acceding August 7, 2003.
1381:as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from
3991:"U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency (home page)"
3666:"[2.0] A History of Chemical Warfare (2)"
2923:"High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol"
2580:James J. Wirtz, "Weapons of Mass Destruction" in
2507:Poison Gas, the Story Japan Would Like to Forget,
7553:
3618:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3582:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3446:"Operation CHASE (for "Cut Holes and Sink 'Em")"
3328:"Disposal of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea"
1993:
3804:"Brook Island Trials of Mustard Gas during WW2"
2683:Tokarev, Andrei; Shubin, Gennady, eds. (2011).
2364:
2326:"Early Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria,"
1255:are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
1539:
6653:
6251:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
6184:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
6142:
4025:
2866:Shrivastav, Sanjeev Kumar (January 1, 2010).
2600:"In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal"
1940:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
1755:The examples and perspective in this section
1231:, which are primarily effective due to their
1160:
799:
3961:The Chemical Weapons Convention: an Overview
2277:
1825:and chemical warfare agents dumped into the
1624:
3006:
3004:
2627:
2571:(Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 152-54.
2469:
2337:
1915:, contains section 1412, which directs the
6660:
6646:
6149:
6135:
4032:
4018:
3856:. National Research Council (U.S.). 1993.
2865:
2801:. wikisource.org. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
2664:
1773:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1167:
1153:
828:
806:
792:
255:
39:
34:
2526:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2186:
2131:
1789:Learn how and when to remove this message
1488:gas and carbon monoxide were used in the
3909:. National Academies Press. p. 49.
3062:
3060:
3001:
2975:
2915:
2885:
2861:
2859:
2830:
2804:
2790:
2645:
2588:(Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 302.
2482:
2393:
1976:
1897:
1687:
1679:
1490:gas chambers of Nazi extermination camps
1430:
1403:
1332:and other targeted populations in large
53:(PUDA) chemical weapons storage facility
6271:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2597:
2090:"Brief Description of Chemical Weapons"
1845:of 1955–1975, a chemical weapon called
7554:
6158:United States chemical weapons program
4913:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
4907:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
3325:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
2676:
2646:Sciolino, Elaine (February 13, 2003),
2561:
1821:, including 32 000 tonnes of chemical
1451:use of chemical weapons in World War I
6641:
6195:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
6130:
5155:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
4013:
3896:
3870:
3844:
3818:
3796:
3770:
3740:
3714:
3684:
3658:
3626:
3507:
3460:
3443:
3437:
3420:
3414:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3278:
3221:
3183:
3146:
3057:
2945:
2856:
2574:
2418:
2412:
2273:
2271:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1215:(WMD), though they are distinct from
3828:. Brooksidepress.org. Archived from
3122:
3086:
3029:
2630:"It's like a knife stabbing into me"
2598:Fassihi, Farnaz (October 27, 2002),
2544:
1741:
1588:
1534:
1373:Chemical warfare involves using the
5244:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
3722:"Naval Armed Guard: at Bari, Italy"
3310:
3101:www.chsdemocrats.house.govhouse.gov
2547:"The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims"
2365:D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007).
2046:
1963:the extent predicted by the press.
1921:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1515:, chlorine, and mustard gas in the
1211:Chemical weapons are classified as
13:
6301:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
4860:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
3926:
3724:. History.navy.mil. Archived from
3386:Young, Alvin L. (April 21, 2009).
3374:
3326:Glasby, G. P. (November 5, 1997).
3070:. Stormingmedia.us. Archived from
2765:from the original on June 22, 2019
2268:
2206:
2173:
1675:
1672:, can remain harmful for decades.
14:
7583:
7572:Chemical weapons demilitarization
4875:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
4865:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
3940:
3880:. Armscontrol.org. Archived from
2451:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
2187:Blackwood, Milton E (June 1998).
2082:
1696:soldier wearing a chemical agent
1511:. The Syrian government has used
49:containing "HD" (mustard gas) at
7536:
7535:
4703:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
4146:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
3668:. Vectorsite.net. Archived from
3332:Science of the Total Environment
3044:"Public Law 99-145 Attachment E"
2628:Paul Hughes (January 21, 2003),
2419:Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015).
2296:10.1001/jama.1989.03430050069029
1906:
1746:
1438:'s iconic World War I painting:
1136:
1135:
6111:List of chemical warfare agents
4334:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
3590:
3554:
3103:. June 15, 2010. Archived from
2777:
2747:
2731:
2701:
2639:
2621:
2591:
2538:
2512:
2499:
2456:
2387:
2358:
2331:
2030:List of chemical warfare agents
1894:Destruction of chemical weapons
1865:foliage and plant life to ease
780:List of chemical warfare agents
2318:
2157:
2140:
2107:
1942: (JACADS) began in 1985.
1:
3780:. Gulfweb.org. Archived from
3352:10.1016/S0048-9697(97)80015-0
3236:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2586:Contemporary Security Studies
2584:(4th ed.), ed. Alan Collins,
2582:Contemporary Security Studies
2238:10.3109/15563650.2015.1121272
2040:
1994:Unitary versus binary weapons
1728:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1631:Chemical weapon proliferation
6358:Operation Davy Jones' Locker
6261:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity
5187:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
4733:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
3936:, Helion & Company, 2017
3196:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2673:, BBC News (March 16, 1988).
2398:. Gotham. pp. 245–250.
