Case Blue - Knowledge

2706: 2543: 2054: 1915:, and by the end of 1941, Hitler had nearly exhausted Germany's reserves, which left him with only two significant sources of oil, the country's own synthetic production and the Romanian oilfields, with the latter supplying 75% of Germany's oil imports in 1941. Aware of his declining oil resources, and fearful of enemy air attacks on Romania (Germany's main source of crude oil), Hitler's strategy was increasingly driven by the need to protect Romania and acquire new resources, essential if he wanted to continue waging a prolonged war against a growing list of enemies. In late 1941, the Romanians warned Hitler that their stocks were exhausted and they were unable to meet German demands. For these reasons, the Soviet oilfields were extremely important to Germany's industry and armed forces as the war became global, the power of the Allies grew, and shortages started to occur in Axis resources. 45: 1929: 3422: 3471: 3134: 3228: 3054: 3348: 3456:

attempt was made with Hoth turning his forces west directly through the center of 64th Army. The attack was unexpectedly successful and Fourth Panzer Army got behind 62nd and 64th Armies with the chance to encircle and cut off 62nd Army. Weichs ordered Sixth Army to complete the encirclement; a Soviet counter-attack held up the advance for three days and the Soviets escaped and retreated towards Stalingrad. The rapid German advance caused a slump in morale among the Soviet troops, who retreated in chaos, abandoning the outer defences of the city. After defeating the last Soviet counterattacks, Sixth Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with Fourth Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad.

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ready. Nevertheless, the force could still deliver damaging blows. Attacks on the refineries reminded Richthofen of the attacks on Sevastopol several months earlier. Thick black smoke rose from the refineries to a height of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). On 12 October, further raids caused even more destruction. It had been a strategic mistake not to have made greater efforts to hit the oil refineries at Grozny and Baku sooner, as their destruction would have been a greater blow to the Soviets than the loss of Stalingrad, where most of the air fleet was deployed. On 19 November, the Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad compelled Richthofen to once more withdraw his units north to the Volga and bring an end to the aerial offensive.

2042: 620: 602: 591: 580: 569: 556: 545: 534: 516: 497: 486: 468: 455: 442: 429: 231: 3125:(VVS) brought in about 800 bombers, a third of which were operational. With the transfer of air cover and flak units, Soviet bombers were free to harass the German advance. The quality of the Soviet resistance increased, with many of the forces used coming from local levies, who Kleist thought were willing to fight harder for their homeland. German units were especially bogged down by fighting Georgian alpine and mountain troops, who greatly contributed to stalling their advance. The quantity of replacements and supplies the Soviets committed increased, and faced with these difficulties, the Axis advance slowed after 28 August. 2977: 741: 336: 168: 2359: 720: 653: 3637:

unable to hold the Volga line, Soviet offensives almost cut off Army Group A in the Caucasus and it was forced to withdraw. The surrender of Sixth Army was a huge blow to German morale and it came as a great shock to Hitler. Despite the destruction of Sixth Army, the Soviets were able to only force the German Army back from the Caucasus, delaying the final decision on the Eastern Front. The Soviet command overestimated its capabilities and pushed its forces forward to the limit of its supply lines, which led to defeat at the Third Battle of Kharkov and left the Germans able to fight the

767: 198: 663: 404: 393: 382: 369: 358: 314: 303: 292: 279: 266: 253: 137: 213: 3507:, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of Sixth Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of Fourth Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers. Third Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and Fourth Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September. Third Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six 754: 347: 183: 3198:

The port fell on 10 September, after a four-day battle, the final German victory in the Caucasus. It left the heights south of the port and several coast roads in the hands of 47th Soviet Army. Attempts to push out of Novorossiysk were costly failures and the Axis also failed to break the defences on the coastal plain from Novorossiysk to Tuapse, having only the strength to stabilize the line. Romanian Army losses were particularly high and the Romanian 3rd Mountain Division was nearly wiped out by a Soviet counter-attack from 25–26 September.

