4764:, and was certainly the greatest defeat in history that a German Army had ever undergone". The battle is commonly identified as the turning point on the Eastern Front, in the war against Germany overall, and in the entire Second World War. The battle is analyzed as being a "point of no return" on the Eastern Front and as the "final military consequence" of Germany's decreasing chances to win the war against the Soviet Union. The Soviet general Viktor Matsulenko deemed the battle to be the "beginning of a basic turning point not just in the course of the Great Patriotic War, but for the entire World War II" and that the battle was the "most important military-political event of World War II". The battle is also seen as the turning point in the air war, as German forces lost countless aircraft and experienced crewmen. Stalingrad gave the people of the Soviet Union hope, with military historian David Glantz asserting that "Russians, as well as many of the former Soviet Union’s other ethnic minorities, saw the Red Army’s victory at Stalingrad as a catharsis which saved Stalin’s city and salvaged a nation’s shattered pride". In 1989, a comprehensive quantitative analysis concluded that Stalingrad was the military turning point of the war, the turning point for the Soviet leadership, as Stalin recognized the practicality of using his experienced commanders and gave his generals more freedom in fighting the war, and that the Soviet Union had indeed seized the initiative as a result of the battle, based on some of the critical factors examined in the study. An analysis in 2004 also concluded that the epic battle sealed the fate of the Germans in the East, a blow in which they would never recover from, and as a result the strategic initiative shifted to the Soviet side, therefore establishing the Battle of Stalingrad as the fundamental turning point in the war on the Eastern Front. A year of Axis gains from Case Blue had been wiped out. The Sixth Army of Germany had ceased to exist, and the forces of Germany's European allies, except Finland, had been shattered. In a speech on 9 November 1944, Hitler himself blamed Stalingrad for Germany's impending doom. Furthermore, according to some historians, such as Mikhail Myagkov, a Russian historian, the battle ended up completely dissuading
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4025:. To negate the German usage of tanks and artillery in the ruins of the city, Soviet commander Chuikov introduced a tactic he described as "hugging" the enemy: keeping Soviet front-line positions as close as possible to those of the Germans, so German artillery and aircraft could not attack without risking friendly fire. After mid-September, to reduce casualties, he ceased launching organized daylight counterattacks, instead emphasizing small unit tactics in which infantry moved through the city's sewers to strike into the rear of attacking German units. The Soviets preferred night attacks, which disrupted German morale by depriving them of sleep. Soviet reconnaissance patrols were used to find German positions and take prisoners for interrogation, enabling them to anticipate attacks. When Soviet troops detected a coming attack, they launched their own counterattacks at dawn before German air support could arrive. Soviet troops blunted the German attacks themselves through ambushes that separated tanks from their supporting infantry, as well as the employment of booby traps and mines. These tactical innovations became widespread.
4691: – fortunately, frozen solid. And then, suddenly, at the far end of the yard I caught sight of a human figure. He had been crouching over another cesspool, and now, noticing us, he was hastily pulling up his pants, and then he slunk away into the door of the basement. But as he passed, I caught a glimpse of the wretch's face – with its mixture of suffering and idiot-like incomprehension. For a moment, I wished that the whole of Germany were there to see it. The man was probably already dying. In that basement there were still two hundred Germans—dying of hunger and frostbite. "We haven't had time to deal with them yet," one of the Russians said. "They'll be taken away tomorrow, I suppose." And, at the far end of the yard, besides the other cesspool, behind a low stone wall, the yellow corpses of skinny Germans were piled up – men who had died in that basement—about a dozen wax-like dummies. We did not go into the basement itself – what was the use? There was nothing we could do for them.
3058:, covering the Stalingrad Tractor Factory and the Volga ferry near Latashanka. The majority of the regiment was composed of men, but its directing and rangefinding crews and unit headquarters were made up of women. Several women also crewed anti-aircraft guns. The 1077th was notified of the German tanks' approach at 14:30 and its 6th Battery, dominating the Sukhaya Mechatka ravine, claimed the destruction of 28 German tanks. Later that day, its 3rd Battery on the road between Yerzovka and Stalingrad, saw particularly intense fighting against the 16th Panzer, reportedly fighting "shot for shot." Two women were decorated for their actions that day, and the regiment's report praised the "exceptional steadfastness and heroism" of the women soldiers. The regiment lost 35 guns, eighteen killed, 46 wounded, and 74 missing on 23 and 24 August. The 16th Panzer Division's history mentioned its encounter with the regiment, claiming the destruction of 37 guns, and the unit's surprise that its opponents had in part included women.
4536:
3175:
rush. The 51st Army Corps' 295th
Infantry Division went after the Mamayev Kurgan hill, the 71st attacked the central rail station and toward the central landing stage on the Volga, while 48th Panzer Corps attacked south of the Tsaritsa River. Though initially successful, the German attacks stalled in the face of Soviet reinforcements brought in from across the Volga. Rodimtsev's 13th Guards Rifle Division had been hurried up to cross the river and join the defenders inside the city. Assigned to counterattack at the Mamayev Kurgan and at Railway Station No. 1, it suffered particularly heavy losses. Despite their losses, Rodimtsev's troops were able to inflict similar damage on their opponents. By 26 September, the opposing 71st Infantry Division had half of its battalions considered exhausted, reduced from all of them being considered average in combat capability when the attack began twelve days earlier.
4270:
mice having chewed their tank wiring. Lice were heavily prevalent, and plagues of flies would gather around kitchens, adding to the possibility of wound infections. Brutal winter conditions affected soldiers tremendously, with temperatures at times reaching as low as −40 °C in the second half of
November, and −30 °C in late January. The weather conditions were considered to be extreme and the worst possible. The weather conditions caused rapid frostbite, with many cases of gangrene and amputation. The conditions saw soldiers dying en masse due to frostbite and hypothermia. Both armies suffered food shortages, with mass starvation on both sides. Stress, tiredness and the cold upset the metabolism of soldiers, receiving a reduced amount of calories from food. German forces eventually ran out of medical supplies such as ether, antiseptics and bandages. Surgery had to be done without anaesthesia.
4130:
4605:, but none of that was right because the scale of conflict in Stalingrad makes it hard to compare it to anything. It seemed as if Stalingrad was breathing fire for days on end." Some German soldiers expressed in their letters that they were trapped in a "second Verdun", while Soviet defenders described the battle as their "Red Verdun", in which they would refuse to surrender to the enemy. German captain Wilhelm Hosenfeld wrote in early October 1942 that, "The fight for Stalingrad now surpasses all our previous struggles — it has rightly been compared to Verdun. We must hope that the outcome is different. For I believe that the city holds a similar power for the Bolsheviks as Verdun did for the French in the First World War. It has become a symbol. This is a decisive moment. The French would say; Whoever holds Verdun will win the war.’ The
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up with
Manstein's advance. Some German officers requested that Paulus defy Hitler's orders to stand fast and instead attempt to break out of the Stalingrad pocket. Paulus refused, concerned about the Red Army attacks on the flank of Army Group Don and Army Group B in their advance on Rostov-on-Don, "an early abandonment" of Stalingrad "would result in the destruction of Army Group A in the Caucasus", and the fact that his 6th Army tanks only had fuel for a 30 km advance towards Hoth's spearhead, a futile effort if they did not receive assurance of resupply by air. Of his questions to Army Group Don, Paulus was told, "Wait, implement Operation 'Thunderclap' only on explicit orders!" – Operation Thunderclap being the code word initiating the breakout.
4058:’s commitment to Stalingrad became total, using every available resource to hold it, and ordering the city be held at all costs. Evidence of commitment was the vast casualties the Soviets were willing to sustain. Collateral damage was not a major concern, the first priority was victory and all weapons would be used to that end with little regard for collateral damage. This is also reflected by a common saying among the Soviet defenders, who often exclaimed that "for us, there is no land beyond the Volga". Total war was reflected by Axis forces, as they attacked without concern and committed to a bombing campaign which utterly destroyed the city and killed thousands of civilians, and
4097:, the "most savage hand-to-hand battle in human memory". Ferocious fighting raged for ruins, streets, factories, houses, basements, and staircases. Blocks and buildings would change hands numerous times through intense hand-to-hand fighting. Combat was so close at times that soldiers preferred using melee weapons, such as knives, and grenades being tossed in such short distances they could be thrown back before they exploded. "Every building had to be fought for; single buildings and single blocks became major military objectives. Often both German and Russian troops occupied parts of the same building." Even the sewers saw firefights. The Germans called this unseen
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penal companies and battalions. Blocking detachments of the
Stalingrad and Don Fronts detained 51,758 men from the beginning of the battle to 15 October, with the majority returned to their units. Of those detained, the vast majority of which were from the Don Front, 980 were executed and 1,349 sent to penal companies. In the two-day period between 13 and 15 September, the 62nd Army blocking detachment detained 1,218 men, returning most to their units while shooting 21 men and arresting ten. Beevor claims that 13,500 Soviet soldiers were executed by Soviet authorities during the battle, however, this claim has been disputed.
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4210:). On the other hand, Beevor noted the often extraordinary bravery of the Soviet soldiers, and argued terror alone cannot explain such self-sacrifice. A Soviet officer interviewed, explained the feeling, "There was this sense that every soldier and officer in Stalingrad was itching to kill as many Germans as possible. In Stalingrad people felt a particularly intense hatred for the Germans." German observers were perplexed by the relentlessness of the Soviets, with a 29 October 1942 article in the
4389:
Soviet officials have been met with criticism, for accuracy of Soviet losses and underreporting. Recent clarifications of data and estimates of losses state that the USSR suffered 1,347,214 total casualties, with 674,990 irrevocable losses, and 672,224 being wounded or sick, with an extension of this data to include NKVD troops and volunteer formations, the total casualties could extend to 1.36 to 1.37 million. However, the data is still questioned as being underestimated. The
British historian
3711:
4711:. Some, including Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements that were broadcast to German troops. Paulus testified for the prosecution during the Nuremberg Trials and assured families in Germany that those soldiers taken prisoner at Stalingrad were safe. He remained in the Soviet Union until 1952, then moved to Dresden in East Germany, where he spent the remainder of his days defending his actions at Stalingrad and was quoted as saying that Communism was the best hope for postwar Europe. General
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abandoned and Army Group A was ordered to pull back from the
Caucasus. The 6th Army now was beyond all hope of German relief. While a motorised breakout might have been possible in the first few weeks, the 6th Army now had insufficient fuel and the German soldiers would have faced great difficulty breaking through the Soviet lines on foot in harsh winter conditions. But in its defensive position on the Volga, the 6th Army continued to tie down a significant number of Soviet Armies.
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3069:, composed of civilians not directly involved in war production for immediate use in the battle. The civilians were often sent into battle without rifles. Staff and students from the local technical university formed a "tank destroyer" unit. They assembled tanks from leftover parts at the tractor factory. These tanks, unpainted and lacking gun-sights, were driven directly from the factory floor to the front line. They could only be aimed at
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3936:, and the XIth Corps, was now cut off from telephone communication with Paulus in the southern pocket. Now "each part of the cauldron came personally under Hitler". On 28 January, the cauldron was split into three parts. The northern cauldron consisted of the XIth Corps, the central with the VIIIth and LIst Corps, and the southern with the XIVth Panzer Corps and IVth Corps "without units". The sick and wounded reached 40,000 to 50,000.
2285:, which reduced much of the city to rubble. The battle soon degenerated into house-to-house fighting, which escalated drastically as both sides continued pouring reinforcements into the city. By mid-November, the Germans, at great cost, had pushed the Soviet defenders back into narrow zones along the Volga's west bank. However, winter set in within a few months and conditions became particularly brutal, with temperatures often dropping
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3925:, Soviet citizens fighting for the Germans, had no illusions about their fate if captured. Bloody urban warfare began again in Stalingrad, but this time it was the Germans who were pushed back to the banks of the Volga. The Germans adopted a simple defence of fixing wire nets over all windows to protect themselves from grenades. The Soviets responded by fixing fish hooks to the grenades so they stuck to the nets when thrown.
3766:
deliver the necessary supplies. The airlift fell drastically short, delivering only 105 tons per day, far below the required 750 tons. The situation worsened after the
Soviets captured Tatsinskaya Airfield on 24 December, forcing the Germans to relocate their air operations to more distant and less effective bases. As supplies dwindled, starvation and disease ravaged the 6th Army. By the time the airlift was terminated, the
3993:, held out for two more days. Four Soviet armies were deployed against the northern pocket. At four in the morning on 2 February, Strecker was informed that one of his own officers had gone to the Soviets to negotiate surrender terms. Seeing no point in continuing, he sent a radio message saying that his command had done its duty and fought to the last man. When Strecker finally surrendered, he and his chief of staff,
3929:
the 6th Army later that day, claiming that it had made a historic contribution to the greatest struggle in German history and that it should stand fast "to the last soldier and the last bullet". Hitler told
Goebbels that the plight of the 6th Army was a "heroic drama of German history". On 24 January, in his radio report to Hitler, Paulus reported: "18,000 wounded without the slightest aid of bandages and medicines."
4635:
took note of atrocities that took place during the battle, stating that, "another time you see young girls, children hanging from trees in the park. . .It has tremendous impact." A Soviet sergeant in the 389th
Infantry Division noted that Russian women coming out of houses during the fighting for the Barrikady workers' settlement to take shelter from German firing, ended up being killed by Russian machine-gun fire.
4879:, etc. After Russia's defeat how were we to handle the German land and air forces liberated? England would be again bombarded, threat of invasion revived... And now! We start 1943 under conditions I would never have dared to hope. Russia has held, Egypt for the present is safe. There is a hope of clearing North Africa of Germans in the near future... Russia is scoring wonderful successes in Southern Russia.
18859:
6620:, p. 84: "The attack at dawn failed to penetrate fully at first and developed into a grim struggle with Italian strong-points, lasting for hours. The Ravenna Division was the first to be overrun. A gap emerged that was hard to close, and there was no holding back the Red Army when it deployed the mass of its tank forces the following day. German reinforcements came too late in the breakthrough battle."
3795:
thrust would come from the area of
Kotelnikovo, well to the south, and around 160 kilometres (100 mi) from the Sixth Army. The other would start from the Chir front west of the Don, which was little more than 60 kilometres (40 mi) from the edge of the Kessel, but the continuing attacks of Romanenko's 5th Tank Army against the German detachments along the river Chir ruled out that start-line.
3558:. This resulted in a very thin line, with some sectors where 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) stretches were being defended by a single platoon (platoons typically have around 20 to 50 men). These forces were also lacking in effective anti-tank weapons. Zhukov states, "Compared with the Germans, the troops of the satellites were not so well armed, less experienced and less efficient, even in defence."
4090:
observers operated from the upper floors. Assault groups used sewers or broke through walls into adjoining buildings, to maintain concealment while moving into the rear of German attacks. Soviet tactical innovations were a "combination of intelligence, discipline, and determination" enabling the Soviet defenders to keep fighting when the Germans had achieved victory by "all conventional measures."
3521:
the fighting continued, especially on the slopes of Mamayev Kurgan and inside the factory area in the northern part of the city. From 21 August to 20 November, the German 6th Army lost 60,548 men, including 12,782 killed, 45,545 wounded and 2,221 missing. Fighting for the Volga banks has been noted as the "most concentrated and ferocious fighting in perhaps the whole war".
3235:. The soldiers surrounded it with minefields, set up machine-gun positions at the windows and breached the walls in the basement for better communications. The soldiers found about ten Soviet civilians hiding in the basement. They were not relieved, and not significantly reinforced, for two months, with the defense lasting around 60 days. The building was labelled
2996:. Regular river ferries were quickly destroyed by the Luftwaffe, which then targeted troop barges being towed slowly across by tugs. It has been said that Stalin prevented civilians from leaving the city in the belief that their presence would encourage greater resistance from the city's defenders. Civilians, including women and children, were put to work building
4355:, stressed the incredible death toll of the battle, stating that "Most appalling was the growing realization, formed by statistics I uncovered, that the battle was the greatest military bloodbath in recorded history. Well over a million men and women died because of Stalingrad, a number far surpassing the previous records of dead at the first battle of
3211:
found, though the Germans had thought there were many more due to the intensity of resistance. The Soviets burned large amounts of grain during their retreat in order to deny the enemy food. The grain elevator and silos were decided upon by Paulus to be the symbol of Stalingrad for a patch he was having designed to commemorate the battle after victory.
3272:... The distance between the enemy's arms and ours was as small as could possibly be. Despite the concentrated air and artillery power, it was impossible to break out of the area of close fighting. The Russians surpassed the Germans in their use of the terrain and in camouflage, and were more experienced in barricade warfare for individual buildings.
3803:, had been weak at first. It consisted of two Romanian cavalry divisions and the 23rd Panzer Division, which mustered no more than thirty serviceable tanks. The 6th Panzer Division, arriving from France, was a vastly more powerful formation, but its members hardly received an encouraging impression. The Austrian divisional commander, General
4082:, known to the Germans as "Stalin's organ", was used with devastating effect. In hand-to-hand fighting, spades were used as axes. Equipment used during the battle represented a full spectrum of World War II equipment, encompassing manufactured and field-improvised systems, as both sides fielded and used their complete arsenals.
4249:
notes "the battle between German and Soviet forces at Stalingrad was representative of the battle of wills between Hitler and Stalin". The strain on military commanders was immense: Paulus developed an uncontrollable tic in his eye, which eventually affected the left side of his face, while Chuikov experienced an outbreak of
4240:
combat life and together with us men, they went all the way to Berlin." At the beginning of the battle there were 75,000 women and girls from the Stalingrad area who had finished military or medical training, and they were to serve in the battle. Women staffed many anti-aircraft batteries that fought the
4368:
excess of a million, the bloodletting at Stalingrad far exceeded that of Verdun, one of the costliest battles of World War I." According to military historian Louis A. DiMarco, "In terms of raw casualty numbers, the battle for Stalingrad was the single most brutal battle in history." Military historian
10747:
It is likely that the figure of more than 2 million Soviet servicemen killed and missing during the Battle of Stalingrad, between July 17, 1942 and February 2, 1943, is closer to the truth than the official figures, which we have found to be generally underestimated irrecoverable losses approximately
4791:
According to Roberts, "Battles do change the course of history. They determine the outcome of wars, the shape and character of victory and the peace that follows. They also change how the history of a war is viewed. In both these respects no battle changed history more than Stalingrad", and that "The
4647:
The mopping-up of counter-revolutionary elements in the city of Stalingrad proceeded. The German soldiers – who had hidden themselves in huts and trenches – offered armed resistance after combat actions had already ended. This armed resistance continued until 15 February
4372:
affirmed that "The costliest land battle in history took place at Stalingrad" and that the "fighting inside a besieged Stalingrad proved to be the most costly single battle of World War II. At least 1.5 million Russians and Germans died over the months of contesting the city's rubble, comparably only
4062:
would not allow for German forces to retreat, even with the threat of encirclement. On 14 October, Hitler suspended all operations along the entire Eastern Front except for Stalingrad, and continued pushing even harder for Army Group B to capture the city, showing his willingness to capture it at all
3888:
to any country they wished after the war. Rokossovsky's letter also stressed that Paulus' men were in an untenable situation. Paulus requested permission to surrender, but Hitler rejected Paulus' request out of hand. Accordingly, Paulus did not respond. The German High Command informed Paulus, "Every
3862:
The military and political leadership of Nazi Germany sought not to relieve them, but to get them to fight on for as long possible so as to tie up the Soviet forces. The aim was to win as much time as possible to withdraw forces from the Caucasus (Army Group A) and to rush troops from other Fronts to
3794:
This would include the subsequent breakout of Sixth Army, in the event of a successful first phase, and its physical reincorporation in Army Group Don. This second plan was given the name Operation Thunderclap. Winter Storm, as Zhukov had predicted, was originally planned as a two-pronged attack. One
3333:
get killed by a Russian booby trap. The fighting for the Barrikady has been described as some of the most brutal and ferocious fighting ever, with it being stated that the "battlefield east of the Barrikady blazed with the most violent and profligate clash the world would ever see" and that in regard
3328:
According to Beevor, "The Red October complex and Barrikady gun factory had been turned into fortresses as lethal as those of Verdun. If anything, they were more dangerous because the Soviet regiments were so well hidden." The danger of the Barrikady Arms Factory was made apparent firsthand by German
3210:
A ferocious battle raged for several days at the giant grain elevator in the south of the city. About fifty Red Army defenders, cut off from resupply, held the position for five days and fought off ten different assaults before running out of ammunition and water. Only forty dead Soviet fighters were
3129:
On 13 September, the battle for the city itself began. With German forces launching an attack which overran the small hill where the 62nd Soviet Army headquarters was established, in addition, the railway station was captured, and German forces advanced far enough to threaten the Volga landing stage.
2452:
On 23 July 1942, Hitler expanded the campaign's objectives to include occupying Stalingrad, a city with immense propaganda value due to its name, which bore that of the Soviet leader. Hitler ordered the annihilation of Stalingrad's population, declaring that after its capture, all male citizens would
4895:
On 30 January 1943, the tenth anniversary of his coming to power, Hitler chose not to speak. Joseph Goebbels read the text of his speech for him on the radio. The speech contained an oblique reference to the battle, which suggested that Germany was now in a defensive war. The public mood was sullen,
4740:
4679:
We went into the yard of the large burnt out building of the Red Army House; and here one realised particularly clearly what the last days of Stalingrad had been to so many of the Germans. In the porch lay the skeleton of a horse, with only a few scraps of meat still clinging to its ribs. Then
3958:
On 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of Hitler's coming to power, Goebbels read out a proclamation that included the sentence: "The heroic struggle of our soldiers on the Volga should be a warning for everybody to do the utmost for the struggle for Germany's freedom and the future of our people,
3845:
On 16 December, the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn, which attempted to punch through the Axis army (mainly Italians) on the Don. The Germans set up a "mobile defence" of small units that were to hold towns until supporting armour arrived. From the Soviet bridgehead at Mamon, 15 divisions –
3822:
By 18 December, the German Army had pushed to within 48 km (30 mi) of Sixth Army's positions. However, the predictable nature of the relief operation brought significant risk for all German forces in the area. The starving encircled forces at Stalingrad made no attempt to break out or link
3280:
The Germans made slow but steady progress through the city. Positions were taken individually, but the Germans were never able to capture the key crossing points along the river bank. By 27 September, the Germans occupied the southern portion of the city, but the Soviets held the centre and northern
2987:
It was clear to me that the battle for Stalingrad was of the greatest military and political significance. If Stalingrad fell, the enemy command would be able to cut off the south of the country from the center. We could lose the Volga – the important water artery, along which a large
2460:
Meanwhile, Stalin, convinced that the main German attack would target Moscow, prioritized defending the Soviet capital. As the Soviet winter counteroffensive of 1941–1942 culminated in March, the Soviet high command began planning for the summer campaign. Although Stalin desired a general offensive,
10952:
rapidly deteriorated, the troops' 'belief' in Hitler did not falter, but rather increased in direct proportion to the hopelessness of the situation. While at a time of great victories praise of the Führer was accompanied by a confidence in the Wehrmacht's own invincibility, the growing sense of the
6605:
In spite of the unfavourable balance of forces – the 'Cosseria' and the 'Ravenna' faced eight to nine Russian divisions and an unknown number of tanks – the atmosphere among Italian staffs and troops was certainly not pessimistic ... The Italians, especially the officers of the 'Cosseria', had
4617:
stated that "Stalingrad was unique in the Second World War, in terms of duration, the number of soldiers killed, the relentlessness, the significance" and that "It was terrifying on both sides. They both had to carry on fighting until the very end. The people present there would have preferred hell
4609:
has spoken in similar fashion of Stalingrad — and the city still has not fallen to us." In October 1942, a Soviet war correspondent remarked that "A city of peace has become a city of war. The laws of warfare have placed it on the front line, at the epicenter of a battle that will shape the outcome
4269:
The conditions of both armies were atrocious. Disease ran rampant, with many deaths due to dysentery, typhus, diphtheria, tuberculosis and jaundice, causing medical staff to fear a possible epidemic. Rats and mice were plentiful, serving as one reason Germans could not counterattack in time, due to
4230:
addresses the question of how important the Red Army's coercive methods were to the war effort compared with other factors such as hatred for the enemy, stating that while it is "easy to argue that from the summer of 1942 the Soviet army fought because it was forced to fight," to concentrate solely
4125:
The brutality was shown by the military casualties taken by units. The 13th Guards Rifle Division suffered 30% casualties in the first twenty-four hours, with only 320 men out of 10,000 remaining at the battle's conclusion. With buildings and floors changing hands dozens of times and taking up days
4085:
The battle consumed a tremendous amount of ammunition and resources, in September fighting alone, the 6th Army expended 25 million rounds of small arms, 500,000 anti-tank rounds, 752,000 artillery shells and 178,000 hand grenades, with German forces expending 300 to 500 tons of artillery ammunition
4028:
The Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage, by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within. "Red Army soldiers enjoyed inventing gadgets to kill Germans.
3000:
and protective fortifications. Casualties due to the air raid on 23 August and beyond are debated, as between 23 and 26 August, Soviet reports indicate 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded as a result of the bombing. However, death toll of civilians due to the bombing has been estimated
2686:
The initial advance of the 6th Army was so successful that Hitler intervened and ordered the 4th Panzer Army to join Army Group South (A) to the south. A massive road block resulted when the 4th Panzer and the 1st Panzer choked the roads, stopping both in their tracks while they cleared the mess of
4974:
The events of the Battle for Stalingrad have been covered in numerous media works of British, American, German, and Russian origin, for its significance as a turning point in the Second World War and for the loss of life associated with the battle. Stalingrad has become synonymous with large-scale
4803:
The destruction of multiple armies and the halting of Germany's advance made the battle a watershed moment. Germany had lost its best army, as the Sixth Army was regarded as "the finest and most triumphant infantry in the world at that time" and was deemed to have been the "invincible, unstoppable
4648:
and in a few areas until 20 February. Most of the armed groups were liquidated by March ... During this period of armed conflict with the Germans, the brigade's units killed 2,418 soldiers and officers and captured 8,646 soldiers and officers, escorting them to POW camps and handing them over.
4404:
According to incomplete data from the Volgograd party archive, 42,754 people died during the course of the battle. However, research by Russian historian Tatyana Pavlova calculated there to be 710,000 inhabitants in the city on 23 August, and of that amount, 185,232 people had died by the battle's
4400:
cites the memoirs of a former director of the Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad Defense Museum, who noted that over two million Soviets dead were counted before being ordered to stop, with "still many months of work left". Sokolov states it as being closer to the true death toll than official statistics due to
4244:
and German tanks. Soviet nurses not only treated wounded personnel under fire but were involved in the dangerous work of bringing wounded soldiers back to hospitals under fire. Many Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suffered heavy casualties when their command posts came
3928:
On 22 January, Rokossovsky once again offered Paulus a chance to surrender. Paulus requested that he be granted permission to accept the terms. He told Hitler that he was no longer able to command his men, who were without ammunition or food. Hitler rejected it on a point of honour. He telegraphed
3878:
The Red Army High Command sent three envoys while, simultaneously, aircraft and loudspeakers announced the terms of capitulation on 7 January 1943. The letter was signed by Colonel-General of Artillery Voronov and the commander-in-chief of the Don Front, Lieutenant-General Rokossovsky. A low-level
3630:
In autumn, Zhukov and Vasilevsky, responsible for strategic planning in the Stalingrad area, concentrated forces in the steppes to the north and south of the city. The northern flank was defended by Romanian units, often in open positions on the steppes. The natural line of defence, the Don River,
3520:
In August 1942 after three months of slow advance, the Germans finally reached the river banks, capturing 90% of the ruined city and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow pockets. Ice floes on the Volga now prevented boats and tugs from supplying the Soviet defenders. Nevertheless,
3170:
composed of NKVD or regular troops were positioned behind Red Army units to prevent desertion and straggling, sometimes executing deserters and perceived malingerers. During the battle, the 62nd Army had the most arrests and executions: 203 in all, of which 49 were executed, while 139 were sent to
2908:
The capture of Stalingrad was subsidiary to the main aim. It was only of importance as a convenient place, in the bottleneck between Don and the Volga, where we could block an attack on our flank by Russian forces coming from the east. At the start, Stalingrad was no more than a name on the map to
2900:
enabling the XIVth Panzer Corps "to thrust to the Volga north of Stalingrad." The German 6th Army was only a few dozen kilometres from Stalingrad. The 4th Panzer Army, ordered south on 13 July to block the Soviet retreat "weakened by the 17th Army and the 1st Panzer Army", had turned northwards to
4738:
4642:
The remaining forces continued to resist, hiding in cellars and sewers, but by early March 1943 the last small and isolated pockets of resistance had surrendered. According to Soviet intelligence documents shown in the documentary, a remarkable NKVD report from March 1943 is available showing the
4638:
The bombing campaign and over five months of ferocious fighting had utterly destroyed 99% of the city, with the city being nothing more than a heap of rubble. Of the population of well over half a million before the battle, a quick census revealed only 1,515 people remained following the battle's
4634:
The battle is not only infamous for being a military bloodbath, but also for its disregard for civilians by both sides. When German forces reached the hospital for mentally handicapped children in the city, they promptly shot all the ten to fourteen year old patients. Soviet sniper Vasily Zaytsev
4589:
willingness to fight and die at Stalingrad to achieve that victory. Bartov reported that a great many of the soldiers were well aware that they would not be able to escape from Stalingrad, but in their letters to their families stated that they were proud to "sacrifice themselves for the Führer".
4588:
claims they were motivated by belief in Hitler and National Socialism. He studied 11,237 letters sent by soldiers inside of Stalingrad between 20 December 1942 and 16 January 1943 to their families in Germany. Generally, the letters expressed belief in Germany's ultimate victory and the soldiers'
4388:
The USSR, according to archival figures, suffered 1,129,619 total casualties; 478,741 personnel killed or missing, termed to be "irrevocable", and 650,878 wounded or sick. The USSR lost 4,341 tanks destroyed or damaged, 15,728 artillery pieces and 2,769 combat aircraft. Though the losses given by
4367:
states that "In less than seven months the Stalingrad dead numbered over three million". Historian Jochen Hellbeck described the lethality of the battle as such, "The battle of Stalingrad—the most ferocious and lethal battle in human history—ended on February 2. With an estimated death toll in an
4320:
According to the multivolume “The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945”: Germany and its allies suffered up up to 1.5 million casualties for the entire battle, in the Don, Volga and Stalingrad areas. The figure of 1.5 million total Axis casualties was also stated by Geoffrey Jukes in 1968. This has been
3985:
department store. Major Anatoly Soldatov described the conditions of the department store basement as such, "it was unbelievably filthy, you couldn't get through the front or back doors, the filth came up to your chest, along with human waste and who knows what else. The stench was unbelievable."
