989:
1109:
1049:
1079:
4150:
1019:
4162:
1957:
Silicon is present in the Earth's crust at concentrations of 28%, making it the second most abundant element there. Silicon's concentration in seawater can vary from 30 parts per billion on the surface of the ocean to 2000 parts per billion deeper down. Silicon dust occurs in trace amounts in Earth's
2047:
Silicon as silica in the form of rock crystal was familiar to the predynastic
Egyptians, who used it for beads and small vases; to the early Chinese; and probably to many others of the ancients. The manufacture of glass containing silica was carried out both by the Egyptians – at least as early
1902:
have been discovered. 14 of these occur in nature. The most common is tin-120, followed by tin-118, tin-116, tin-119, tin-117, tin-124, tin-122, tin-112, and tin-114: all of these are stable. Tin also has four radioisotopes that occur as the result of the radioactive decay of uranium. These isotopes
1508:
are notable in being electron-precise: they are neither electron-deficient (having fewer electrons than an octet and tending to be Lewis acidic at Q and usually existing as oligomeric clusters or adducts with Lewis bases) nor electron-excessive (having lone pair(s) at Q and tending to be Lewis basic
1910:
have been discovered. 9 of these are naturally occurring. The most common isotope is lead-208, followed by lead-206, lead-207, and lead-204: all of these are stable. 5 isotopes of lead occur from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. These isotopes are lead-209, lead-210, lead-211, lead-212
2059:
The origins of tin seem to be lost in history. It appears that bronzes, which are alloys of copper and tin, were used by prehistoric man some time before the pure metal was isolated. Bronzes were common in early
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, Crete, Israel, and Peru. Much of the tin used by
1823:
Tin has two allotropes: α-tin, also known as gray tin, and β-tin. Tin is typically found in the β-tin form, a silvery metal. However, at standard pressure, β-tin converts to α-tin, a gray powder, at temperatures below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). This can cause tin objects in cold temperatures to
1988:
Lead makes up 14 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 36th most abundant element there. On average, lead makes up 23 parts per million of soil, but the concentration can reach 20000 parts per million (2 percent) near old lead mines. Lead exists in seawater at concentrations of 2
2110:
when he first devised his periodic table. However, the element was not actually discovered for some time. In
September 1885, a miner discovered a mineral sample in a silver mine and gave it to the mine manager, who determined that it was a new mineral and sent the mineral to
1976:
Tin makes up 2 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 49th most abundant element there. On average, tin makes up 1 part per million of soil. Tin exists in seawater at concentrations of 4 parts per trillion. Tin makes up 428 parts per billion of the human body.
1671:. Tin forms dihalides and tetrahalides with all halogens except astatine. Tin forms monochalcogenides with naturally occurring chalcogens except polonium, and forms dichalcogenides with naturally occurring chalcogens except polonium and tellurium.
1638:. Germanium forms tetrahalides with all halogens except astatine and forms dihalides with all halogens except bromine and astatine. Germanium bonds to all natural single chalcogens except polonium, and forms dioxides, disulfides, and diselenides.
1874:
have been discovered. Five of these are naturally occurring. The most common is stable silicon-28, followed by stable silicon-29 and stable silicon-30. Silicon-32 is a radioactive isotope that occurs naturally as a result of radioactive decay of
1918:(flerovium-284, flerovium-285, flerovium-286, flerovium-287, flerovium-288, and flerovium-289) have been discovered. None of these are naturally occurring. Flerovium's most stable isotope is flerovium-289, which has a half-life of 2.6 seconds.
1815:
Silicon has two known allotropes that exist at room temperature. These allotropes are known as the amorphous and the crystalline allotropes. The amorphous allotrope is a brown powder. The crystalline allotrope is gray and has a metallic
2608:
Tin has been shown to be essential for proper growth in rats, but there is, as of 2013, no evidence to indicate that humans need tin in their diet. Plants do not require tin. However, plants do collect tin in their
2064:
and
Cornwall in the British Isles, where mining of the metal dates from about 300–200 BCE. Tin mines were operating in both the Inca and Aztec areas of South and Central America before the Spanish conquest.
1890:
have been discovered. Five of these are naturally occurring. The most common is the stable germanium-74, followed by stable germanium-72, stable germanium-70, and stable germanium-73. Germanium-76 is a
1728:
of the carbon group elements have roughly the same trend as their boiling points. Silicon melts at 1414 °C, germanium melts at 939 °C, tin melts at 232 °C, and lead melts at 328 °C.
1724:
at 3825 °C. Silicon's boiling point is 3265 °C, germanium's is 2833 °C, tin's is 2602 °C, and lead's is 1749 °C. Flerovium is predicted to boil at −60 °C. The
2115:. Winkler realized that the sample was 75% silver, 18% sulfur, and 7% of an undiscovered element. After several months, Winkler isolated the element and determined that it was element 32.
1759:
of the carbon group elements tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Carbon has a density of 2.26 g·cm; silicon, 2.33 g·cm; germanium, 5.32 g·cm; tin, 7.26 g·cm; lead, 11.3 g·cm.
1509:
at Q). As a result, the group 14 alkyls have low chemical reactivity relative to the alkyl derivatives of other groups. In the case of carbon, the high bond dissociation energy of the
2605:
contain roughly 0.05 parts per million of germanium. The estimated human intake of germanium is 1 milligram per day. There are 5 milligrams of germanium in a typical 70-kilogram human.
1962:
are the most common type of mineral on earth. Silicon makes up 14.3 parts per million of the human body on average. Only the largest stars produce silicon via stellar fusion.
2544:. Carbon's importance to life is primarily due to its ability to form numerous bonds with other elements. There are 16 kilograms of carbon in a typical 70-kilogram human.
1973:
are also found in seawater. Germanium occurs in the human body at concentrations of 71.4 parts per billion. Germanium has been found to exist in some very faraway stars.