2394:Max Boot (August 16, 2007).
2015:1990 Chemical Weapons Accord
1957:
1948:National Academy of Sciences
1938:system. Construction of the
1601:agreement with the force of
1505:Cuban intervention in Angola
7:
6950:National Revolutionary Army
6667:
6406:Methylphosphonyl difluoride
4969:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
4829:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
4698:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
3826:"007 Incapacitating Agents"
2054:"Types of Chemical Weapons"
2008:
1769:, discuss the issue on the
1737:
1595:Chemical Weapons Convention
1540:Before the Second World War
1427:History of chemical warfare
1353:Chemical Weapons Convention
1294:, the effects of so-called
1213:weapons of mass destruction
822:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
7588:
6762:War of the Triple Alliance
6241:Edgewood Chemical Activity
6226:Anniston Chemical Activity
5808:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
5276:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
4602:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
3692:"Mustard Disaster at Bari"
3515:"Agent Destruction Status"
3468:"45 Percent CWC Milestone"
1997:
1891:
1628:
1565:, officially known as the
1424:
1420:
1366:
697:Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
18:
7531:
7495:
7265:
7218:
7117:
6959:
6913:
6790:
6782:Pre-20th century firearms
6722:
6684:
6675:
6604:
6568:
6442:
6395:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
6385:
6345:
6329:
6293:
6284:
6213:
6205:Chemical mortar battalion
6164:
6106:
6066:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
6047:
5911:
5860:
5821:
5685:
5462:
5409:
5271:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
5200:
5001:
4776:
4690:
4682:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
4592:
4539:
4523:
4450:
4360:
4351:
4321:
4302:
4269:
4235:
4188:
4179:
4064:
2709:"CDC | Facts About Sarin"
2545:Schwartz, Terese Pencak.
2344:. Springer. p. 131.
2025:General-purpose criterion
1952:Chemical Materials Agency
1932:National Research Council
1930:). However, in 1969, the
1625:Countries with stockpiles
1597:(CWC) is the most recent
1521:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1324:to commit industrialised
1313:regime used a commercial
340:Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
335:Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
263:
254:
244:
237:
227:
217:
207:
197:
190:
180:
170:
163:
153:
143:
133:
123:
113:
106:
96:
85:
75:
65:
58:
33:
7170:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
7160:South African Border War
6942:Second Sino-Japanese War
6179:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
5783:Chloroacetophenone oxime
5768:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
5376:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
5286:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
4933:Phosphorus pentachloride
4758:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
2549:. Jewish Virtual Library
2133:10.1016/j.eq.2016.04.004
330:Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
7150:Portuguese Colonial War
6545:XM736 8-inch projectile
6276:Umatilla Chemical Depot
6062:(variants and mixtures)
5331:Trichloronitrosomethane
5326:Trifluoronitrosomethane
4901:Methyldichlorophosphine
3634:"TextHandbook-EforS.fm"
3130:"FM 3–9 (field manual)"
2634:The Star (South Africa)
2464:The Roots of Blitzkrieg
1605:. Its full name is the
1556:Washington Naval Treaty
1501:Halabja chemical attack
667:Diphenylamincyanoarsine
45:Pallets of 155 mm
7518:Civilian gun ownership
6540:M687 155 mm projectile
6510:M360 105 mm projectile
6470:M121 155 mm projectile
6465:M110 155 mm projectile
6460:M104 155 mm projectile
6256:Newport Chemical Depot
6236:Deseret Chemical Depot
6174:2nd Chemical Battalion
6167:centers and institutes
5861:Cornea-clouding agents
5356:Phosphorus trichloride
4938:Phosphorus trichloride
4672:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
4126:Phosphorus trifluoride
3957:Santiago Oñate Laborde
3542:Cite journal requires
3495:Cite journal requires
3266:Cite journal requires
3209:Cite journal requires
2604:New Jersey Star Ledger
2524:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2449:"Chemical Weapons" in
2000:Binary chemical weapon
1982:
1903:
1869:access. This usage of
1713:
1685:
1652:in Utah consisting of
1637:United States Congress
1445:
1409:
1362:
300:Cyanogen chloride (CK)
29:Chemical weapon
7195:Nicaraguan Revolution
7145:Araguaia Guerilla War
6714:Early thermal weapons
6617:Dugway sheep incident
6535:M60 105 mm projectile
6525:M44 generator cluster
6266:Pueblo Chemical Depot
6231:Blue Grass Army Depot
6214:Industrial facilities
5255:Disulfur decafluoride
5056:Chlorophenylsilatrane
4964:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
3979:"Chemical categories"
1998:Further information:
1980:
1917:Department of Defense
1901:
1877:environment, causing
1691:
1683:
1484:. Vast quantities of
1453:. The development of
1434:
1407:
679:Incapacitating agents
625:Disulfur decafluoride
305:Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
51:Pueblo Depot Activity
7200:Salvadoran Civil War
6767:Spanish–American War
6742:American Indian Wars
6569:Protective equipment
6450:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb
6337:Operation Ranch Hand
6246:Hawthorne Army Depot
6055:Methyl fluoroacetate
5883:Methyl cyanoacrylate
5803:Allyl isothiocyanate
5391:Uranium hexafluoride
5346:Dinitrogen tetroxide
5291:Chlorine trifluoride
4339:Selenium oxychloride
4209:Phenyldichloroarsine
4203:Methyldichloroarsine
4141:Nickel tetracarbonyl
3985:on November 8, 2005.