3743:
The conditions within the German 6th Army deteriorated to those reminiscent of World War I trench warfare. Troops were forced to take up positions in the open steppe, lacking basic sanitation, which led to rapid spread of infections and dysentery, further debilitating the soldiers. By 19 November
3541:
decided to conduct a number of offensive operations between 19 November 1942 and 2 February 1943. These operations opened the Winter Campaign of 1942–1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943), which involved some fifteen Armies operating on several fronts. As per Zhukov, "German operational blunders
3324:
Werth points out the difficulties the Siberian Division faced, as throughout the course of an entire month, German forces launched 117 assaults at the division's regiments, and on one day they launched 23 attacks. Every trench, pillbox, rifle-pit and ruin in the area was turned into a strongpoint
3205:
The street is no longer measured by meters but by corpses... Stalingrad is no longer a town. By day it is an enormous cloud of burning, blinding smoke; it is a vast furnace lit by the reflection of the flames. And when night arrives, one of those scorching howling bleeding nights, the dogs plunge
3174:
By 12 September, at the time of their retreat into the city, the Soviet 62nd Army had been reduced to 90 tanks, 700 mortars and just 20,000 personnel. The remaining tanks were used as immobile strong-points within the city. The initial German attack on 14 September attempted to take the city in a
2662:
finally opened as Army Group South began its attack into southern Russia on 28 June 1942. The German offensive achieved rapid success, as Soviet forces offered little resistance in the vast empty steppes and started streaming eastward. Several attempts to re-establish a defensive line failed when
2308:
was determined to hold the city for Germany at all costs and forbade the 6th Army from trying a breakout; instead, attempts were made to supply it by air and to break the encirclement from the outside. Though the Soviets were successful in preventing the Germans from making enough airdrops to the
4743:
4742:
4737:
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tactics to intimidate and demoralize. On loudspeakers throughout the ruined city, it was continuously announced that "Every seven seconds a German soldier dies in Russia. Stalingrad. . .mass grave". The sound was interspersed with the monotonous sound of a ticking clock, and an orchestral melody
4248:
For Stalin and Hitler, Stalingrad became a matter of prestige beyond its strategic significance. A book analyzing urban warfare remarked that "Among the cases collected here, the most extreme example of politics and sentiment investing a city with importance is that of Stalingrad". Another paper
3101:
We must reach the Volga. We can see it – less than a kilometer away. We have the constant support of our aircraft and artillery. We are fighting like madmen but cannot reach the river. The whole war for France was shorter than the fight for one Volga factory. We must be up against
4384:
The Germans lost 900 aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers used as transports), 500 tanks and 6,000 artillery pieces. A recent Soviet report states that 5,762 guns, 1,312 mortars, 12,701 heavy machine guns, 156,987 rifles, 80,438 sub-machine guns, 10,722 trucks, 744 aircraft; 1,666
4239:
Many women fought on the Soviet side or were under fire. As General Chuikov acknowledged, "Remembering the defence of Stalingrad, I can't overlook the very important question … about the role of women in war, in the rear, but also at the front. Equally with men they bore all the burdens of
4220:, stating "The Bolshevists attack until total exhaustion, and defend themselves until the physical extermination of the last man and weapon . . . Sometimes the individual will fight beyond the point considered humanly possible". One example of the heroism seen in Soviet troops was Soviet marine
4089:
The Soviet urban warfare tactics relied on 20-to-50-man-assault groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, with buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire. Strongpoints were defended by guns or tanks on the ground floor, while machine gunners and artillery
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forces had neglected for months to consolidate their positions along the natural defensive line of the Don River. The Soviet forces were allowed to retain bridgeheads on the right bank from which offensive operations could be quickly launched. These bridgeheads in retrospect presented a serious
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1, 2, and 77 had largely silenced Soviet artillery on the eastern bank of the Volga before turning their attention to the shipping that was once again trying to reinforce the narrowing Soviet pockets of resistance. The 62nd Army had been cut in two and, due to intensive air attack on its supply
3445:
4's original strength of 1,600 aircraft, of which 1,155 were operational, fell to 950, of which only 550 were operational. The fleet's total strength decreased by 40 percent. Daily sorties decreased from 1,343 per day to 975 per day. Soviet offensives in the central and northern portions of the
3378:
Fighting raged inside the Barrikady Factory until the end of October. The Soviet-controlled area shrank down to a few strips of land along the western bank of the Volga, and in November the fighting concentrated around what Soviet newspapers referred to as "Lyudnikov's Island", a small patch of
2892:
indicated that four hard-fought battles – collectively known as the Kotluban Operations – north of Stalingrad, where the Soviets made their greatest stand, decided Germany's fate before the Nazis ever set foot in the city itself, and were a turning point in the war. Beginning in late August and
4205:
A historical debate concerns the degree of terror in the Red Army. Beevor noted the "sinister" message from the Stalingrad Front's Political Department on 8 October 1942 that: "The defeatist mood is almost eliminated and the number of treasonous incidents is getting lower" as an example of the
4105:
describes how this process was particularly brutal, "In its way, the fighting in Stalingrad was even more terrifying than the impersonal slaughter at Verdun...It possessed a savage intimacy which appalled their generals, who felt that they were rapidly losing control over events." According to
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The fighting forced a total revaluation of the German situation. Sensing that this was the last chance for a breakout, Manstein pleaded with Hitler on 18 December, but Hitler refused. Paulus himself also doubted the feasibility of such a breakout. The attempt to break through to Stalingrad was
3765:
was established under Field Marshal von Manstein, tasked with leading the 20 German and two Romanian divisions encircled at Stalingrad. Despite Manstein's recommendation for a breakout, Hitler insisted on holding the city, relying on an ill-fated airlift to supply the 6th Army, which failed to
3312:
and Stalingrad Tractor Factory. It took a few more days for them to prepare for the most savage offensive of all, which was unleashed on 14 October, which Chuikov considered to be the worst day of the battle. Exceptionally intense shelling and bombing paved the way for the first German assault
4553:
The German public was not officially told of the impending disaster until the end of January 1943, though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement. Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly acknowledged a failure in its war effort. On 31
3790:
Manstein's plan to rescue the Sixth Army – Operation Winter Storm – was developed in full consultation with Führer headquarters. It aimed to break through to the Sixth Army and establish a corridor to keep it supplied and reinforced, so that, according to Hitler's order, it could maintain its
4309:
from 1 December 1942 to the end of the battle (12,727 killed, 37,627 wounded and 4,906 missing) Walsh estimates the losses to 6th Army and 4th Panzer division were over 300,000; while Louis A. DiMarco estimated the Germans suffered 400,000 total casualties during the battle. Soviet officials
3686:
divisions and one anti-tank brigade. The preparations for the attack were heard by the Romanians, who pushed for reinforcements, only to be refused. Romania's 3rd Army, which protected the northern flank of the German 6th Army, was overrun, due to thin lines, and being outnumbered and poorly
3276:
Stubborn defenses of semi-fortified buildings in the center of the city cost the Germans countless soldiers. A violent battle occurred for the Univermag department store on Red Square, which served as the headquarters of the 1st Battalion of the 13th Guards Rifle Division's 42nd Guards Rifle
4409:" and that "In Stalingrad, an absolute world record was set for the mass destruction of the civilian population during World War II." A 2018 study concluded that the demographic losses due to the battle ranged from 2.5 to 3 million, thereby describing it as a "real demographic catastrophe".
3916:
on the night of 21/22 January, meant an end to air supplies and the evacuation of the wounded. The third and last serviceable runway was at the Stalingradskaya flight school, which had its last landings and takeoffs on 23 January. After 23 January, there were no more reported landings, just
4744:
3920:
Despite the horrendous situation that German forces faced, both starving and running out of ammunition, they continued to resist, with transcripts showing that despite many German soldiers yelling "Hitler kaput" to avoid being shot while surrendering, the level of armed resistance remained
4984:... Stalingrad was an epic battle unmatched by any other in its dimensions, drama and decisiveness." In addition, besides the battle being recognized as the bloodiest and fiercest of the war, it is also considered to have been the closest of the war as well, as Geoffrey Roberts quotes the
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Regiment. Another battle occurred for a nearby warehouse dubbed the "nail factory". In a three-story building close by, guardsmen fought on for five days, their noses and throats filled with brick dust from pulverized walls, with only six out of close to half a battalion escaping alive.
2232:. It was the bloodiest and fiercest battle of the entirety of World War II—and arguably in all of human history—as both sides suffered tremendous casualties amidst ferocious fighting in and around the city. Today, the Battle of Stalingrad is commonly regarded as the turning point in the
4610:
of the entire war. After sixty days of fighting the Germans now know what this means. 'Verdun!' they scoff. 'This is no Verdun. This is something new in the history of warfare. This is Stalingrad." The world press commonly referred to it as the "Verdun on the Volga" during the battle.
3511:
was also involved in the Axis air operations at Stalingrad. Starting 23 October 1942, Romanian pilots flew a total of 4,000 sorties, during which they destroyed 61 Soviet aircraft. The Romanian Air Force lost 79 aircraft, most of them captured on the ground along with their airfields.
4038:
The forces involved in the battle were composed of well-trained, and in some cases, very-experienced troops, "Stalingrad was fought and lost by the finest collection of divisions in an army that had not known strategic defeat for a quarter of a century" in reference to German forces.
10953:
army's inability to overcome the military crisis created a need to rely on an irrational faith in the only man who was perceived as Germany's destiny, for better or for worse. Like all gods, Hitler's ability to mold the course of history was derived from the faith of his followers."
2702:
allies to guard their left (northern) flank. Italian actions were also mentioned in official German communiques. Italian forces were generally held in little regard by the Germans, and were accused of low morale: in reality, the Italian divisions fought comparatively well, with the
4000:
Around 91,000 exhausted, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners were taken. The prisoners included 22 generals. Hitler was furious and confided that Paulus "could have freed himself from all sorrow and ascended into eternity and national immortality, but he prefers to go to Moscow".
4245:
under fire. Though women were not usually trained as infantry, many Soviet women fought as machine gunners, mortar operators, scouts, and as snipers. Three air regiments at Stalingrad were entirely female. At least three women won the Hero of the Soviet Union while driving tanks.
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field marshal having ever surrendered. The implication was clear: if Paulus surrendered, he would shame himself and would become the highest-ranking German officer ever to be captured. As a result, Hitler believed that Paulus would either fight to the last man or commit suicide.
2309:
trapped Axis armies at Stalingrad, heavy fighting continued for another two months. On 2 February 1943, the 6th Army, having exhausted their ammunition and food, finally capitulated after several months of battle, making it the first of Hitler's field armies to have surrendered.
3883:
and a trumpeter) carried generous surrender terms to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24 hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners being allowed to keep their personal belongings, "normal" food rations, and
3850:
Divisions, and although outnumbered 9 to 1, the Italians initially fought well, with the Germans praising the quality of the Italian defenders, but on 19 December, with the Italian lines disintegrating, ARMIR headquarters ordered the battered divisions to withdraw to new lines.
4510:
The losses of transport planes were especially serious, as they destroyed the capacity for supply of the trapped 6th Army. The destruction of 72 aircraft when the airfield at Tatsinskaya Airfield was overrun meant the loss of about 10 percent of the Luftwaffe transport fleet.
4335:
According to Stephen Walsh: Romanian casualties were 158,854; 114,520 Italians (84,830 killed, missing and 29,690 wounded); and 143,000 Hungarian (80,000 killed, missing and 63,000 wounded), with total losses of Germany's allies at 494,374. Losses among Soviet POW turncoats
3497:; ADD), having taken crippling losses over the past 18 months, was restricted to flying at night. The Soviets flew 11,317 night sorties over Stalingrad and the Don-bend sector between 17 July and 19 November. These raids caused little damage and were of nuisance value only.
3440:
into November, and Soviet daytime aerial resistance was nonexistent. However, the combination of constant air support operations on the German side and the Soviet surrender of the daytime skies began to affect the strategic balance in the air. From 28 June to 20 September,
2275:, the incumbent leader of the Soviet Union. As the conflict progressed, Germany's fuel supplies dwindled and thus drove it to focus on moving deeper into Soviet territory and taking the country's oil fields at any cost. The German military first clashed with the Red Army's
4934:
4235:
notes, seemingly paradoxically, "their response was frequently relief." Infantryman Lev Lvovich's explanation is typical, "t was a necessary and important step. We all knew where we stood after we had heard it. And we all – it's true – felt better. Yes, we felt better."
4925:
later in 1943. Soviet propaganda spared no effort and wasted no time in capitalising on the triumph, impressing a global audience. The prestige of Stalin, the Soviet Union, and the worldwide Communist movement was immense, and their political position greatly enhanced.
3986:
When interrogated by the Soviets, Paulus claimed that he had not surrendered. He said that he had been taken by surprise. He denied that he was the commander of the remaining northern pocket in Stalingrad and refused to issue an order in his name for them to surrender.
4899:
The reverse was the case on the Soviet side. There was an overwhelming surge in confidence and belief in victory. A common saying was: "You cannot stop an army which has done Stalingrad." Stalin was feted as the hero of the hour and made a Marshal of the Soviet Union.
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Here, in and around the main building of the October Plant, the fighting had gone on for weeks. It had been a hell of shell-fire and mortarfire, and tank and air attacks, and hand-to-hand fighting; they had fought for a workshop or half a workshop, or for the end of a
3631:
had never been properly established by the German side. The armies in the area were also poorly equipped in terms of anti-tank weapons. The plan was to punch through the overstretched and weakly defended flanks and surround the German forces in the Stalingrad region.
4122:, still kept as a memorial. It was eventually cleared by the 39th Guards Regiment in close-quarters combat. Another example was on 14 September, the main railway station changed hands five times, and over the course of the next three days, another thirteen times.
3747:
4741:
4405:
conclusion, and including about 50,000 in the rural areas of Stalingrad, for a total of 235,232 civilians dead. Also from her research, Pavlova states that "The losses of the civilian population of Stalingrad are 32.3% higher than the losses of the population of
4975:
urban battles with immense casualties on both sides, and according to historian David Glantz, has become a "metaphor for the ferocity of the Soviet-German conflict and, indeed, for the devastating nature of twentieth-century warfare as a whole". Also, historian
3012:(VVS), was swept aside by the Luftwaffe. The VVS bases in the immediate area lost 201 aircraft between 23 and 31 August, and despite meagre reinforcements of some 100 aircraft in August, it was left with just 192 serviceable aircraft, 57 of which were fighters.
4583:
Based on Soviet records, over 11,000 German soldiers continued to resist in isolated groups within the city for the next month. Some have presumed that they were motivated by a belief that fighting on was better than a slow death in Soviet captivity. Historian
4952:
was erected in 1967 on Mamayev Kurgan, the hill overlooking the city where bones and rusty metal splinters can still be found. The statue forms part of a war memorial complex which includes the ruins of the Grain Silo and Pavlov's House. On 2 February 2013
3345:
and in the afternoon the forward assault group reached the tractor factory before arriving at the Volga River, splitting the 62nd Army into two. In response to the German breakthrough to the Volga, the front headquarters committed three battalions from the
4151:
was brought in, being withdrawn soon after due to Soviet threats to the gun. Germans would shell Soviet reinforcements coming across the Volga without pause, with the Soviets firing back. Despite the notion of the vulnerability of tanks in urban settings,
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lasting into October, the Soviets committed between two and four armies in hastily coordinated and poorly controlled attacks against the Germans' northern flank. The actions resulted in over 200,000 Soviet Army casualties but did slow the German assault.
3303:
After 27 September, much of the fighting in the city shifted north to the industrial district. Having slowly advanced over 10 days against strong Soviet resistance, the 51st Army Corps was finally in front of the three giant factories of Stalingrad: the
3428:
flew 900 individual sorties against Soviet positions at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory on 5 October. Several Soviet regiments were wiped out; the entire staff of the Soviet 339th Infantry Regiment was killed the following morning during an air raid.
3791:"cornerstone" position on the Volga, "with regard to operations in 1943". Manstein, however, who knew that Sixth Army could not survive the winter there, instructed his headquarters to draw up a further plan in the event of Hitler's seeing sense.
3770:
had lost nearly 500 aircraft, including 266 Ju 52s, and failed to maintain adequate supply levels. Ultimately, the failure to relieve Stalingrad sealed the fate of the 6th Army, leading to one of the most catastrophic defeats in military history.
4622:
stated that "The battle of Stalingrad is deservedly considered to be the most desperate in human history. The German Sixth Army was sucked into a house-by-house, street-by-street, factory-by-factory struggle often even more attritional than the
4126:
to win, platoons and companies took up to 90% and even 100% casualties to win a building or floor within it. Chuikov estimated that about three thousand Germans had been killed during the fighting for the tractor factory on 14 October alone.
3903:
The operation launched on 10 January 1943 with what was the single largest bombardment of the war at that point, with nearly 7,000 field guns, launchers and mortars firing against German positions. The operation was likely the largest scale
4331:
According to Frieser, et al.: 109,000 Romanians casualties (from November 1942 to December 1942), included 70,000 captured or missing. 114,000 Italians and 105,000 Hungarians were killed, wounded or captured (from December 1942 to February
4979:
states that "No battle of any war has had more written about it than Stalingrad" and that "No battle of the Second World War has captured the public imagination as much as the clash between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany at Stalingrad in
4814:
in September shared similar views. Joseph Goebbels also shared similar sentiment, declaring that the battle was a "question of life or death, and all of our prestige, just as that of the Soviet Union, will depend on how it will end". The
3125:
helped repel the offensive by heavily attacking Soviet artillery positions and defensive lines. The Soviets were forced to withdraw at midday after only a few hours. Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had committed, 30 were lost to air attack.
4592:
A Soviet officer interviewed months after the battle, Nikolai Nikitich Aksyonov, described the scale of devastation and conflict at Stalingrad, stating that "As a historian, I tried to draw comparisons to battles I know from history:
3744:
1942, the German forces in the pocket numbered about 210,000, with 50,000 soldiers outside the encirclement. Of those trapped, 10,000 continued to fight, 105,000 eventually surrendered, 35,000 were evacuated by air, and 60,000 died.
4656:
The 64th Army was putting itself in order, being in previously occupied regions. Location of army's units is as it was previously. In the region of location of the 38th Motorised Rifle Brigade in a basement eighteen armed SS-men
4293:
8275:, pp. 83–84: "During this phase, the Germans praised the steadfastness of Italian infantry, who held out tenaciously even in isolated strong-points, but eventually reached their breaking-point under this constant pressure."
3073:
through the bore of their gun barrels. Chuikov later remarked that soldiers approaching the battle would say "We are entering hell", but after one or two days, they said "No, this isn't hell, this is ten times worse than hell".
2913:
The Soviets had enough warning of the German advance to ship grain, cattle, and railway cars across the Volga out of harm's way. This "harvest victory" left the city short of food even before the German attack began. Before the
4887:
in November 1942. However, there were only about 50,000 German soldiers at El Alamein in Egypt, while at Stalingrad, at least 200,000 Germans had been lost. Stalingrad is viewed as being more important than both El Alamein and
12112:
3959:
and thus in a wider sense for the maintenance of our entire continent." The same day, Hermann Göring broadcast from the air ministry, comparing the situation of the surrounded German 6th Army to that of the Spartans at the
4695:
Most of the nearly 91,000 German prisoners captured in Stalingrad perished. Weakened by disease, starvation and lack of medical care during the encirclement, they were sent on forced marches to prisoner camps and later to
2687:
thousands of vehicles. The traffic jam is thought to have delayed the advance by at least one week. With the advance now slowed, Hitler changed his mind and reassigned the 4th Panzer Army back to the attack on Stalingrad.
2504:. The defeat at Kharkov left the Soviets vulnerable to the German summer offensive. Despite the setback, Stalin continued to prioritize defending Moscow, allocating only limited reinforcements to the Southwestern Front.
2428:
had been rested and re-equipped. Hitler decided that the 1942 summer campaign would target the southern Soviet Union. The initial objectives around Stalingrad were to destroy the city's industrial capacity and block the
4231:
on coercion is nonetheless to "distort our view of the Soviet war effort." After conducting interviews with Soviet veterans on the terror on the Eastern Front – and specifically Order No. 227 ("Not a step back!") –
4182:
The ferocious and intense fighting was not only within the city itself. Most brutal fighting that consumed both forces occurred outside and west of the city, in the snow-covered steppes. The battle turned from the
3638:
Zhukov personally visited the front and noticing the poor organisation, insisted on a one-week delay in the start date of the planned attack. The operation was code-named "Uranus" and launched in conjunction with
1835:
9103:"The Struggle for Stalingrad City: Opposing Orders of Battle, Combat Orders and Reports, and Operational and Tactical Maps. Part 2: The Fight for Stalingrad's Factory District – 14 October–18 November 1942"
3694:. The Romanian forces, made up primarily of infantry, were overrun by large numbers of tanks. The Soviet forces raced west and met on 23 November at the town of Kalach, sealing the ring around Stalingrad.
5107:
The Soviet front's composition and names changed several times in the battle. The battle started with the South Western Front. It was later renamed Stalingrad Front, then had the Don Front split off from
3217:
changed hands multiple times over the course of days, with fighting over the hill, rail station and Red Square being so intense that it was difficult to determine who was attacking and who was defending.
3810:
Three days later, when the first trainload of Raus's division steamed into Kotelnikovo station to unload, his troops were greeted by "a hail of shells" from Soviet batteries. "As quick as lightning, the
3798:
This left only the LVII Panzer Corps around Kotelnikovo, supported by the rest of Hoth's very mixed Fourth Panzer Army, to relieve Paulus's trapped divisions. The LVII Panzer Corps, commanded by General
3050:
I had been imagining what war was like – everything on fire, children crying, cats running about, and when we got to Stalingrad it turned out to be really like that, only more terrible.
4739:
4179:, who became a propaganda hero, credited with 225 kills. Targets were often soldiers bringing up food or water to forward positions. Artillery spotters were an especially prized target for snipers.
3035:
of the 2nd Battalion, 64th Panzer Grenadier Regiment from the 16th Panzer reached the area of Latashanka, Rynok, and Spartanovka, northern suburbs of Stalingrad, and the Stalingrad Tractor Factory.
2473:. Ultimately, Stalin instructed that the summer campaign be based on "active strategic defense," while also ordering local offensives across the Eastern Front. Southwestern Main Direction commander
4715:
offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the Soviets did not accept the offer. It was not until 1955 that the last of the 5,000–6,000 survivors were repatriated (to
18971:
3537:
Recognising that German troops were ill-prepared for offensive operations during the winter of 1942 and that most of them were deployed elsewhere on the southern sector of the Eastern Front, the
3206:
into the Volga and swim desperately to gain the other bank. The nights of Stalingrad are a terror for them. Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear it for long; only men endure.
14673:
4796:
meant that there would never be another battle like Stalingrad. The greatest battle of the last great war of the pre-atomic age was an epic struggle that will never be surpassed." Historian
14637:
14632:
14617:
14592:
14582:
2694:. At this point, the Don and Volga Rivers are only 65 km (40 mi) apart, and the Germans left their main supply depots west of the Don. The Germans began using the armies of their
2279:
on the distant approaches to Stalingrad on 17 July. On 23 August, the 6th Army and elements of the 4th Panzer Army launched their offensive with support from intensive bombing raids by the
3755:
Despite the 6th Army's dire situation, no reinforcements were pulled from Army Group A in the Caucasus to aid in the relief of Stalingrad. It was only after Soviet forces broke through in
2711:
showing spirit, according to a German liaison officer. Italian forces were forced to retreat only after a massive armoured attack in which German reinforcements failed to arrive in time.
2511:
to the Second Battle of Kharkov further delayed the offensive's start. On 1 June, Hitler modified the summer plans, delaying Case Blue to 20 June after preliminary operations in Ukraine.
4324:
According to G. G. Matishov, et al.: Germany and its allies suffered more than 880,000 casualties from November 1942 to early February 1943 between Stalingrad and the "great bend of the
4078:, which was "effectively terrifying" in its use of clearing sewer tunnels, cellars, and inaccessible hiding places. Operators were immediately targeted as soon as they were spotted. The
3077:
By the end of August, Army Group South (B) had finally reached the Volga, north of Stalingrad. Another advance to the river south of the city followed, while the Soviets abandoned their
12174:
3932:
On 26 January 1943, the German forces inside Stalingrad were split into two pockets north and south of Mamayev-Kurgan. The northern pocket consisting of the VIIIth Corps, under General
1828:
1703:
2453:
be killed and women and children deported due to their "thoroughly communistic" nature. The city's fall was intended to secure the northern and western flanks of the German advance on
3963:, the speech was not well received by soldiers however. Paulus notified Hitler that his men would likely collapse before the day was out. In response, Hitler then issued a tranche of
3807:, was summoned to Manstein's royal carriage in Kharkov station on 24 November, where the field marshal briefed him. "He described the situation in very sombre terms", recorded Raus.
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By the time of the encirclement, approximately 330,000 Axis personnel, including Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Croatians, were trapped. Among them were between 40,000 and 65,000
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5748:, p. 441: "Broadly speaking, the Battle of Stalingrad may be divided into the following stages: (1) July 17 to August 4, when the main fighting was still inside the Don Bend."
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Every year still, hundreds of bodies of soldiers who died in the battle are recovered in the area around Stalingrad and reburied in the cemeteries at Mamayev Kurgan or Rossoshka.
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hosted a military parade and other events to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the final victory. Since then, military parades have always commemorated the victory in the city.
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attacked out of the Vertyachy bridgehead with a force 120 tanks and over 200 armored personnel carriers strong. The German attack broke through the 1382nd Rifle Regiment of the
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were tasked with planning the defence of Stalingrad. Beyond the Volga River on the eastern boundary of Stalingrad, additional Soviet units were formed into the 62nd Army under
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becoming common inside and outside the city, as both sides entrenched themselves and built up positions, with trenches being turned into strongpoints and brutally fought for.
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in urban warfare. Snipers on both sides used the ruins to inflict casualties, with Soviet command heavily emphasizing sniper tactics to wear down the Germans. The most famous
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were aggravated by poor intelligence: they failed to spot preparations for the major counter-offensive near Stalingrad where there were 10 field, 1 tank and 4 air armies."
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On 23 December, the attempt to relieve Stalingrad was abandoned and Manstein's forces switched over to the defensive to deal with new Soviet offensives. As Zhukov states,
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ground attack aircraft. Crossing the railway line to Stalingrad at 564 km Station around midday, both divisions continued their rush towards the river. Around 15:00,
2888:, in which "We had had to pay a high cost in men and material ... left on the Kalach battlefield were numerous burnt-out or shot-up German tanks." Military historian
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on 11 September 1942. Tasked with holding the city at all costs, Chuikov proclaimed, "We will defend the city or die in the attempt." The battle earned him one of his two
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3577:, covered 400 km. Paulus had requested permission on 10 November to "withdraw the 6th Army behind the Don," but was rejected. According to Paulus's comments to his
3239:("Fortress") on German maps. Pavlov was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title for his actions. General Chuikov took note of the brutal efficiency of the defense of
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was forced to withdraw a considerable amount of military forces from other regions to replace losses on the Eastern Front. By the time the hostilities ended, the German
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On 23 August, the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad in pursuit of the 62nd and 64th Armies, which had fallen back into the city. Kleist said after the war:
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of a large Soviet force between 17 May and 29 May. Similarly, Operation Wilhelm attacked Voltshansk on 13 June, and Operation Fridericus attacked Kupiansk on 22 June.
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for support. The Hungarian 2nd Army was given the task of defending a 200 km (120 mi) section of the front north of Stalingrad between the Italian Army and
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ferries, was receiving much less material support. With the Soviets forced into a 1-kilometre (1,000-yard) strip of land on the western bank of the Volga, over 1,208
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After delays in troop movements and logistical challenges, the Kharkov operation began on 12 May. The Soviets achieved initial success, prompting 6th Army commander
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was pushing far into the Caucasus, but the advance slowed as supply lines grew overextended. The two German army groups were too far apart to support one another.
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and the 137th Tank Brigade, which were forced to retreat towards Dmitryevka. The 16th Panzer Division drove east towards the Volga, supported by the strikes of
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Both sides placed great strategic importance on Stalingrad, for it was the largest industrial centre of the Soviet Union and an important transport hub on the
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Stalingrad-info.com, Russian archival docs translated into English, original battle maps, aerial photos, pictures taken at the battlefields, relics collection
4224:, who was covered in flames after his Molotov cocktail was shot while attempting to throw it, however he continued with another Molotov and destroyed a tank.
3584:, "There is still the order whereby no commander of an army group or an army has the right to relinquish a village, even a trench, without Hitler's consent."
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position for the inner defensive ring west of Stalingrad. The wings of the 6th Army and the 4th Panzer Army met near Jablotchni along the Zaritza on 2 Sept.
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Historian David Glantz stated that Stalingrad was "the most brutal clash of arms in the most terrible of twentieth-century wars". Further, French historian
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was in charge of the 13th Guards Rifle Division, and received one of two Hero of the Soviet Union awards issued during the battle for his actions. Stalin's
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dive-bombers to prevent a breakthrough. The offensive was repelled. The Stukas claimed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks knocked out that morning, while escorting
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4101:"Rat War". Buildings had to be cleared room by room through the bombed-out debris of residential areas, office blocks, basements and apartment high-rises.
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2945:, and the heaviest bombing raid that had ever taken place on the Eastern Front. At least 90% of the city's housing stock was obliterated as a result. The
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dropped some 1,000 tons of bombs on 23 August, with the aerial attack on Stalingrad being the most single intense aerial bombardment at that point on the
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4118:, a prominent hill above the city, was particularly merciless; indeed, the position changed hands many times. A notable building brutally fought for was
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4054:". The Soviets persisted against German forces by using all available means, with the commitment being reflected in their planning, orders and actions.
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referred to the Rynok-Spartanovka region as "little Verdun" because "there was hardly a square meter that had not been churned up by bombs and shells."
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between the Japanese and the Germans once their forces met up, and made certain that the German ambitions to use Soviet resources to fight against the
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all over the Soviet Union. Some 35,000 were eventually sent on transports, of which 17,000 did not survive. Most died of wounds, disease (particularly
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A bitter battle for every house, workshop, water tower, railway embankment, wall, cellar and every pile of rubble was waged, without equal even in the
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and Guy Wint, "The closest and bloodiest battle of the war was fought among the stumps of buildings burnt or burning". Buildings saw floor-by-floor,
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suicide squads. They have simply decided to fight to the last soldier. And how many soldiers are left over there? When will this hell come to an end?
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conclusion. However, Beevor notes that a census revealed that 9,796 civilians were in the city at the battle's conclusion, including 994 children.