1989:
parts per trillion. Lead makes up 1.7 parts per million of the human body by weight. Human activity releases more lead into the environment than any other metal.
1965:
Germanium makes up 2 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 52nd most abundant element there. On average, germanium makes up 1 part per million of
2804:
1480:-like properties, though it is still most likely a post-transition metal. Tin and lead are both capable of forming +2 ions. Although tin is chemically a metal,
2392:. Other applications for lead include weights, pigments, and shielding against radioactive materials. Lead was historically used in gasoline in the form of
3955:
3965:
4015:
2076:
used it for tablets, water pipes, coins, and even cooking utensils; indeed, as a result of the last use, lead poisoning was recognized in the time of
4112:
3990:
2375:
1223:
2621:
contain 7 and 3 parts per million respectively. However, the level of tin in plants can reach 2000 parts per million if the plants are near a tin
4199:
3995:
3970:
3416:
2590:
1246:, which means four), stemming from the Roman numeral IV in the group names, or (not coincidentally) from the fact that these elements have four
3950:
3666:
2697:
3005:
4079:
2701:
4089:
4084:
1661:
4025:
3985:
3980:
3940:
988:
4000:
3935:
3721:
3368:
2550:'s feasibility is commonly discussed. However, it is less able than carbon to form elaborate rings and chains. Silicon in the form of
4094:
4074:
3861:
1930:
in most stars, even small ones. Carbon is present in the Earth's crust in concentrations of 480 parts per million, and is present in
1501:
2696:
Some tin compounds are toxic to ingest, but most inorganic compounds of tin are considered nontoxic. Organic tin compounds, such as
1513:
and lack of electronegativity difference between the central atom and the alkyl ligands render the saturated alkyl derivatives, the
3930:
3894:
1981:
occurs at concentrations of 0.1 to 300 parts per million in soils. Tin also occurs in concentrations of one part per thousand in
1808:, which has the form of sheets of carbon atoms folded into a sphere. A fifth allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2003, is called
3975:
3925:
3109:
2328:
Germanium was used in semiconductors until the 1950s, when it was replaced by silicon. Radiation detectors contain germanium.
4020:
3945:
3856:
2830:
2625:. On average, humans consume 0.3 milligrams of tin per day. There are 30 milligrams of tin in a typical 70-kilogram human.
2119:
4192:
3454:
3409:
2354:
is the most important use of tin; 50% of all tin produced goes into this application. 20% of all tin produced is used in
3889:
3846:
4062:
3339:
2801:
1770:, silicon's is 118 picometers, germanium's is 123 picometers, tin's is 141 picometers, and lead's is 175 picometers.
2450:, but these are not mined on account of being rare. Instead, germanium is extracted from the ores of metals such as
1389:. An isolated, neutral group 14 atom has the s p configuration in the ground state. These elements, especially
4404:
1078:
2640:
contain up to tens of parts per million of lead. There are 120 milligrams of lead in a typical 70-kilogram human.
4010:
3884:
2593:
to benefit health, but the claim has not been proven. Some plants take up germanium from the soil in the form of
951:
935:
2730:
Flerovium is too radioactive to test if it's toxic or not although its high radioactivity alone would be toxic.
4185:
4165:
4047:
3402:
2685:. Organic germanium compounds are more toxic than inorganic germanium compounds. Germanium has a low degree of
2574:
growth in chickens and rats and may also be essential in humans. Humans consume on average between 20 and 1200
1721:
1418:
1048:
3621:
1840:, meaning that these elements are more common and more stable than elements that do not have a magic nucleus.
4039:
3960:
3850:
3018:
1720:
of the carbon group tend to get lower with the heavier elements. Carbon, the lightest carbon group element,
2485:, and Brazil are the main producers of tin. The method by which tin is produced is to heat the tin mineral
1883:
in the upper atmosphere. Silicon-34 also occurs naturally as the result of radioactive decay of actinides.
1766:
of the carbon group elements tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Carbon's atomic radius is 77
4069:
3040:
3631:
3626:
2432:
are produced by Russia. China produces 70% of the world's graphite. Other graphite-mining countries are
1744:
crystal structures, as does tin at low temperatures (below 13.2 °C). Tin at room temperature has a
1108:
3904:
2106:
Germanium is one of three elements the existence of which was predicted in 1869 by the
Russian chemist
1231:
3267:
3044:
2122:, but it was unsuccessful. In 1977, researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research bombarded
3837:
2666:
Silicon minerals are not typically poisonous. However, silicon dioxide dust, such as that emitted by
2345:
1970:
1745:
3439:
2458:, germanium is also separated from coal deposits. Germanium-containing ores are first treated with
2130:, but were again unsuccessful. This nuclear reaction was repeated in 1998, this time successfully.
1733:
1410:
4057:
4153:
4122:
3616:
3573:
3444:
3001:
2463:
973:
2118:
The first attempt to discover flerovium (then referred to as "element 114") was in 1969, at the
2096:
3643:
3470:
1272:
1188:
906:
3876:
3377:
2659:. However, carbon dust can be dangerous because it lodges in the lungs in a manner similar to
2643:
Flerovium has no biological role and instead is found and made only in particle accelerators.
1934:
at concentrations of 28 parts per million. Carbon is present in the atmosphere in the form of
4117:
3698:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2517:
2389:
1993:
1915:
1887:
1577:
1570:
1406:
3799:
3483:
3261:
2056:
were used in various kinds of mortar for construction of dwellings by the earliest people.
1779:
1584:
2504:(lead sulfide). 4 million metric tons of lead are newly mined each year, mostly in China,
1812:, and is in the form of a layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-shaped formation.