3022:, Chief of the General Staff, or anyone else, about the directive until August 1942. The new directive created enormous logistical difficulties, with Hitler expecting both Army Groups to advance along different routes. Logistics lines were already at breaking point with ammunition and fuel shortages most apparent and it would be impossible to advance using the conservative supply rates he demanded. The divergence of the Army Groups would also open a dangerous gap between the Armies, which could be exploited by the Soviets. The 2858: 8550: 8605: 3558: 2943:, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down Fourth Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss Bock on 17 July. As part of the second phase of the operation, on 9 July, Army Group South was split into Army Group A and Army Group B, with Wilhelm List appointed as commander of Army Group A and Army Group B commanded by Maximillian von Weichs. 2019: 2705: 2718: 1767:(November/December 1941). Although the Germans had captured vast areas of land and important industrial centers, the Soviet Union remained in the war. In the winter of 1941–42, the Soviets struck back in a series of successful counteroffensives, pushing back the German threat to Moscow. Despite these setbacks, Hitler wanted complete destruction of Russia, for which he required the oil resources of the Caucasus. By February 1942 the German Army High Command ( 733: 676: 415: 325: 153: 8593: 3324:

Maikop produced only ten per cent of Soviet oil. The main fields at Baku were out of German fighter range. German bombers could have reached them, but it meant flying the most direct, thus most predictable route without protection. In August it may have been possible to carry out these operations owing to the weakness of Soviet air power in the region, but by October it had been considerably strengthened.

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Fourth Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river. This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that Fourth Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July. When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance.

1580:, and he was also aware that Germany was running low on fuel supply and would not be able to continue attacking deeper into enemy territory without more stock. With this in mind, Hitler ordered for the preparation of offensive plans for summer 1942 to secure the Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus. The operation involved a two-pronged attack: one from the Axis right flank against the 2464:. With about 1 million soldiers at the front line and another 1.7 million in reserve armies, their forces accounted for about one quarter of all Soviet troops. Following the disastrous start of Case Blue for the Soviets, they reorganized their frontlines several times. Over the course of the campaign, the Soviets also fielded the 3398:. The Soviet defence at the Don forced the Germans to commit more and more troops to an increasingly vulnerable front, leaving few reserves to back up the Axis divisions on either flank. The Soviets made several counter-attacks on the northern flank of Army Group B, between Stalingrad and Voronezh. From 20–28 August, the 3117:

oil had to be brought up on camels. With the Soviets often retreating instead of fighting, the number of prisoners fell short of expectations and only 83,000 were taken. As Hitler and OKH began to concentrate on Stalingrad, some of Kleist's mobile forces were diverted. Kleist lost his flak corps and most of the

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and then towards the Sea of Azov, to cut off the German forces east of Donetsk. The operations began simultaneously at the end of January. The Soviets broke through quickly and in the north, Kursk fell on 18 February and Kharkov on 16 February after a German withdrawal, while in the south the Germans

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to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov. During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn". The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of Third Romanian Army, and led

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to Zymlianskaya (today Zymlyansk). The German Seventeenth Army, along with elements of the Eleventh Army and the Romanian Third Army, manoeuvred west towards the east coast of the Black Sea, while the First Panzer Army attacked to the south-east. The Seventeenth Army made a slow advance but the First

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began on 12 January and destroyed large parts of the Second Hungarian Army and the remnants of Eighth Italian Army at the Don south-east of Voronezh. With the southern flank in danger, Second German Army was forced to withdraw from Voronezh and the Don. The operations continued until January and led

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and Fourth Panzer Army came up from the south through Kotelnikovo. In the first few days, the XIV Panzer Corps opened a corridor between the main body of Sixth Army and the northern Stalingrad suburbs at the Volga. In the south, Soviet resistance repulsed the Fourth Panzer Army. On 29 August another

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4 (4th Air Corps of Fourth Air Fleet) was ordered to send every available bomber against the oilfields at Grozny. Fourth Air Fleet was in poor shape by this time – Richthofen had begun Case Blue with 323 serviceable bombers out of a total of 480. He was now down to 232, of which only 129 were combat

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Axis ships transported 30,605 men, 13,254 horses and 6,265 motor vehicles across the Black Sea from Romania, from 1–2 September. With the reinforcements, the Germans captured most of the Black Sea naval bases but were held up at Novorossiysk, where the Soviet 47th Army had prepared for a long siege.

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The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously, instead of consecutively. The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the

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strength of the units, which were forced to leave fighting vehicles behind. Nevertheless, the Luftwaffe flew in 200 tons of fuel per day to keep the army supplied. Despite this impressive performance in keeping the army mobile, Löhr was replaced by the more impetuous and offensive-minded Richthofen.