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conducted 7,507 sorties (938 per day). From 16 to 25 September, it carried out 9,746 missions (975 per day). Determined to crush Soviet resistance,
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During the siege, the German and allied Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian armies protecting Army Group B's north and south flanks had pressed their
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was routed. The Soviets' victory at Stalingrad shifted the Eastern Front's balance of power in their favour, while also boosting the morale of the
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was forged to the order of King George VI. After being put on public display in Britain, this was presented to Stalin by Winston Churchill at the
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11293:, 53 min, Sebastian Dehnhardt, Manfred Oldenburg (directors)) (in Finnish, German, and Russian). broadview.tv GmbH, Germany 2003. Archived from
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to capture its petroleum resources. This expansion of objectives stemmed from German overconfidence and an underestimation of Soviet reserves.
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The Axis suffered 800,000–1,500,000 casualties (killed, wounded or captured) among all branches of the German armed forces and their allies:
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New booby traps were dreamed up, each seemingly more ingenious and unpredictable in its results than the last." The battle saw many types of
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had captured vast territories, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic republics. On the Western Front, Germany held most of Europe, the
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282,606 in the 6th Army from 21 August to the end of the battle; 17,293 in the 4th Panzer Army from 21 August to 31 January; 55,260 in the
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was forced to divert much of its air strength away from the oil-rich Caucasus, which had been Hitler's original grand-strategic objective.
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Clouds of smoke and dust rise from the ruins of the canning factory in Stalingrad South after German bombing of the city on 2 October 1942.
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World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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On the next day, the southern pocket in Stalingrad collapsed. Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters in the ruined
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235,000 German and allied troops in total, from all units, including Manstein's ill-fated relief force, were captured during the battle.
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12972:[The Battle of Stalingrad: the bloodiest armed conflict in history and the beginning of a major turning point in World War II].
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2224:. The battle was characterized by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in aerial raids; the battle epitomized
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proclaimed that the victory had saved European civilisation. The country celebrated "Red Army Day" on 23 February 1943. A ceremonial
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4 flew 1,250 sorties on 14 October and its Stukas dropped 550 tonnes of bombs, while German infantry surrounded the three factories.
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8470:. Einsätze des Bordmechanikers Gefr. Michael Deiml (Sorties of Aviation Mechanic Private Michael Deiml). Retrieved 4 December 2009.
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newspaper wrote in early August that the battle would become the "most fateful battle of the war", and an article from the British
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expressed that the Battle of Stalingrad, "of any battle in human history, has made the greatest positive difference for humanity".
3912:. The Germans retreated from the suburbs of Stalingrad to the city. The loss of the two airfields, Pitomnik on 16 January 1943 and
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On 20 November, a second Soviet offensive (two armies) was launched to the south of Stalingrad against points held by the Romanian
3321:) attacked towards the tractor factory, while another assault led by the 24th Panzer Division hit to the south of the giant plant.
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The central pocket, under the command of Heitz, surrendered the same day, while the northern pocket, under the command of General
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and having supreme authority over the Volga River. The city also held significant symbolic importance because it bore the name of
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The start of the battle is debated, with some historians putting it in August, with the most common date being on 23 August 1942.
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that required him to have his hands completely bandaged. Troops on both sides faced the constant strain of close-range combat.
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had cut off shipping on the Volga. In the days between 25 and 31 July, 32 Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.
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4114:, with the Germans and Soviets on alternate levels, firing at each other through holes in the floors. Fighting on and around
3243:, stating that "Pavlov's small group of men, defending one house, killed more enemy soldiers than the Germans lost in taking
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There are several unique photos of parade and award ceremony for Wehrmacht personnel who survived the Battle of Stalingrad.
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1981:
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Army University Press in association with the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate presents the Stalingrad campaign overview
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It is estimated that as many as over one million soldiers and civilians combined were killed during the battle. Historian
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A letter found on the body of a German officer described the insanity of the battle and brutal nature of the urban combat:
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to have been 40,000, or as many as 70,000, though these estimates may be exaggerated. Also estimated are 150,000 wounded.
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Epic in scope and meaning, this bloody conflict endured for 199 days, beginning in July 1942 and ending in February 1943.
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about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to the northwest. The plan was similar to that used by Zhukov to achieve victory at
3384:
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Beevor, Antony (2004). "Stalingrad and Researching the Experience of War". In Erickson, Ljubica; Erickson, Mark (eds.).
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described it as "the biggest and most traumatic defeat in German military history" and that "the myth of the invincible
4381:, the merciless clash where the rules of war were discarded . . . Around 1.1 million died in the battle on both sides".
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Battle for Stalingrad: the 1943 Soviet General Staff study. (1990). Choice Reviews Online, 27(05), pp. 27-2848-27-2848.
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The news of the battle echoed round the world, with many people now believing that Hitler's defeat was inevitable. The
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in 1709 turned Russia into a European power, then Stalingrad set the Soviet Union on the road to being a world power".
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of 27 July 1942 decreed that all commanders who ordered unauthorised retreats would be subject to a military tribunal.
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2007:
1971:
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declared it to be "the greatest battle of attrition the world has ever seen". On 2 February 1943, American journalist
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As historian Chris Bellamy notes, the Germans paid a high strategic price for the aircraft sent into Stalingrad: the
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resisted all ferocious assaults thrown by the Germans and became a symbol of the stout Soviet defence of Stalingrad.
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This Army Group was created on 21 November 1942 from parts of Army Group B in order for it to hold the line between
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as a "close-run thing" to describe the Battle of Stalingrad, further adding to its popularity status and notoriety.
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them. Two major pockets were formed and destroyed: the first, northeast of Kharkov, on 2 July, and a second, around
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January, regular programmes on German state radio were replaced by a broadcast of the sombre Adagio movement from
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help take the city from the south. On 19 August, German forces were in position to launch an attack on the city.
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Hartley, J. M. (2021). "Chapter 15:The Volga and the Second World War: Conflict, reconstruction, and identity".
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heralded the destruction of "the flower of Adolf Hitler's army". The next day, on 4 February, French newspaper,
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A handful of senior officers were taken to Moscow and used for propaganda purposes, and some of them joined the
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Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriâ 4. Istoriâ, Regionovedenie, Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ
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6707:Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения
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Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriâ 4. Istoriâ, Regionovedenie, Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ
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Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.).
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Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.).
2500:'s forces launched Operation Fridericus I, encircling and destroying much of the Soviet forces in the ensuing
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The tragedy of German prisoners of war in Stalingrad: from 1942 to 1956 according to Russian archival records
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Die Tragödie der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Stalingrad: von 1942 bis 1956 nach russischen Archivunterlagen
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4855:, headlined it as "the greatest battle of all time". Writing in his diary on 1 January 1943, British General
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spearhead of the Third Reich's arms". At the time, the global significance of the battle was not in doubt. A
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to hand-to-hand fighting, "nowhere was it more brutal, more savage, more relentless, than in the Barrikady".
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fortified a four-story building that oversaw a square 300 meters from the river bank, which was later called
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7552:"No Land Behind The Volga: The Red Army's Defense of Stalingrad and the Encirclement of the German 6th Army"
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jumped from their wagons. But already the enemy was attacking the station with their battle-cries of 'Urrah!
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German soldiers as prisoners of war. In the background is the heavily fought-over Stalingrad grain elevator.
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part. Most importantly, the Soviets controlled the ferries to their supplies on the east bank of the Volga.
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Pennington, Reina (2004). "Women and the Battle of Stalingrad". In Erikson, Ljubica; Erikson, Mark (eds.).
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Stalingrad has been described as the greatest singular defeat in the history of the German Army. Historian
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stated that "Superlatives are unavoidable when describing the battle of Stalingrad; it was the struggle of
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to request reinforcements. However, a German counterattack on 13 May halted the Soviet advance. On 17 May,
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46:
10207:] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421.
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5767:] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 252.
5343:] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421.
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tanks, 261 other armoured vehicles, 571 half-tracks and 10,679 motorcycles were captured by the Soviets.
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often served in supporting roles but were also deployed in frontline units due to their growing numbers.
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On 19 November 1942, Operation Uranus was launched. The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen.
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day that the army holds out longer helps the whole front and draws away the Russian divisions from it."
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12209:, US Army Command and General Staff College Press, Fort Leavenworth Kansas USA, pp. 29–53, 443–444
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from declaring war on the Soviet Union. The battle also stifled plans for future joint strategy in the
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4's percentage of Eastern Front aircraft from 60 percent on 28 June to 38 percent by 20 September. The
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2017:
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Documentary showing the recovery of numerous bodies of missing soldiers in the Stalingrad area in 2015
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Bates, Aaron (April 2016). "For Want of the Means: A Logistical Appraisal of the Stalingrad Airlift".
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Island of Fire: The Battle for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad November 1942 – February 1943
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Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive: Die Ostfront 1943/44 Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten
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Stalingrad – OSA III – Stalingradin taistelu päättyy (Stalingrad, Part 3: Battle of Stalingrad ends)
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German and Romanian command personnel consult in a field position near the Don River, August 1942.
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Story of the Stalingrad battle with pictures, maps, video and other primary and secondary sources
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Croatian Legion: The 369th Reinforced (Croatian) Infantry Regiment on The Eastern Front 1941–1943
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4704:), cold, overwork, mistreatment and malnutrition. Some were kept in the city to help rebuild it.
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each day. The Red Army fired more ammunition in this battle than any other operation of the war.
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Historian David Glantz stated that the grinding and brutal battle resembled "the fighting on the
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12970:"Stalinqrad döyüşü: tarixin ən qanlı savaşı və II dünya müharibəsində əsaslı dönüşün başlanğıcı"
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The Roots of Soviet Victory: The Applications of Operational Art on the Eastern Front, 1942-1943
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9463:"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare"
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protecting the 6th Army's flanks. The Axis flanks were overrun and the 6th Army was encircled.
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9935:"War of the Words: Lessons in Psychological Operations from the Eastern Front in World War II"
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Endgame at Stalingrad: Book Two: December 1942–February 1943, The Stalingrad Trilogy, Volume 3
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was gone forever". The German military historian Walter Görlitz stated that "It was a second
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conducted 100,000 sorties and dropped 100,000 tons of bombs on the city and river crossings.
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Soviet soldiers attack, February 1943. The ruined Railwaymen's Building is in the background.
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12161:"Searching for Missing Soldiers in Stalingrad (Die Toten von Stalingrad) - Arte documentary"
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7480:"Stalingrad: The Hinge of History – How Hitler's hubris led to the defeat of the Sixth Army"
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The brutality of the battle was noted in a journal found on German lieutenant Weiner of the
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During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army deployed five armies in and around the city (
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The Damned and the Dead: The Eastern Front Through the Eyes of Soviet and Russian Novelists
10248:Большая излучина Дона – место решающих сражений Великой Отечественной войны (1942–1943 гг.)
9860:, US Army Command and General Staff College Press, Fort Leavenworth Kansas USA, p. 443
6703:"Особенности тактики ведения боевых действий советских войск в период Сталинградской битвы"
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Turning Point: Recollections of Russian Participants and Witnesses of the Stalingrad Battle
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Stalin rushed all available troops to the east bank of the Volga, some from as far away as
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11503:. Vol. VI (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. pp. 1214–1215.
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July 17, 1942 in Russian historiography is considered the beginning of the Stalingrad War.
5129:, p. 195: This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the
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Some German holdouts continued to operate in the city and resist until early March 1943.
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was held only by the Romanian 4th Army. Beyond that army, a single German division, the
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intensified its efforts against the remaining Red Army positions holding the west bank.
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Operation Fridericus I by the Germans against the "Izyum bulge", pinched off the Soviet
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2332:, the Battle of Stalingrad is recognized as an important aspect of what is known as the
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12523:. Black Cross Red Star: Air War Over the Eastern Front. Vol. III. Eagle Editions.
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5245:] (in Russian). Vol. 6. Коренной перелом в войне. Воениздат. 1976. p. 35.
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In recognition of the determination of its defenders, Stalingrad was awarded the title
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to the World War I German attack on the fortress complex at Verdun." British historian
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daß in der sowjetischen Geschichtsschreibung üblich war die Schlacht von Stalingrad...
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Historical Memorial Complex "To the Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle" at Mamayev Hill.
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The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
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The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
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The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
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The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
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A Doctrine for Defense of a Major Urban Population Center by Division and Larger Units
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4549:, then the two highest ranking German officers captured by the Allies, 4 February 1943
3973:. In deciding to promote Paulus, Hitler noted that there was no record of a German or
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13300:]. German Life and Civilization (in German). Vol. 23. Peter Lang Publishers.
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11897:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Уткин А. И. Вторая мировая война"
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Poteri Vooruzhonnykh Sil SSSR v voynakh, boyevykh deystviyakh i voyennykh konfliktakh
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Consul in Moscow predicted that "the lands which the Germans have destined for their
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book, based on a first-hand account of his visit to Stalingrad on 3–5 February 1943,
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The operative report of the Don Front's staff issued on 5 February 1943, 22:00 said,
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in 1916 more than it did the familiar blitzkrieg war of the previous three summers".
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The condition of the troops that surrendered was pitiful. British war correspondent
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to enter Stalingrad city during assault operations, with it fighting as part of the
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Why Stalin's Soldiers Fought: The Red Army's Military Effectiveness in World War II
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ru:Война на весах Фемиды: война 1941–1945 гг. в материалах следственно-судебных дел
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form a new front that would be able in some measure to check our counter-offensive.
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On 5 September, the Soviet 24th and 66th Armies organized a massive attack against
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Stalingrad Battle Data Project: order of battle, strength returns, interactive map
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The photo album of Wehrmacht NCO named Nemela of 9. Machine-Gewehr Bataillon (mot)
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10816:"Динамика демографических показателей Сталинградской области в 1940-х - 1950-х гг"
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Losses of the Armed Forces of the USSR in wars, hostilities and military conflicts
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McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987).
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Similarly, on the southern flank of the Stalingrad sector, the front southwest of
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To the Gates of Stalingrad – Soviet-German combat operations April to August 1942
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2489:. Despite opposition from Shaposhnikov and Vasilevsky, Stalin approved the plan.
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12104:"Stalingrad anniversary: 70 years on, Russian city still gives up its WWII dead"
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during the battle, though this is thought to have resulted from natural causes.
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to clear the city with varying success. Towards the end of August, the gigantic
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Stalingrad battle Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive
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The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts
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3736:), or "volunteer auxiliaries," recruited from Soviet POWs and civilians. These
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The Germans formed bridgeheads across the Don on 20 August, with the 295th and
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2316:, the legacy of the Red Army's victory at Stalingrad is commemorated among the
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1898:
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Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943
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To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April-August 1942
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Leavenworth Papers No. 2 Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939; MAPS
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coercion Red Army soldiers experienced under the Special Detachments (renamed
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extraordinarily high till the end of the battle. In particular, the so-called
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In mid-October, after receiving reinforcements from the Caucasus theatre, the
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13312:. Stalin's War with Germany. Vol. 1. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
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Eingekesselt: Die Schlacht um Stalingrad im deutschsprachigen Roman nach 1945
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The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers Müller
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4663:] were found, who refused to surrender, the Germans found were destroyed.
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In the early stages of the battle, the NKVD organised poorly armed "Workers'
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Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500
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Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500
4562:, followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad. On 18 February,
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gives a figure of one million Soviet soldiers dead on the Stalingrad front.
18569:
18487:
18291:
16591:
16496:
16127:
15490:
15254:
14961:
14896:
14880:
14747:
14732:
14721:
14484:
14307:
14203:
14146:
14076:
13988:
13966:
13956:
13881:
13846:
13657:
13298:
Encircled: The Battle of Stalingrad in the German-language Novel After 1945
12785:
12708:
12081:
10542:Потери Вооружённых Сил СССР в войнах, боевых действиях и военных конфликтах
10085:
10005:
8437:(1st ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 578.
5087:
4820:
4773:
4716:
4546:
4142:
4111:
4075:
4059:
4051:
3951:
3933:
3885:
3581:
3551:
3289:
3226:
3089:
2937:
2889:
2827:
2715:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2397:
2381:
2305:
2253:
2213:
2205:
2201:
1681:
1332:
1051:
947:
855:
799:
767:
725:
698:
686:
674:
659:
598:
586:
576:
570:
547:
535:
522:
509:
497:
485:
473:
459:
393:
381:
374:
369:
351:
338:
329:
323:
305:
226:
50:
13237:. Marshal of Victory. Vol. II. Pen and Sword Books. pp. 110–11.
12855:. Translated by Richard Harrison. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military.
12199:
11896:
10633:
The Price of Victory: The Red Army's Casualties in the Great Patriotic War
10062:"Tularemia, Biological Warfare, and the Battle for Stalingrad (1942–1943)"
9850:
8931:""За Волгой для нас земли нет". Маршал Чуйков - Радио Sputnik, 26.05.2021"
6202:"Битва за символ. Сталинград стал точкой перелома во Второй мировой войне"
4687:] horses' skeletons, and to the right, there was an enormous horrible
2196:(17 July 1942 – 2 February 1943) was a major battle on the
18551:
18126:
18112:
17774:
16450:
16271:
16256:
15610:
15098:
14828:
14036:
12927:
12386:
11113:"'They would have preferred hell': The Battle of Stalingrad, 80 years on"
10360:
Wagner, Margaret; Osborne, Linda; Reyburn, Susan; Kennedy, David (2007).
6754:(transcript). Season 10. Episode 9. 11 November 2011. PBS. Archived from
5595:
4867:
I felt Russia could never hold, Caucasus was bound to be penetrated, and
4856:
4842:
4697:
4628:
4602:
4585:
4325:
4199:
3804:
3718:
3570:
3562:
3141:
and 24th Army launched an offensive against VIII Army Corps at Kotluban.
2881:
2653:
2438:
2430:
2209:
93:
5838:
Seventy-five years ago in July of 1942, the battle for Stalingrad began.
17481:
17234:
17213:
16106:
15439:
15367:
14027:
13940:
13744:
12538:
11579:(Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College
10710:
Perhaps these losses are underestimated, but in any case they are huge.
10432:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
10404:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
9884:(Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College
9315:(Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College
8886:(Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College
8839:(Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College
7990:
6812:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
6762:
6151:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
5671:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
4908:
4793:
4780:
were no longer feasible. Its importance was further noted by historian
4580:
that would claim all resources and efforts from the entire population.
4519:
4310:
recovered 250,000 German and Romanian corpses in and around Stalingrad.
4274:
2880:
on 17 July on the distant approaches to Stalingrad, in the bend of the
2794:); and an additional nine armies in the encirclement counteroffensive (
2733:
After German intentions became clear in July, Stalin appointed General
2610:'s 4th Panzer Army, was to move east towards the Volga and Stalingrad.
2599:
2442:
2267:: controlling Stalingrad meant gaining access to the oil fields of the
2070:
13648:
Written with strong Socialist/Communist political under and overtones.
12681:; Wegner, Bernd (2017). "German Conduct of the War after Stalingrad".
11573:
Stalingrad and the Turning Point on the Soviet-German Front, 1941-1943
10245:Матишов, Г.Г.; Афанасенко, В.И.; Кринко, Е.Ф.; Медведев, М.В. (2016).
8291:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. p. 177.
7714:
Island of Fire: The Battle for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad
4871:(our Achilles heel) would be captured with the consequent collapse of
4187:
during the German push towards the city into positional warfare, with
17744:
17149:
16946:
16757:
16555:
16510:
15212:
15192:
13998:
10820:Известия Волгоградского государственного педагогического университета
5249:
4954:
4720:
4577:
4317:: German forces suffered 800,000 casualties, including the Romanians.
4278:
4133:
German soldiers positioning themselves for urban warfare (colourised)
4043:
3078:
2973:
2950:
2922:
2811:
2803:
2738:
2737:
commander of the Southeastern Front on 1 August 1942. Yeryomenko and
2668:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2508:
2405:
2385:
2320:. It is also well known in many other countries that belonged to the
2281:
2217:
1933:
1729:
1713:
1348:
773:
197:
136:
107:
86:
16031:
13596:(1995 translation Revised ed.). New York: Sterling Publishing.
12969:
11335:
After the Reich: From the Liberation of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift
10726:
10698:] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Terra Fantastica. p. 118.
10689:
10667:] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Terra Fantastica. p. 118.
10658:
10600:
9578:"The First World War tactic helping Ukraine fight a modern conflict"
8647:
8016:
6606:
confidence in what they thought were well built defensive positions.
6395:
5559:
5525:
4606:
4160:, with significant efforts made to resist German tank assaults. The
3846:
supported by at least 100 tanks – attacked the Italian Cosseria and
2625:
had been planned for late May 1942. However, a number of German and
2212:
allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the
18774:
16015:
15743:
13369:
Grossman, Vasily (2007). Beevor, Antony; Vinogradova, Luba (eds.).
12519:
Bergström, Christer; Dikov, Andrey & Antipov, Vladimir (2006).
12434:
Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson
8799:
8797:
8795:
8504:
5519:
5517:
4829:
that "Stalingrad's role in this war was that of the Battles of the
4688:
3578:
3555:
3293:
3250:
3093:
Soviet soldiers running through trenches in the ruins of Stalingrad
2434:
2417:
2268:
2257:
193:
73:
13047:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson
13000:
Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General
11289:(Television documentary. German original: "Stalingrad" Episode 3:
10526:
on 29 July 2018 – via Militera.lib.ru (Military Literature).
10495:
Isayev, Alexey Valerievich (2008). "Epilog. Operatsiya "Kol'tso""
8908:
Commonalities in Russian Military Operations in Urban Environments
3379:
ground behind the Barrikady Factory where the remnants of Colonel
13371:
A Writer at War: A Soviet Journalist with the Red Army, 1941–1945
12371:. Translated by Tony Le Tissier. England: Pen & Sword Books.
11374:
8372:
8312:
6725:
6153:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 136, 308.
4805:
3683:
3675:
3222:
3183:
3062:
2993:
2482:
13640:
12693:) (in German). Vol. VIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9063:. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press. p. 64.
8792:
8780:
7731:
7530:
7340:(First ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 164–165.
7242:
7055:
6571:
6547:"Text of the Day's War Communiques on Fighting in Various Zones"
6544:
6520:"Text of the Day's War Communiques on Fighting in Various Zones"
6517:
6490:
5514:
4938:
The Eternal Flame in Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia (collage)
3879:
Soviet envoy party (comprising Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain
3670:, 5th Tank Army and 21st Army, including a total of 18 infantry
3054:
One of the first units to offer resistance in this area was the
2872:
The German advance to Stalingrad between 24 July and 18 November
2441:
to central Russia. The capture of Stalingrad would also disrupt
1104:
18972:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
18514:
16625:
15223:
15063:
13517:
Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him
13437:
Death of the Leaping Horseman: 24 Panzer Division in Stalingrad
13348:
Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II
13079:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
11631:
10244:
6176:"Stalingrad at 75, the Turning Point of World War II in Europe"
5420:
5418:
5416:
4904:
4868:
4765:
4701:
4250:
4207:
4168:
3913:
3538:
2997:
2562:
2561:
was selected for a sprint forward through the southern Russian
2525:
2521:
2421:
2404:. In the east, the Germans had stabilized a front running from
2313:
13735:. Video showing the excavation and reburial of hundreds bodies
11621:
11619:
10107:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1943"
8579:
7948:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1942"
5117:
The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942.
4863:, reflected on the change in the position from a year before:
3365:
Soviet soldiers in one of the shops of the Red October Factory
2972:
Smoke over the city center after aerial bombing by the German
2690:
By the end of July, Soviet forces were pushed back across the
18841:
16813:
14135:
12020:
10790:"Самсонов А.. Сталинградская битва (стр. 42) - ModernLib.Net"
10537:
Krivosheev, G. F.; Andronikov, V. M.; Burikov, P. D. (1993).
10476:
9798:
9796:
6407:
6383:
5130:
3917:
intermittent air drops of ammunition and food until the end.
3751:
Soviet soldiers with German supply canisters after the battle
3148:
2478:
2264:
1843:
9723:
9721:
9077:
The Bones of Berdichev: The Life and Fate of Vasily Grossman
7456:
7378:
7263:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
5553:
5551:
5413:
2884:. A significant clash in the early stages of the battle was
2641:. Delays in ending the siege pushed back the start date for
2602:
to split in two. Army Group South (A), under the command of
13329:
After Stalingrad: The Red Army's Winter Offensive 1942–1943
11616:
10871:
Krinko, Evgeniy F.; Medvedev, Maksim V. (1 February 2018).
10536:
10359:
9343:. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. pp. 197–198.
8768:
6472:
6102:
Krinko, Evgeniy F.; Medvedev, Maksim V. (1 February 2018).
5893:"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad"
3264:
Hans Doerr stated about the conditions of the battle that;
2645:
several times, and the city did not fall until early July.
2454:
96:
prisoners of war (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Hungarians)
13697:
13418:
Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught
11087:
Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught
10939:
10574:"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain"
9793:
9615:
9603:
8982:"CHEMICAL ARMS TALKS NEARING WITH U.S. FAR BEHIND SOVIETS"
7978:
7823:
7821:
7007:
6690:. Office of the Chief of Military History. pp. 37–38.
6628:
6626:
6419:
6286:
4156:
was important, and the basis of every Soviet position was
13235:
The WWII Memoirs of Soviet General Georgy Zhukov, 1942–45
12677:; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard;
12502:
Stalingrad: The Air Battle, November 1942 – February 1943
12391:
Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich
10366:(1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 527, 528.
10268:
9832:
9718:
9080:(1st ed.). New York: The Free Press. pp. xvii.
8698:
8591:
8567:
8324:
7779:
7767:
7743:
7598:
7434:
7432:
7366:
7104:
7094:
7092:
6662:
5548:
5243:
History of the Second World War 1939–1945. In 12 volumes.
5216:
4682:
4659:
4531:
A Soviet soldier marches a German soldier into captivity.
2228:, being the single largest and costliest urban battle in
11481:
10548:] (in Russian). Voenizdat. pp. 178–82, 369–70.
10434:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 308.
9555:(1st ed.). Osprey Publishing. pp. 38, 45, 91.
9502:
Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II
9384:
Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II
8756:
8266:
7866:
7854:
7833:
7619:"Defense of Stalingrad Called Miracle of Modern Warfare"
7586:
7218:
7179:
7140:
6970:
6968:
6814:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 318.
6742:
6740:
6462:
6460:
5794:
Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II
5403:
5401:
13049:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 169–211.
12436:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 154–168.
12037:
12035:
11985:
11983:
11170:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
11142:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
11111:
Trouillard, Stéphanie; Wheeldon, Tom (23 August 2022).
10636:. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books. pp. ix.
10460:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
10177:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 580.
9693:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
9240:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
9155:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
7818:
7031:
6980:
6840:
6638:
6623:
6322:
6040:
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War
5477:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5375:
5373:
5315:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 580.
5265:
4911:
will become their dying space". Britain's conservative
15885:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
13540:
Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History
13002:] (in German). St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press.
12893:. Vol. II. Paris, France: Staldata Publications.
12052:
12050:
11652:"Сталинградская битва в контексте современной истории"
11601:
The Strategic Implications of the Battle of Stalingrad
11442:
10629:
10406:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 3.
9410:"Stalingrad and the Evolution of Soviet Urban Warfare"
8543:
8494:
Hrvatska pukovnija 369. na Istočnom bojištu 1941–1943.
8360:
8336:
8060:
8028:
7429:
7128:
7116:
7089:
6371:
5460:
Field Marshal von Manstein: The Janushead – A Portrait
5292:
3284:
13721:
Stalingrad documentaries by the Army University Press
12874:. Vol. I. Paris, France: Staldata Publications.
12834:
Stalingrad: Beyond the Volga There Was No Land For Us
12736:
Armageddon in Stalingrad – September to November 1942
11362:
11350:
11312:
11225:
10510:
Stalingrad: Beyond the Volga There Was No Land For Us
9442:
8860:"The Enduring Relevance of the Battle for Stalingrad"
8348:
7966:
7755:
7660:
7648:
6965:
6737:
6650:
6572:
German High Command (communique) (12 December 1942).
6518:
German High Command (communique) (10 November 1942).
6457:
6298:
6258:
6246:
5910:
5398:
5179:
3325:
with its own direction and system of communications.
3046:
A Soviet female soldier stated about the battle that:
2652:
in the Second Battle of Kharkov, and resulted in the
18962:
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
13123:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing.
13066:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
12717:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
12689:]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (
12604:
Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from Stalingrad to Iraq
12135:"Russia marks 70th anniversary of Stalingrad battle"
12062:
12032:
11980:
10200:Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т.
9499:
Hardesty, Von; Grinberg, Ilya (2012). "Stalingrad".
9381:
Hardesty, Von; Grinberg, Ilya (2012). "Stalingrad".
9005:
9003:
8911:(Master's thesis). Command and General Staff College
7636:
7444:
7354:
7043:
6828:
6611:
6491:
German High Command (communique) (27 October 1941).
5791:
Hardesty, Von; Grinberg, Ilya (2012). "Stalingrad".
5760:Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т.
5739:
5673:(reprint ed.). Basic Books. pp. 136, 308.
5430:
5370:
5337:Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т.
5204:
3478:
missions were flown in an effort to eliminate them.
13587:
12483:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
12047:
11819:(1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 518.
10956:
10873:"Demographic Consequences of the Stalingrad Battle"
10205:
The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes
9715:
Overy, Richard. Russia's War (New York: 1997), 201.
8710:
7254:
6687:
Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East
6545:German High Command (communique) (26 August 1942).
6104:"Demographic Consequences of the Stalingrad Battle"
5988:"Intelligence Preparation of the Urban Battlefield"
5955:
5953:
5765:
The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes
5534:] (in Russian). Terra Fantastica. p. 118.
5500:(1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 518.
5341:
The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes
5239:История Второй Мировой войны 1939–1945. В 12 томах.
4680:
we came into the yard. Here lay more more [
3390:In the north of Stalingrad, by early November, the
2770:
Soviet order of battle for the Battle of Stalingrad
13641:Volgograd State Panoramic Museum official homepage
13475:Angriff: The German Attack on Stalingrad in Photos
13399:Stalingrad: The City That Defeated The Third Reich
13139:
12836:] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Yauza.
12203:Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations
12102:
11872:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
11864:
11862:
11688:. New York: Penguin Publishing. pp. 265–266.
11462:
11428:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 431.
11196:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
11110:
11032:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
10978:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
10021:"Role of the Atmosperic Phenomenon in World War 2"
9854:Block by Block: The Challenges of Urban Operations
9664:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
9637:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
9461:Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (14 February 2022).
8669:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
8526:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
8174:The German Army 1939–45 (3): Eastern Front 1941–43
8013:. "Stalingrad." Original air date: 2 January 1974.