3973:. November 28, 2006.
3884:on September 8, 2013
3758:on September 7, 2013
3702:on November 11, 2013
3696:www.mcm.fhpr.osd.mil
3448:. Globalsecurity.org
3425:. Globalsecurity.org
3298:on November 11, 2013
3171:on November 11, 2013
3110:on November 11, 2013
3074:on September 7, 2013
2933:on September 6, 2013
2903:on September 6, 2013
2610:on December 13, 2007
2373:. pp. 567–570.
2338:Eric Croddy (2002).
1851:United States forces
1767:improve this section
1470:invasion of Ethiopia
1391:conventional weapons
1229:conventional weapons
1225:radiological weapons
1191:that uses chemicals
7253:Russo-Ukrainian War
7190:Dominican Civil War
7165:Cambodian Civil War
7126:First Indochina War
6520:M43 BZ cluster bomb
6368:Operation Steel Box
6221:Anniston Army Depot
5748:Bromobenzyl cyanide
5516:Dimethylheptylpyran
5444:Diphenylcyanoarsine
5439:Diphenylchlorarsine
5371:Methyl vinyl ketone
5296:Perchloryl fluoride
5160:Bicyclic phosphates
4979:Trimethyl phosphite
4928:Phosphoryl chloride
4197:Ethyldichloroarsine
4171:Chloral cyanohydrin
4161:Acetone cyanohydrin
4131:Methyl cyanoformate
3997:on October 15, 2004
3344:1997ScTEn.206..267G
3245:on January 13, 2010
3162:www.emc.ed.ornl.gov
2494:The Washington Post
2475:Paxman and Harris:
2226:Clinical Toxicology
2193:www.armscontrol.org
1849:was widely used by
1507:saw limited use of
1436:John Singer Sargent
1379:chemical substances
1187:) is a specialized
734:Riot-control (RCAs)
662:Diphenylcyanoarsine
657:Diphenylchlorarsine
388:Phosgene oxime (CX)
273:Part of a series on
30:
7243:Russo-Georgian War
7185:Lebanese Civil War
7155:Rhodesian Bush War
6772:Mexican Revolution
6757:American Civil War
6747:War of the Pacific
6737:Napoleonic Warfare
6612:CB military symbol
6363:Operation Geranium
6165:Units, formations,
6116:CB military symbol
5974:Enterotoxin type B
5929:Cyclopiazonic acid
5888:N-Methylmorpholine
5788:Ethyl bromoacetate
5266:Ethyl bromoacetate
5233:Perfluoroisobutene
4974:Triethyl phosphite
4245:Levinstein mustard
4136:Iron pentacarbonyl
3784:on August 13, 2006
3423:"Chemical Weapons"
2983:"Demilitarisation"
2742:The New York Times
2653:The New York Times
2020:CB military symbol
1983:
1904:
1714:
1686:
1646:United States army
1571:biological weapons
1529:chemical terrorism
1525:Matsumoto incident
1446:
1410:
1387:biological warfare
1349:non-lethal weapons
1221:biological weapons
28:
7549:
7548:
7261:
7260:
7205:Soviet–Afghan War
7180:Laotian Civil War
6928:Spanish Civil War
6635:
6634:
6515:M426 8-inch shell
6500:M23 chemical mine
6381:
6380:
6373:Operation Red Hat
6306:Operation Top Hat
6124:
6123:
5934:Histrionicotoxins
5912:Biological toxins
5793:Ethyl iodoacetate
5361:Methyl isocyanate
5321:Selenoyl fluoride
5311:Mercuric chloride
5281:Tetranitromethane
5135:Sulfuryl fluoride
5120:HN3 hydrochloride
5115:HN2 hydrochloride
5110:HN1 hydrochloride
4997:
4996:
4954:Phenacyl chloride
4949:Pinacolyl alcohol
4895:Isopropyl alcohol
4890:4-Hydroxycoumarin
4824:1,8-Dibromooctane
4347:
4346:
4271:Nitrogen mustards
4084:Cyanogen chloride
3916:978-0-309-04832-3
3399:978-0-387-87486-9
2719:on April 14, 2003
2694:978-1-4314-0185-7
2496:(April 11, 2017).