8:
3716:
2100:
1871:
1817:
1749:
1591:
3310:
2765:
composite and its visible-light photocatalytic capability for ciprofloxacin degradation"
2532:
Carbon is a key element to all known life. It is in all organic compounds, for example,
1018:
3804:
3764:
2547:
2276:
1951:
1947:
1892:
1849:
1164:
2979:
2913:
3899:
3769:
3335:
3137:
2826:
2748:
2429:
2359:
2329:
2092:
2053:
2033:
1959:
1639:
1602:
1545:
1171:
607:
3115:
2868:
2524:. The total amount of lead ever mined by humans amounts to 350 million metric tons.
4134:
4052:
3828:
3693:
3651:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3533:
3528:
3523:
2846:
2776:
2656:
2107:
1907:
1797:
1694:
1682:
1541:
1378:
1286:
1247:
1131:
1101:
1071:
1041:
1011:
981:
2170:, the Latin name for Germany, which is the country where germanium was discovered.
4005:
3866:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3010:
2957:
2808:
2780:
2652:
2594:
2551:
2302:
2112:
2077:
1935:
1899:
1686:
1606:
1598:
1533:
1529:
1484:
looks more like germanium than like a metal and it is a poor electric conductor.
1444:
increases, as it does with increasing atomic number. Carbon alone forms negative
2935:
2651:
Elemental carbon is not generally toxic, but many of its compounds are, such as
2103:
was not prepared until 1854, when it was obtained as a product of electrolysis.
1275:, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
3814:
3809:
3779:
3774:
3759:
3425:
2712:
2521:
2393:
2243:
1939:
1927:
1853:
1702:
1537:
1430:
1386:
1291:
1003:
3014:
2084:
was apparently prepared as a decorative pigment at least as early as 200 BCE.
1681:. Lead forms dihalides and tetrahalides with fluorine and chlorine, and forms
4398:
2509:
2467:
2466:, which is mixed with hydrogen gas. Then the germanium is further refined by
2379:
2367:
2322:
2292:
2123:
1978:
1837:
1741:
1725:
1717:
1698:
1689:, although the tetrabromide and tetraiodide of lead are unstable. Lead forms
1525:
1398:
1281:
777:
2636:
are able to survive in lead-contaminated environments. Some plants, such as
1476:(its half life is very short, only 1.9 seconds) element that may have a few
4129:
3794:
3789:
3478:
2720:
2708:
2421:
2413:
2333:
2264:
2073:
2061:
1982:
1792:, which is carbon in the form of stacked sheets. Another form of carbon is
1763:
1510:
819:
686:
460:
2396:, but this application has been discontinued due to concerns of toxicity.
3909:
3784:
3538:
2585:
A biological role for germanium is not known, although it does stimulate
2559:
2494:
2486:
2272:
2260:
2196:
2069:
2049:
2020:
are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world, together with
1473:
1414:
1146:
1123:
1093:
886:
861:
833:
826:
756:
742:
735:
4177:
3087:
1440:
in general. The tendency to lose electrons increases as the size of the
3683:
2602:
2598:
2586:
2575:
2563:
2306:
2127:
2081:
1880:
1767:
1690:
1402:
868:
812:
791:
770:
509:
495:
474:
346:
339:
140:
1954:, which is common in seawater. Carbon forms 22.8% of a typical human.
4361:
4280:
3739:
3708:
3563:
3553:
3548:
2716:
2667:
2567:
2513:
2505:
2474:
2447:
2355:
2336:
and wide-angle camera lenses. A small amount of germanium mixed with
2296:
2256:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1805:
1785:
1628:
1477:
1457:
1453:
1366:
1327:
1212:
1200:
1136:
1063:
1053:
1033:
894:
875:
854:
847:
728:
714:
707:
700:
537:
467:
446:
409:
367:
353:
325:
307:
263:
214:
170:
126:
117:
57:
2704:
are highly toxic, and can disrupt metabolic processes inside cells.
1620:
Germanium forms five hydrides. The first two germanium hydrides are
3731:
3688:
2689:
toxicity in animals. Severe germanium poisoning can cause death by
2660:
2637:
2633:
2459:
2409:
2318:
2280:
1931:
1825:
1809:
1789:
1675:
1654:
1559:
1422:
1382:
840:
763:
672:
658:
642:
635:
614:
593:
565:
558:
544:
488:
481:
402:
300:
277:
207:
200:
193:
186:
154:
94:
80:
32:
3288:
1867:
is a natural radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5,730 years.
1481:
4253:
3558:
3394:
2674:
2622:
2579:
2555:
2541:
2537:
2482:
2382:
2371:
2341:
2288:
2284:
1943:
1793:
1756:
1737:
1621:
1521:
1449:
1437:
1394:
1314:
1216:
1196:
1023:
805:
798:
784:
749:
693:
679:
628:
586:
572:
551:
530:
516:
502:
432:
381:
360:
332:
318:
291:
284:
270:
256:
177:
133:
50:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
4226:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2501:
2470:. Roughly 140 metric tons of germanium are produced each year.
2437:
2433:
2417:
2405:
2363:
2351:
2337:
2314:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2009:
1992:
Flerovium doesn't occur in nature at all, so it only exists in
1552:
1514:
1426:
1390:
1301:
1271:
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in
1192:
993:
721:
665:
579:
523:
453:
439:
416:
388:
374:
242:
235:
228:
147:
110:
87:
73:
41:
2072:
used the metal as plates on which to record inscriptions. The
1852:. Of these, three are naturally occurring. The most common is
1836:
At least two of the carbon group elements (tin and lead) have
3675:
2686:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2582:. There is 1 gram of silicon in a typical 70-kilogram human.
2455:
2425:
2313:. 50% of pure silicon is devoted to the manufacture of metal
2310:
2268:
1469:
649:
423:
161:
66:
3181:
1421:, although other cases exist too, such as three sp pairs in
4334:
2724:
2610:
2571:
2478:
2451:
2309:, construction fillers, and silica is a major component of
2041:
2025:
2017:
1966:
1801:
1465:
1441:
1353:
1208:
1113:
621:
600:
249:
221:
101:
2473:
Mines output 300,000 metric tons of tin each year. China,
2299:
struts, because the fibers are highly strong yet elastic.