7412:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
6601:All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941–43
6310:
6073:Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich
6003:
6001:
5393:Stalingrad: The City That Defeated the Third Reich
5282:
5280:
3329:sergeant Ernst Wohlfahrt, who witnessed 18 German
3133:Soviet operations were constantly hampered by the
3042:German soldiers clearing the streets in Stalingrad
13214:(1st ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
13173:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
11974:Blood and Ruins: The Last Imperial War, 1931-1945
11686:Blood and Ruins: The Last Imperial War, 1931-1945
10936:, 7 and 14 March 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
10847:"СТАЛИНГРАДСКАЯ БИТВА: ПО НОВЕЙШИМ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯМ"
10049:– via Defense Technical Information Center.
9292:
9290:
9000:
8816:
8814:
8812:
7942:
7940:
7801:Armageddon in Stalingrad: September-November 1942
7677:
7675:
7526:
7524:
7162:Armageddon in Stalingrad: September-November 1942
7072:
7070:
6862:The War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
5697:The War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin
3967:to the Sixth Army's officers, with Paulus made a
2953:up until German troops burst into the plant. The
2424:in the winter of 1941–42, because large parts of
18893:
13670:H-Museum: Stalingrad/Volgograd 1943–2003. Memory
13261:Baird, Jay W. (1969). "The Myth of Stalingrad".
12794:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
12757:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
12738:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
12719:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
12633:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
12543:Barbarossa: the Russian-German Conflict, 1941–45
12485:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf & Random House.
12303:
12200:Robertson, William G and Yates Lawrence A (Ed),
12006:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 172.
11501:Germany and the Second World War: The Global War
10688:Переслегин, Сергей Борисович; Панин, А. (2005).
10657:Переслегин, Сергей Борисович; Панин, А. (2005).
10609:] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236.
10591:
10589:
10587:
10312:
10310:
10125:
9851:Robertson, William G and Yates Lawrence A (Ed),
9498:
9380:
9230:
9228:
9201:
9057:Sharp Corners: Urban Operations at Century's End
8460:Meine Stalingradeinsätze (My Stalingrad Sorties)
8095:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121.
6340:
5950:
5848:
5846:
5790:
5568:] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236.
5524:Переслегин, Сергей Борисович; Панин, А. (2005).
4845:rolled into one". While on 3 February 1943, the
4004:
2848:Axis order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad
18927:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
12466:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
11923:"Echoes of Doom: Germany and the Russian Drive"
11859:
10687:
10656:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9955:
8875:
8873:
7511:
7509:
7473:
7471:
5998:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5644:Popov, P. P.; Kozlov, A.V.; Usik, B.G. (2008).
5643:
5523:
5277:
4576:in Berlin, encouraging the Germans to accept a
4198:Soviet marines landing on the west bank of the
4017:and close cooperation between tanks, infantry,
3015:Early on 23 August, the German 16th Panzer and
2679:and the German 4th Panzer Army had launched an
2461:he was dissuaded by Chief of the General Staff
78:Soviet soldiers fighting on the roof of a house
13387:
13068:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
12673:
12560:Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943
12163:. 3 November 2020 – via www.youtube.com.
11425:History Of The German General Staff, 1657-1945
11079:
11077:
10870:
10765:"Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two"
10363:The Library of Congress World War II Companion
10059:
9928:
9926:
9553:Stalingrad 1942–43 (2): The Fight for the City
9530:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 83, 89–90, 93.
9287:
9277:
9275:
9073:
8809:
8735:. Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc. p. 208.
7937:
7672:
7521:
7083:All Hell Let Loose: The World at War 1939-1945
7067:
6920:"Unsung Witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad"
6277:
6275:
6273:
6141:
6139:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6056:
5891:Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (28 June 2021).
5823:"How the Nazis Created the Myth of Stalingrad"
5591:"Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two"
5424:
5017:Soviet Navy surface raids on Western Black Sea
4264:
3545:
3065:" similar to those that had defended the city
2565:into the Caucasus to capture the vital Soviet
2507:The commitment of panzer divisions needed for
2376:By the spring of 1942, despite the failure of
2348:Case Blue: German advances from 7 May 1942 to:
1035:744 aircraft; 1,666 tanks; 5,762 guns captured
99:Soviet troops fighting in a destroyed workshop
18530:
15239:
13760:
12656:] (in German). Biblio Verlag. p. 9.
12647:
12583:Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad
12464:Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War
12233:. University Press of Kansas. pp. xvii.
12002:Mawdsley, Evan (2023). Overy, Richard (ed.).
11738:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 193–194.
10630:Kavalerchik, Boris; Lopukhovsky, Lev (2017).
10584:
10578:Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs
10327:
10325:
10307:
9460:
9225:
9074:Garrard, John Gordon; Garrard, Carol (1996).
8135:Hitler's Russian & Cossack Allies 1941–45
7798:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2009).
7706:
7704:
7702:
7159:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2009).
7003:. United Kingdom: Penguin Books. p. 106.
6951:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 216.
6884:
6882:
5927:
5925:
5890:
5843:
5167:
5159:
3182:October 1942: A German soldier with a Soviet
2957:was the only non-German unit selected by the
2955:369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment
2289:. In addition to fierce urban combat, brutal
2086:
1829:
1697:
1120:
127:(6 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
13687:Images from the Battle of Stalingrad (Getty)
13646:The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History
13121:The Battle of Stalingrad through German eyes
12752:
12733:
12648:Epifanov, Aleksandr E.; Mayer, Hein (1996).
12141:. No. 2 February 2013. Associated Press
11331:How three million Germans died after VE Day.
10948:, pp. 166–167. "As the fortunes of the
9952:
8870:
8803:
8786:
7737:
7506:
7468:
7462:
7384:
7248:
7061:
6425:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6334:
5972:
5871:
5859:(Master's thesis). Naval Postgraduate School
5233:
5231:
5094:) and the remainder of Army Group B against
3954:(right), after their surrender, January 1943
3896:Commander-in-chief of the Don Front General
3561:Because of the total focus on the city, the
3524:
3450:reserves and newly built aircraft, reducing
2416:. Hitler remained confident of breaking the
2237:
1711:
13491:
13142:Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron
13096:
12753:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan (2009b).
12734:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan (2009a).
12707:
11546:The Battle of Kursk: Operation Citadel 1943
11074:
10735:] (in Russian). Алгоритм. p. 236.
10572:(1 October 2001). Desch, Michael C. (ed.).
10254:(in Russian). Изд-во ЮНЦ РАН. p. 392.
9923:
9505:. University Press of Kansas. p. 162.
9387:. University Press of Kansas. p. 128.
9272:
8429:
7804:. University Press of Kansas. p. 698.
7797:
7165:. University Press of Kansas. p. 705.
7158:
6292:
6270:
6136:
6090:
5797:. University Press of Kansas. p. 104.
5452:
5450:
5286:
5222:
3841:Soviet gains during Operation Little Saturn
1080:4,341 tanks (25–30% were total write-offs.)
196:, reversing the German-led advances of the
18537:
18523:
15246:
15232:
13767:
13753:
13146:. London, New York: Simon & Schuster.
13044:
11817:The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
11523:
10322:
9826:
9814:
9802:
9787:
9775:
9763:
9751:
9009:
8396:"All About History: Story of World War II"
8394:(2014). White, Jon; Hoskins, Alex (eds.).
8263:, pp. 132–33, 138–143, 150, 155, 165.
7699:
7290:(in Russian). Litres. pp. section 7.
7260:
7197:
6879:
6007:
5959:
5922:
5498:The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
5012:Italian participation on the Eastern Front
3826:
3515:
2093:
2079:
1847:Romanian military actions in World War II
1836:
1822:
1704:
1690:
1127:
1113:
192:Expulsion of the Axis militaries from the
18937:Battles of World War II involving Hungary
18902:Battles of World War II involving Romania
15038:
13175:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13016:
12948:
12771:
12518:
12499:
12366:
12313:. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 452.
11946:
11708:
10888:
10813:
10482:
10018:
9995:
9727:
9425:
9262:
9211:. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 452.
9118:
9028:
8960:. New York: Scribner. pp. 176, 178.
8955:
8704:
8653:
8633:
8597:
8585:
8573:
8510:
8479:
8378:
8330:
8318:
8260:
8022:
7884:
7872:
7860:
7839:
7592:
7310:
7224:
7204:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 93–94.
7185:
7146:
7037:
6986:
6846:
6768:
6731:
6644:
6598:
6478:
6437:
6119:
6042:. HarperCollins. pp. 320, 324, 345.
5271:
5259:
5228:
5210:
4643:tenacity of some of these German groups:
4523:The aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad
3779:
3084:
2988:amount of goods flowed from the Caucasus.
2598:Hitler intervened, however, ordering the
278:
263:
233:
217:
14708:
13774:
13510:
13396:
13368:
13304:
13167:
12988:
12967:
12278:
12258:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. ix.
12253:
12001:
11868:
11842:"Analysis: Stalingrad defines urban war"
11811:
11791:. London: Leo Cooper. pp. 230–231.
11733:
11465:The Second World War: a Military History
11460:
11396:
11192:
11055:
11028:
10974:
10922:
10920:
10568:
10502:Stalingrad: za Volgoy dlya nas zemli net
9976:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
9660:
9633:
9360:. London: Greenhill Books. p. 138.
8665:
8522:
8284:
8197:
8078:
7484:Journal of Military and Veterans' Health
7408:
7076:
6700:
6328:
6199:
6069:
5852:
5495:
5447:
4933:
4734:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4292:
4193:
4128:
4065:
3938:
3891:
3836:
3746:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3666:consisted of three complete armies, the
3634:During the preparations for the attack,
3602:The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad
3597:
3528:
3480:
3401:
3360:
3288:
3249:
3177:
3088:
3037:
2967:
2867:
2720:
2545:
2537:
2343:
2100:
18942:Battles of World War II involving Italy
15165:Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture
13726:Stalingrad Battle Data documentary base
13556:
13534:
13420:. Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Casemate.
13345:
13063:
12926:
12912:. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
12830:Сталинград. За Волгой для нас земли нет
12784:
12600:
12480:
12333:
12100:
11784:
11759:DeLong, J. Bradford (25 October 2012).
11649:
11625:
11421:
11243:
11164:
11136:
11060:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 86.
10721:
10595:
10505:Сталинград. За Волгой для нас земли нет
10454:
10386:
9902:
9739:
9687:
9550:
9333:
9234:
9177:
9149:
9053:
8692:
8637:
8609:
8561:
8248:
8209:
8128:Thomas, Nigel (2015). "Eastern Troops.
8121:
7908:Tucker, Spencer C. (6 September 2016).
7895:
7827:
7616:
7285:
7025:
7013:
6782:"1943: Germans surrender at Stalingrad"
6377:
6281:
6173:
6034:
5985:
5916:
5648:. Leaping Horseman Books. p. 142.
5557:
5407:
5298:
5255:
5126:
4970:Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture
4883:At this point, the British had won the
4042:Stalingrad was the supreme example of "
2852:
2469:, and Western Main Direction commander
248:
16:1942–1943; major battle of World War II
18894:
17093:
17071:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
13594:Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments
13581:The Second World War and its Aftermath
13575:
13492:Mark, Jason D.; Obhodas, Amir (2010).
13326:
13291:
13228:
13072:
13035:
12907:
12601:DiMarco, Louis A. (20 November 2012).
12450:
12431:
12407:
12385:
12283:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 3.
12226:
12175:"The Great Battle on the Volga (1962)"
11758:
11637:
11604:(Master's thesis). US Army War College
11597:
11569:
11448:
11401:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 8.
11384:
11270:
11219:
10962:
10945:
10911:
10494:
10426:
10398:
10169:
10060:Croddy, Eric; Krčálová, Sarka (2001).
10040:
9972:"Medicine at the Battle of Stalingrad"
9969:
9877:
9621:
9609:
9575:
9486:
9414:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
9308:
9296:
9266:
9189:
9107:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
9100:
9012:"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume II"
8883:Urban Operations, Untrained on Terrain
8879:
8857:
8820:
8774:
8728:
8716:
8641:
8621:
8549:
8366:
8342:
8272:
8224:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
8170:
8158:
8127:
8115:
8066:
8034:
7996:
7984:
7907:
7681:
7580:
7515:
7500:
7477:
7438:
7396:
7236:
7134:
7122:
7098:
6998:
6974:
6944:
6924:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
6806:
6680:
6668:
6656:
6617:
6466:
6304:
6264:
6252:
6232:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
6145:
5668:
5310:
3221:In another part of the city, a Soviet
2296:On 19 November, the Red Army launched
853:600 aircraft, 1,600 by mid-September (
18518:
17942:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
17374:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
17020:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
16976:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
16081:Rape during the occupation of Germany
15227:
15130:
15037:
14707:
13926:
13824:
13802:Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II
13748:
13415:
13260:
13201:
13189:
13137:
13118:
12888:
12869:
12850:
12827:
12811:The Red Army and the Second World War
12780:] (in Russian). Moscow: Delta NB.
12628:
12576:
12557:
12537:
12339:"Whose 'Stalingrad' will Bakhmut be?"
11971:
11920:
11839:
11680:
11542:
11368:
11356:
11318:
11231:
11083:
11001:
10917:
10844:
10316:
10286:
10274:
10227:
10131:
9932:
9838:
9525:
9448:
9407:
9281:
8904:
8832:
8762:
8390:
8354:
8221:
8090:
7972:
7785:
7773:
7761:
7749:
7693:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7604:
7450:
7372:
7335:
7311:Звягинцев, Вячеслав Егорович (2006).
7110:
7049:
6888:
6834:
6632:
6365:
6014:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 91.
5962:"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1"
5931:
5820:
5745:
5620:The Red Army and the Second World War
5456:
5441:
5379:
5188:
5153:
4963:
4709:National Committee for a Free Germany
4671:described the following scene in his
4420:(24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943)
4137:The Germans used aircraft, tanks and
2876:German forces first clashed with the
2392:was curbing American support, and in
2300:, a two-pronged attack targeting the
2293:was prevalent at Stalingrad as well.
2074:
1817:
1685:
1108:
18848:
17064:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
16096:Rape during the liberation of France
13472:
13453:
13434:
12808:
12461:
12310:Total War: The Story of World War II
12115:from the original on 10 January 2022
12068:
12056:
12041:
12026:
11989:
11487:
11380:
11005:Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin
10759:
10499:[Epilogue: Operation Ring].
10331:
9528:A History of Modern Urban Operations
9353:
9208:Total War: The Story of World War II
9157:. HarperCollins. pp. 322, 326.
7710:
7549:
7360:
6891:Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin
6858:
6316:
5934:A History of Modern Urban Operations
5853:Anderson, Gregory K. (1 June 2003).
5720:
5693:
5616:
5588:
5483:
4946:in 1945. A colossal monument called
4896:depressed, fearful, and war-weary.
3774:
3625: Soviet advance, 19–28 November
3313:groups. The main attack (led by the
2465:, Deputy Chief of the General Staff
2433:traffic, crucial for connecting the
2216:for control over the Soviet city of
12393:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12367:Adam, Wilhelm; Ruhle, Otto (2015).
11549:. Penguin Publishing. p. 122.
11250:. London: Leo Cooper. p. 228.
10814:Анваровна, Такташева Флюра (2018).
10337:199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad
9909:. London: Leo Cooper. p. 175.
9033:. New York: Scribner. p. 164.
8402:. Imagine Publishing. p. 142.
7617:Shapiro, Henry (23 December 1942).
7286:Соколов, Борис (5 September 2017).
7265:. Greenhill Books. pp. 51–97.
6893:. London: John Murray. p. 36.
6574:"Text of the Day's War Communiques"
6493:"Text of the Day's War Communiques"
6200:ГЛЕЗЕРОВ, Сергей (17 August 2017).
5723:199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad
5190:[stəlʲɪnˈɡrat͡skəjəˈbʲitvə]
4861:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
4412:
3587:
3412:dive bombers above the burning city
3285:Fighting in the industrial district
2758:
2485:to encircle and destroy the German
1060:674,990–2,000,000 killed or missing
909:During the Soviet counter-offensive
866:During the Soviet counter-offensive
13:
18932:Battles involving the Soviet Union
17290:German invasion of the Netherlands
15570:Weather events during World War II
13253:
13082:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
12992:(2004). Powell, Anthony G. (ed.).
12976:(in Azerbaijani). Baku: Adiloğlu.
12004:The Oxford History of World War II
11976:. Penguin Publishing. p. 265.
11951:. New York: Scribner. p. 17.
11713:. New York: Scribner. p. 13.
10287:Evans, Richard J (19 March 2009).
8093:The Oxford History of World War II
7533:"Modern Experience in City Combat"
7315:(in Russian). Терра. p. 375.
5936:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55.
5856:Urban Operations: Theory and Cases
2583:), was to include the German 6th,
1972:Western Allied Campaign in Romania
14:
18983:
17921:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
13612:
13271:(3). Sage Publications: 187–204.
11921:Nover, Barnet (2 February 1943).
10290:The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945
9357:German Artillery of World War Two
5155:[ˈʃlaxtfɔnˈʃtaːlɪnˌgʁaːt]
4407:Hiroshima from the atomic bombing
4321:cited as an overestimate however.
4167:The battle epitomized the use of
3946:(left), with his chief of staff,
3867:
3706:Romanian soldiers near Stalingrad
3337:The German onslaught crushed the
2857:
2725:German infantry and a supporting
2029:As part of the Allies (1944–1945)
1134:
18874:
18857:
18544:
18481:
15253:
14879:
14793:
14720:
14483:
14306:
14202:
14145:
14075:
13987:
13955:
13874:
13839:
12691:Germany and the Second World War
12327:
12297:
12272:
12247:
12220:
12193:
12167:
12153:
12127:
12101:Parfitt, Tom (1 February 2013).
12094:
12074:
11995:
11965:
11940:
11914:
11889:
11833:
11805:
11778:
11752:
11727:
11702:
11674:
11643:
11591:
11563:
11536:
11517:
11493:
11454:
11415:
11390:
11324:
11276:
11264:
11237:
11213:
11186:
11158:
11130:
11104:
11049:
11022:
10995:
10968:
10905:
10864:
10838:
10807:
10782:
10753:
10715:
10696:Stalingrad: The Price of Victory
10681:
10665:Stalingrad: The Price of Victory
10650:
10623:
10562:
10530:
10488:
10448:
10420:
10392:
10380:
10353:
10280:
10238:
10234:. Ballantine Books. p. 154.
10221:
10191:
10163:
10137:
10099:
10053:
10034:
10012:
9896:
9871:
9844:
9820:
9808:
9781:
9769:
9757:
9745:
9733:
9709:
9681:
9654:
9627:
9569:
9544:
9519:
9492:
9480:
9454:
9401:
9374:
9347:
9327:
9312:Breaching Walls in Urban Warfare
9302:
9195:
9183:
9171:
9143:
9101:Glantz, David M. (28 May 2008).
9094:
9067:
9047:
9022:
8974:
8949:
8923:
8898:
8851:
8826:
8722:
8686:
8659:
8615:
8603:
8555:
8516:
8485:
8473:
8451:
8423:
8384:
8278:
8242:
8215:
8203:
8191:
8171:Thomas, Nigel (20 August 2012).
8164:
8152:
8109:
8084:
8072:
8040:
8002:
7999:, pp. 95–96, 119, 122, 124.
7928:
7901:
7889:
7878:
7845:
7791:
7687:
7610:
7574:
7565:
7543:
7494:
7402:
7390:
7329:
7304:
7279:
7230:
7191:
7152:
6701:Петрович, Трут Владимир (2018).
6228:"History Through the Viewfinder"
5589:Rees, Laurence (30 March 2011).
5532:Stalingrad: The Price of Victory
5463:. Helion & Company Limited.
4929:
4418:Luftwaffe losses for Stalingrad
4340:range between 19,300 and 52,000.
2709:5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"
2683:, capturing the city on 5 July.
2629:units that were to take part in
2572:. The planned summer offensive,
2234:European theatre of World War II
1860:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1203:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1050:
992:
978:
964:
946:
798:
766:
724:
709:
697:
685:
673:
658:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
569:
546:
534:
521:
508:
496:
484:
472:
458:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
380:
368:
360:
350:
337:
322:
298:
280:
265:
250:
235:
219:
57:
15131:
14808:Constantin Constantinescu-Claps
13559:Stalingrad: Anatomy of an Agony
13264:Journal of Contemporary History
12359:
11840:Sieff, Martin (27 April 2005).
11788:Stalingrad: Anatomy of an Agony
11650:Юрьевич, Мягков Михаил (2013).
11469:. London: Atlantic. p. 353
11247:Stalingrad: Anatomy of an Agony
11035:. PublicAffairs. pp. 1–2.
9906:Stalingrad: Anatomy of an Agony
9408:Stone, David R. (29 May 2009).
7717:. Stackpole Books. p. 92.
7198:Winchester, Charles D. (2011).
7019:
6992:
6938:
6852:
6800:
6774:
6694:
6674:
6592:
6565:
6538:
6511:
6484:
6431:
6359:
6220:
6193:
6174:Johnson, Ian (15 August 2017).
6167:
6028:
6008:Winchester, Charles D. (2011).
5821:Wills, Matthew (17 July 2017).
5814:
5784:
5751:
5714:
5687:
5662:
5637:
5610:
5582:
5489:
5457:Stein, Marcel (February 2007).
5385:
5357:
5329:
5304:
5140:
4730:
4297:German corpses after the battle
3651:in 1939, where he had sprung a
3619: German front, 24 December
3613: German front, 12 December
3607: German front, 19 November
2705:3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"
2675:, a week later. Meanwhile, the
2420:, despite heavy losses west of
2328:. Likewise, in a number of the
1876:As part of the Axis (1941–1944)
1088:
1040:
18168:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
15878:Territorial changes of Germany
15786:Indonesian National Revolution
13927:
13825:
12813:. Cambridge University Press.
11172:. HarperCollins. p. 319.
11144:. HarperCollins. p. 320.
10981:. PublicAffairs. p. 335.
10462:. HarperCollins. p. 345.
9695:. HarperCollins. p. 330.
9576:Martin, Mike (31 March 2023).
9242:. HarperCollins. p. 324.
8672:. PublicAffairs. p. 251.
6771:, pp. 28, 30, 40, 48, 57.
6343:The Third Reich: A New History
5623:. Cambridge University Press.
5120:
5111:
5101:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5033:
4050:'s theoretical description of
4013:was based on the principle of
3397:
3225:under the command of Sergeant
3155:destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft.
3137:. On 18 September, the Soviet
2834:from the south as part of the
2810:from the north as part of the
2287:tens of degrees below freezing
1057:1,347,214–2,672,000 casualties
878:732 aircraft (402 operational)
125:17 July 1942 – 2 February 1943
19:For the 1949 Soviet film, see
1:
17568:Japanese invasion of Thailand
17519:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
17283:German invasion of Luxembourg
15664:Mediterranean and Middle East
14778:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
13682:Battle of Stalingrad Pictures
13583:. Vol. 4. Folio Society.
13100:; Mayer, S. L., eds. (1974).
13017:Merridale, Catherine (2006).
12974:Tarix Və Onun Problemləri, №4
12951:Great Battles of World War II
10231:Stalingrad: the Turning Point
8433:; House, Jonathan M. (2014).
8236:10.1080/13518046.2016.1168137
7085:. HarperCollins. p. 309.
7079:"The Furnace: Russia in 1942"
6945:Chaney, Otto Preston (1971).
6599:Steinberg, Johnathan (2003).
5669:Hanson, Victor Davis (2020).
5198:
4713:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
4288:
4261:dubbed the "Tango of Death".
4046:", described as "approaching
4005:Tactics and battle conditions
3489:The Soviet bomber force, the
3147:dispatched multiple waves of
3056:1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment
3031:'s Panzer Detachment and the
2920:reached the city itself, the
2528:then I must finish this war.
2339:
1068:
1017:
915:1,103,000–1,143,500 personnel
17475:Invasion of the Soviet Union
17164:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
16482:Independent State of Croatia
13619:Detailed summary of campaign
13590:von Einsiedel, Heinrich Graf
13036:Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2012).
12968:Mammadli, Balamirza (2021).
12500:Bergström, Christer (2007).
11875:. PublicAffairs. p. 2.
11199:. PublicMedia. p. 371.
10580:. US Army War College Press.
9667:. PublicAffairs. p. 9.
9640:. PublicMedia. p. 338.
8529:. PublicMedia. p. 224.
8091:Overy, Richard, ed. (2023).
8057:. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
6076:. PublicAffairs. p. 1.
5027:
4817:Reich Ministry of Propaganda
4514:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4351:, while researching for his
4277:suggested the Red Army used
4074:An important weapon was the
3491:Aviatsiya Dal'nego Deystviya
2477:proposed an attack from the
2326:ingrained in popular culture
941:800,000–1,500,000 casualties
872:~600,000–1,011,000 personnel
7:
18623:Second Battle of El Alamein
18583:Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski
18459:End of World War II in Asia
18299:Western invasion of Germany
17806:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
17783:Second Battle of El Alamein
17353:Hundred Regiments Offensive
17325:Battle of the Mediterranean
17178:Italian invasion of Albania
15352:Air warfare of World War II
14738:Alexander Edler von Daniels
13733:The Stalingrad Digging Camp
13401:. New York: PublicAffairs.
13373:. New York: Vintage Books.
13346:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012).
12774:Dalnyaya bombardirovochnaya
12586:. New York: Penguin Books.
11008:. Hachette UK. p. 51.
10028:Prace i Studia Geograficzne
9933:Nappi, Kyle (7 June 2023).
9309:Hartle, Anthony E. (1975).
8937:(in Russian). 24 March 2020
8288:A Military History of Italy
7415:. PublicMedia. p. 17.
6580:. No. 12 December 1942
6526:. No. 10 November 1942
5180:
4995:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4265:Medical and food conditions
4093:The battle was notable for
3546:Weakness on the Axis flanks
2763:
2520:If I do not get the oil of
1077:2,769–5,654 combat aircraft
28:Stalingrad (disambiguation)
10:
18988:
18747:Battle of the Chinese Farm
18706:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
18673:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
18385:Naval bombardment of Japan
17753:First Battle of El Alamein
17672:Battle of Christmas Island
17617:Japanese invasion of Burma
17381:Italian invasion of Greece
17297:German invasion of Belgium
17269:German invasion of Denmark
17242:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
17111:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
15375:Comparative military ranks
13520:. New York: Random House.
13496:. Leaping Horseman Books.
13477:. Leaping Horseman Books.
13458:. Leaping Horseman Books.
13439:. Leaping Horseman Books.
13416:Jones, Michael K. (2007).
13277:10.1177/002200946900400312
13102:A History of World War Two
13064:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006).
12953:. London: Michael Joseph.
12932:Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis
12772:Golovanov, A. Ye. (2004).
12279:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002).
12254:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002).
11734:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002).
11656:Вестник МГИМО Университета
11598:Luther, Thomas C. (2004).
11570:Dingle, Dennis W. (1989).
11397:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002).
11084:Jones, Michael K. (2007).
11056:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002).
11002:Jones, Michael K. (2012).
10930:. Originally published in
10879:(in English and Russian).
10512:] (in Russian). Яуза.
10339:. Tor Books. p. 276.
10019:Jaskulski, Konrad (2011).
9988:10.1177/014107680009300219
9054:Spiller, Roger J. (2000).
8833:Sayer, Richard H. (1964).
8666:Hellbeck, Joachen (2015).
8656:, pp. 207–08, 212–15.
8025:, pp. 87–91, 95, 129.
7851:Hayward 1998, pp. 194–196.
7261:Krivosheev, G. I. (1997).
6865:. BBC Books. p. 142.
6499:. No. 28 October 1941
6110:(in English and Russian).
5725:. Tor Books. p. 276.
5700:. BBC Books. p. 177.
5363:Walter Scott Dunn, Kursk:
5007:Hitler's Stalingrad speech
4967:
4784:, who stated that "If the
4070:Soviets defend a position.
3871:
3830:
3783:
3591:
3339:37th Guards Rifle Division
2947:Stalingrad Tractor Factory
2861:
2845:
2767:
2550:The German advance to the
2514:
2384:in a single campaign, the
2240:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
18:
18806:
18773:
18755:
18727:
18704:
18671:
18568:
18550:
18474:
18306:Bratislava–Brno offensive
18246:
18237:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
17974:
17861:Allied invasion of Sicily
17815:
17721:Aleutian Islands campaign
17693:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
17640:
17631:Greek famine of 1941–1944
17526:Second Battle of Changsha
17431:German invasion of Greece
17399:
17276:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
17251:
17189:
17084:
16965:
16691:
16601:
16449:
16152:
16143:
15901:
15726:
15618:North and Central Pacific
15579:
15341:
15334:
15261:
15177:
15141:
15126:
15089:Red October Steel Factory
15044:
15033:
14877:
14826:
14791:
14718:
14714:
14703:
14666:
14540:
14494:
14481:
14461:
14360:
14317:
14304:
14295:
14256:
14213:
14200:
14143:
14134:
14073:
14035:
14026:
13985:
13953:
13939:
13935:
13922:
13872:
13837:
13833:
13820:
13782:
13397:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
13104:. London: Octopus Books.
12934:. London: Penguin Books.
12521:Everything For Stalingrad
12454:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
12369:With Paulus at Stalingrad
12343:responsiblestatecraft.org
12227:Glantz, David M. (2009).
12091:. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
12087:26 September 2008 at the
11869:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
11526:"The Battle on the Volga"
11461:Corrigan, Gordon (2010).
11193:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
11090:. Casemate. pp. xv.
11029:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
10975:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
10890:10.15688/jvolsu4.2018.1.9
10733:The Miracle of Stalingrad
10607:The Miracle of Stalingrad
10497:Эпилог. Операция "Кольцо"
10078:10.1093/milmed/166.10.837
9878:Howard, James R. (2003).
9661:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
9634:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
9427:10.1080/13518040902918089
9340:The Battle for Stalingrad
9120:10.1080/13518040802067383
8732:Hitler: Pathology of Evil
8523:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
8513:, pp. 183, 185, 189.
8177:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
8138:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
7924:– via Google Books.
7409:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
7239:, pp. 84–85, 97, 144
6553:. No. 26 August 1942
6341:Michael Burleigh (2001).
6121:10.15688/jvolsu4.2018.1.9
6070:Hellbeck, Jochen (2015).
5992:Advanced Military Studies
5986:Johnson, Kevin D (1991).
5566:The Miracle of Stalingrad
5496:Childers, Thomas (2017).
5311:Wilson, Peter H. (2023).