2488:Callum Borchers,
2462:Corum, James S.,
2405:978-1-5924-0315-8
2380:978-0-8493-1434-6
2152:978-0-19-280436-5
2120:Educación Química
1913:Public Law 99-145
1799:
1798:
1791:
1732:in-place shelters
1650:Tooele Army Depot
1603:International law
1589:Modern agreements
1545:International law
1535:International law
1177:
1176:
816:
815:
772:
771:
749:Pepper spray (OC)
609:Chloropicrin (PS)
596:Pulmonary/choking
586:
585:
268:
267:
172:Cyanogen chloride
7579:
7567:Chemical warfare
7562:Chemical weapons
7539:
7538:
7415:Mass destruction
7323:Blunt instrument
7248:Syrian Civil War
6682:
6681:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6639:
6638:
6505:M34 cluster bomb
6455:M1 chemical mine
6291:
6290:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6098:White phosphorus
6075:post-combustion
6071:Depleted uranium
5898:Osmium tetroxide
5778:Phenacyl bromide
5341:Nitrogen dioxide
5316:Selenium dioxide
5306:Cadmium chloride
4763:Dimefox (TL-792)
4358:
4357:
4186:
4185:
4111:Hydrogen sulfide
4090:Hydrogen cyanide
4079:Cyanogen bromide
4045:chemical warfare
4034:
4027:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3993:. Archived from
3986:
3981:. Archived from
3974:
3921:
3920:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3832:on June 16, 2010
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:. Home.st.net.au
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3754:. Archived from
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3728:on April 9, 2010
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3698:. Archived from
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3639:. Archived from
3638:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3521:on June 24, 2010
3511:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3238:. Archived from
3233:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3164:. Archived from
3159:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:on April 7, 2015
2959:. Archived from
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2929:. Archived from
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:. Archived from
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2715:. Archived from
2705:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2656:, archived from
2643:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2606:, archived from
2595:
2589:
2578:
2572:
2567:Patrick Coffey,
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2324:Samir S. Patel,
2322:
2316:
2315:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:on March 3, 2016
2069:
2058:
2050:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1549:Hague Convention
1517:Syrian civil war
1509:organophosphates
1375:toxic properties
1369:Chemical warfare
1315:hydrogen cyanide
1169:
1162:
1155:
1139:
1138:
1120:List of treaties
832:
818:
817:
808:
801:
794:
686:
685:
440:Chlorosarin (GC)
416:
415:
362:Nitrogen mustard
355:
270:
269:
259:
182:Hydrogen cyanide
98:Nitrogen mustard
47:artillery shells
43:
38:
31:
27:
21:Chemical defense
7587:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7527:
7523:Science fiction
7491:
7363:Directed-energy
7257:
7233:Afghanistan War
7214:
7113:
6955:
6915:Interwar period
6909:
6810:Austria-Hungary
6786:
6718:
6671:
6666:
6636:
6631:
6600:
6564:
6438:
6377:
6353:Operation CHASE
6341:
6325:
6286:
6280:
6209:
6166:
6160:
6155:
6125:
6120:
6102:
6043:
5954:Botulinum toxin
5907:
5856:
5817:
5733:Benzyl chloride
5688:
5681:
5465:
5458:
5449:Cacodyl cyanide
5411:Vomiting agents
5405:
5203:
5196:
5105:Dimethylmercury
5027:Botulinum toxin
4993:
4772:
4686:
4588:
4541:Novichok agents
4535:
4519:
4446:
4343:
4317:
4298:
4265:
4237:Sulfur mustards
4231:
4175:
4121:Carbon monoxide
4101:Cacodyl cyanide
4060:
4059:
4043:Agents used in
4038:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3977:
3969:
3943:
3929:
3927:Further reading
3924:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3672:on June 4, 2017
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3646:on July 3, 2007
3643:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3474:on June 8, 2011
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3415:
3400:
3384:
3375:
3324:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2844:. July 29, 1899
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2818:. July 29, 1899
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:on May 27, 2013
2644:
2640:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2276:
2269:
2218:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2185:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1960:
1928:Operation CHASE
1909:
1896:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1717:that have been
1706:protection mask
1698:protective suit
1678:
1676:Manner and form
1670:sulfur mustards
1633:
1627:
1591:
1563:Geneva Protocol
1542:
1537:
1466:interwar period
1429:
1423:
1383:nuclear warfare
1371:
1365:
1217:nuclear weapons
1181:chemical weapon
1173:
812:
768:
728:
714:
673:
672:
671:
641:
631:
630:
629:
620:Diphosgene (DP)
616:
598:
588:
587:
582:
532:Novichok agents
525:
464:
455:Cyclosarin (GF)
450:Ethylsarin (GE)
413:
403:
402:
384:
383:
364:
357:
354:(HD H HT HL HQ)
353:
352:
325:
315:
314:
295:
279:Chemical agents
239:Vomiting agents
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7585:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7298:Anti-personnel
7295:
7293:Anti-ballistic
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7094:United Kingdom
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7009:Czechoslovakia
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6939:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6895:United Kingdom
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6665:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6642:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6605:Related topics
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6591:People sniffer
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6077:uranium oxides
6068:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5813:Crotonaldehyde
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:Benzyl bromide
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5677:Chlorpromazine
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5464:Incapacitating
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5427:
5422:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5351:Sulfur dioxide
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5204:choking agents
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5100:Tetraethyllead
5097:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:A.P.C. complex
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
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4515:V-sub x (GD-7)
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4312:Phosgene oxime
4308:
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4297:
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4291:
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4275:
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4181:Blister agents
4177:
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4168:
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4158:
4153:
4151:Glycolonitrile
4148:
4143:
4138:
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4128:
4123:
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4103:
4098:
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4050:incapacitation
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3941:External links
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3895:
3869:
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3752:www.brad.ac.uk
3739:
3713:
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3657:
3625:
3589:
3553:
3544:|journal=
3506:
3497:|journal=
3459:
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3413:
3398:
3373:
3338:(2): 267–273.