1487:
Among main group (groups 1, 2, 13–17) alkyl derivatives QR
1425:
and graphite. Double bonds are characteristic for carbon (
4307:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
2670:
can cause adverse health effects if it enters the lungs.
2628:
Lead has no known biological role, and is in fact highly
2533:
2060:
2013:
1969:. Germanium makes up 0.5 parts per trillion of seawater.
1461:
1445:
1340:
1204:
1083:
395:
2747:
Liu, Ning; Lu, Na; Su, Yan; Wang, Pu; Quan, Xie (2019).
2068:
Lead is mentioned often in early
Biblical accounts. The
2443:
Silicon can be produced by heating silica with carbon.
2291:, another form of carbon, is commonly used in jewelry.
2095:
was first obtained pure in 1824 by the
Swedish chemist
3325:
3323:
3321:
3152:
2823:
The organometallic chemistry of the transition metals
2362:. Tin is a constituent of numerous alloys, including
1800:
is a third allotrope of carbon; it is a component of
2099:; impure silicon had already been obtained in 1811.
2004:
3318:
2317:. 45% of silicon is devoted to the manufacture of
2520:to produce pure lead. Most lead is recycled from
2404:Carbon's allotrope diamond is produced mostly by
4396:
2825:(4 ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. p. 418.
1551:Silicon forms several hydrides; two of them are
2052:. Many of the naturally occurring compounds or
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2305:has a wide variety of applications, including
1736:; at high pressures and temperatures it forms
1674:Lead forms one hydride, which has the formula
4193:
3410:
2512:, and Peru. The ores are mixed with coke and
1824:crumble to gray powder in a process known as
2228:- The common name for plumbum in English is
2191:- The common name for stannum in English is
1903:are tin-121, tin-123, tin-125, and tin-126.
1569:. Silicon forms tetrahalides with fluorine (
2883:
2746:
2295:are used in numerous applications, such as
2180:, meaning "tin", from or related to Celtic
1708:There are no known compounds of flerovium.
902:
4200:
4186:
3417:
3403:
3009:
4207:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
2820:
2344:-proof. The resulting alloy is known as
1740:(see below). Silicon and germanium have
1405:. Bonds in these elements often lead to
1250:(see below). They are also known as the
3072:
2994:
2446:There are some germanium ores, such as
2259:form. In this form, carbon is used for
1520:Carbon forms tetrahalides with all the
1401:, which usually brings the outer shell
4397:
3246:
2769:Separation and Purification Technology
2740:
2232:, inherited directly from Old English.
1497:is the standard bonding number for Q (
4181:
3398:
3329:
3057:
2589:. In 1980, germanium was reported by
2378:is a tin compound which is used as a
2279:. Carbon is also used in the form of
2087:
3353:
3173:
2898:
2500:The most commonly mined lead ore is
2255:Carbon is most commonly used in its
2120:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1926:Carbon accumulates as the result of
1371:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (predicted)
4161:
3312:Online Encyclopædia Britannica, Tin
3038:
2388:80% of all lead produced goes into
2321:. Silicon is also commonly used in
1804:. Another allotrope of carbon is a
1135:
1045:
13:
3424:
3135:
3032:
2673:Germanium can interfere with such
2527:
1472:, while flerovium is a synthetic,
1261:
22:Carbon group (group 14)
14:
4416:
3015:"Discovering Superheavy Elements"
2199:. Possibly of common origin with
2005:Discoveries and uses in antiquity
1946:. Carbon is a key constituent of
1238:. The group is also known as the
1234:, it is still universally called
1015:
4160:
4149:
4148:
2707:Lead and its compounds, such as
2578:of silicon per day, mostly from
1413:of the orbitals are erased. For
1107:
1077:
1047:
1017:
987:
3361:
3347:
3303:
3281:
3254:
3129:
3102:
3080:
2972:
2250:
1796:, but this is relatively rare.
1397:, have a strong propensity for
985:
3479:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
2950:
2928:
2906:
2861:
2839:
2814:
2794:
2597:. These plants, which include
2133:
2048:as 1500 BCE – and by the
1748:crystal structure. Lead has a
1732:Carbon's crystal structure is
1504:), the group 14 derivatives QR
1105:
1:
4378:Specific mass: ? 22 g/cm
4021:Thermal expansion coefficient
3717:Lists of metalloids by source
3019:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2733:
2399:
2283:, for example as the lead in
2101:Crystalline elemental silicon
1921:
1773:
1075:
4376:Boiling Point: ? 420 K
4374:Melting Point: ? 340 K
2821:Crabtree, Robert H. (2005).
2781:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.027
2358:. 20% of tin is used by the
1996:with a few atoms at a time.
1417:, a typical arrangement has
7:
3760:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3463:By periodic table structure
2646:
2570:. Silicon is essential for
2093:Amorphous elemental silicon
1843:
1711:
1266:
10:
4421:
4351:Specific mass: 11.342 g/cm
4270:Specific mass: 2.3296 g/cm
3905:Goldschmidt classification
2802:The Periodic Law and Table
2370:has been commonly used in
2217:comes from the Latin word
2195:, inherited directly from
2176:comes from the Latin word
2166:comes from the Latin word
2152:comes from the Latin word
2142:comes from the Latin word
1999:
1831:
1777:
1419:four pairs of sp electrons
315:
183:
123:
63:
38:
4380:Electronegativity: ?
4324:Specific mass: 7.287 g/cm
4297:Specific mass: 5.323 g/cm
4243:Specific mass: 2.267 g/cm
4215:
4143:
4105:
4038:
3918:
3875:
3836:
3827:
3752:
3730:
3707:
3674:
3664:
3642:
3572:
3484:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3469:
3462:
3453:
3432:
2346:argentium sterling silver
1971:Organogermanium compounds
1460:, each can form +4 ions.