5168:
3525:Soviet counter-offensives
3306:Red October Steel Factory
3067:twenty-four years earlier
2614:was commanded by General
2554:between 7 May and 23 July
2112:
1855:
1725:
1144:
1095:
931:
885:During the Axis offensive
838:During the Axis offensive
831:
561:
312:
207:
117:
105:, operated by the German
72:, operated by the Soviet
56:
44:
39:
18917:1943 in the Soviet Union
18912:1942 in the Soviet Union
18653:Battle of the Dukla Pass
18560:Battle of Cambrai (1917)
17898:Allied invasion of Italy
17875:Solomon Islands campaign
17624:Third Battle of Changsha
17221:First Battle of Changsha
17127:Second Sino-Japanese War
16067:German military brothels
15933:United States war crimes
15203:Second Battle of Kharkov
13797:Red Army order of battle
13675:27 December 2010 at the
13392:. Yale University Press.
13119:Trigg, Jonathan (2022).
12949:MacDonald, John (1986).
12908:Kehrig, Manfred (1974).
12853:Stalingrad: City on Fire
12829:
12809:Hill, Alexander (2017).
12457:. London: Penguin Books.
11947:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
11761:"Our Debt to Stalingrad"
11709:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
11530:Military History Journal
11422:Görlitz, Walter (1985).
10541:
10504:
10496:
10293:. Penguin. p. 419.
10228:Jukes, Geoffrey (1968).
10030:(in English and Polish).
9551:Forczyk, Robert (2021).
9029:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
8956:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
8880:Burton, Paul S. (1998).
8804:Glantz & House 2009a
8787:Glantz & House 2009a
7738:Glantz & House 2009a
7463:Glantz & House 2009a
7385:Glantz & House 2009a
7249:Glantz & House 2009a
7062:Glantz & House 2009b
6734:, pp. 33–34, 39–40.
6426:Glantz & House 2009b
6414:Glantz & House 2009b
6404:, pp. 42–43, 78–79.
6402:Glantz & House 2009b
6390:Glantz & House 2009b
5617:Hill, Alexander (2016).
5560:
5526:
5336:
5238:
5096:the Soviet counterattack
5039:Around 6,000 men of the
5022:Stalingrad legal defense
4398:Boris Vadimovich Sokolov
4080:Katyusha rocket launcher
3722:Germans dead in the city
3643:, which was directed at
3566:threat to Army Group B.
3509:Royal Romanian Air Force
3446:Eastern Front tied down
3416:From 5 to 12 September,
3319:305th Infantry Divisions
3029:Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz
2753:Hero of the Soviet Union
2502:Second Battle of Kharkov
64:Clockwise from top-left:
22:The Battle of Stalingrad
18320:Second Guangxi campaign
18175:Philippines (1944–1945)
17679:Battle of the Coral Sea
17582:Fall of the Philippines
17228:Battle of South Guangxi
17134:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
16540:Italian Social Republic
15208:Third Battle of Kharkov
13557:Tarrant, V. E. (1992).
13473:Mark, Jason D. (2008).
13454:Mark, Jason D. (2006).
13435:Mark, Jason D. (2002).
13229:Zhukov, Georgy (1974).
13208:Russia at War 1941–1945
13138:Walsh, Stephen (2000).
12891:Stalingrad Battle Atlas
12872:Stalingrad Battle Atlas
12851:Isaev, Alexey (2019) .
12828:Isaev, Alexey (2017).
12481:Bellamy, Chris (2007).
12462:Bell, P. M. H. (2011).
12451:Beevor, Antony (2002).
12029:, p. 104–105, 107.
11972:Overy, Richard (2022).
11640:, p. xxxiii–xxxiv.
11524:Matsulenko, V. (1982).
10691:Сталинград: цена победы
10660:Сталинград: цена победы
10041:Dobbin, Thomas (2007).
9970:Kaplan, Robert (2000).
9180:, pp. 514–517, 550
8905:Smith, Dale R. (2003).
8729:Victor, George (2000).
8499:Croatian State Archives
8457:Deiml, Michael (1999).
8381:, pp. 166, 168–69.
8321:, pp. 159, 166–67.
8285:Paoletti, Ciro (2008).
7711:Mark, Jason D. (2018).
7623:Green Bay Press-Gazette
7478:Kaplan, Robert (2023).
6999:Beevor, Antony (1999).
6889:Jones, Michael (2011).
6859:Rees, Laurence (1999).
6444:Warfare History Network
6438:McTaggart, Pat (2020).
6293:Taylor & Mayer 1974
5721:Hoyt, Edwin P. (1993).
5694:Rees, Laurence (1999).
5558:Соколов, Борис (2014).
5527:Сталинград: цена победы
5287:Glantz & House 1995
5223:Glantz & House 1995
5151:Schlacht von Stalingrad
5057:Light Transport Brigade
5049:369th Infantry Regiment
4401:severe underreporting.
3950:(centre) and his aide,
3908:offensive conducted in
3833:Operation Little Saturn
3827:Operation Little Saturn
3757:Operation Little Saturn
3575:16th Motorised Infantry
3516:Germans reach the Volga
3017:3rd Motorized Divisions
3010:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily
2898:76th Infantry Divisions
2841:
2318:Days of Military Honour
2252:had been destroyed and
1062:672,224 wounded or sick
918:13,451 artillery pieces
70:76.2 mm ZiS-3 field gun
18793:Battle of Medina Ridge
18617:Operation Winter Storm
18598:Battle of Brody (1941)
18593:Battle of Sedan (1940)
18578:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
17905:Armistice of Cassibile
17707:Battle of Dutch Harbor
17658:Battle of the Java Sea
17561:Attack on Pearl Harbor
17461:Syria–Lebanon campaign
17454:Battle of South Shanxi
17424:Invasion of Yugoslavia
17207:Battle of the Atlantic
16821:Korean Liberation Army
16534:(until September 1943)
16491:(until September 1944)
16469:(until September 1944)
15183:Battle of the Caucasus
14972:Konstantin Rokossovsky
14768:Wolfram von Richthofen
13703:2 October 2022 at the
13653:"Victory on the Volga"
13561:. London: Leo Cooper.
13331:. Helion and Company.
13327:Glantz, David (2011).
13310:The Road to Stalingrad
13195:The Year of Stalingrad
12504:. Chevron Publishing.
11785:Tarrant, V.E. (1992).
11244:Tarrant, V.E. (1992).
10145:"Battle of Stalingrad"
9903:Tarrant, V.E. (1992).
8866:(43) – via DTIC.
8858:Hanley, Brian (2006).
8053:1 January 2007 at the
8046:Maps of the conflict.
7201:Hitler's War on Russia
7077:Hastings, Max (2011).
6011:Hitler's War on Russia
5150:
4939:
4881:
4749:
4719:) after a plea to the
4693:
4665:
4650:
4564:Minister of Propaganda
4550:
4532:
4524:
4298:
4202:
4134:
4071:
4023:ground-attack aircraft
3955:
3900:
3898:Konstantin Rokossovsky
3865:
3842:
3786:Operation Winter Storm
3780:Operation Winter Storm
3752:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3659:of the Japanese army.
3627:
3534:
3486:
3413:
3376:
3366:
3310:Barrikady Arms Factory
3300:
3274:
3258:
3208:
3194:
3104:
3094:
3085:September city battles
3052:
3043:
2990:
2977:
2976:on the central station
2949:continued to turn out
2933:Wolfram von Richthofen
2911:
2873:
2730:
2555:
2543:
2536:
2373:
2324:, and has thus become
2238:
1026:900 aircraft destroyed
956:300,000+ (6th Army and
894:2,200 artillery pieces
847:3,000 artillery pieces
528:Konstantin Rokossovsky
313:Commanders and leaders
26:. For other uses, see
18922:Airbridge (logistics)
18798:Battle of Al Busayyah
18632:Battle of Prokhorovka
18069:Second Battle of Guam
17965:Bengal famine of 1943
17935:Second Battle of Kiev
17891:Battle of the Dnieper
17596:Battle of Wake Island
17468:East African campaign
17410:Battle of South Henan
17055:atrocities by Germans
16828:Korean Volunteer Army
15809:Occupation of Germany
15563:Music in World War II
15039:Significant locations
14977:Alexander Shcherbakov
13542:. New York: Longman.
13352:Naval Institute Press
13292:Bernig, Jorg (1997).
13021:. New York: Picador.
12889:Joly, Anton (2017b).
12870:Joly, Anton (2017a).
12629:Ellis, Frank (2011).
12607:. Osprey Publishing.
12558:Clark, Lloyd (2011).
12281:Victory at Stalingrad
12256:Victory at Stalingrad
11736:Victory at Stalingrad
11543:Cross, Robin (2002).
11399:Victory at Stalingrad
11058:Victory at Stalingrad
10926:Sandlin, Lee (1997).
9354:Hogg, Ian V. (2002).
9263:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8705:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8654:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8634:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8598:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8586:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8574:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8511:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8379:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8331:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8319:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8261:Adam & Ruhle 2015
8023:Adam & Ruhle 2015
7593:Adam & Ruhle 2015
7336:Reese, Roger (2011).
7147:Adam & Ruhle 2015
6769:Adam & Ruhle 2015
6732:Adam & Ruhle 2015
6645:Adam & Ruhle 2015
6479:Adam & Ruhle 2015
6440:"Derailing Case Blue"
5181:Stalingradskaya bitva
4937:
4865:
4747:
4677:
4654:
4645:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4296:
4258:psychological warfare
4197:
4132:
4069:
3961:Battle of Thermopylae
3942:
3895:
3860:
3840:
3750:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3698:Sixth Army surrounded
3601:
3532:
3484:
3405:
3371:
3364:
3292:
3266:
3253:
3203:
3181:
3099:
3092:
3048:
3041:
2985:
2971:
2906:
2871:
2864:Bombing of Stalingrad
2724:
2616:Maximilian von Weichs
2549:
2541:
2518:
2412:, with several minor
2347:
1029:1,500 tanks destroyed
932:Casualties and losses
344:Maximilian von Weichs
18907:Battle of Stalingrad
18844:Battle of Stalingrad
18826:Battle of Debaltseve
18816:Battle of Novoazovsk
18783:Battle of 73 Easting
18686:Battle of Asal Uttar
18681:Operation Grand Slam
18648:Battle of Studzianki
18613:Battle of Stalingrad
18355:Surrender of Germany
17833:Battle of West Hubei
17790:Guadalcanal campaign
17760:Battle of Stalingrad
17686:Battle of Madagascar
16460:Albania protectorate
16247:(formerly Swaziland)
15956:Wehrmacht war crimes
15772:Expulsion of Germans
15556:Art and World War II
15454:British contribution
15403:Governments in exile
15198:Operation Barbarossa
15147:The Motherland Calls
15104:Tatsinskaya Airfield
14987:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
14709:Notable participants
14065:Romanian 3rd and 4th
13792:Axis order of battle
13776:Battle of Stalingrad
13390:The Volga: A History
12562:. London: Headline.
12307:; Wint, Guy (1972).
11333:Nigel Jones reviews
10851:vivovoco.astronet.ru
10845:Попов, В.Н. (2007).
10570:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
10428:Hanson, Victor Davis
10400:Hanson, Victor Davis
9939:Modern War Institute
9467:Modern War Institute
9205:; Wint, Guy (1972).
8777:, pp. 128, 129.
8588:, pp. 201, 203.
7571:Hayward 1998, p. 200
7537:Technical Memorandum
6808:Hanson, Victor Davis
6345:. Pan. p. 503.
6147:Hanson, Victor Davis
5897:Modern War Institute
5169:Сталинградская битва
4988:'s remark about the
4949:The Motherland Calls
4885:Battle of El Alamein
4540:Generalfeldmarschall
4363:in 1916." Historian
3970:Generalfeldmarschall
3392:16th Panzer Division
3385:138th Rifle Division
3348:300th Rifle Division
3199:24th Panzer Division
3168:Blocking detachments
2963:100th Jäger Division
2853:Attack on Stalingrad
2727:StuG III assault gun
2635:besieging Sevastopol
2467:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
2378:Operation Barbarossa
2194:Battle of Stalingrad
2104:Battle of Stalingrad
1784:Voronezh-Kastornensk
1099:1,100,000–3,000,000+
1032:6,000 guns destroyed
960:400,000+ (all units)
503:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
399:W. F. von Richthofen
198:1942 Summer Campaign
90:after a dive bombing
40:Battle of Stalingrad
18808:Russo-Ukrainian War
18663:Battle of the Bulge
18658:Battle of Arracourt
18445:Potsdam Declaration
18334:Italy (Spring 1945)
18097:Liberation of Paris
17554:Siege of Sevastopol
16572:(until August 1944)
16475:Wang Jingwei regime
16297:from September 1943
16257:from September 1944
16195:from September 1944
16055:Romanian war crimes
16046:Persecution of Jews
16032:Croatian war crimes
16002:Japanese war crimes
15816:Occupation of Japan
15765:First Indochina War
15477:Military production
15389:Declarations of war
15160:Sword of Stalingrad
14967:Alexander Rodimtsev
13651:Roberts, Geoffrey.
12990:von Manstein, Erich
12675:Frieser, Karl-Heinz
12305:Calvocoressi, Peter
11927:The Washington Post
11628:, pp. 154–155.
11490:, pp. 95, 108.
10485:, pp. 122–123.
10277:, pp. 165–166.
10047:Army Military Press
9841:, pp. 193–194.
9624:, pp. 154–168.
9612:, pp. 154–168.
9269:, pp. 135–137.
9203:Calvocoressi, Peter
9010:Intrec Inc (1974).
8806:, pp. 713–714.
8789:, pp. 166–167.
8465:3 June 2008 at the
7987:, pp. 110–111.
7788:, pp. 360–380.
7776:, pp. 178–302.
7752:, pp. 242–243.
7740:, pp. 380–383.
7607:, pp. 340–360.
7583:, pp. 140, 141
7375:, pp. 196–197.
7288:ru:Чудо Сталинграда
7251:, pp. 134–135.
7113:, pp. 179–180.
7064:, pp. 335–336.
7016:, pp. 188–189.
6758:on 2 February 2016.
6752:Secrets of The Dead
6671:, pp. 435–438.
5960:Intrec Inc (1974).
5486:, pp. 104–105.
5425:Frieser et al. 2017
5041:Croatian Home Guard
4919:Sword of Stalingrad
4914:The Daily Telegraph
4618:itself". Historian
4422:
4370:Victor Davis Hanson
4233:Catherine Merridale
4095:hand-to-hand combat
4035:combat techniques.
4015:combined-arms teams
3495:Long Range Aviation
3369:According to Werth:
3352:45th Rifle Division
3298:Red October Factory
3160:Alexander Rodimtsev
3158:Lieutenant General
3021:87th Rifle Division
2681:assault on Voronezh
2334:Great Patriotic War
1779:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
1410:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
1311:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
159: /
18831:Battle of Vuhledar
18821:Mariupol offensive
18719:Battle of Basantar
18696:Battle of Chawinda
18691:Battle of Phillora
18643:Battle of Radzymin
18638:Operation Goodwood
18603:Operation Crusader
18438:Surrender of Japan
18271:Battle of Iwo Jima
18120:Belgrade offensive
17533:Siege of Leningrad
17417:Battle of Shanggao
17346:British Somaliland
17311:Dunkirk evacuation
17262:Norwegian campaign
17200:Invasion of Poland
17027:Japanese prisoners
15995:Italian war crimes
15926:British war crimes
15841:Soviet occupations
15625:South-West Pacific
15512:Allied cooperation
15470:Military equipment
15154:Stalingrad Madonna
14947:Dmitry Lelyushenko
14758:Erich von Manstein
14753:Hans-Valentin Hube
14269:3rd Guards Cavalry
13661:, 28 February 2003
13624:3 May 2011 at the
13074:Shirer, William L.
12417:. London: Viking.
11222:, pp. 161–162
10151:. 16 February 2024
10149:www.britannica.com
9829:, pp. 204–207
9817:, pp. 201–204
9790:, pp. 192–194
9778:, pp. 189–192
9754:, pp. 180–182
9742:, pp. 520–521
9265:, pp. 67–68;
9192:, pp. 148–149
8765:, pp. 90, 91.
8161:, pp. 283–284
6926:. 9 September 2022
6748:"Deadliest Battle"
6635:, pp. 25, 48.
6481:, pp. 18, 22.
5160:EpifanovMayer 1996
4990:Battle of Waterloo
4986:Duke of Wellington
4964:In popular culture
4940:
4798:J. Bradford Delong
4750:
4551:
4542:Paulus meets with
4533:
4525:
4417:
4396:Russian historian
4299:
4217:Das Schwarze Korps
4203:
4135:
4108:Peter Calvocoressi
4072:
3956:
3901:
3843:
3801:Friedrich Kirchner
3753:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3655:and destroyed the
3653:double envelopment
3628:
3535:
3487:
3414:
3367:
3301:
3259:
3195:
3144:VIII. Fliegerkorps
3095:
3044:
2978:
2874:
2836:Southwestern Front
2746:Lieutenant General
2731:
2677:Hungarian 2nd Army
2556:
2544:
2463:Boris Shaposhnikov
2400:had just captured
2374:
2330:post-Soviet states
2023:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
2008:1st Jassy–Kishinev
1998:Dnieper–Carpathian
1605:Western Carpathian
1545:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
1515:1st Jassy–Kishinev
1500:Leningrad–Novgorod
1495:Dnieper–Carpathian
1089:casualties section
1041:casualties section
806:Southwestern Front
387:Erich von Manstein
18839:
18838:
18788:Battle of Norfolk
18512:
18511:
18470:
18469:
18313:Battle of Okinawa
18212:Burma (1944–1945)
18046:Mariana and Palau
17826:Tunisian campaign
17651:Fall of Singapore
17575:Fall of Hong Kong
17318:Battle of Britain
17171:Operation Himmler
17080:
17079:
16744:Dutch East Indies
16387:Southern Rhodesia
16139:
16138:
16039:Genocide of Serbs
15942:German war crimes
15919:Soviet war crimes
15912:Allied war crimes
15758:Division of Korea
15737:Chinese Civil War
15535:Strategic bombing
15447:Manhattan Project
15221:
15220:
15173:
15172:
15122:
15121:
15084:Pitomnik Airfield
15054:Barrikady Factory
15049:Barmaley Fountain
15029:
15028:
15025:
15024:
14982:Semyon Timoshenko
14957:Kirill Moskalenko
14952:Rodion Malinovsky
14937:Nikita Khrushchev
14912:Nikolay Dyatlenko
14699:
14698:
14695:
14694:
14691:
14690:
14687:
14686:
14477:
14476:
14291:
14290:
14287:
14286:
14130:
14129:
14045:German 4th Panzer
14022:
14021:
13918:
13917:
13914:
13913:
13807:German commanders
13588:Wieder, Joachim;
13536:Roberts, Geoffrey
13503:978-0-9751076-8-3
13484:978-0-9751076-7-6
13427:978-1-932033-72-4
13408:978-1-61039-496-3
13380:978-0-307-27533-2
13361:978-1-61251-098-9
13338:978-1-907677-05-2
13231:Roberts, Geoffrey
13182:978-0-521-55879-2
13169:Weinberg, Gerhard
13089:978-0-449-21977-5
13056:978-0-297-84913-1
12960:978-0-7181-2727-5
12941:978-0-14-027239-0
12900:979-10-93222-11-0
12881:979-10-93222-10-3
12843:978-5-04-089843-5
12820:978-1-1070-2079-5
12801:978-0-7006-0876-8
12778:Long-range Bomber
12764:978-0-7006-1630-5
12745:978-0-7006-1664-0
12700:978-0-19-822886-8
12679:Ungváry, Kristián
12663:978-3-7648-2461-7
12530:978-0-9761034-4-8
12511:978-1-85780-276-4
12492:978-0-375-41086-4
12443:978-0-297-84913-1
12424:978-0-14-103240-5
12378:978-1-47383-386-9
12337:(14 March 2023).
12335:Roberts, Geoffrey
12240:978-0-7006-1630-5
12082:Official web site
12013:978-0-19-288408-4
11958:978-1-9821-6358-7
11826:978-1-4516-5113-3
11765:Project Syndicate
11720:978-1-9821-6358-7
11532:– via DTIC.
11179:978-0-06-122860-5
11151:978-0-06-122860-5
11097:978-1-932033-72-4
10763:(30 March 2011).
10742:978-5-4438-0489-7
10643:978-1-47389-966-7
10616:978-5-4438-0489-7
10519:978-5-699-26236-6
10469:978-0-06-122860-5
10373:978-0-7432-5219-5
10261:978-5-4358-0147-7
10214:978-5-9950-0269-7
10184:978-0-674-98762-3
10066:Military Medicine
9702:978-0-06-122860-5
9537:978-3-030-27088-9
9512:978-0-7006-1828-6
9394:978-0-7006-1828-6
9367:978-1-85367-480-8
9249:978-0-06-122860-5
9164:978-0-06-122860-5
9040:978-1-9821-6358-7
9018:– via DTIC.
8988:. 4 February 1986
8967:978-1-9821-6358-7
8742:978-1-57488-228-5
8444:978-0-7006-1955-9
8400:All About History
8298:978-0-275-98505-9
8184:978-1-78200-219-2
8102:978-0-19-288408-4
7921:978-1-85109-969-6
7811:978-0-7006-1664-0
7550:Jacobsen, Eli G.
7539:– via DTIC.
7272:978-1-85367-280-4
7172:978-0-7006-1664-0
6900:978-1-84854-246-4
6872:978-0-563-38477-9
6788:. 2 February 1943
6416:, pp. 82–84.
6392:, pp. 36–40.
6352:978-0-330-48757-3
6234:. 20 October 2017
6049:978-0-06-122860-5
5994:– via DTIC.
5968:– via DTIC.
5943:978-3-030-27088-9
5804:978-0-7006-1828-6
5774:978-5-9950-0269-7
5707:978-0-563-38477-9
5655:978-0-9751076-6-9
5575:978-5-4438-0489-7
5507:978-1-4516-5113-3
5391:Jochen Hellbeck,
5350:978-5-9950-0269-7
5322:978-0-674-98762-3
5178:
5002:Barmaley Fountain
4923:Tehran Conference
4786:battle of Poltava
4774:Indian Ocean area
4745:
4615:François Kersaudy
4508:
4507:
4468:Focke-Wulf Fw 200
4421:
4283:biological weapon
4256:The Soviets used
4222:Mikhail Panikakha
4158:anti-tank warfare
4011:military doctrine
3995:Helmuth Groscurth
3881:Nikolay Dyatlenko
3775:End of the battle
3645:Army Group Center
3341:of Major General
3191:Barrikady factory
3071:point-blank range
2742:Nikita Khrushchev
2735:Andrey Yeryomenko
2729:during the battle
2639:Crimean Peninsula
2481:salient south of
2475:Semyon Timoshenko
2445:supplies via the
2426:Army Group Centre
2371: 18 November
2204:, beginning when
2187:
2186:
2068:
2067:
1811:
1810:
1679:
1678:
1103:
1102:
891:187,000 personnel
844:270,000 personnel
423:C. Constantinescu
203:
202:
163:48.700°N 44.517°E
103:Sturmgeschütz III
18979:
18887:
18879:
18878:
18877:
18870:
18862:
18861:
18860:
18850:
18608:Battle of Gazala
18588:Battle of Hannut
18539:
18532:
18525:
18516:
18515:
18505:
18498:
18491:
18488:World portal
18486:
18485:
18461:
18454:
18447:
18440:
18431:
18424:
18417:
18408:
18401:
18394:
18387:
18380:
18373:
18364:
18357:
18350:
18348:Prague offensive
18343:
18341:Battle of Berlin
18336:
18329:
18322:
18315:
18308:
18301:
18294:
18287:
18285:Vienna offensive
18280:
18273:
18266:
18264:Battle of Manila
18259:
18239:
18230:
18221:
18214:
18205:
18198:
18191:
18184:
18177:
18170:
18163:
18154:
18145:
18138:
18129:
18122:
18115:
18108:
18099:
18092:
18085:
18078:
18071:
18064:
18057:
18048:
18041:
18032:
18023:
18014:
18007:
18005:Korsun–Cherkassy
18000:
17989:
17967:
17958:
17951:
17944:
17937:
17930:
17923:
17916:
17907:
17900:
17893:
17886:
17877:
17870:
17863:
17856:
17849:
17847:Bombing of Gorky
17842:
17835:
17828:
17808:
17801:
17792:
17785:
17778:
17769:
17762:
17755:
17748:
17737:
17730:
17723:
17716:
17714:Battle of Midway
17709:
17702:
17700:Battle of Gazala
17695:
17688:
17681:
17674:
17667:
17660:
17653:
17633:
17626:
17619:
17612:
17610:Battle of Borneo
17605:
17603:Malayan campaign
17598:
17591:
17584:
17577:
17570:
17563:
17556:
17549:
17547:Bombing of Gorky
17542:
17540:Battle of Moscow
17535:
17528:
17521:
17514:
17507:
17500:
17484:
17477:
17470:
17463:
17456:
17449:
17440:
17433:
17426:
17419:
17412:
17392:
17383:
17376:
17369:
17362:
17355:
17348:
17341:
17334:
17327:
17320:
17313:
17306:
17304:Battle of France
17299:
17292:
17285:
17278:
17271:
17264:
17244:
17237:
17230:
17223:
17216:
17209:
17202:
17180:
17173:
17166:
17159:
17157:Munich Agreement
17152:
17145:
17136:
17129:
17122:
17113:
17106:
17091:
17090:
17073:
17066:
17057:
17050:
17043:
17042:Soviet prisoners
17036:
17029:
17022:
17013:
17006:
16997:
16990:
16983:
16982:German prisoners
16978:
16958:
16949:
16942:
16935:
16930:
16923:
16916:
16909:
16902:
16895:
16888:
16881:
16874:
16867:
16860:
16853:
16846:
16839:
16830:
16823:
16816:
16809:
16802:
16795:
16788:
16781:
16774:
16767:
16760:
16753:
16746:
16739:
16732:
16725:
16718:
16711:
16704:
16684:
16677:
16670:
16663:
16656:
16649:
16642:
16635:
16628:
16621:
16614:
16594:
16587:
16580:
16573:
16565:
16558:
16551:
16542:
16535:
16527:
16520:
16518:French Indochina
16513:
16506:
16499:
16492:
16484:
16477:
16470:
16462:
16442:
16433:
16426:
16417:
16410:
16403:
16396:
16389:
16382:
16375:
16368:
16365:from August 1944
16356:
16349:
16342:
16335:
16328:
16321:
16314:
16307:
16300:
16288:
16281:
16274:
16267:
16260:
16248:
16240:
16233:
16226:
16219:
16212:
16205:
16198:
16186:
16179:
16172:
16165:
16150:
16149:
16130:
16123:
16116:
16109:
16102:
16091:
16076:
16069:
16062:
16057:
16048:
16041:
16034:
16025:
16018:
16011:
16009:Nanjing Massacre
16004:
15997:
15988:
15986:Nuremberg trials
15979:
15972:
15965:
15958:
15951:
15944:
15935:
15928:
15921:
15914:
15894:
15887:
15880:
15871:
15864:
15857:
15850:
15843:
15836:
15827:
15818:
15811:
15804:
15797:
15788:
15781:
15774:
15767:
15760:
15753:
15746:
15739:
15719:
15710:
15703:
15696:
15687:
15680:
15673:
15666:
15657:
15650:
15643:
15634:
15627:
15620:
15613:
15606:
15599:
15592:
15590:Asia and Pacific
15572:
15565:
15558:
15551:
15544:
15537:
15530:
15521:
15519:Mulberry harbour
15514:
15507:
15500:
15493:
15486:
15479:
15472:
15465:
15456:
15449:
15442:
15433:
15426:
15419:
15412:
15405:
15398:
15391:
15384:
15377:
15370:
15361:
15354:
15339:
15338:
15327:
15320:
15311:
15304:
15297:
15290:
15283:
15276:
15269:
15248:
15241:
15234:
15225:
15224:
15128:
15127:
15035:
15034:
15002:Andrei Yeremenko
14884:
14883:
14870:
14858:
14846:
14813:Petre Dumitrescu
14798:
14797:
14763:Friedrich Paulus
14725:
14724:
14716:
14715:
14705:
14704:
14492:
14491:
14488:
14487:
14315:
14314:
14311:
14310:
14302:
14301:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14150:
14149:
14141:
14140:
14080:
14079:
14033:
14032:
13992:
13991:
13960:
13959:
13951:
13950:
13937:
13936:
13924:
13923:
13880:
13878:
13877:
13845:
13843:
13842:
13835:
13834:
13822:
13821:
13769:
13762:
13755:
13746:
13745:
13736:
13712:
13607:
13584:
13577:Taylor, A. J. P.
13572:
13553:
13531:
13512:Rayfield, Donald
13507:
13488:
13469:
13450:
13431:
13412:
13393:
13384:
13365:
13342:
13323:
13301:
13288:
13248:
13225:
13213:
13203:Werth, Alexander
13198:
13191:Werth, Alexander
13186:
13164:
13162:
13160:
13145:
13134:
13115:
13098:Taylor, A. J. P.
13093:
13069:
13060:
13041:
13032:
13013:
12985:
12964:
12945:
12923:
12904:
12885:
12866:
12847:
12824:
12805:
12781:
12768:
12749:
12730:
12709:Glantz, David M.
12704:
12670:
12644:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12597:
12573:
12554:
12534:
12515:
12496:
12477:
12458:
12447:
12428:
12404:
12382:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12349:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12301:
12295:
12294:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12251:
12245:
12244:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12208:
12197:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12186:
12177:. Archived from
12171:
12165:
12164:
12157:
12151:
12150:
12148:
12146:
12131:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12120:
12106:
12098:
12092:
12078:
12072:
12066:
12060:
12054:
12045:
12039:
12030:
12024:
12018:
12017:
11999:
11993:
11987:
11978:
11977:
11969:
11963:
11962:
11944:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11933:
11918:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11866:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11852:
11837:
11831:
11830:
11813:Childers, Thomas
11809:
11803:
11802:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11771:
11756:
11750:
11749:
11731:
11725:
11724:
11706:
11700:
11699:
11678:
11672:
11671:
11647:
11641:
11635:
11629:
11623:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11609:
11595:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11578:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11540:
11534:
11533:
11521:
11515:
11514:
11497:
11491:
11485:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11468:
11458:
11452:
11446:
11440:
11439:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11394:
11388:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11347:, 18 April 2007.
11328:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11299:
11280:
11274:
11268:
11262:
11261:
11241:
11235:
11229:
11223:
11217:
11211:
11210:
11190:
11184:
11183:
11162:
11156:
11155:
11134:
11128:
11127:
11125:
11123:
11108:
11102:
11101:
11081:
11072:
11071:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11026:
11020:
11019:
10999:
10993:
10992:
10972:
10966:
10960:
10954:
10943:
10937:
10928:"Losing the War"
10924:
10915:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10892:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10842:
10836:
10835:
10826:(132): 222–226.