3309:
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2783:Seto, Yasuo. "
2776:
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2730:
2713:www.bt.cdc.gov
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1892:Main article:
1883:stunted growth
1827:Bornholm Basin
1801:At the end of
1797:
1796:
1761:of the subject
1759:worldwide view
1754:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1677:
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1654:mustard agents
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
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1459:trench warfare
1425:Main article:
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6407:
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6354:
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6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6321:Operation LAC
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
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6299:
6298:
6296:
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6277:
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6272:
6269:
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6264:
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6234:
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6206:
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6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6140:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:its compounds
6085:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:Tetanospasmin
6022:
6020:
6019:T-2 mycotoxin
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:Batrachotoxin
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Allyl alcohol
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Chloroacetone
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Benzyl iodide
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Xylyl bromide
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:Butyrophenone
5483:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5454:o-Dianisidine
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Cadmium oxide
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:Batrachotoxin
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5033:Tetanospasmin
5031:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4304:Nettle agents
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Cacodyl oxide
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3935:
3932:Glenn Cross,
3931:
3930:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3865:
3863:9780309049467
3859:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3810:September 15,
3805:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3536:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3447:
3440:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3260:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2967:September 14,
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2937:September 14,
2932:
2928:
2927:www.sipri.org
2924:
2918:
2907:September 14,
2902:
2898:
2897:www.sipri.org
2894:
2888:
2877:September 14,
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2848:September 14,
2843:
2839:
2833:
2822:September 14,
2817:
2813:
2807:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2505:Yuki Tanaka,
2502:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2425:Distillations
2422:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:9780387950761
2347:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2169:0-521-78227-9
2166:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:United States
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:United States
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1831:Gotland Basin
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1782:
1779:December 2012
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1710:skyddsmask 90
1707:
1703:
1702:C-vätskeskydd
1699:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:In 1985, the
1632:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Iran–Iraq War
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:the Holocaust
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1357:United States
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:Proliferation
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:United States
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
870:
867:
866:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
836:
835:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
819:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Xylyl bromide
742:
741:
739:
738:
735:
732:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
693:
692:Agent 15 (BZ)
690:
689:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
676:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
635:
634:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
614:Phosgene (CG)
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
592:
591:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
534:
533:
529:
528:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
474:
471:
468:
467:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
425:
424:
421:
418:
417:
412:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
359:
356:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
289:
288:
285:Lethal agents
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
262:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
48:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
7410:Martial arts
7373:Depth charge
7343:Conventional
7332:
7084:Soviet Union
6961:World War II
6490:M139 bomblet
6485:M138 bomblet
6480:M134 bomblet
6475:M125 bomblet
6316:Project SHAD
6287:and projects
6029:Tetrodotoxin
5979:Grayanotoxin
5763:Bromoacetone
5753:Thiophosgene
5708:Mace (spray)
5702:Pepper spray
5687:Lachrymatory
5672:Fluphenazine
5667:Procarbazine
5577:Sleeping gas
5425:Chloropicrin
5336:Nitric oxide
5238:Chloropicrin
5182:Cloflubicyne
5145:Oxotremorine
5094:Antillatoxin
5073:Tetrodotoxin
5022:Bungarotoxin
4918:Nitromethane
4880:Formaldoxime
4819:Cyclohexanol
4784:Acetonitrile
4531:GV (EA-5365)
4353:Nerve agents
4156:Lactonitrile
4066:Blood agents
4055:riot control
3999:. Retrieved
3995:the original
3983:the original
3960:
3933:
3905:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:the original
3872:
3852:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:the original
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3751:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3726:the original
3716:
3706:November 11,
3704:. Retrieved
3700:the original
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3670:the original
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3641:the original
3628:
3602:. Retrieved
3592:
3566:. Retrieved
3556:
3535:cite journal
3523:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3509:
3488:cite journal
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3439:
3429:November 11,
3427:. Retrieved
3416:
3392:. Springer.
3388:
3335:
3331:
3302:November 11,
3300:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3280:
3259:cite journal
3247:. Retrieved
3240:the original
3223:
3202:cite journal
3185:
3175:November 11,
3173:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3161:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3124:
3114:November 11,
3112:. Retrieved
3105:the original
3100:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:the original
3051:www.fema.gov
3050:
3019:. Retrieved
3016:www.opcw.org
3015:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:www.opcw.org
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:the original
2956:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:the original
2926:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2901:the original
2896:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:
2846:. Retrieved
2842:www.yale.edu
2841:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:www.yale.edu
2815:
2806:
2792:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2759:The Guardian
2758:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:the original
2712:
2703:
2684:
2678:
2666:
2658:the original
2651:
2641:
2633:
2623:
2612:, retrieved
2608:the original
2603:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2523:
2520:"Nazi Camps"
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2484:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2424:
2414:
2395:
2389:
2366:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2320:
2287:
2283:
2232:(2): 79–91.
2229:
2225:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:
2159:
2142:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2060:
2048:
2035:Riot control
2003:
1988:
1984:
1965:
1961:
1944:
1935:
1925:
1910:
1871:agent orange
1859:agent orange
1847:agent orange
1835:
1803:World War II
1800:
1785:
1776:
1756:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1694:Swedish Army
1634:
1619:
1606:
1599:arms control
1592:
1583:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1543:
1494:
1474:nerve agents
1463:
1455:chlorine gas
1447:
1440:
1411:
1372:
1351:. Under the
1343:As of 2016,
1342:
1334:gas chambers
1320:trade-named
1307:World War II
1304:
1300:phosgene gas
1268:nerve agents
1257:
1253:pepper spray
1210:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1028:South Africa
1023:Saudi Arabia
1017:Soviet Union
860:Radiological
849:
724:Sleeping gas
652:Chloropicrin
530:
469:
419:
345:Lewisite (L)
278:
199:Chloropicrin
165:Blood agents
108:Nerve agents
25:
7348:Crew-served
7308:Area denial
7140:Six-Day War
7135:Vietnam War
7064:New Zealand
7059:Netherlands
6932:Nationalist
6865:New Zealand
6792:World War I
6752:Crimean War
6596:M1135 NBCRV
6560:Weteye bomb
6428:Mustard gas
6330:Operational
6311:Project 112
6039:Veratridine
6014:Shiga toxin
5969:Domoic acid
5832:Thioacetone
5798:Iodoacetone
5662:Pentazocine
5657:Sevoflurane
5622:CAR-302,668
5617:CAR-302,282
5612:CAR-302,196
5607:CAR-301,060
5602:CAR-226,086
5582:Carfentanil
5480:Apomorphine
5401:Green Cross
5192:Domoic acid
5003:Neurotoxins
4923:OPA mixture
4814:Chlorosoman
4809:Chlorosarin
4743:Phospholine
4442:Crotylsarin
4427:Fluorotabun
4399:Chlorosoman
4381:Chlorosarin
3444:John Pike.