1215:(Fl). It lies within the
1153:
970:
901:
26:
21:
4293:Melting Point: 1211.45 K
4266:Melting Point: 1638.15 K
4239:Melting Point: 3948.15 K
3249:Nature's Building Blocks
2374:for thousands of years.
2080:. The compound known as
1653:Tin forms two hydrides:
890:
4405:Groups (periodic table)
4353:Electronegativity: 2.33
4347:Melting Point: 600.75 K
4326:Electronegativity: 1.96
4320:Melting Point: 505.21 K
4318:Atomic Weight: 118.710
4299:Electronegativity: 2.01
4264:Atomic Weight: 28.0855
4245:Electronegativity: 2.55
4237:Atomic Weight: 12.0107
4123:systematic element name
4095:in East Asian languages
3445:Extended periodic table
3356:The Poisoner's Handbook
3268:Encyclopædia Britannica
3075:Periodic Table Advanced
3045:Encyclopædia Britannica
2899:Gray, Theodore (2011),
2464:germanium tetrachloride
1893:primordial radioisotope
1226:notation, it is called
4272:Electronegativity: 1.9
3966:Electron configuration
3956:Electrical resistivity
3895:Electron configuration
3699:Post-transition metals
3376:, 2003, archived from
3354:Blum, Deborah (2010),
3176:The Disappearing Spoon
3073:Jackson, Mark (2001),
3041:"Transuranium element"
1597:). Silicon also forms
1517:, particularly inert.
1452:(C) ions. Silicon and
1292:No. of electrons/shell
1273:electron configuration
4349:Boiling Point: 2022 K
4345:Atomic Weight: 207.2
4322:Boiling Point: 2875 K
4295:Boiling Point: 3106 K
4291:Atomic Weight: 72.64
4268:Boiling Point: 3538 K
4241:Boiling Point: 4300 K
4209:Carbon group elements
3800:Transuranium elements
3247:Emsley, John (2011),
2691:respiratory paralysis
2683:alcohol dehydrogenase
2679:lactate dehydrogenase
2146:, meaning "charcoal".
1994:particle accelerators
1916:isotopes of flerovium
1888:isotopes of germanium
1859:, followed by stable
1788:. The most common is
1242:(from the Greek word
1232:semiconductor physics
956:(Europe, pattern A-B)
4016:Thermal conductivity
3991:Heat of vaporization
3433:Periodic table forms
3330:Galan, Mark (1992),
2097:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1784:Carbon has multiple
1780:Allotropes of carbon
1524:. Carbon also forms
1381:in this group has 4
1358:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
1189:periodic table group
16:Periodic table group
4370:Atomic Number: 114
4048:Element discoveries
3805:Superheavy elements
3765:Rare-earth elements
3380:on January 12, 2012
3332:Structure of Matter
3139:The Element Silicon
3013:(27 January 2017).
3011:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.
2981:Flerovium compounds
2915:Germanium compounds
2749:"Fabrication of g-C
2390:lead–acid batteries
2160:), meaning "flint".
1872:isotopes of silicon
1848:There are 15 known
1752:crystal structure.
1750:face-centered cubic
1436:...); the same for
940:(US, pattern A-B-A)
4343:Atomic Number: 82
4316:Atomic Number: 50
4289:Atomic Number: 32
4262:Atomic Number: 14
4221:
3174:Kean, Sam (2011),
2807:2020-11-10 at the
2711:are highly toxic.
2548:Silicon-based life
2430:synthetic diamonds
2277:activated charcoal
2267:, as a filling in
2246:and his Institute.
2113:Clemens A. Winkler
2088:Modern discoveries
1952:hydrogen carbonate
1948:carbonate minerals
1850:isotopes of carbon
1642:has the formula Ge
1609:has the formula Si
1411:s and p characters
1403:to eight electrons
1230:. In the field of
1165:primordial element
907:IUPAC group number
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4354:
4327:
4300:
4273:
4246:
4235:Atomic Number: 6
4175:
4174:
4034:
4033:
3996:Ionization energy
3971:Electronegativity
3961:Electron affinity
3900:Electronegativity
3890:Crystal structure
3885:Aqueous chemistry
3862:Nuclear stability
3857:Atomic properties
3823:
3822:
3770:Refractory metals
3748:
3747:
3694:Transition metals
3660:
3659:
3290:Chemical Elements
3111:Carbon:Allotropes
2870:Silicon compounds
2832:978-0-471-66256-3
2360:chemical industry
2330:Germanium dioxide
2325:since the 1950s.
2054:silicate minerals
1960:Silicate minerals
1640:Germanium nitride
1502:lambda convention
1448:, in the form of
1375:
1374:
1248:valence electrons
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:synthetic element
1149:
1126:
1096:
1066:
1036:
1006:
976:
965:
964:
957:
941:
883:
882:
609:Mercury (element)
4412:
4372:Atomic Weight:
4369:
4342:
4315:
4288:
4261:
4234:
4218:
4217:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4164:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4135:Dmitri Mendeleev
4063:1869 predictions
4053:Dmitri Mendeleev
3834:
3833:
3672:
3671:
3652:Aufbau principle
3564:18 (Noble gases)
3467:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3455:Sets of elements
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3114:, archived from
3106:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2848:Carbon compounds
2843:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2744:
2719:, stomach pain,
2657:hydrogen cyanide
2454:. In Russia and
2340:can make silver
2242:was named after
2108:Dmitri Mendeleev
1908:isotopes of lead
1798:Amorphous carbon
1399:covalent bonding
1345:2, 8, 18, 18, 4
1278:
1277:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1143:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1002:
1000:
991:
972:
955:
952:old IUPAC number
939:
936:CAS group number
921:
903:
892:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
310:
303:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
189:
180:
173:
164:
157:
150:
143:
136:
129:
120:
113:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:
60:
53:
44:
35:
29:
28:
19:
18:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4211:
4206:
4176:
4171:
4139:
4101:
4030:
4006:Oxidation state
3914:
3871:
3819:
3815:Minor actinides
3810:Major actinides
3775:Precious metals
3744:
3726:
3703:
3656:
3638:
3568:
3554:16 (Chalcogens)
3549:15 (Pnictogens)
3449:
3428:
3423:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3370:Risk Assessment
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3328:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3182:
3172:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3136:Gagnon, Steve,
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3039:Seaborg, G. T.