10811:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10800:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10757:
10751:
10750:
10728:Чудо Сталинграда
10719:
10713:
10712:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10654:
10648:
10647:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10602:Чудо Сталинграда
10593:
10582:
10581:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10534:
10528:
10527:
10522:. Archived from
10492:
10486:
10480:
10474:
10473:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10396:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10329:
10320:
10314:
10305:
10304:
10284:
10278:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10253:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10171:Wilson, Peter H.
10167:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10118:
10109:. Archived from
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10043:"Arctic Warfare"
10038:
10032:
10031:
10025:
10016:
10010:
10009:
9999:
9967:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9930:
9921:
9920:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9875:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9859:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9791:
9785:
9779:
9773:
9767:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9725:
9716:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9631:
9625:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9548:
9542:
9541:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9496:
9490:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9458:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9429:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9285:
9279:
9270:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9232:
9223:
9222:
9199:
9193:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9122:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9071:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9016:Technical Report
9007:
8998:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8978:
8972:
8971:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8916:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8877:
8868:
8867:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8807:
8801:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8766:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8726:
8720:
8714:
8708:
8702:
8696:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8583:
8577:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8431:Glantz, David M.
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8409:978-1910-155-295
8388:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8014:
8010:The World At War
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7950:. Archived from
7944:
7935:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7708:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7556:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7528:
7519:
7513:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7475:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7427:
7426:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7195:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7087:
7086:
7074:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
7004:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6963:
6962:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6916:
6905:
6904:
6886:
6877:
6876:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6744:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6279:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6143:
6134:
6133:
6123:
6099:
6088:
6087:
6067:
6054:
6053:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5983:
5970:
5969:
5966:Technical Report
5957:
5948:
5947:
5929:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5888:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5833:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5561:Чудо Сталинграда
5555:
5546:
5545:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5428:
5422:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5368:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5235:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5157:
5144:
5138:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5060:
5053:Italian 8th Army
5037:
4983:
4977:Geoffrey Roberts
4754:Geoffrey Roberts
4746:
4569:gave the famous
4560:Seventh Symphony
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:Luftwaffe losses
4021:, artillery and
3965:field promotions
3944:Friedrich Paulus
3910:military history
3906:economy-of-force
3874:Operation Koltso
3818:
3813:Panzergrenadiers
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3594:Operation Uranus
3588:Operation Uranus
3119:XIV Panzer Corps
3006:Soviet Air Force
2886:fought at Kalach
2878:Stalingrad Front
2759:Orders of battle
2698:, Hungarian and
2559:Army Group South
2534:
2498:Ewald von Kleist
2494:Friedrich Paulus
2447:Persian Corridor
2390:U-boat offensive
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2298:Operation Uranus
2277:Stalingrad Front
2243:
2230:military history
2107:
2105:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2071:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1720:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1571:Petsamo–Kirkenes
1449:Belgorod-Kharkov
1415:Voronezh–Kharkov
1139:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1073:
1072: 1,000,000
1070:
1055:
1054:
1022:
1019:
997:
996:
983:
982:
969:
968:
958:4th Panzer Army)
951:
950:
809:
803:
802:
771:
770:
732:Stalingrad Front
729:
728:
714:
713:
702:
701:
690:
689:
678:
677:
663:
662:
650:
649:
638:
637:
626:
625:
614:
613:
602:
601:
590:
589:
574:
573:
551:
550:
539:
538:
530:
526:
525:
515:Andrey Yeremenko
513:
512:
501:
500:
489:
488:
477:
476:
463:
462:
445:
444:
433:
432:
421:
420:
411:Petre Dumitrescu
409:
408:
397:
396:
385:
384:
373:
372:
364:
357:Friedrich Paulus
355:
354:
346:
342:
341:
327:
326:
304:
302:
301:
290:
286:
284:
283:
275:
271:
269:
268:
260:
256:
254:
253:
245:
241:
239:
238:
229:
225:
223:
222:
174:
173:
171:
170:
169:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
119:
118:
61:
37:
36:
18987:
18986:
18982:
18981:
18980:
18978:
18977:
18976:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18886:from Wikisource
18880:
18875:
18873:
18863:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18849:sister projects
18846:at Knowledge's
18840:
18835:
18802:
18769:
18751:
18742:Valley of Tears
18723:
18714:Battle of Chamb
18700:
18667:
18628:Battle of Kursk
18564:
18546:
18543:
18513:
18508:
18501:
18494:
18480:
18478:
18466:
18457:
18450:
18443:
18436:
18427:
18420:
18413:
18404:
18399:Atomic bombings
18397:
18390:
18383:
18376:
18369:
18360:
18353:
18346:
18339:
18332:
18325:
18318:
18311:
18304:
18297:
18290:
18283:
18276:
18269:
18262:
18255:
18242:
18235:
18224:
18217:
18210:
18201:
18194:
18187:
18180:
18173:
18166:
18157:
18148:
18141:
18132:
18125:
18118:
18111:
18102:
18095:
18090:Eastern Romania
18088:
18083:Warsaw Uprising
18081:
18076:Tannenberg Line
18074:
18067:
18062:Western Ukraine
18060:
18051:
18044:
18035:
18026:
18017:
18010:
18003:
17992:
17983:
17970:
17963:
17954:
17947:
17940:
17933:
17926:
17919:
17912:
17903:
17896:
17889:
17880:
17873:
17866:
17859:
17854:Battle of Kursk
17852:
17845:
17838:
17831:
17824:
17811:
17804:
17795:
17788:
17781:
17772:
17765:
17758:
17751:
17742:
17733:
17726:
17719:
17712:
17705:
17698:
17691:
17684:
17677:
17670:
17665:St Nazaire Raid
17663:
17656:
17649:
17636:
17629:
17622:
17615:
17608:
17601:
17594:
17587:
17580:
17573:
17566:
17559:
17552:
17545:
17538:
17531:
17524:
17517:
17510:
17503:
17489:
17480:
17473:
17466:
17459:
17452:
17447:Anglo-Iraqi War
17445:
17438:Battle of Crete
17436:
17429:
17422:
17415:
17408:
17395:
17386:
17379:
17372:
17367:Eastern Romania
17365:
17358:
17351:
17344:
17337:
17330:
17323:
17316:
17309:
17302:
17295:
17288:
17281:
17274:
17267:
17260:
17247:
17240:
17233:
17226:
17219:
17212:
17205:
17198:
17185:
17176:
17169:
17162:
17155:
17148:
17141:
17132:
17125:
17118:
17109:
17102:
17076:
17069:
17062:
17053:
17046:
17041:
17032:
17025:
17018:
17009:
17002:
16993:
16986:
16981:
16974:
16961:
16954:
16945:
16938:
16933:
16928:Western Ukraine
16926:
16919:
16912:
16905:
16898:
16891:
16884:
16877:
16872:Northeast China
16870:
16863:
16856:
16849:
16842:
16835:
16826:
16819:
16812:
16805:
16798:
16791:
16784:
16777:
16770:
16763:
16756:
16749:
16742:
16735:
16728:
16721:
16714:
16707:
16700:
16687:
16680:
16673:
16666:
16659:
16652:
16645:
16638:
16631:
16624:
16617:
16610:
16597:
16590:
16583:
16578:Slovak Republic
16576:
16568:
16561:
16554:
16549:Empire of Japan
16547:
16538:
16530:
16523:
16516:
16509:
16502:
16495:
16487:
16480:
16473:
16465:
16458:
16445:
16438:
16429:
16422:
16413:
16406:
16399:
16392:
16385:
16378:
16371:
16359:
16352:
16345:
16338:
16331:
16324:
16317:
16310:
16303:
16291:
16284:
16277:
16270:
16263:
16251:
16243:
16236:
16229:
16222:
16215:
16208:
16201:
16189:
16182:
16175:
16168:
16161:
16135:
16126:
16119:
16112:
16105:
16094:
16079:
16072:
16065:
16061:Sexual violence
16060:
16053:
16044:
16037:
16030:
16021:
16014:
16007:
16000:
15993:
15984:
15975:
15968:
15961:
15954:
15947:
15940:
15931:
15924:
15917:
15910:
15897:
15890:
15883:
15876:
15867:
15860:
15853:
15846:
15839:
15830:
15821:
15814:
15807:
15800:
15791:
15784:
15779:Greek Civil War
15777:
15770:
15763:
15756:
15749:
15742:
15735:
15722:
15715:
15706:
15699:
15692:
15683:
15676:
15669:
15662:
15653:
15646:
15639:
15630:
15623:
15616:
15609:
15604:South-East Asia
15602:
15595:
15588:
15575:
15568:
15561:
15554:
15547:
15540:
15533:
15526:
15517:
15510:
15503:
15496:
15489:
15482:
15475:
15468:
15463:Military awards
15461:
15452:
15445:
15438:
15429:
15422:
15415:
15408:
15401:
15394:
15387:
15380:
15373:
15366:
15357:
15350:
15330:
15323:
15316:
15307:
15300:
15293:
15288:
15279:
15272:
15265:
15257:
15252:
15222:
15217:
15188:Battle of Kursk
15169:
15137:
15118:
15040:
15021:
14992:Nikolay Voronov
14932:Vasily Grossman
14878:
14873:
14864:
14852:
14850:Italo Gariboldi
14840:
14822:
14792:
14787:
14719:
14710:
14683:
14662:
14536:
14482:
14473:
14457:
14356:
14305:
14283:
14252:
14201:
14196:
14167:XXXXVIII Panzer
14144:
14126:
14074:
14069:
14018:
13986:
13981:
13954:
13943:
13931:
13910:
13875:
13873:
13868:
13840:
13838:
13829:
13816:
13778:
13773:
13731:
13710:
13705:Wayback Machine
13677:Wayback Machine
13626:Wayback Machine
13615:
13610:
13604:
13569:
13550:
13528:
13504:
13485:
13466:
13447:
13428:
13409:
13381:
13362:
13339:
13320:
13256:
13254:Further reading
13251:
13245:
13222:
13211:
13183:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13131:
13112:
13090:
13057:
13029:
13010:
12995:Verlorene Siege
12961:
12942:
12920:
12901:
12882:
12863:
12844:
12831:
12821:
12802:
12765:
12746:
12727:
12713:House, Jonathan
12701:
12664:
12641:
12619:
12617:
12615:
12594:
12570:
12531:
12512:
12493:
12474:
12444:
12425:
12401:
12379:
12362:
12357:
12347:
12345:
12332:
12328:
12321:
12302:
12298:
12291:
12277:
12273:
12266:
12252:
12248:
12241:
12225:
12221:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12198:
12194:
12184:
12182:
12181:on 28 June 2011
12173:
12172:
12168:
12159:
12158:
12154:
12144:
12142:
12133:
12132:
12128:
12118:
12116:
12099:
12095:
12089:Wayback Machine
12079:
12075:
12067:
12063:
12055:
12048:
12040:
12033:
12025:
12021:
12014:
12000:
11996:
11988:
11981:
11970:
11966:
11959:
11945:
11941:
11931:
11929:
11919:
11915:
11905:
11903:
11901:militera.lib.ru
11895:
11894:
11890:
11883:
11867:
11860:
11850:
11848:
11838:
11834:
11827:
11810:
11806:
11799:
11783:
11779:
11769:
11767:
11757:
11753:
11746:
11732:
11728:
11721:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11679:
11675:
11648:
11644:
11636:
11632:
11624:
11617:
11607:
11605:
11596:
11592:
11582:
11580:
11576:
11568:
11564:
11557:
11541:
11537:
11522:
11518:
11511:
11499:
11498:
11494:
11486:
11482:
11472:
11470:
11459:
11455:
11447:
11443:
11436:
11420:
11416:
11409:
11395:
11391:
11383:, p. 104;
11379:
11375:
11367:
11363:
11355:
11351:
11339:Giles MacDonogh
11329:
11325:
11317:
11313:
11303:
11301:
11300:on 7 April 2009
11297:
11283:
11281:
11277:
11269:
11265:
11258:
11242:
11238:
11230:
11226:
11218:
11214:
11207:
11191:
11187:
11180:
11166:Roberts, Andrew
11163:
11159:
11152:
11138:Roberts, Andrew
11135:
11131:
11121:
11119:
11109:
11105:
11098:
11082:
11075:
11068:
11054:
11050:
11043:
11027:
11023:
11016:
11000:
10996:
10989:
10973:
10969:
10961:
10957:
10944:
10940:
10925:
10918:
10910:
10906:
10869:
10865:
10855:
10853:
10843:
10839:
10812:
10808:
10798:
10796:
10788:
10787:
10783:
10773:
10771:
10758:
10754:
10743:
10720:
10716:
10706:
10686:
10682:
10675:
10655:
10651:
10644:
10628:
10624:
10617:
10594:
10585:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10543:
10535:
10531:
10520:
10506:
10498:
10493:
10489:
10481:
10477:
10470:
10456:Roberts, Andrew
10453:
10449:
10442:
10425:
10421:
10414:
10397:
10393:
10385:
10381:
10374:
10358:
10354:
10347:
10330:
10323:
10315:
10308:
10301:
10285:
10281:
10273:
10269:
10262:
10251:
10243:
10239:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10197:
10196:
10192:
10185:
10168:
10164:
10154:
10152:
10143:
10142:
10138:
10130:
10126:
10116:
10114:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10090:
10088:
10072:(10): 837–838.
10058:
10054:
10039:
10035:
10023:
10017:
10013:
9968:
9953:
9943:
9941:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9901:
9897:
9887:
9885:
9876:
9872:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9849:
9845:
9837:
9833:
9827:Pennington 2004
9825:
9821:
9815:Pennington 2004
9813:
9809:
9803:Pennington 2004
9801:
9794:
9788:Pennington 2004
9786:
9782:
9776:Pennington 2004
9774:
9770:
9764:Pennington 2004
9762:
9758:
9752:Pennington 2004
9750:
9746:
9738:
9734:
9726:
9719:
9714:
9710:
9703:
9689:Roberts, Andrew
9686:
9682:
9675:
9659:
9655:
9648:
9632:
9628:
9620:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9592:
9574:
9570:
9563:
9549:
9545:
9538:
9524:
9520:
9513:
9497:
9493:
9485:
9481:
9471:
9469:
9459:
9455:
9447:
9443:
9406:
9402:
9395:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9352:
9348:
9335:Chuikov, Vasily
9332:
9328:
9318:
9316:
9307:
9303:
9295:
9288:
9280:
9273:
9261:
9257:
9250:
9236:Roberts, Andrew
9233:
9226:
9219:
9200:
9196:
9188:
9184:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9151:Roberts, Andrew
9148:
9144:
9099:
9095:
9088:
9072:
9068:
9060:
9052:
9048:
9041:
9027:
9023:
9008:
9001:
8991:
8989:
8980:
8979:
8975:
8968:
8954:
8950:
8940:
8938:
8935:radiosputnik.ru
8929:
8928:
8924:
8914:
8912:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8887:
8878:
8871:
8856:
8852:
8842:
8840:
8831:
8827:
8819:
8810:
8802:
8793:
8785:
8781:
8773:
8769:
8761:
8757:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8727:
8723:
8715:
8711:
8703:
8699:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8640:, p. 549;
8636:, p. 212;
8632:
8628:
8620:
8616:
8608:
8604:
8596:
8592:
8584:
8580:
8572:
8568:
8560:
8556:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8521:
8517:
8509:
8505:
8501:. Zagreb, 2007.
8490:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8467:Wayback Machine
8456:
8452:
8445:
8428:
8424:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8389:
8385:
8377:
8373:
8365:
8361:
8353:
8349:
8341:
8337:
8329:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8283:
8279:
8271:
8267:
8259:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8220:
8216:
8208:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8185:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8153:
8146:
8126:
8122:
8114:
8110:
8103:
8089:
8085:
8077:
8073:
8065:
8061:
8055:Wayback Machine
8045:
8041:
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7922:
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7902:
7894:
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7812:
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7756:
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7591:
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7579:
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7554:
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7544:
7529:
7522:
7514:
7507:
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7476:
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7461:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7407:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7284:
7280:
7273:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7219:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7157:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7097:
7090:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
6997:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6908:
6901:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6857:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6767:
6763:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6730:
6726:
6699:
6695:
6682:Ziemke, Earl F.
6679:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6624:
6616:
6612:
6597:
6593:
6583:
6581:
6570:
6566:
6556:
6554:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6516:
6512:
6502:
6500:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6465:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6436:
6432:
6424:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6339:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6271:
6263:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6209:
6206:spbvedomosti.ru
6198:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6144:
6137:
6100:
6091:
6084:
6068:
6057:
6050:
6036:Roberts, Andrew
6033:
6029:
6022:
6006:
5999:
5984:
5973:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5889:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5851:
5844:
5831:
5829:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5562:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5528:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5431:
5423:
5414:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5371:
5365:Hitler's Gamble
5362:
5358:
5351:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5258:, p. 225;
5254:
5250:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5185:
5145:
5141:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5092:in the Caucasus
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5045:German 6th Army
5038:
5034:
5030:
4998:
4981:
4972:
4966:
4932:
4890:Operation Torch
4826:Washington Post
4811:Daily Telegraph
4735:
4733:
4725:Konrad Adenauer
4669:Alexander Werth
4603:Imperialist War
4567:Joseph Goebbels
4517:
4503:
4502:or more than an
4501:
4415:
4315:Peter H. Wilson
4291:
4267:
4139:heavy artillery
4120:Gerhardt's Mill
4007:
3876:
3870:
3835:
3829:
3816:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3700:
3668:1st Guards Army
3664:Nikolay Vatutin
3626:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3548:
3527:
3518:
3471:Stukageschwader
3438:air superiority
3400:
3343:Viktor Zholudev
3294:Soviet soldiers
3287:
3270:First World War
3087:
3025:Henschel Hs 129
2866:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2816:1st Guards Army
2814:offensive, and
2772:
2766:
2761:
2749:Vasiliy Chuikov
2535:
2532:
2517:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2302:Romanian armies
2250:4th Panzer Army
2236:, as Germany's
2222:southern Russia
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2069:
2064:
2055:Bratislava–Brno
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1812:
1807:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1680:
1675:
1669:Prague uprising
1652:Bratislava–Brno
1642:Moravia–Ostrava
1532:Lvov–Sandomierz
1360:Rzhev–Sychyovka
1188:Białystok–Minsk
1140:
1135:
1133:
1086:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1038:
1023:
1020:
1002:120,000–143,000
1001:
991:
988:109,000–200,000
987:
977:
974:114,000–130,000
973:
963:
959:
957:
955:
945:
927:
907:
906:
905:
904:
903:
881:
864:
863:
862:
814:1st Guards Army
797:
796:
765:
723:
708:
704:1st Panzer Army
696:
692:4th Panzer Army
684:
672:
657:
644:
632:
620:
608:
604:4th Panzer Army
596:
584:
568:
557:
545:
541:Nikolai Vatutin
533:
520:
519:
507:
495:
491:Nikolay Voronov
483:
471:
457:
451:
439:
435:Italo Gariboldi
427:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
349:
336:
335:
321:
299:
297:
293:
281:
279:
266:
264:
251:
249:
236:
234:
220:
218:
188:
167:
165:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
144:
126:
113:
62:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18985:
18975:
18974:
18969:
18964:
18959:
18957:Sniper warfare
18954:
18949:
18944:
18939:
18934:
18929:
18924:
18919:
18914:
18909:
18904:
18889:
18888:
18871:
18842:
18837:
18836:
18834:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18812:
18810:
18804:
18803:
18801:
18800:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18779:
18777:
18771:
18770:
18768:
18767:
18765:Operation Nasr
18761:
18759:
18753:
18752:
18750:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18737:Operation Badr
18733:
18731:
18729:Yom Kippur War
18725:
18724:
18722:
18721:
18716:
18710:
18708:
18702:
18701:
18699:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18683:
18677:
18675:
18669:
18668:
18666:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18625:
18620:
18610:
18605:
18600:
18595:
18590:
18585:
18580:
18574:
18572:
18566:
18565:
18563:
18562:
18556:
18554:
18548:
18547:
18542:
18541:
18534:
18527:
18519:
18510:
18509:
18507:
18506:
18499:
18492:
18475:
18472:
18471:
18468:
18467:
18465:
18464:
18463:
18462:
18455:
18448:
18434:
18433:
18432:
18418:
18415:South Sakhalin
18411:
18410:
18409:
18395:
18388:
18381:
18374:
18367:
18366:
18365:
18351:
18344:
18337:
18330:
18323:
18316:
18309:
18302:
18295:
18288:
18281:
18274:
18267:
18260:
18252:
18250:
18244:
18243:
18241:
18240:
18233:
18232:
18231:
18215:
18208:
18207:
18206:
18192:
18185:
18178:
18171:
18164:
18155:
18146:
18139:
18130:
18123:
18116:
18109:
18100:
18093:
18086:
18079:
18072:
18065:
18058:
18049:
18042:
18033:
18024:
18015:
18008:
18001:
17990:
17980:
17978:
17972:
17971:
17969:
17968:
17961:
17960:
17959:
17952:
17938:
17931:
17924:
17917:
17910:
17909:
17908:
17894:
17887:
17878:
17871:
17864:
17857:
17850:
17843:
17840:Battle of Attu
17836:
17829:
17821:
17819:
17813:
17812:
17810:
17809:
17802:
17793:
17786:
17779:
17770:
17763:
17756:
17749:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17731:
17717:
17710:
17703:
17696:
17689:
17682:
17675:
17668:
17661:
17654:
17646:
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17589:Battle of Guam
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17578:
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17512:Battle of Kiev
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17011:United Kingdom
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16979:
16971:
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16415:British Empire
16408:United Kingdom
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16369:
16357:
16350:
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16224:Czechoslovakia
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16124:
16121:Rape of Manila
16117:
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15892:United Nations
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15751:Decolonization
15747:
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15142:
15139:
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15123:
15120:
15119:
15117:
15116:
15111:
15109:Tsaritsa Gorge
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15079:Pavlov's House
15076:
15074:Mamayev Kurgan
15071:
15066:
15061:
15059:Grain Elevator
15056:
15051:
15045:
15042:
15041:
15031:
15030:
15027:
15026:
15023:
15022:
15020:
15019:
15014:
15012:Aleksey Zhadov
15009:
15007:Vasily Zaitsev
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14949:
14944:
14942:Nikolay Krylov
14939:
14934:
14929:
14924:
14922:Filipp Golikov
14919:
14917:Sasha Filippov
14914:
14909:
14907:Vasily Chuikov
14904:
14902:Vasily Badanov
14899:
14894:
14888:
14886:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14871:
14859:
14847:
14838:Viktor Pavičić
14834:
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14823:
14821:
14820:
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14810:
14804:
14802:
14789:
14788:
14786:
14785:
14780:
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14773:Arthur Schmidt
14770:
14765:
14760:
14755:
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14745:
14743:Hermann Göring
14740:
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14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14378:60th Motorised
14375:
14373:29th Motorised
14370:
14364:
14362:
14358:
14357:
14355:
14354:
14349:
14344:
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14293:
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14282:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14264:4th Mechanised
14260:
14258:
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14230:
14225:
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13649:
13643:
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13628:
13614:
13613:External links
13611:
13609:
13608:
13603:978-1854094605
13602:
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13573:
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13554:
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13379:
13366:
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13337:
13324:
13318:
13306:Erickson, John
13302:
13289:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13249:
13243:
13226:
13220:
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13187:
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13135:
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13110:
13094:
13088:
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13061:
13055:
13042:
13040:. I.B. Tauris.
13033:
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12725:
12705:
12699:
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12662:
12645:
12639:
12626:
12613:
12598:
12592:
12578:Craig, William
12574:
12568:
12555:
12535:
12529:
12516:
12510:
12497:
12491:
12478:
12472:
12459:
12448:
12442:
12429:
12423:
12409:Beevor, Antony
12405:
12399:
12383:
12377:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12326:
12320:978-0394471044
12319:
12296:
12290:978-0582771857
12289:
12271:
12265:978-0582771857
12264:
12246:
12239:
12219:
12192:
12166:
12152:
12126:
12093:
12073:
12071:, p. 108.
12061:
12046:
12044:, p. 106.
12031:
12019:
12012:
11994:
11992:, p. 107.
11979:
11964:
11957:
11939:
11913:
11888:
11881:
11858:
11832:
11825:
11804:
11798:978-0850523423
11797:
11777:
11751:
11745:978-0582771857
11744:
11726:
11719:
11701:
11694:
11682:Overy, Richard
11673:
11642:
11630:
11615:
11590:
11562:
11555:
11535:
11516:
11509:
11492:
11480:
11453:
11451:, p. 142.
11441:
11435:978-0813301952
11434:
11414:
11408:978-0582771857
11407:
11389:
11387:, p. 398.
11373:
11371:, p. 280.
11361:
11359:, p. 401.
11349:
11323:
11321:, p. 562.
11311:
11291:"Der Untergang
11282:Google Video:
11275:
11263:
11257:978-0850523423
11256:
11236:
11234:, p. 385.
11224:
11212:
11205:
11185:
11178:
11157:
11150:
11129:
11103:
11096:
11073:
11067:978-0582771857
11066:
11048:
11041:
11021:
11015:978-1848542310
11014:
10994:
10987:
10967:
10955:
10938:
10933:Chicago Reader
10916:
10904:
10863:
10837:
10806:
10781:
10761:Rees, Laurence
10752:
10741:
10723:Соколов, Борис
10714:
10704:
10680:
10673:
10649:
10642:
10622:
10615:
10597:Соколов, Борис
10583:
10561:
10554:
10529:
10518:
10487:
10483:Bergström 2007
10475:
10468:
10447:
10441:978-1541674103
10440:
10419:
10413:978-1541674103
10412:
10391:
10379:
10372:
10352:
10345:
10333:Hoyt, Edwin P.
10321:
10306:
10299:
10279:
10267:
10260:
10237:
10220:
10213:
10190:
10183:
10162:
10136:
10124:
10113:on 25 May 2013
10098:
10052:
10033:
10011:
9951:
9922:
9916:978-0850523423
9915:
9895:
9870:
9843:
9831:
9819:
9807:
9805:, p. 197.
9792:
9780:
9768:
9756:
9744:
9732:
9730:, p. 156.
9728:Merridale 2006
9717:
9708:
9701:
9680:
9673:
9653:
9646:
9626:
9614:
9602:
9568:
9561:
9543:
9536:
9518:
9511:
9491:
9479:
9453:
9451:, p. 207.
9441:
9420:(2): 195–207.
9400:
9393:
9373:
9366:
9346:
9326:
9301:
9286:
9271:
9255:
9248:
9224:
9218:978-0394471044
9217:
9194:
9182:
9170:
9163:
9142:
9113:(2): 377–471.
9093:
9087:978-0684822952
9086:
9066:
9046:
9039:
9021:
8999:
8973:
8966:
8948:
8922:
8897:
8869:
8850:
8825:
8808:
8791:
8779:
8767:
8755:
8741:
8721:
8709:
8707:, p. 215.
8697:
8685:
8679:978-1610394963
8678:
8658:
8646:
8644:, p. 932.
8626:
8614:
8602:
8600:, p. 203.
8590:
8578:
8576:, p. 193.
8566:
8554:
8552:, p. 930.
8542:
8536:978-1610394963
8535:
8515:
8503:
8491:Pojić, Milan.
8484:
8480:MacDonald 1986
8472:
8450:
8443:
8422:
8408:
8392:Overy, Richard
8383:
8371:
8369:, p. 929.
8359:
8357:, p. 283.
8347:
8345:, p. 137.
8335:
8333:, p. 153.
8323:
8311:
8297:
8277:
8265:
8253:
8241:
8230:(2): 298–318.
8214:
8202:
8190:
8183:
8163:
8151:
8145:978-1472806895
8144:
8120:
8118:, p. 184)
8108:
8101:
8083:
8081:, pp. 182
8071:
8069:, p. 926.
8059:
8039:
8037:, p. 117.
8027:
8015:
8001:
7989:
7977:
7975:, p. 206.
7965:
7954:on 31 May 2013
7936:
7927:
7920:
7900:
7888:
7885:Golovanov 2004
7877:
7873:Bergström 2007
7865:
7861:Bergström 2007
7853:
7844:
7840:Bergström 2007
7832:
7830:, p. 195.
7817:
7810:
7790:
7778:
7766:
7764:, p. 463.
7754:
7742:
7730:
7723:
7698:
7686:
7671:
7669:, p. 281.
7659:
7657:, p. 279.
7647:
7635:
7609:
7597:
7585:
7573:
7564:
7542:
7520:
7505:
7493:
7467:
7465:, p. 204.
7455:
7443:
7441:, p. 198.
7428:
7421:
7401:
7389:
7387:, p. 134.
7377:
7365:
7363:, p. 357.
7353:
7347:978-0700617760
7346:
7328:
7322:978-5275013092
7321:
7303:
7297:978-5040049417
7296:
7278:
7271:
7253:
7241:
7229:
7225:Bergström 2007
7217:
7210:
7190:
7186:Bergström 2007
7178:
7171:
7151:
7139:
7137:, p. 110.
7127:
7125:, p. 109.
7115:
7103:
7101:, p. 108.
7088:
7066:
7054:
7052:, p. 178.
7042:
7038:Bergström 2007
7030:
7018:
7006:
6991:
6987:Bergström 2007
6979:
6977:, p. 106.
6964:
6957:
6937:
6906:
6899:
6878:
6871:
6851:
6847:Bergström 2007
6839:
6837:, p. 157.
6827:
6821:978-1541674103
6820:
6799:
6773:
6761:
6736:
6724:
6693:
6673:
6661:
6659:, p. 127.
6649:
6647:, pp. 80.
6637:
6622:
6610:
6591:
6578:New York Times
6564:
6551:New York Times
6537:
6524:New York Times
6510:
6497:New York Times
6483:
6471:
6469:, p. 915.
6456:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6380:, p. 498.
6370:
6358:
6351:
6333:
6331:, p. 200.
6321:
6309:
6307:, p. 909.
6297:
6295:, p. 144.
6285:
6269:
6267:, p. 932.
6257:
6255:, p. 239.
6245:
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5513:
5506:
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5476:
5469:
5446:
5444:, p. xii.
5429:
5412:
5397:
5384:
5382:, p. 165.
5369:
5356:
5349:
5328:
5321:
5303:
5301:, p. 224.
5291:
5276:
5272:Bergström 2007
5264:
5260:Bergström 2006
5248:
5227:
5225:, p. 346.