3421:John Pike.
2872:www.idsa.in
2099:October 21,
2061:www.fas.org
1887:deformities
1843:Vietnam War
1658:temperature
1527:. See also
1318:blood agent
1296:mustard gas
1292:World War I
1048:Switzerland
1033:South Korea
993:Philippines
983:North Korea
978:Netherlands
351:Mustard gas
310:Arsine (SA)
87:Mustard gas
7556:Categories
7425:Non-lethal
7405:Insurgency
7400:Incendiary
7395:Improvised
7328:Ceremonial
7318:Biological
7278:Amphibious
7130:Korean War
7104:Yugoslavia
6936:Republican
6860:Montenegro
6530:M55 rocket
6285:Operations
6191:(USAMRICD)
5989:Maitotoxin
5984:Guanitoxin
5964:Ciguatoxin
5959:Brevetoxin
5944:Anatoxin-a
5939:Aflatoxins
5852:Putrescine
5847:Cadaverine
5823:Malodorant
5647:Isoflurane
5632:Desflurane
5627:Benperidol
5572:Psilocybin
5567:PAVA spray
5249:Diphosgene
5202:Pulmonary/
5130:Picrotoxin
5089:Strychnine
5083:Brevetoxin
5067:Maitotoxin
5050:Guanitoxin
5044:Ciguatoxin
5011:Anatoxin-a
4944:Pinacolone
4777:Precursors
4738:Selenophos
4594:Carbamates
4510:Chinese VX
4416:Cyclosarin
4405:Ethylsarin
4376:Sarin (GB)
4227:Lewisite 3
4221:Lewisite 2
4190:Arsenicals
4001:August 10,
3888:August 10,
3408:1066598939
3249:August 11,
3138:August 10,
2957:www.un.org
2798:Article 23
2723:October 7,
2479:, p132-35.
2431:(1): 16–23
2041:References
1875:Vietnamese
1863:Vietnamese
1839:Baltic Sea
1819:Baltic Sea
1719:weaponized
1666:alkalinity
1478:Kuomintang
1414:Defoliants
1399:weaponized
1264:stockpiled
1241:incendiary
1193:formulated
1078:Yugoslavia
869:By country
845:Biological
719:PAVA spray
445:Soman (GD)
435:Sarin (GB)
430:Tabun (GA)
219:Diphosgene
145:Cyclosarin
7445:Pneumatic
7435:Offensive
7368:Explosive
7313:Artillery
7303:Anti-tank
7283:Ancillary
6969:Australia
6923:Chaco War
6805:Australia
6686:Premodern
6550:MC-1 bomb
6495:M2 mortar
6443:Munitions
6084:Plutonium
6034:Volkensin
6009:Saxitoxin
5999:Palytoxin
5924:Aconitine
5652:Halothane
5642:Bufotenin
5637:Enflurane
5557:Kolokol-1
5537:Pethidine
5511:Etoxadrol
5496:Etorphine
5492:(CS-4640)
5476:(CS-4030)
5434:glycerine
5381:Salcomine
5140:Tremorine
5078:Aconitine
5061:Palytoxin
5039:Ryanodine
5016:Saxitoxin
4753:Ro 3-0422
4524:GV agents
4387:Thiosarin
4116:Phosphine
3959:entitled
3949:Home page
3836:August 9,
3788:August 9,
3732:August 9,
3676:August 9,
3650:August 9,
3478:August 9,
3452:August 9,
3360:0048-9697
3078:August 9,
2993:March 29,
2614:April 22,
2553:April 19,
2530:April 19,
2435:March 20,
2371:CRC Press
2304:0098-7484
2246:1556-3650
1958:Lethality
1857:utilized
1823:munitions
1809:occupied
1771:talk page
1641:munitions
1615:The Hague
1593:The 1993
1395:explosive
1338:Holocaust
1245:Nerve gas
1233:explosive
1205:precursor
893:Australia
888:Argentina
759:CN (mace)
710:Kolokol-1
89:(Yperite)
7541:Category
7508:Industry
7465:Tectonic
7450:Practice
7440:Personal
7333:Chemical
7273:Aircraft
7238:Iraq War
7210:Gulf War
7119:Cold War
7109:Infantry
7089:Thailand
6989:Bulgaria
6946:Japanese
6905:Infantry
6870:Portugal
6820:Bulgaria
6800:Chemical
6709:Japanese
6704:Medieval
6555:M47 bomb
6412:Phosgene
6401:Chlorine
6346:Disposal
6294:Research
6093:Polonium
5994:Modeccin
5903:Acrolein
5868:Lewisite
5773:Acrolein
5597:CS-27349
5547:Ibogaine
5430:Litharge
5419:Adamsite
5396:Diborane
5386:Fluomine
5366:Ethenone
5261:Acrolein
5228:Fluorine
5222:Phosgene
5212:Chlorine
4612:EA-3887A
4584:C01-A042
4579:C01-A039
4574:C01-A035
4452:V-agents
4362:G-agents
4247:(EA-229)