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3006:Wayback Machine
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2819:
2815:
2809:Wayback Machine
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2653:carbon monoxide
2649:
2595:germanium oxide
2552:silicon dioxide
2530:
2528:Biological role
2492:
2402:
2376:Cobalt stannate
2303:Silicon dioxide
2253:
2136:
2090:
2078:Augustus Caesar
2007:
2002:
1936:carbon monoxide
1924:
1900:isotopes of tin
1846:
1834:
1782:
1776:
1714:
1679:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1607:Silicon nitride
1595:
1590:), and iodine (
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1540:. Carbon forms
1534:carbon suboxide
1530:carbon monoxide
1507:
1492:
1482:its α allotrope
1434:
1409:where distinct
1269:
1264:
1262:Characteristics
1154:
1141:
1140:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1028:
1027:
1022:
998:
997:
992:
966:
958:
954:
942:
938:
919:
916:Name by element
897:
884:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
308:
301:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
178:
171:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
127:
118:
111:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
58:
51:
42:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4359:
4357:
4332:
4330:
4305:
4303:
4278:
4276:
4251:
4249:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4026:Vapor pressure
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Speed of sound
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Heat of fusion
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3941:Critical point
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Coinage metals
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:Periodic table
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3360:
3346:
3340:
3317:
3302:
3280:
3253:
3180:
3151:
3128:
3101:
3079:
3056:
3031:
2993:
2971:
2959:Lead compounds
2949:
2927:
2905:
2882:
2860:
2838:
2831:
2813:
2800:W. B. Jensen,
2793:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2713:Lead poisoning
2648:
2645:
2562:to form their
2529:
2526:
2522:lead batteries
2490:
2436:, Canada, and
2401:
2398:
2394:tetraethyllead
2323:semiconductors
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:Georgy Flyorov
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2186:
2185:
2171:
2161:
2147:
2135:
2132:
2089:
2086:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1940:carbon dioxide
1928:stellar fusion
1923:
1920:
1911:and lead-214.
1845:
1842:
1833:
1830:
1778:Main article:
1775:
1772:
1726:melting points
1718:boiling points
1713:
1710:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1538:carbon dioxide
1505:
1488:
1432:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1191:consisting of
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:Other nonmetal
986:
984:
978:
977:
968:
967:
963:
962:
959:
950:
947:
946:
943:
934:
931:
930:
927:
923:
922:
917:
913:
912:
909:
899:
898:
885:
881:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
655:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
429:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
314:
312:
305:
297:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
182:
175:
167:
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
131:
124:
122:
115:
107:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:
71:
64:
62:
55:
47:
46:
39:
37:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4417:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4382:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:controversies
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:Melting point
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Heat capacity
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Boiling point
3934:
3932:
3931:Atomic radius
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Native metals
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3722:Dividing line
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:17 (Halogens)
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3341:0-809-49663-1
3337:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3118:on 2013-01-17
3117:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2939:
2938:
2937:Tin compounds
2931:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:lead acetates
2705:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Kazuhiko Asai
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:United States
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:zone refining
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:. 80% of all
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:cerulean blue
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:Tin(IV) oxide
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:Carbon fibers
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:meaning lead.
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:plutonium-244
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:igneous rocks
1980:
1979:Tin(IV) oxide
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:diamond cubic
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1670:
1659:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1618:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1576:), chlorine (
1575:
1568:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:hybridisation
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:in its outer
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:crystallogens
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:group IV
1233:
1229:
1228:group 14
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
990:
983:
980:
979:
975:
969:
960:
953:
949:
948:
944:
937:
933:
932:
928:
925:
924:
918:
915:
914:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
896:
893: →
889: ←
888:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
779:Rutherfordium
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
656:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
471:
466:
464:
459:
457:
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
431:
430:
427:
422:
420:
415:
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
329:
324:
322:
317:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
298:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
185:
181:
176:
174:
169:
168:
165:
160:
158:
153:
151:
146:
144:
139:
137:
132:
130:
125:
121:
116:
114:
109:
108:
105:
100:
98:
93:
91:
86:
84:
79:
77:
72:
70:
65:
61:
56:
54:
49:
48:
45:
40:
36:
31:
30:
25:
20:
4365:
4360:
4338:
4333:
4311:
4306:
4284:
4279:
4257:
4252:
4230:
4225:
4208:
4159:
4147:
4130:Trivial name
4118:nomenclature
3790:Heavy metals
3785:Noble metals
3544:14 (Tetrels)
3543:
3440:Alternatives
3382:, retrieved
3378:the original
3369:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3331:
3311:
3305:
3294:, retrieved
3289:
3283:
3274:February 24,
3272:, retrieved
3262:
3256:
3248:
3175:
3143:, retrieved
3138:
3131:
3120:, retrieved
3116:the original
3110:
3104:
3093:, retrieved
3088:
3082:
3074:
3048:. Retrieved
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3002:Ghostarchive
3000:Archived at
2996:
2985:, retrieved
2980:
2974:
2963:, retrieved
2958:
2952:
2941:, retrieved
2936:
2930:
2919:, retrieved
2914:
2908:
2901:The Elements
2900:
2874:, retrieved
2869:
2863:
2852:, retrieved
2847:
2841:
2822:
2816:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2772:
2768:
2742:
2729:
2721:constipation
2706:
2698:trimethyltin
2695:
2672:
2665:
2650:
2642:
2627:
2607:
2584:
2546:
2531:
2499:
2472:
2445:
2442:
2422:South Africa
2403:
2387:
2350:
2334:fiber optics
2327:
2301:
2265:carbon black
2254:
2251:Applications
2239:
2229:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2117:
2105:
2091:
2067:
2062:Scilly Isles
2058:
2046:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1975:
1964:
1958:atmosphere.