5215:
5211:Bergström 2007
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5139:
5135:South Caucasus
5119:
5110:
5100:
5079:
5070:
5061:
5043:served in the
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4994:
4968:Main article:
4965:
4962:
4931:
4928:
4848:New York Times
4792:coming of the
4778:Western Allies
4732:
4729:
4625:trench warfare
4620:Andrew Roberts
4556:Anton Bruckner
4516:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:Junkers Ju 290
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:Heinkel He 177
4475:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:Heinkel He 111
4445:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4429:Aircraft type
4427:
4414:
4411:
4375:Andrew Roberts
4342:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4307:Army Group Don
4290:
4287:
4275:Kenneth Alibek
4266:
4263:
4189:trench warfare
4185:mobile warfare
4177:Vasily Zaytsev
4116:Mamayev Kurgan
4006:
4003:
3948:Arthur Schmidt
3872:Main article:
3869:
3868:Soviet victory
3866:
3831:Main article:
3828:
3825:
3784:Main article:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3763:Army Group Don
3699:
3696:
3692:4th Army Corps
3682:brigades, six
3641:Operation Mars
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3592:Main article:
3589:
3586:
3547:
3544:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3407:Junkers Ju 87
3399:
3396:
3381:Ivan Lyudnikov
3356:Vasily Sokolov
3286:
3283:
3255:Pavlov's House
3241:Pavlov's House
3232:Pavlov's House
3215:Mamayev Kurgan
3187:submachine gun
3086:
3083:
2859:
2858:Initial attack
2856:
2854:
2851:
2846:Main article:
2843:
2840:
2768:Main article:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2714:To the south,
2530:
2516:
2513:
2380:to defeat the
2367:
2365: 1 August
2361:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2312:In modern-day
2291:trench warfare
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2139:Pavlov's House
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:East Pomerania
1629:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Toropets–Kholm
1320:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021: 500,000
1012:
1003:
989:
975:
961:
943:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
924:1,115 aircraft
922:
919:
916:
912:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
882:
880:
879:
876:
873:
869:
861:
860:
851:
848:
845:
841:
834:
833:
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
794:
793:
788:
783:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
720:
719:
718:
706:
694:
682:
666:Army Group Don
655:
654:
642:
630:
618:
606:
594:
564:
563:
562:Units involved
559:
558:
556:
555:
553:Vasily Chuikov
543:
531:
517:
505:
493:
481:
469:
454:
452:
450:
449:
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
365:
347:
333:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
294:
292:
291:
276:
261:
246:
231:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
200:
190:
184:
183:
182:Soviet victory
180:
176:
175:
168:48.700; 44.517
143:, Soviet Union
135:
133:
129:
128:
123:
115:
114:
112:
111:
100:
97:
91:
84:of the German
79:
76:
66:
54:
53:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18984:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18967:Urban warfare
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18948:
18947:Joseph Stalin
18945:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18899:
18897:
18885:
18884:
18872:
18868:
18867:
18855:
18854:
18851:
18845:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18813:
18811:
18809:
18805:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18780:
18778:
18776:
18772:
18766:
18763:
18762:
18760:
18758:
18757:Iran–Iraq War
18754:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18734:
18732:
18730:
18726:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18711:
18709:
18707:
18703:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18678:
18676:
18674:
18670:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18633:
18629:
18626:
18624:
18621:
18618:
18614:
18611:
18609:
18606:
18604:
18601:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18575:
18573:
18571:
18567:
18561:
18558:
18557:
18555:
18553:
18549:
18540:
18535:
18533:
18528:
18526:
18521:
18520:
18517:
18504:
18500:
18497:
18493:
18490:
18489:
18484:
18477:
18476:
18473:
18460:
18456:
18453:
18449:
18446:
18442:
18441:
18439:
18435:
18430:
18426:
18425:
18423:
18422:Kuril Islands
18419:
18416:
18412:
18407:
18403:
18402:
18400:
18396:
18393:
18389:
18386:
18382:
18379:
18375:
18372:
18368:
18363:
18359:
18358:
18356:
18352:
18349:
18345:
18342:
18338:
18335:
18331:
18328:
18324:
18321:
18317:
18314:
18310:
18307:
18303:
18300:
18296:
18293:
18289:
18286:
18282:
18279:
18275:
18272:
18268:
18265:
18261:
18258:
18254:
18253:
18251:
18249:
18245:
18238:
18234:
18229:
18228:
18223:
18222:
18220:
18216:
18213:
18209:
18204:
18200:
18199:
18197:
18193:
18190:
18189:Syrmian Front
18186:
18183:
18179:
18176:
18172:
18169:
18165:
18162:
18161:
18156:
18153:
18152:
18147:
18144:
18140:
18137:
18136:
18135:Market Garden
18131:
18128:
18124:
18121:
18117:
18114:
18110:
18107:
18106:
18101:
18098:
18094:
18091:
18087:
18084:
18080:
18077:
18073:
18070:
18066:
18063:
18059:
18056:
18055:
18050:
18047:
18043:
18040:
18039:
18034:
18031:
18030:
18025:
18022:
18021:
18016:
18013:
18009:
18006:
18002:
17999:
17995:
17994:Monte Cassino
17991:
17988:
17987:
17982:
17981:
17979:
17977:
17973:
17966:
17962:
17957:
17953:
17950:
17946:
17945:
17943:
17939:
17936:
17932:
17929:
17925:
17922:
17918:
17915:
17911:
17906:
17902:
17901:
17899:
17895:
17892:
17888:
17885:
17884:
17879:
17876:
17872:
17869:
17865:
17862:
17858:
17855:
17851:
17848:
17844:
17841:
17837:
17834:
17830:
17827:
17823:
17822:
17820:
17818:
17814:
17807:
17803:
17800:
17799:
17794:
17791:
17787:
17784:
17780:
17777:
17776:
17771:
17768:
17764:
17761:
17757:
17754:
17750:
17747:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17732:
17729:
17725:
17724:
17722:
17718:
17715:
17711:
17708:
17704:
17701:
17697:
17694:
17690:
17687:
17683:
17680:
17676:
17673:
17669:
17666:
17662:
17659:
17655:
17652:
17648:
17647:
17645:
17643:
17639:
17632:
17628:
17625:
17621:
17618:
17614:
17611:
17607:
17604:
17600:
17597:
17593:
17590:
17586:
17583:
17579:
17576:
17572:
17569:
17565:
17562:
17558:
17555:
17551:
17548:
17544:
17541:
17537:
17534:
17530:
17527:
17523:
17520:
17516:
17513:
17509:
17506:
17502:
17498:
17497:
17492:
17488:
17483:
17479:
17478:
17476:
17472:
17469:
17465:
17462:
17458:
17455:
17451:
17448:
17444:
17439:
17435:
17434:
17432:
17428:
17425:
17421:
17418:
17414:
17411:
17407:
17406:
17404:
17402:
17398:
17391:
17390:
17385:
17382:
17378:
17375:
17371:
17368:
17364:
17361:
17360:Baltic states
17357:
17354:
17350:
17347:
17343:
17340:
17336:
17333:
17329:
17326:
17322:
17319:
17315:
17312:
17308:
17305:
17301:
17298:
17294:
17291:
17287:
17284:
17280:
17277:
17273:
17270:
17266:
17263:
17259:
17258:
17256:
17254:
17250:
17243:
17239:
17236:
17232:
17229:
17225:
17222:
17218:
17215:
17211:
17208:
17204:
17201:
17197:
17196:
17194:
17192:
17188:
17179:
17175:
17172:
17168:
17165:
17161:
17158:
17154:
17151:
17147:
17146:
17144:
17140:
17135:
17131:
17128:
17124:
17123:
17121:
17117:
17112:
17108:
17107:
17105:
17101:
17100:
17098:
17096:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17083:
17072:
17068:
17065:
17061:
17056:
17052:
17049:
17045:
17044:
17040:
17035:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17024:
17021:
17017:
17012:
17008:
17005:
17004:United States
17001:
16996:
16992:
16991:
16989:
16985:
16984:
16980:
16977:
16973:
16972:
16970:
16968:
16964:
16957:
16953:
16948:
16944:
16941:
16940:Quốc dân Đảng
16937:
16936:
16932:
16929:
16925:
16922:
16918:
16915:
16911:
16908:
16904:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16890:
16887:
16883:
16880:
16876:
16873:
16869:
16866:
16862:
16859:
16855:
16852:
16848:
16845:
16841:
16838:
16834:
16829:
16825:
16822:
16818:
16817:
16815:
16811:
16808:
16804:
16801:
16797:
16794:
16790:
16787:
16783:
16780:
16776:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16762:
16759:
16755:
16752:
16748:
16745:
16741:
16738:
16734:
16731:
16727:
16724:
16720:
16717:
16713:
16710:
16706:
16703:
16699:
16698:
16696:
16694:
16690:
16683:
16679:
16676:
16672:
16669:
16665:
16662:
16658:
16655:
16651:
16648:
16644:
16641:
16640:Liechtenstein
16637:
16634:
16630:
16627:
16623:
16620:
16616:
16613:
16609:
16608:
16606:
16604:
16600:
16593:
16589:
16586:
16582:
16579:
16575:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16560:
16557:
16553:
16550:
16546:
16541:
16537:
16536:
16533:
16529:
16526:
16522:
16519:
16515:
16512:
16508:
16505:
16501:
16498:
16494:
16490:
16486:
16483:
16479:
16476:
16472:
16468:
16464:
16461:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16452:
16448:
16441:
16437:
16432:
16428:
16427:
16425:
16424:United States
16421:
16416:
16412:
16411:
16409:
16405:
16402:
16398:
16395:
16391:
16388:
16384:
16381:
16377:
16374:
16370:
16366:
16362:
16358:
16355:
16351:
16348:
16344:
16341:
16337:
16334:
16330:
16327:
16323:
16320:
16316:
16313:
16309:
16306:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16290:
16287:
16283:
16280:
16276:
16273:
16269:
16266:
16262:
16258:
16254:
16250:
16246:
16242:
16239:
16235:
16232:
16228:
16225:
16221:
16218:
16214:
16211:
16207:
16204:
16200:
16196:
16192:
16188:
16185:
16181:
16178:
16174:
16171:
16167:
16164:
16160:
16159:
16157:
16155:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16142:
16129:
16125:
16122:
16118:
16115:
16114:Comfort women
16111:
16108:
16104:
16101:
16098: /
16097:
16093:
16090:
16087: /
16086:
16083: /
16082:
16078:
16075:
16074:Camp brothels
16071:
16068:
16064:
16063:
16059:
16056:
16052:
16047:
16043:
16040:
16036:
16035:
16033:
16029:
16024:
16020:
16017:
16013:
16010:
16006:
16005:
16003:
15999:
15996:
15992:
15987:
15983:
15978:
15974:
15971:
15967:
15966:
15964:
15963:The Holocaust
15960:
15957:
15953:
15950:
15949:forced labour
15946:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15934:
15930:
15927:
15923:
15920:
15916:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15904:
15900:
15893:
15889:
15886:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15870:
15866:
15863:
15859:
15856:
15852:
15849:
15845:
15844:
15842:
15838:
15835:
15834:
15829:
15826:
15825:
15820:
15817:
15813:
15810:
15806:
15803:
15802:Marshall Plan
15799:
15796:
15795:
15790:
15787:
15783:
15780:
15776:
15773:
15769:
15766:
15762:
15759:
15755:
15752:
15748:
15745:
15741:
15738:
15734:
15733:
15731:
15729:
15725:
15718:
15714:
15709:
15705:
15704:
15702:
15698:
15695:
15691:
15686:
15682:
15679:
15675:
15672:
15668:
15667:
15665:
15661:
15656:
15655:Eastern Front
15652:
15649:
15648:Western Front
15645:
15644:
15642:
15638:
15633:
15629:
15626:
15622:
15619:
15615:
15612:
15608:
15605:
15601:
15598:
15594:
15593:
15591:
15587:
15586:
15584:
15582:
15578:
15571:
15567:
15564:
15560:
15557:
15553:
15550:
15546:
15543:
15542:Puppet states
15539:
15536:
15532:
15529:
15525:
15520:
15516:
15513:
15509:
15508:
15506:
15502:
15499:
15495:
15492:
15488:
15485:
15484:Naval history
15481:
15478:
15474:
15471:
15467:
15464:
15460:
15455:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15444:
15441:
15437:
15432:
15431:United States
15428:
15425:
15421:
15418:
15414:
15413:
15411:
15407:
15404:
15400:
15397:
15393:
15390:
15386:
15383:
15379:
15376:
15372:
15369:
15365:
15360:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15349:
15348:
15346:
15344:
15340:
15337:
15333:
15326:
15322:
15319:
15315:
15310:
15306:
15303:
15299:
15296:
15292:
15291:
15287:
15282:
15278:
15277:
15275:
15271:
15268:
15264:
15263:
15260:
15256:
15249:
15244:
15242:
15237:
15235:
15230:
15229:
15226:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15180:
15179:
15176:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15155:
15151:
15149:
15148:
15144:
15143:
15140:
15136:
15135:
15129:
15125:
15115:
15114:Tractor Plant
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15046:
15043:
15036:
15032:
15018:
15017:Georgy Zhukov
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14997:Erich Weinert
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14927:Vasily Gordov
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14892:Joseph Stalin
14890:
14889:
14887:
14882:
14876:
14868:
14863:
14860:
14856:
14851:
14848:
14844:
14839:
14836:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14825:
14819:
14818:Mihail Lascăr
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14805:
14803:
14801:
14796:
14790:
14784:
14783:Karl Strecker
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14730:
14728:
14723:
14717:
14713:
14706:
14702:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14671:
14669:
14665:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
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14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14545:
14543:
14539:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14499:
14497:
14493:
14490:
14486:
14480:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14464:
14460:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14368:3rd Motorised
14366:
14365:
14363:
14359:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14322:
14320:
14316:
14313:
14309:
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14300:
14298:
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14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
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14265:
14262:
14261:
14259:
14255:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
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14236:
14234:
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14224:
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14218:
14216:
14212:
14209:
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14199:
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14180:
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14175:
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14168:
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14160:
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14148:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14133:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14084:
14082:
14078:
14072:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14055:Hungarian 2nd
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14042:
14040:
14038:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14025:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13990:
13984:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13964:
13962:
13958:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13942:
13938:
13934:
13930:
13925:
13921:
13907:
13906:
13902:
13900:
13899:
13898:Little Saturn
13895:
13893:
13892:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13871:
13865:
13864:
13860:
13858:
13857:
13853:
13852:
13850:
13848:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13823:
13819:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13784:
13781:
13777:
13770:
13765:
13763:
13758:
13756:
13751:
13750:
13747:
13741:
13737:
13734:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13713:
13708:
13706:
13702:
13699:
13696:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13674:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13660:
13659:
13654:
13650:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13616:
13605:
13599:
13595:
13591:
13586:
13582:
13578:
13574:
13570:
13568:0-85052-307-9
13564:
13560:
13555:
13551:
13549:0-582-77185-4
13545:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13527:0-375-50632-2
13523:
13519:
13518:
13513:
13509:
13505:
13499:
13495:
13490:
13486:
13480:
13476:
13471:
13467:
13465:0-9751076-4-X
13461:
13457:
13452:
13448:
13446:0-646-41034-2
13442:
13438:
13433:
13429:
13423:
13419:
13414:
13410:
13404:
13400:
13395:
13391:
13386:
13382:
13376:
13372:
13367:
13363:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13344:
13340:
13334:
13330:
13325:
13321:
13319:0-86531-744-5
13315:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13265:
13259:
13258:
13246:
13244:9781781592915
13240:
13236:
13232:
13227:
13223:
13221:9788013045928
13217:
13210:
13209:
13204:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13178:
13174:
13170:
13166:
13155:
13153:0-7432-0916-8
13149:
13144:
13143:
13136:
13132:
13130:9781398110717
13126:
13122:
13117:
13113:
13111:0-7064-0399-1
13107:
13103:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13085:
13081:
13080:
13075:
13071:
13067:
13062:
13058:
13052:
13048:
13043:
13039:
13034:
13030:
13028:9780312426521
13024:
13020:
13015:
13011:
13009:0-7603-2054-3
13005:
13001:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12987:
12983:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12966:
12962:
12956:
12952:
12947:
12943:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12925:
12921:
12919:3-421-01653-4
12915:
12911:
12906:
12902:
12896:
12892:
12887:
12883:
12877:
12873:
12868:
12864:
12862:9781526742667
12858:
12854:
12849:
12845:
12839:
12835:
12826:
12822:
12816:
12812:
12807:
12803:
12797:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12779:
12775:
12770:
12766:
12760:
12756:
12751:
12747:
12741:
12737:
12732:
12728:
12726:0-7006-0899-0
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12669:
12665:
12659:
12655:
12651:
12646:
12642:
12640:9780700617845
12636:
12632:
12627:
12616:
12614:9781782003137
12610:
12606:
12605:
12599:
12595:
12593:0-14-200000-0
12589:
12585:
12584:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12569:9780755336388
12565:
12561:
12556:
12552:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12522:
12517:
12513:
12507:
12503:
12498:
12494:
12488:
12484:
12479:
12475:
12473:9780300160338
12469:
12465:
12460:
12456:
12455:
12449:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12430:
12426:
12420:
12416:
12415:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12400:0-19-507903-5
12396:
12392:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12374:
12370:
12365:
12364:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12330:
12322:
12316:
12312:
12311:
12306:
12300:
12292:
12286:
12282:
12275:
12267:
12261:
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12250:
12242:
12236:
12232:
12231:
12223:
12205:
12204:
12196:
12180:
12176:
12170:
12162:
12156:
12140:
12136:
12130:
12114:
12110:
12109:The Telegraph
12105:
12097:
12090:
12086:
12083:
12077:
12070:
12065:
12059:, p. 95.
12058:
12053:
12051:
12043:
12038:
12036:
12028:
12023:
12015:
12009:
12005:
11998:
11991:
11986:
11984:
11975:
11968:
11960:
11954:
11950:
11943:
11928:
11924:
11917:
11902:
11898:
11892:
11884:
11882:9781610394963
11878:
11874:
11873:
11865:
11863:
11847:
11843:
11836:
11828:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11808:
11800:
11794:
11790:
11789:
11781:
11766:
11762:
11755:
11747:
11741:
11737:
11730:
11722:
11716:
11712:
11705:
11697:
11695:9780593489437
11691:
11687:
11683:
11677:
11669:
11665:
11662:(28): 22–28.
11661:
11657:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11634:
11627:
11622:
11620:
11603:
11602:
11594:
11575:
11574:
11566:
11558:
11556:9780141391090
11552:
11548:
11547:
11539:
11531:
11527:
11520:
11512:
11510:0-19-822888-0
11506:
11502:
11496:
11489:
11484:
11467:
11466:
11457:
11450:
11445:
11437:
11431:
11427:
11426:
11418:
11410:
11404:
11400:
11393:
11386:
11382:
11377:
11370:
11365:
11358:
11353:
11346:
11345:
11344:The Telegraph
11340:
11336:
11332:
11327:
11320:
11315:
11298:(Adobe Flash)
11296:
11292:
11288:
11287:
11279:
11273:, p. 407
11272:
11267:
11259:
11253:
11249:
11248:
11240:
11233:
11228:
11221:
11216:
11208:
11206:9781610394963
11202:
11198:
11197:
11189:
11181:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11161:
11153:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11133:
11118:
11114:
11107:
11099:
11093:
11089:
11088:
11080:
11078:
11069:
11063:
11059:
11052:
11044:
11042:9781610394963
11038:
11034:
11033:
11025:
11017:
11011:
11007:
11006:
10998:
10990:
10988:9781610394963
10984:
10980:
10979:
10971:
10964:
10959:
10951:
10947:
10942:
10935:
10934:
10929:
10923:
10921:
10914:, p. 301
10913:
10908:
10900:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10883:(1): 91–104.
10882:
10878:
10874:
10867:
10852:
10848:
10841:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10810:
10795:
10794:modernlib.net
10791:
10785:
10770:
10769:www.bbc.co.uk
10766:
10762:
10756:
10749:
10744:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10729:
10724:
10718:
10711:
10707:
10705:5-7921-0673-8
10701:
10697:
10693:
10692:
10684:
10676:
10674:5-7921-0673-8
10670:
10666:
10662:
10661:
10653:
10645:
10639:
10635:
10634:
10626:
10618:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10603:
10598:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10565:
10557:
10555:5-203-01400-0
10551:
10547:
10540:
10533:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10491:
10484:
10479:
10471:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10443:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10415:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10395:
10388:
10383:
10375:
10369:
10365:
10364:
10356:
10348:
10346:9780312854638
10342:
10338:
10334:
10328:
10326:
10319:, p. xiv
10318:
10313:
10311:
10302:
10300:9781101022306
10296:
10292:
10291:
10283:
10276:
10271:
10263:
10257:
10250:
10249:
10241:
10233:
10232:
10224:
10216:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10201:
10194:
10186:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10150:
10146:
10140:
10133:
10128:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10056:
10048:
10044:
10037:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10007:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9940:
9936:
9929:
9927:
9918:
9912:
9908:
9907:
9899:
9883:
9882:
9874:
9856:
9855:
9847:
9840:
9835:
9828:
9823:
9816:
9811:
9804:
9799:
9797:
9789:
9784:
9777:
9772:
9766:, p. 178
9765:
9760:
9753:
9748:
9741:
9736:
9729:
9724:
9722:
9712:
9704:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9684:
9676:
9674:9781610394963
9670:
9666:
9665:
9657:
9649:
9647:9781610394963
9643:
9639:
9638:
9630:
9623:
9618:
9611:
9606:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9582:The Telegraph
9579:
9572:
9564:
9562:9781472842695
9558:
9554:
9547:
9539:
9533:
9529:
9522:
9514:
9508:
9504:
9503:
9495:
9489:, p. 204
9488:
9483:
9468:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9445:
9437:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9404:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9385:
9377:
9369:
9363:
9359:
9358:
9350:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9330:
9314:
9313:
9305:
9299:, p. 135
9298:
9293:
9291:
9283:
9278:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9259:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9229:
9220:
9214:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9198:
9191:
9186:
9179:
9174:
9166:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9146:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9097:
9089:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9070:
9059:
9058:
9050:
9042:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9017:
9013:
9006:
9004:
8987:
8983:
8977:
8969:
8963:
8959:
8952:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8910:
8909:
8901:
8885:
8884:
8876:
8874:
8865:
8861:
8854:
8838:
8837:
8829:
8823:, p. 153
8822:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8805:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8788:
8783:
8776:
8771:
8764:
8759:
8744:
8738:
8734:
8733:
8725:
8718:
8713:
8706:
8701:
8695:, p. 550
8694:
8689:
8681:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8662:
8655:
8650:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8630:
8624:, p. 380
8623:
8618:
8612:, p. 550
8611:
8606:
8599:
8594:
8587:
8582:
8575:
8570:
8564:, p. 549
8563:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8527:
8519:
8512:
8507:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8488:
8481:
8476:
8469:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8454:
8446:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8411:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8380:
8375:
8368:
8363:
8356:
8351:
8344:
8339:
8332:
8327:
8320:
8315:
8300:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8281:
8274:
8269:
8262:
8257:
8251:, p. 310
8250:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8212:, p. 195
8211:
8206:
8200:, p. 451
8199:
8198:Weinberg 2005
8194:
8186:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8167:
8160:
8155:
8147:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8112:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8079:Manstein 2004
8075:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8043:
8036:
8031:
8024:
8019:
8012:
8011:
8005:
7998:
7993:
7986:
7981:
7974:
7969:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7941:
7931:
7923:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7904:
7898:, p. 516
7897:
7892:
7886:
7881:
7875:, p. 82.
7874:
7869:
7863:, p. 84.
7862:
7857:
7848:
7842:, p. 83.
7841:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7822:
7813:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7794:
7787:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7763:
7758:
7751:
7746:
7739:
7734:
7726:
7724:9780811766197
7720:
7716:
7715:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7696:, p. 158
7695:
7690:
7684:, p. 187
7683:
7678:
7676:
7668:
7663:
7656:
7651:
7645:, p. 34.
7644:
7639:
7624:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7601:
7595:, p. 68.
7594:
7589:
7582:
7577:
7568:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7525:
7518:, p. 140
7517:
7512:
7510:
7503:, p. 139
7502:
7497:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7472:
7464:
7459:
7453:, p. 81.
7452:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7433:
7424:
7422:9781610394963
7418:
7414:
7413:
7405:
7399:, p. xiv
7398:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7362:
7357:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7299:
7293:
7289:
7282:
7274:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7227:, p. 80.
7226:
7221:
7213:
7211:9781849089906
7207:
7203:
7202:
7194:
7188:, p. 75.
7187:
7182:
7174:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7155:
7149:, p. 65.
7148:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7112:
7107:
7100:
7095:
7093:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7071:
7063:
7058:
7051:
7046:
7040:, p. 74.
7039:
7034:
7028:, p. 507
7027:
7022:
7015:
7010:
7002:
6995:
6989:, p. 73.
6988:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6969:
6960:
6958:9780806144603
6954:
6950:
6949:
6941:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6902:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6874:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6855:
6849:, p. 69.
6848:
6843:
6836:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6770:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6733:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6619:
6614:
6607:
6603:. Routledge.
6602:
6595:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6475:
6468:
6463:
6461:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6428:, p. 85.
6427:
6422:
6415:
6410:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6329:Mammadli 2021
6325:
6319:, p. 96.
6318:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6114:(1): 91–104.
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6085:
6083:9781610394963
6079:
6075:
6074:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6023:
6021:9781849089906
6017:
6013:
6012:
6004:
6002:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5926:
5919:, p. 27.
5918:
5913:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5787:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5734:
5732:9780312854638
5728:
5724:
5717:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5613:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5543:
5541:5-7921-0673-8
5537:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5470:9781906033026
5466:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5427:, p. 14.
5426:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5410:, p. 39.
5409:
5404:
5402:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5332:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5289:, p. 134
5288:
5283:
5281:
5274:, p. 72.
5273:
5268:
5262:, p. 87.
5261:
5257:
5252:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5191:
5182:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5114:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4971:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4936:
4930:Commemoration
4927:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4823:wrote in the
4822:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:John Erickson
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4673:Russia at War
4670:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4545:
4544:Generaloberst
4541:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4512:
4500:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4462:
4459:
4458:Junkers Ju 86
4452:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4438:Junkers Ju 52
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4391:Laurence Rees
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:Gog and Magog
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:Edwin P. Hoyt
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:William Craig
4345:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4313:According to
4312:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4228:Richard Overy
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:Soviet sniper
4170:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4103:Antony Beevor
4100:
4099:urban warfare
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:Karl Strecker
3987:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:, eight tank
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3657:23rd Division
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3164:Order No. 227
3161:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2981:Georgy Zhukov
2975:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:Eastern Front
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2930:Generaloberst
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2865:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:17th Air Army
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:16th Air Army
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:Rostov Oblast
2670:
2666:
2663:German units
2661:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:The start of
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:Georgy Zhukov
2468:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2359: 22 July
2346:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Allied powers
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2273:Joseph Stalin
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:urban warfare
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Eastern Front
2195:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:Little Saturn
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Uman–Botoșani
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Kerch-Eltigen
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:Little Saturn
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1773:Little Saturn
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
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1396:
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1390:Little Saturn
1387:
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1378:
1377:Velikiye Luki
1375:
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1174:
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1169:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:Naval warfare
1147:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:Eastern Front
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1098:
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1079:
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1053:
1048:
1047:
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1042:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1011:19,300–52,000
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
967:
962:
954:
949:
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917:
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899:
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890:
889:
886:
883:
877:
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871:
870:
867:
858:
857:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
839:
836:
835:
830:
825:
822:
820:
819:5th Tank Army
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
808:
807:
801:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:
775:
769:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
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736:
734:
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721:
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712:
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695:
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688:
683:
681:
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669:
668:
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648:
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636:
631:
629:
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619:
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612:
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583:
582:
581:
579:
578:
572:
566:
565:
560:
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549:
544:
542:
537:
532:
529:
524:
518:
516:
511:
506:
504:
499:
494:
492:
487:
482:
480:
479:Georgy Zhukov
475:
470:
468:
467:
466:Joseph Stalin
461:
456:
455:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:
431:
426:
424:
419:
414:
412:
407:
402:
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388:
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366:
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317:
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311:
308:
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295:
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247:
244:
232:
230:
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215:
214:
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206:
199:
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186:
185:
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178:
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142:
138:
134:
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124:
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110:
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104:
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98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
67:
65:
60:
55:
52:
48:
47:Eastern Front
43:
38:
33:
29:
25:
23:
18881:
18869:from Commons
18864:
18843:
18612:
18545:Tank battles
18496:Bibliography
18479:
18292:Project Hula
18257:Vistula–Oder
18226:
18159:
18150:
18134:
18104:
18053:
18037:
18028:
18019:
17985:
17882:
17797:
17773:
17759:
17743:
17494:
17387:
17332:North Africa
17034:Soviet Union
16988:Soviet Union
16914:Soviet Union
16682:Vatican City
16592:Vichy France
16497:German Reich
16394:Soviet Union
16380:South Africa
16373:Sierra Leone
16326:Newfoundland
16145:Participants
16128:Marocchinate
15832:
15823:
15793:
15671:North Africa
15632:Indian Ocean
15491:Nazi plunder
15382:Cryptography
15255:World War II
15152:
15145:
15133:
14962:Yakov Pavlov
14897:Hazi Aslanov
14885:Soviet Union
14862:Gusztáv Jány
14748:Hermann Hoth
14733:Adolf Hitler
14726:Nazi Germany
14679:81st Cavalry
14674:60th Cavalry
14495:Guards Rifle
14004:Southwestern
13904:
13897:
13890:
13882:Soviet Union
13863:Winter Storm
13862:
13856:Donnerschlag
13855:
13847:Nazi Germany
13812:German units
13775:
13732:
13658:The Guardian
13656:
13593:
13580:
13558:
13539:
13516:
13493:
13474:
13455:
13436:
13417:
13398:
13389:
13370:
13347:
13328:
13309:
13297:
13293:
13268:
13262:
13234:
13207:
13194:
13172:
13157:. Retrieved
13141:
13120:
13101:
13078:
13065:
13046:
13037:
13018:
12999:
12994:
12973:
12950:
12931:
12928:Kershaw, Ian
12909:
12890:
12871:
12852:
12833:
12810:
12790:
12777:
12773:
12754:
12735:
12716:
12686:
12682:
12667:
12653:
12649:
12630:
12618:. Retrieved
12603:
12581:
12559:
12542:
12520:
12501:
12482:
12463:
12452:
12433:
12413:
12390:
12387:Bartov, Omer
12368:
12360:Bibliography
12346:. Retrieved
12342:
12329:
12309:
12299:
12280:
12274:
12255:
12249:
12229:
12222:
12211:, retrieved
12202:
12195:
12183:. Retrieved
12179:the original
12169:
12155:
12143:. Retrieved
12138:
12129:
12117:. Retrieved
12108:
12096:
12076:
12064:
12022:
12003:
11997:
11973:
11967:
11948:
11942:
11930:. Retrieved
11926:
11916:
11904:. Retrieved
11900:
11891:
11871:
11849:. Retrieved
11845:
11835:
11816:
11807:
11787:
11780:
11768:. Retrieved
11764:
11754:
11735:
11729:
11710:
11704:
11685:
11676:
11659:
11655:
11645:
11633:
11626:Roberts 2006
11606:. Retrieved
11600:
11593:
11581:. Retrieved
11572:
11565:
11545:
11538:
11529:
11519:
11500:
11495:
11483:
11471:. Retrieved
11464:
11456:
11444:
11424:
11417:
11398:
11392:
11376:
11364:
11352:
11342:
11334:
11326:
11314:
11302:. Retrieved
11295:the original
11290:
11285:
11278:
11266:
11246:
11239:
11227:
11215:
11195:
11188:
11169:
11160:
11141:
11132:
11120:. Retrieved
11116:
11106:
11086:
11057:
11051:
11031:
11024:
11004:
10997:
10977:
10970:
10958:
10949:
10941:
10931:
10907:
10880:
10876:
10866:
10854:. Retrieved
10850:
10840:
10823:
10819:
10809:
10797:. Retrieved
10793:
10784:
10772:. Retrieved
10768:
10755:
10746:
10732:
10727:
10717:
10709:
10695:
10690:
10683:
10664:
10659:
10652:
10632:
10625:
10606:
10601:
10577:
10564:
10545:
10538:
10532:
10524:the original
10509:
10501:
10490:
10478:
10459:
10450:
10431:
10422:
10403:
10394:
10387:DiMarco 2012
10382:
10362:
10355:
10336:
10289:
10282:
10270:
10247:
10240:
10230:
10223:
10204:
10199:
10193:
10174:
10165:
10153:. Retrieved
10148:
10139:
10127:
10115:. Retrieved
10111:the original
10101:
10089:. Retrieved
10069:
10065:
10055:
10046:
10036:
10027:
10014:
9982:(2): 97–98.