4215:Lewisite
4074:Cyanogen
3762:March 7,
3614:cite web
3578:cite web
3525:June 16,
3021:June 27,
2769:July 18,
2763:Archived
2262:42603071
2254:26692048
2198:June 28,
2074:June 27,
2009:See also
1936:baseline
1867:military
1765:You may
1738:Disposal
1523:and the
1486:Zyklon B
1328:against
1326:genocide
1322:Zyklon B
1288:vesicant
1260:volatile
1249:tear gas
1203:"or its
1189:munition
1141:Category
1112:Treaties
1104:Missiles
1094:Chemical
1003:Rhodesia
988:Pakistan
903:Bulgaria
850:Chemical
647:Adamsite
639:Vomiting
604:Chlorine
578:C01-A042
573:C01-A039
568:C01-A035
470:V-agents
420:G-agents
398:C01-A039
393:C01-A035
246:Adamsite
229:Chlorine
209:Phosgene
77:Lewisite
7503:Arsenal
7480:Vehicle
7470:Torpedo
7430:Nuclear
7390:Hunting
7385:Firearm
7079:Romania
7039:Hungary
7029:Germany
7019:Finland
7014:Denmark
7004:Croatia
6979:Belgium
6974:Austria
6875:Romania
6835:Germany
6815:Belgium
6777:Antique
6699:Chinese
6694:African
6677:History
6669:Weapons
6627:MKULTRA
6581:M93 Fox
5842:Skatole
5837:Allicin
5552:EA-3834
5542:EA-3580
5532:EA-3443
5527:EA-3167
5522:EA-2148
5506:CS-4297
5501:EA-2092
5490:EA-4941
5217:Bromine
4855:EA-1224
4835:EA-1250
4748:R-16661
4723:EA-2613
4718:EA-2098
4713:EA-2054
4708:EA-2012
4677:3152 CT
4667:TL-1317
4662:TL-1299
4657:TL-1238
4627:EA-4056
4622:EA-3990
4617:EA-3966
4607:EA-3887
4505:EA-1763
4465:EA-3148
4460:EA-2192
4437:EA-4352
4432:EA-1356
4166:Stibine
3963:in the
3953:Lecture
3604:July 8,
3568:July 8,
3368:9394485
3340:Bibcode
2312:2746817
1879:disease
1811:Germany
1662:acidity
1579:Ukraine
1421:History
1305:During
1237:kinetic
1099:Nuclear
1063:Ukraine
1008:Romania
973:Myanmar
928:Germany
883:Algeria
878:Albania
855:Nuclear
837:By type
705:EA-3167
485:V-sub x
480:EA-3148
323:Blister
7485:Combat
7455:Ranged
7358:Deadly
7074:Poland
7069:Norway
7054:Mexico
7034:Greece
7024:France
6994:Canada
6984:Brazil
6890:Turkey
6885:Serbia
6880:Russia
6840:Greece
6830:France
6825:Canada
6724:Modern
6387:Agents
6060:Napalm
5825:agents
5689:agents
5592:JB-336
5587:JB-318
5562:LSD-25
5518:(DMHP)
5466:agents
5125:A-8564
5085:(PbTX)
5035:(TeNT)
4652:TL-599
4642:T-1194
4637:T-1152
4632:T-1123
4401:(ClGD)
4383:(ClGB)
4294:TL-301
4096:Arsine
3913:
3860:
3406:
3396:
3366:
3358:
2691:
2402:
2377:
2348:
2310:
2302:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2167:
2150:
1972:German
1885:, and
1853:. The
1815:Allies
1807:Allies
1805:, the
1704:) and
1575:Geneva
1503:. The
1441:Gassed
1345:CS gas
1336:. The
1286:) and
1282:, and
1251:, and
1223:, and
1201:weapon
1058:Taiwan
1043:Sweden
1013:Russia
998:Poland
968:Mexico
948:Israel
923:France
908:Canada
898:Brazil
487:/GD-7,
7513:Mount
7496:Other
7460:Space
7420:Melee
7353:Cyber
7266:Types
7049:Japan
7044:Italy
6999:China
6855:Japan
6850:Italy
6845:India
6422:Sarin
6048:Other
6004:Ricin
5919:Abrin
5878:KB-16
5165:IPTBO
5096:(ATX)
5069:(MTX)
5063:(PTX)
5052:(GTX)
5046:(CTX)
5029:(BTX)
4885:Nital
4691:Other
4569:A-262
4564:A-242
4559:A-234
4554:A-232
4549:A-208
4393:Soman
4389:(SGB)
4370:Tabun
4329:KB-16
4322:Other
3644:(PDF)
3637:(PDF)
3296:(PDF)
3289:(PDF)
3243:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3194:(PDF)
3169:(PDF)
3158:(PDF)
3133:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3097:(PDF)
3047:(PDF)
2258:S2CID
2068:(PDF)
2057:(PDF)
1513:sarin
1239:, or
1053:Syria
1038:Spain
963:Libya
958:Japan
953:Italy
933:India
918:Egypt
913:China
563:A-262