1956:
1950:, and is in
1925:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1885:
1869:
1847:
1838:magic nuclei
1835:
1828:or tin rot.
1822:
1814:
1783:
1764:atomic radii
1761:
1754:
1731:
1715:
1707:
1673:
1652:
1619:
1583:), bromine (
1550:
1546:a diselenide
1519:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1415:single bonds
1377:Each of the
1376:
1332:2, 8, 18, 4
1270:
1256:adamantogens
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1185:carbon group
1184:
1182:
1156:
1155:
926:Trivial name
920:carbon group
891:
821:Darmstadtium
688:Protactinium
462:Praseodymium
4166:WikiProject
3910:Term symbol
3740:Noble gases
3684:Lanthanides
3667:metallicity
3539:13 (Triels)
3384:January 19,
3145:January 20,
2987:January 24,
2965:January 24,
2943:January 24,
2921:January 24,
2876:January 24,
2854:January 24,
2775:: 782–789.
2702:triethyltin
2632:, but some
2560:sea sponges
2554:is used by
2487:cassiterite
2332:is used in
2273:respirators
2261:steelmaking
2197:Old English
2134:Etymologies
2126:atoms with
2070:Babylonians
2050:Phoenicians
1703:a telluride
1691:four oxides
1683:a dibromide
1603:a disulfide
1542:a disulfide
1526:many oxides
1474:radioactive
1147:Other metal
1124:Other metal
1094:Other metal
887:boron group
863:Livermorium
835:Copernicium
828:Roentgenium
758:Mendelevium
744:Einsteinium
737:Californium
4090:for people
4085:for places
4058:1871 table
3951:Elasticity
3919:Data pages
3877:Properties
3753:Other sets
3709:Metalloids
3296:20 January
3122:20 January
3095:20 January
3050:2010-03-16
2734:References
2715:can cause
2603:vegetables
2587:metabolism
2576:milligrams
2564:cell walls
2400:Production
2307:toothpaste
2128:calcium-48
2082:white lead
1922:Occurrence
1881:spallation
1879:, and via
1786:allotropes
1774:Allotropes
1768:picometers
1746:tetragonal
1699:a selenide
1687:a diiodide
1458:metalloids
1222:In modern
1211:(Pb), and
1139: (Fl)
1116: (Pb)
1086: (Sn)
1056: (Ge)
1026: (Si)
895:pnictogens
870:Tennessine
814:Meitnerium
793:Seaborgium
772:Lawrencium
511:Dysprosium
497:Gadolinium
476:Promethium
348:Technetium
341:Molybdenum
142:Phosphorus
4362:Flerovium
4281:Germanium
4075:etymology
3926:Abundance
3851:in humans
3847:Abundance
3732:Nonmetals
3689:Actinides
2786:17 August
2717:headaches
2668:volcanoes
2638:cucumbers
2568:skeletons
2514:limestone
2506:Australia
2475:Indonesia
2448:germanite
2356:tin plate
2319:silicones
2297:satellite
2275:, and as
2257:amorphous
2240:Flerovium
2164:Germanium
1877:actinides
1865:Carbon-14
1861:carbon-13
1857:carbon-12
1806:fullerene
1757:densities
1734:hexagonal
1695:a sulfide
1599:a dioxide
1478:noble gas
1468:both are
1454:germanium
1438:π-systems
1383:electrons
1367:Flerovium
1328:Germanium
1213:flerovium
1201:germanium
1137:Flerovium
1064:Metalloid
1054:Germanium
1034:Metalloid
996: (C)
877:Oganesson
856:Moscovium
849:Flerovium
730:Berkelium
716:Americium
709:Plutonium
702:Neptunium
539:Ytterbium
469:Neodymium
448:Lanthanum
411:Tellurium
369:Palladium
355:Ruthenium
327:Zirconium
309:Strontium
265:Germanium
216:Manganese
172:Potassium
128:Aluminium
119:Magnesium
59:Beryllium
4399:Category
4154:Category
4106:See also
3976:Hardness
3829:Elements
3263:tin (Sn)
3089:Graphene
3024:21 April
3004:and the
2805:Archived
2661:asbestos
2647:Toxicity
2634:microbes
2542:proteins
2538:steroids
2462:to form
2460:chlorine
2410:Botswana
2372:ceramics
2281:graphite
2168:Germania
1932:seawater
1844:Isotopes
1826:tin pest
1810:graphene
1790:graphite
1722:sublimes
1712:Physical
1528:such as
1522:halogens
1511:C–C bond
1493:, where
1423:graphene
1379:elements
1319:2, 8, 4
1267:Chemical
929:tetrels
842:Nihonium
765:Nobelium
674:Actinium
660:Francium
644:Astatine
637:Polonium
616:Thallium
595:Platinum
567:Tungsten
560:Tantalum
546:Lutetium
490:Europium
483:Samarium
404:Antimony
302:Rubidium
279:Selenium
209:Chromium
202:Vanadium
195:Titanium
188:Scandium
156:Chlorine
96:Fluorine
82:Nitrogen