9979:
9975:
9942:. Retrieved
9938:
9905:
9898:
9886:. Retrieved
9880:
9873:
9862:, retrieved
9853:
9846:
9834:
9822:
9810:
9783:
9771:
9759:
9747:
9740:Bellamy 2007
9735:
9711:
9692:
9683:
9663:
9656:
9636:
9629:
9617:
9605:
9593:. Retrieved
9581:
9571:
9552:
9546:
9527:
9521:
9501:
9494:
9482:
9470:. Retrieved
9466:
9456:
9444:
9417:
9413:
9403:
9383:
9376:
9356:
9349:
9339:
9329:
9317:. Retrieved
9311:
9304:
9258:
9239:
9207:
9197:
9185:
9178:Bellamy 2007
9173:
9154:
9145:
9110:
9106:
9096:
9076:
9069:
9056:
9049:
9030:
9024:
9015:
8990:. Retrieved
8985:
8976:
8957:
8951:
8939:. Retrieved
8934:
8925:
8913:. Retrieved
8907:
8900:
8888:. Retrieved
8882:
8863:
8853:
8841:. Retrieved
8835:
8828:
8782:
8770:
8758:
8746:. Retrieved
8731:
8724:
8712:
8700:
8693:Bellamy 2007
8688:
8668:
8661:
8649:
8638:Bellamy 2007
8629:
8617:
8610:Kershaw 2000
8605:
8593:
8581:
8569:
8562:Kershaw 2000
8557:
8545:
8525:
8518:
8506:
8492:
8487:
8482:, p. 98
8475:
8458:
8453:
8434:
8425:
8413:. Retrieved
8399:
8386:
8374:
8362:
8350:
8338:
8326:
8314:
8302:. Retrieved
8287:
8280:
8268:
8256:
8249:Hayward 1998
8244:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8210:Hayward 1998
8205:
8193:
8173:
8166:
8154:
8134:
8130:Hilfswillige
8129:
8123:
8116:Beevor (1998
8111:
8092:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8042:
8030:
8018:
8008:
8004:
7992:
7980:
7968:
7956:. Retrieved
7952:the original
7930:
7914:. ABC-CLIO.
7910:
7903:
7896:Bellamy 2007
7891:
7880:
7868:
7856:
7847:
7835:
7828:Hayward 1998
7800:
7793:
7781:
7769:
7757:
7745:
7733:
7713:
7689:
7662:
7650:
7638:
7626:. Retrieved
7622:
7612:
7600:
7588:
7576:
7567:
7558:
7545:
7536:
7496:
7487:
7483:
7458:
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7411:
7404:
7392:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7337:
7331:
7312:
7306:
7287:
7281:
7262:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7200:
7193:
7181:
7161:
7154:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7106:
7082:
7057:
7045:
7033:
7026:Bellamy 2007
7021:
7014:Hayward 1998
7009:
7000:
6994:
6982:
6947:
6940:
6928:. Retrieved
6923:
6890:
6861:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6811:
6802:
6790:. Retrieved
6785:
6776:
6764:
6756:the original
6751:
6727:
6713:(1): 13–25.
6710:
6706:
6696:
6686:
6676:
6664:
6652:
6640:
6613:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6582:. Retrieved
6577:
6567:
6555:. Retrieved
6550:
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6523:
6513:
6501:. Retrieved
6496:
6486:
6474:
6447:. Retrieved
6443:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6378:Bellamy 2007
6373:
6361:
6342:
6336:
6324:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6282:Kershaw 2000
6260:
6248:
6236:. Retrieved
6231:
6222:
6210:. Retrieved
6208:(in Russian)
6205:
6195:
6183:. Retrieved
6179:
6169:
6150:
6111:
6107:
6072:
6039:
6030:
6010:
5991:
5965:
5933:
5917:DiMarco 2012
5912:
5900:. Retrieved
5896:
5861:. Retrieved
5855:
5837:
5830:. Retrieved
5826:
5816:
5808:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5741:
5722:
5716:
5696:
5689:
5670:
5664:
5645:
5639:
5619:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5594:
5584:
5565:
5531:
5497:
5491:
5479:
5459:
5408:DiMarco 2012
5392:
5387:
5367:, 1943, p. 1
5364:
5359:
5340:
5331:
5312:
5306:
5299:Hayward 1998
5294:
5267:
5256:Hayward 1998
5251:
5242:
5218:
5206:
5142:
5127:Hayward 1998
5122:
5113:
5103:
5088:Army Group A
5082:
5073:
5064:
5035:
4973:
4959:
4947:
4941:
4912:
4909:living space
4902:
4898:
4894:
4882:
4866:
4852:
4846:
4839:Second Marne
4824:
4821:Barnet Nover
4809:
4802:
4790:
4757:
4751:
4731:Significance
4717:West Germany
4706:
4698:labour camps
4694:
4681:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4612:
4591:
4582:
4571:
4552:
4547:Walter Heitz
4543:
4539:
4509:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4346:
4343:
4300:
4272:
4268:
4255:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4226:
4215:
4204:
4181:
4166:
4161:
4154:tank warfare
4147:
4143:railroad gun
4136:
4124:
4112:close combat
4092:
4088:
4084:
4076:flamethrower
4073:
4052:absolute war
4041:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4008:
3999:
3988:
3980:
3968:
3957:
3952:Wilhelm Adam
3934:Walter Heitz
3931:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3902:
3886:repatriation
3877:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:Hilfswillige
3727:
3725:
3689:
3661:
3649:Khalkhin Gol
3633:
3629:
3582:Wilhelm Adam
3568:
3560:
3552:headquarters
3549:
3536:
3519:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3418:Luftflotte 4
3417:
3415:
3408:
3389:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3302:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3262:Generalmajor
3261:
3260:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:Yakov Pavlov
3220:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3173:
3157:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3076:
3060:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3014:
3009:
3003:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2958:
2938:Luftflotte 4
2936:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2890:David Glantz
2875:
2828:2nd Air Army
2773:
2732:
2716:Army Group A
2713:
2689:
2685:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2642:
2630:
2622:
2620:
2612:Army Group B
2608:Hermann Hoth
2604:Wilhelm List
2597:
2576:
2557:
2533:Adolf Hitler
2519:
2506:
2491:
2459:
2451:
2398:Erwin Rommel
2394:North Africa
2382:Soviet Union
2375:
2353: 7 July
2311:
2306:Adolf Hitler
2295:
2280:
2262:
2254:Army Group B
2214:Soviet Union
2206:Nazi Germany
2202:World War II
2193:
2191:
2177:
2165:
2159:Winter Storm
2158:
2152:Donnerschlag
2151:
2144:
2128:Braunschweig
2127:
2102:
2018:Lublin–Brest
1976:
1965:
1959:Winter Storm
1958:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1892:
1796:
1789:
1772:
1766:
1750:
1656:
1637:Lake Balaton
1625:
1610:East Prussia
1599:Vistula–Oder
1597:
1543:
1536:
1524:
1470:
1459:2nd Smolensk
1436:
1420:
1403:
1389:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1347:
1315:
1294:Air war 1941
1269:
1232:
1208:1st Smolensk
1175:
1164:Arctic Ocean
1096:
1065:
1056:
1014:
1005:
998:
984:
970:
952:
940:
908:
900:300 aircraft
884:
865:
856:Luftflotte 4
854:
837:
804:
795:
772:
764:
730:
722:
664:
656:
577:Army Group B
575:
567:
464:
447:Gusztáv Jány
375:Hermann Hoth
330:Adolf Hitler
328:
306:Soviet Union
296:
216:
208:Belligerents
141:Russian SFSR
106:
85:
63:
51:World War II
45:Part of the
32:
21:
18952:Last stands
18227:Bodenplatte
18113:Gothic Line
17339:West Africa
16886:Philippines
16865:Netherlands
16730:Czech lands
16668:Switzerland
16612:Afghanistan
16563:Philippines
16431:Puerto Rico
16347:Philippines
16333:New Zealand
16319:Netherlands
16272:Free France
16023:Prosecution
15824:Osoaviakhim
15694:West Africa
15678:East Africa
15325:Conferences
15134:In memoriam
15099:River Volga
14279:8th Cavalry
14274:4th Cavalry
14162:XXXX Panzer
14060:Italian 8th
13941:Army groups
12786:Hayward, J.
12539:Clark, Alan
12185:12 November
12145:7 September
12119:7 September
11638:Beevor 2002
11449:Zhukov 1974
11385:Beevor 1998
11271:Beevor 1998
11220:Beevor 1998
10963:Bartov 1991
10946:Bartov 1991
10912:Beevor 1998
10856:23 February
10799:23 February
10117:17 December
10091:21 February
9622:Beevor 1998
9610:Beevor 2004
9487:Beevor 1998
9297:Beevor 1998
9267:Beevor 1998
9190:Beevor 1998
8992:24 February
8986:www.cia.gov
8941:27 February
8915:27 February
8821:Beevor 1998
8775:Beevor 1998
8717:Beevor 1998
8642:Shirer 1990
8622:Beevor 1998
8550:Shirer 1990
8367:Shirer 1990
8343:Zhukov 1974
8273:Müller 2012
8159:Beevor 1998
8067:Shirer 1990
8035:Beevor 1998
7997:Zhukov 1974
7985:Zhukov 1974
7958:17 December
7682:Beevor 1998
7581:Beevor 1998
7516:Beevor 1998
7501:Beevor 1998
7439:Beevor 1998
7397:Beevor 1998
7237:Beevor 1998
7135:Beevor 1998
7123:Beevor 1998
7099:Beevor 1998
6975:Beevor 1998
6669:Beevor 1998
6657:Beevor 1998
6618:Müller 2012
6467:Shirer 1990
6305:Shirer 1990
6265:Shirer 1990
6253:Beevor 1998
5863:27 February
5827:JSTOR Daily
5596:BBC History
5133:region and
5051:and in the
4873:Middle East
4857:Alan Brooke
4794:nuclear era
4601:during the
4586:Omer Bartov
4572:Sportpalast
4214:newspaper,
4200:Volga River
3805:Erhard Raus
3571:Kotelnikovo
3398:Air attacks
3354:of Colonel
3315:14th Panzer
3033:kampfgruppe
2998:trenchworks
2804:66th Armies
2792:64th Armies
2654:envelopment
2439:Caspian Sea
2431:Volga River
2265:Volga River
2172:Tatsinskaya
2134:Izbushensky
2117:Firebombing
1803:3rd Kharkov
1762:Izbushensky
1751:Fischreiher
1718:3rd Kharkov
1432:Gorky Blitz
1427:3rd Kharkov
1343:2nd Kharkov
1245:1st Kharkov
1240:Sea of Azov
1097:Total dead:
1083:15,728 guns
1066:Total dead:
1015:Total dead:
187:Territorial
166: /
18896:Categories
18327:West Hunan
18160:Pointblank
17496:Silver Fox
17482:Summer War
17235:Winter War
17214:Phoney War
16995:Azerbaijan
16956:Yugoslavia
16851:Luxembourg
16693:Resistance
16440:Yugoslavia
16305:Luxembourg
16107:Sook Ching
15903:War crimes
15505:Technology
15498:Opposition
15440:Lend-Lease
15417:Australian
15410:Home front
15368:Blitzkrieg
15318:Casualties
15309:Commanders
15281:Operations
14157:XIV Panzer
14097:3rd Guards
14092:2nd Guards
14087:1st Guards
14050:German 6th
14009:Stalingrad
13929:Formations
13827:Operations
13019:Ivan's War
12910:Stalingrad
12414:Stalingrad
11369:Craig 1973
11357:Craig 1973
11319:Werth 1964
11232:Craig 1973
10317:Craig 1973
10275:Walsh 2000
10132:Walsh 2000
9839:Werth 1946
9449:Werth 1946
9282:Craig 1973
8763:Craig 1973
8355:Clark 1965
8304:4 December
7973:Werth 1946
7786:Joly 2017b
7774:Joly 2017b
7762:Werth 1946
7750:Isaev 2017
7694:Craig 1973
7667:Werth 1946
7655:Werth 1946
7643:Joly 2017b
7605:Joly 2017a
7451:Joly 2017a
7373:Ellis 2011
7111:Isaev 2019
7050:Isaev 2019
7001:Stalingrad
6835:Clark 2011
6633:Craig 1973
6366:Walsh 2000
5746:Werth 1964
5442:Craig 1973
5380:Walsh 2000
5199:References
4853:La Semaine
4657: [
4504:air corps
4494:Total: 495
4289:Casualties
4273:Biologist
4146:nicknamed
4048:Clausewitz
3687:equipped.
3467:Luftflotte
3456:Kampfwaffe
3452:Luftflotte
3443:Luftflotte
3426:Stukawaffe
3422:Luftflotte
3374:drainpipe.
3139:1st Guards
2951:T-34 tanks
2862:See also:
2665:outflanked
2600:Army Group
2593:1st Panzer
2589:4th Panzer
2574:code-named
2567:oil fields
2443:Lend-Lease
2340:Background
2218:Stalingrad
1977:Tidal Wave
1946:Stalingrad
1914:Sevastopol
1767:Stalingrad
1740:2nd Rostov
1556:2nd Baltic
1551:Dukla Pass
1538:Doppelkopf
1510:2nd Crimea
1454:2nd Donbas
1444:1st Donbas
1421:Polar Star
1371:Stalingrad
1255:Sevastopol
1250:1st Crimea
1193:1st Baltic
1177:Barbarossa
1154:Baltic Sea
875:640+ tanks
137:Stalingrad
18392:Manchuria
18278:Indochina
18054:Bagration
17505:Lithuania
17150:Anschluss
16947:Viet Minh
16844:Lithuania
16786:Hong Kong
16556:Manchukuo
16511:Azad Hind
16170:Australia
15970:Aftermath
15833:Paperclip
15728:Aftermath
15528:Total war
15396:Diplomacy
15359:In Europe
15213:Volgograd
15193:Case Blue
15181:See also
15094:River Don
14297:Divisions
13787:Airfields
13308:(1984) .
13285:159888727
13076:(1990) .
12982:2708-0641
12551:154155228
12139:USA Today
12069:Bell 2011
12057:Bell 2011
12042:Bell 2011
12027:Bell 2011
11990:Bell 2011
11668:2071-8160
11488:Bell 2011
11381:Bell 2011
11117:France 24
10899:1998-9938
10832:1815-9044
9590:0307-1235
9436:1351-8046
9284:, p. 385.
9137:144323491
9129:1351-8046
8748:23 August
7361:Hill 2017
6930:2 January
6719:1998-9938
6317:Bell 2011
6185:24 August
6130:1998-9938
5484:Bell 2011
5175:romanized
5028:Footnotes
4955:Volgograd
4944:Hero City
4758:Wehrmacht
4721:Politburo
4629:Great War
4578:total war
4515:Aftermath
4499:squadrons
4497:About 20
4357:the Somme
4279:tularemia
4242:Luftwaffe
4162:Luftwaffe
4044:total war
4019:engineers
3768:Luftwaffe
3680:motorised
3672:divisions
3502:Luftwaffe
3463:Luftwaffe
3448:Luftwaffe
3436:retained
3434:Luftwaffe
3135:Luftwaffe
3123:Luftwaffe
3079:Rossoshka
2974:Luftwaffe
2959:Wehrmacht
2923:Luftwaffe
2824:21st Army
2812:Don Front
2739:Commissar
2692:Don River
2669:Millerovo
2623:Case Blue
2581:Case Blue
2577:Fall Blau
2552:Don River
2509:Case Blue
2406:Leningrad
2386:Wehrmacht
2282:Luftwaffe
1982:Bucharest
1940:Edelweiss
1887:Constanța
1882:Bucharest
1714:Case Blue
1581:Gumbinnen
1526:Bagration
1365:Sinyavino
1349:Case Blue
1234:Leningrad
1159:Black Sea
921:894 tanks
897:400 tanks
850:500 tanks
824:21st Army
791:66th Army
786:65th Army
781:24th Army
774:Don Front
760:64th Army
755:62nd Army
750:57th Army
745:51st Army
740:28th Army
108:Wehrmacht
87:Luftwaffe
18775:Gulf War
18503:Category
18452:document
18362:document
18219:Ardennes
18203:Budapest
18151:Crossbow
18029:Overlord
17868:Smolensk
17086:Timeline
16921:Slovakia
16907:Thailand
16758:Ethiopia
16723:Bulgaria
16647:Portugal
16585:Thailand
16467:Bulgaria
16245:Eswatini
16238:Ethiopia
16191:Bulgaria
16016:Unit 731
15977:Response
15794:Keelhaul
15744:Cold War
15717:Americas
15708:timeline
15701:Atlantic
15581:Theaters
14469:9th Flak
14361:Infantry
14014:Voronezh
13701:Archived
13673:Archived
13622:Archived
13592:(1998).
13579:(1998).
13538:(2002).
13514:(2004).
13205:(1964).
13193:(1946).
13171:(2005).
13159:10 April
12930:(2000).
12788:(1998).
12715:(1995).
12620:10 April
12580:(1973).
12541:(1965).
12411:(1998).
12389:(1991).
12348:21 March
12113:Archived
12085:Archived
11815:(2017).
11770:15 March
11684:(2022).
11473:10 April
11168:(2012).
11140:(2012).
10748:tripled.
10725:(2014).
10599:(2014).
10458:(2012).
10430:(2020).
10402:(2020).
10335:(1993).
10173:(2023).
10155:24 March
10086:11603230
10006:10740585
9944:3 August
9691:(2012).
9595:30 March
9472:14 March
9337:(1964).
9238:(2012).
9153:(2012).
8463:Archived
8051:Archived
7628:12 March
7559:Reecansw
6810:(2020).
6792:24 March
6786:BBC News
6684:(1968).
6584:27 April
6557:27 April
6530:27 April
6503:27 April
6238:4 August
6212:27 March
6149:(2020).
6038:(2012).
5832:23 March
4996:See also
4843:last war
4837:and the
4689:cesspool
4595:Borodino
3975:Prussian
3676:brigades
3579:adjutant
3556:Voronezh
3350:and the
3331:pioneers
3063:militias
2820:5th Tank
2764:Red Army
2755:awards.
2700:Romanian
2627:Romanian
2595:Armies.
2531:—
2487:6th Army
2435:Caucasus
2418:Red Army
2414:salients
2269:Caucasus
2258:Red Army
2246:6th Army
2208:and its
2122:Voronezh
2050:Budapest
2045:Debrecen
1745:Caucasus
1735:Voronezh
1626:Solstice
1586:Budapest
1576:Courland
1566:Debrecen
1561:Belgrade
1483:2nd Kiev
1355:Caucasus
1328:Demyansk
1289:Chechnya
1223:1st Kiev
999:Hungary:
985:Romania:
953:Germany:
832:Strength
716:3rd Army
680:6th Army
652:2nd Army
640:8th Army
628:4th Army
616:3rd Army
592:6th Army
194:Caucasus
132:Location
74:Red Army
18429:Shumshu
18196:Hungary
18143:Estonia
18127:Lapland
18105:Dragoon
18038:Neptune
18020:Ichi-Go
17986:Tempest
17928:Changde
17883:Cottage
17775:Jubilee
17491:Finland
17389:Compass
17095:Prelude
17048:Finland
16934:Vietnam
16900:Romania
16772:Germany
16751:Estonia
16737:Denmark
16716:Belgium
16709:Austria
16702:Albania
16633:Ireland
16619:Andorra
16603:Neutral
16570:Romania
16504:Hungary
16489:Finland
16361:Romania
16253:Finland
16231:Denmark
16177:Belgium
16163:Algeria
15869:Romania
15855:Hungary
15611:Pacific
15335:General
15289:Leaders
15274:Battles
15267:Outline
14867:Hungary
14843:Croatia
14831:members
14800:Romania
14192:8th Air
13740:YouTube
13716:YouTube
13233:(ed.).
11932:6 March
11906:3 March
11851:5 April
11608:7 March
11583:2 March
11304:16 July
11122:1 March
10950:Ostheer
10774:3 April
10389:, p. 40
9997:1288080
9888:4 March
9864:4 March
9319:4 March
8890:3 March
8843:3 March
8415:1 April
6449:1 April
6368:, p. 42
6180:Origins
5902:5 April
5602:3 April
5395:, p. 12
5164:Russian
5055:as the
5047:as the
4905:Turkish
4841:of the
4806:Dresden
4627:of the
4426:Losses
4169:snipers
4063:costs.
4009:German
3848:Ravenna
3684:cavalry
3636:Marshal
3296:in the
3237:Festung
3223:platoon
3184:PPSh-41
3153:Bf 109s
3110:and at
2994:Siberia
2696:Italian
2650:salient
2637:on the
2563:steppes
2515:Prelude
2483:Kharkov
1993:Dnieper
1929:Kharkov
1893:München
1870:Treznea
1620:Breslau
1615:Silesia
1520:Karelia
1472:Dnieper
1338:Bamberg
1279:Finland
1228:Tallinn
288:Croatia
273:Hungary
243:Romania
227:Germany
189:changes
154:44°31′E
151:48°42′N
18406:Debate
18378:Taipei
18371:Borneo
17949:Tarawa
17143:Europe
17104:Africa
16893:Poland
16879:Norway
16858:Malaya
16837:Latvia
16779:Greece
16765:France
16661:Sweden
16626:Bhutan
16354:Poland
16340:Norway
16312:Mexico
16279:Greece
16265:France
16203:Canada
16184:Brazil
16154:Allies
16100:Serbia
16089:Poland
15862:Poland
15848:Baltic
15641:Europe
15343:Topics
15295:Allied
15069:Kalach
15064:Gumrak
14827:Other
14667:others
14462:others
14319:Panzer
14257:others
14028:Armies
13972:Centre
13946:fronts
13905:Koltso
13891:Uranus
13879:
13844:
13600:
13565:
13546:
13524:
13500:
13481:
13462:
13443:
13424:
13405:
13377:
13358:
13335:
13316:
13283:
13241:
13218:
13179:
13150:
13127:
13108:
13086:
13053:
13025:
13006:
12980:
12957:
12938:
12916:
12897:
12878:
12859:
12840:
12817:
12798:
12761:
12742:
12723:
12697:
12660:
12637:
12611:
12590:
12566:
12549:
12527:
12508:
12489:
12470:
12440:
12421:
12397:
12375:
12317:
12287:
12262:
12237:
12213:16 May
12010:
11955:
11879:
11823:
11795:
11742:
11717:
11692:
11666:
11553:
11507:
11432:
11405:
11254:
11203:
11176:
11148:
11094:
11064:
11039:
11012:
10985:
10897:
10830:
10739:
10702:
10671:
10640:
10613:
10552:
10516:
10466:
10438:
10410:
10370:
10343:
10297:
10258:
10211:
10181:
10084:
10004:
9994:
9913:
9699:
9671:
9644:
9588:
9559:
9534:
9509:
9434:
9391:
9364:
9246:
9215:
9161:
9135:
9127:
9084:
9037:
8964:
8739:
8676:
8533:
8441:
8406:
8295:
8181:
8142:
8099:
7918:
7808:
7721:
7419:
7344:
7319:
7294:
7269:
7208:
7169:
6955:
6948:Zhukov
6897:
6869:
6818:
6717:
6349:
6157:
6128:
6080:
6046:
6018:
5940:
5801:
5771:
5729:
5704:
5677:
5652:
5627:
5572:
5538:
5504:
5467:
5347:
5319:
5166::
5147:German
4982:
4869:Abadan
4835:Verdun
4766:Turkey
4702:typhus
4607:Führer
4599:Verdun
4574:speech
4361:Verdun
4332:1943).
4251:eczema
4208:SMERSH
4060:Hitler
4056:Stalin
3914:Gumrak
3678:, two
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3539:Stavka
3308:, the
3257:(1943)
3193:rubble
3121:. The
3112:Verdun
3008:, the
2526:Grozny
2522:Maikop
2422:Moscow
2410:Rostov
2402:Tobruk
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2314:Russia
2178:Koltso
2145:Uranus
2060:Prague
2040:Păuliș
2013:Crimea
1952:Uranus
1919:Rostov
1904:Odessa
1865:Diosig
1790:Gallop
1757:Kalach
1664:Prague
1658:Berlin
1647:Vienna
1464:Lenino
1306:Lyuban
1271:Moscow
1260:Rostov
1218:Odessa
971:Italy:
359:
303:
285:
270:
255:
240:
224:
179:Result
24:(film)
18883:Texts
18866:Media
18182:Leyte
18012:Narva
17998:Anzio
17956:Makin
17914:Burma
17798:Torch
17767:Rzhev
17728:Kiska
16814:Korea
16800:Japan
16793:Italy
16675:Tibet
16654:Spain
16532:Italy
16293:Italy
16286:India
16210:China
16085:Japan
15685:Italy
15597:China
15549:Women
14855:Italy
14658:422nd
14653:308th
14648:302nd
14643:284th
14638:248th
14633:221st
14628:214th
14623:204th
14618:196th
14613:193rd
14608:181st
14603:173rd
14598:169th
14593:157th
14588:138th
14583:112th
14541:Rifle
14453:389th
14448:384th
14443:376th
14438:371st
14433:305th
14428:297th
14423:295th
14418:113th
14413:100th
14136:Corps
13296:[
13281:S2CID
13212:(PDF)
12998:[
12832:[
12776:[
12685:[
12652:[
12207:(PDF)
11577:(PDF)
10731:[
10694:[
10663:[
10605:[
10544:[
10508:[
10252:(PDF)
10203:[
10024:(PDF)
9858:(PDF)
9133:S2CID
9061:(PDF)
7555:(PDF)
5763:[
5564:[
5530:[
5339:[
5241:[
5131:Kuban
4980:1942.
4877:India
4831:Marne
4770:Japan
4338:Hiwis
4281:as a
3923:HiWis
3476:Stuka
3409:Stuka
3245:Paris
3149:Stuka
3108:Somme
2633:were
2570:there
2479:Izyum
2035:Turda
1924:Kerch
1505:Narva
1478:Nevel
1438:Kursk
1404:Iskra
1333:Kholm
1317:Rzhev
1284:Kerch
1265:Gorky
1198:Brody
1183:Brest
258:Italy
82:Ju 87
18570:WWII
18248:1945
17976:1944
17817:1943
17745:Blue
17735:Attu
17642:1942
17401:1941
17253:1940
17191:1939
17120:Asia
16967:POWs
16807:Jews
16525:Iraq
16451:Axis
16401:Tuva
16217:Cuba
15302:Axis
14829:Axis
14578:95th
14573:93rd
14568:91st
14563:64th
14558:62nd
14553:45th
14548:38th
14532:39th
14527:37th
14522:36th
14517:35th
14512:33rd
14507:15th
14502:13th
14408:94th
14403:79th
14398:76th
14393:71st
14388:44th
14352:24th
14347:22nd
14342:17th
14337:16th
14332:14th
14248:26th
14243:24th
14238:16th
14233:13th
14215:Tank
14177:VIII
14122:65th
14117:64th
14112:62nd
14107:51st
14102:21st
14037:Axis
13944:and
13598:ISBN
13563:ISBN
13544:ISBN
13522:ISBN
13498:ISBN
13479:ISBN
13460:ISBN
13441:ISBN
13422:ISBN
13403:ISBN
13375:ISBN
13356:ISBN
13333:ISBN
13314:ISBN
13239:ISBN
13216:ISBN
13177:ISBN
13161:2021
13148:ISBN
13125:ISBN
13106:ISBN
13084:ISBN
13051:ISBN
13023:ISBN
13004:ISBN
12978:ISSN
12955:ISBN
12936:ISBN
12914:ISBN
12895:ISBN
12876:ISBN
12857:ISBN
12838:ISBN
12815:ISBN
12796:ISBN
12759:ISBN
12740:ISBN
12721:ISBN
12695:ISBN
12658:ISBN
12635:ISBN
12622:2021
12609:ISBN
12588:ISBN
12564:ISBN
12547:OCLC
12525:ISBN
12506:ISBN
12487:ISBN
12468:ISBN
12438:ISBN
12419:ISBN
12395:ISBN
12373:ISBN
12350:2024
12315:ISBN
12285:ISBN
12260:ISBN
12235:ISBN
12215:2019
12187:2010
12147:2017
12121:2017
12008:ISBN
11953:ISBN
11934:2024
11908:2024
11877:ISBN
11853:2022
11821:ISBN
11793:ISBN
11772:2024
11740:ISBN
11715:ISBN
11690:ISBN
11664:ISSN
11610:2024
11585:2024
11551:ISBN
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