558:A-242
553:A-234
548:A-232
543:A-230
411:Nerve
293:Blood
135:Soman
125:Sarin
115:Tabun
7378:List
7338:Cold
6586:MOPP
6576:CAIS
6430:(HD)
6424:(GB)
6408:(DF)
6397:(BZ)
6086:and
5704:(OC)
5421:(DM)
5251:(DP)
5240:(PS)
5224:(CG)
5175:TBPS
5170:TBPO
5018:(TZ)
4940:(TH)
4909:(DF)
4903:(SW)
4897:(TB)
4870:DMHP
4850:DEHP
4840:DIHP
4831:(KB)
4768:MSPI
4418:(GF)
4407:(GE)
4395:(GD)
4372:(GA)
4314:(CX)
4261:CEES
4229:(L3)
4223:(L2)
4211:(PD)
4205:(MD)
4199:(ED)
4092:(AC)
4086:(CK)
4003:2010
3911:ISBN
3890:2010
3858:ISBN
3838:2010
3812:2010
3790:2010
3764:2022
3734:2010
3708:2013
3678:2010
3652:2010
3620:link
3606:2023
3584:link
3570:2023
3548:help
3527:2010
3501:help
3480:2010
3454:2010
3431:2013
3404:OCLC
3394:ISBN
3364:PMID
3356:ISSN
3304:2013
3272:help
3251:2010
3215:help
3177:2013
3140:2010
3116:2013
3080:2010
3023:2016
2995:2014
2969:2013
2939:2013
2909:2013
2879:2013
2850:2013
2824:2013
2771:2019
2725:2015
2689:ISBN
2616:2020
2555:2020
2532:2020
2437:2018
2400:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2308:PMID
2300:ISSN
2284:JAMA
2250:PMID
2242:ISSN
2200:2022
2165:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2101:2014
2076:2016
1970:. A
1968:Bari
1561:The
1554:The
1464:The
1385:and
1330:Jews
1311:Nazi
1309:the
943:Iraq
938:Iran
250:(DM)
233:(CI)
223:(DP)
213:(CG)
203:(PS)
186:(AC)
176:(CK)
159:(VX)
149:(GF)
139:(GD)
129:(GB)
119:(GA)
102:(HN)
92:(HD)
71:(CX)
7475:Toy
5728:CNS
5257:(Z)
4799:AlP
4794:ATO
4289:HN3
4284:HN2
4279:HN1
4217:(L)
3955:by
3348:doi
3336:206
2292:doi
2288:262
2234:doi
2128:doi
1377:of
1363:Use
379:HN3
374:HN2
369:HN1
81:(L)
7558::
6434:VX
6417:QL
5873:CX
5723:CR
5718:CS
5713:CN
5474:BZ
4989:TG
4984:TC
4959:QL
4845:ZS
4789:AT
4500:VX
4495:VS
4490:VR
4485:VP
4480:VM
4475:VG
4470:VE
4422:GP
4411:GH
3750:.
3694:.
3616:}}
3612:{{
3580:}}
3576:{{
3539::
3537:}}
3533:{{
3492::
3490:}}
3486:{{
3402:.
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3362:.
3354:.
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3330:.
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3261:}}
3257:{{
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3206::
3204:}}
3200:{{
3160:.
3099:.
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3049:.
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2985:.
2955:.
2925:.
2895:.
2870:.
2858:^
2840:.
2814:.
2761:.
2757:.
2740:,
2711:.
2650:,
2632:,
2602:,
2522:.
2492:,
2427:.
2423:.
2369:.
2306:.
2298:.
2286:.
2282:.
2270:^
2256:.
2248:.
2240:.
2230:54
2228:.
2224:.
2208:^
2191:.
2175:^
2124:27
2122:.
2118:.
2092:.
2059:.
1881:,
1833:.
1734:.
1692:A
1664:,
1660:,
1617:.
1531:.
1401:.
1298:,
1284:VX
1280:GD
1278:,
1276:GB
1274:,
1272:GA
1247:,
1235:,
1219:,
1185:CW
1179:A
764:CR
754:CS
521:VX
516:VS
511:VR
506:VP
501:VM
496:VG
491:VE
460:GV
155:VX
6952:)
6948:/
6944:(
6938:)
6934:/
6930:(
6661:e
6654:t
6647:v
6150:e
6143:t
6136:v
5432:-
4256:Q
4251:T
4033:e
4026:t
4019:v
4005:.
3919:.
3892:.
3866:.
3840:.
3814:.
3792:.
3766:.
3736:.
3710:.
3680:.
3654:.
3622:)
3608:.
3586:)
3572:.
3550:)
3546:(
3529:.
3503:)
3499:(
3482:.
3456:.
3433:.
3410:.
3370:.
3350::
3342::
3306:.
3274:)
3270:(
3253:.
3217:)
3213:(
3179:.
3142:.
3118:.
3082:.
3053:.
3025:.
2997:.
2971:.
2941:.
2911:.
2881:.
2852:.
2826:.
2773:.
2727:.
2697:.
2557:.
2534:.
2439:.
2429:1
2408:.
2383:.
2354:.
2314:.
2294::
2264:.
2236::
2202:.
2154:.
2136:.
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