34:Hydrogen
4254:Silicon
4040:History
3946:Density
3574:Periods
2675:enzymes
2623:smelter
2580:cereals
2556:diatoms
2518:roasted
2493:) with
2483:Bolivia
2383:pigment
2342:tarnish
2289:Diamond
2285:pencils
2219:plumbum
2215:Plumbum
2201:stannum
2178:stannum
2174:Stannum
2158:silicis
2150:Silicon
2034:mercury
2000:History
1944:methane
1832:Nuclear
1794:diamond
1738:diamond
1515:alkanes
1456:, both
1450:carbide
1427:alkenes
1395:silicon
1315:Silicon
1287:Element
1240:tetrels
1217:p-block
1197:silicon
1024:Silicon
971:↓
807:Hassium
800:Bohrium
786:Dubnium
751:Fermium
695:Uranium
681:Thorium
630:Bismuth
588:Iridium
574:Rhenium
553:Hafnium
532:Thulium
518:Holmium
504:Terbium
434:Caesium
383:Cadmium
362:Rhodium
334:Niobium
320:Yttrium
293:Krypton
286:Bromine
272:Arsenic
258:Gallium
179:Calcium
135:Silicon
52:Lithium
4227:Carbon
4070:Naming
3867:Symbol
3676:Metals
3644:Blocks
3632:Pyykkö
3627:Fricke
3622:Aufbau
3471:Groups
3338:
3270:, 2013
2829:
2723:, and
2599:grains
2540:, and
2508:, the
2502:galena
2438:Mexico
2434:Brazil
2424:, and
2418:Canada
2406:Russia
2364:pewter
2352:Solder
2338:silver
2315:alloys
2140:Carbon
2074:Romans
2040:, and
2038:silver
2030:copper
2022:sulfur
2016:, and
2010:Carbon
1942:, and
1854:stable
1818:luster
1701:, and
1536:, and
1470:metals
1391:carbon
1302:Carbon
1207:(Sn),
1203:(Ge),
1199:(Si),
1193:carbon
1157:Legend
1144:
1121:
1091:
1061:
1031:
1001:
994:Carbon
974:Period
723:Curium
667:Radium
581:Osmium
525:Erbium
455:Cerium
441:Barium
418:Iodine
390:Indium
376:Silver
244:Copper
237:Nickel
230:Cobalt
149:Sulfur
112:Sodium
89:Oxygen
75:Carbon
43:Helium
4113:IUPAC
3838:Lists
3374:(PDF)
2630:toxic
2619:maize
2615:Wheat
2611:roots
2456:China
2426:India
2414:Congo
2311:glass
2271:, in
2269:tires
2263:, as
2205:staen
2182:staen
2154:silex
2144:carbo
1387:shell
1306:2, 4
1244:tetra
1224:IUPAC
1195:(C),
1187:is a
651:Radon
425:Xenon
163:Argon
68:Boron
4335:Lead
3845:By:
3386:2013
3336:ISBN
3298:2013
3276:2013
3147:2013
3124:2013
3097:2013
3026:2017
2989:2013
2967:2013
2945:2013
2923:2013
2878:2013
2856:2013
2827:ISBN
2788:2019
2725:gout
2700:and
2687:oral
2681:and
2655:and
2617:and
2601:and
2572:bone
2566:and
2558:and
2516:and
2495:coke
2489:(SnO
2479:Peru
2452:zinc
2230:lead
2203:and
2156:(or
2042:gold
2026:iron
2018:lead
1967:soil
1802:soot
1762:The
1755:The
1716:The
1685:and
1660:and
1627:and
1601:and
1585:SiBr
1578:SiCl
1558:and
1466:lead
1464:and
1446:ions
1442:atom
1393:and
1354:Lead
1209:lead
1183:The
1114:Lead
961:IVB
945:IVA
623:Lead
602:Gold
251:Zinc
223:Iron
103:Neon
4308:Tin
3665:By
2777:doi
2773:211
2757:/Ti
2677:as
2534:DNA
2193:tin
2014:tin
1906:38
1898:40
1886:32
1870:23
1676:PbH
1655:SnH
1622:GeH
1592:SiI
1571:SiF
1553:SiH
1544:an
1499:see
1462:Tin
1363:114
1341:Tin
1254:or
1205:tin
1142:114
1084:Tin
911:14
397:Tin
4401::
4366:Fl
4339:Pb
4312:Sn
4285:Ge
4258:Si
3617:8+
3534:12
3529:11
3524:10
3334:,
3320:^
3266:,
3183:^
3154:^
3059:^
3043:.
3017:.
3008::
2885:^
2771:.
2767:.
2727:.
2693:.
2663:.
2613:.
2536:,
2497:.
2481:,
2477:,
2440:.
2420:,
2416:,
2412:,
2408:,
2385:.
2366:.
2348:.
2287:.
2044:.
2036:,
2032:,
2028:,
2024:,
2012:,
1985:.
1938:,
1914:6
1895:.
1863:.
1820:.
1705:.
1697:,
1693:,
1662:Sn
1650:.
1629:Ge
1617:.
1605:.
1560:Si
1548:.
1532:,
1431:CO
1429:,
1350:82
1337:50
1324:32
1311:14
1258:.
1219:.
1119:82
1089:50
1059:32
1029:14
4231:C
4201:e
4194:t
4187:v
3853:)
3849:(
3612:7
3607:6
3602:5
3597:4
3592:3
3587:2
3582:1
3519:9
3514:8
3509:7
3504:6
3499:5
3494:4
3489:3
3418:e
3411:t
3404:v
3053:.
3028:.
2835:.
2811:.
2790:.
2779::
2763:2
2761:C
2759:3
2755:4
2753:N
2751:3
2491:2
2207:.
2184:.
1678:4
1668:6
1666:H
1664:2
1657:4
1648:4
1646:N
1644:3
1635:6
1633:H
1631:2
1624:4
1615:4
1613:N
1611:3
1594:4
1587:4
1580:4
1573:4
1566:6
1564:H
1562:2
1555:4
1506:4
1495:n
1490:n
1433:2
1298:6
1282:Z
1132:7
1102:6
1072:5
1042:4
1012:3
999:6
982:2
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