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Overextension reduced the capabilities of the German Army and its allies to defend this territory and the Soviets mounted a decisive offensive at Stalingrad, encircling a German army. Soon both sides concentrated on the battle for the city, making the Caucasus a secondary theatre. With Army Group B

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was launched from the South by fresh reinforcements of the 4th Panzer Army. The offensive surprised the Soviets and the Germans were able to penetrate the Soviet line for 50 km (31 mi) towards Stalingrad. Despite these gains, the Sixth Army was not allowed to attempt to break out and link

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The advance into Stalingrad against the 62nd Army was carried out by Sixth Army, while Fourth Panzer Army secured the southern flank. The city was a 24 km (15 mi) ribbon along the west bank of the Volga, which forced the Germans to conduct a frontal assault, and the ruins of the city gave

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The length of the German advance created chronic supply difficulties, particularly of petrol; the Black Sea was judged too dangerous and fuel was brought by rail through Rostov or delivered by air, but panzer divisions were sometimes at a standstill for weeks. Even petrol trucks ran out of fuel and

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had air superiority in the early phase of the operation, which was of great help to the ground forces. With the Don crossing secured and Sixth Army's advance flagging on the Volga front, Hitler transferred the Fourth Panzer Army to Army Group B and sent it back to the Volga. The redeployment used

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led by Rokossovsky, with the forces freed after the surrender of the Germans in Stalingrad on 2 February. The operations were aimed at Army Group Center in the north and timed to coincide with the expected successes of the Soviet operations in the south. Army Group South escaped encirclement and

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Only two weeks into the operation, on 11 July, the Germans began to suffer logistical difficulties, which slowed the advance. The German Sixth Army was continually delayed by fuel shortages. Eight days later, on 20 July, shortages of fuel were still undermining operations, leaving many

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Much damage was done at Grozny, but the remaining oilfields were beyond the logistical reach of the German Army as well as of the fighter aircraft of the Luftwaffe. Grozny was within range of German bombers from 4th Air Corps, based near the Terek River. But Grozny and the captured oilfields at

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army that far forward and Soviet aviation attacked bridges and supply routes virtually unopposed. The Germans crossed the river on 2 September but made only slow progress. At the beginning of September, Hitler had a major argument with the High Command and specifically List, as he perceived the

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to simultaneously achieve several goals. Opposition and minor setbacks led to Hitler sacking dissenters and interfering more in command, constantly changing plans and orders, which led to confusion, delays and wastage of precious resources like fuel as the German army struggled to keep up with

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operations, and provided interdiction through attacks on airfields and Soviet defence lines. At times, the German air arm acted as a spearhead rather than a support force, ranging on ahead of the tanks and infantry to disrupt and destroy defensive positions. As many as 100 German aircraft were

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transport fleet flew in supplies to keep the army going. The situation remained difficult with German troops forced to recover fuel from damaged or abandoned vehicles, and in some cases, leave behind tanks and vehicles with heavy fuel consumption to continue their advance. This undermined the

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suppressed Soviet artillery on the east bank of the Volga and caused many casualties during Soviet attempts to reinforce the defenders on the west bank. From mid-September until early November the Germans made three big attacks on the city and ground forward in mutually-costly fighting. By

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On 9 August, the First Panzer Army reached Maikop in the foothills of the Caucasus mountains, having advanced more than 480 kilometers (300 mi) in fewer than two weeks. The western oil fields near Maikop were seized in a commando operation from 8–9 August, but the oil fields had been

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remained inside the gap, guarding the left flank of the First Panzer Army by securing the road towards Astrakhan. On 22 November, after several Soviet counter-attacks, Hitler appointed Kleist as Group commander with orders to hold his position and prepare to resume the offensive if

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coast. Heavy Soviet resistance and the long distances from Axis sources of supply reduced the Axis offensive to local advances only and prevented the Germans from completing their strategic objective of capturing the main Caucasus oilfield at Baku. Luftwaffe bombers destroyed the

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Due to the initial success of the German summer offensive in 1942, Hitler became more ambitious, putting great strain on the German army. Hitler did not expect the Soviets to be able to launch a counter-offensive as big as Operation Uranus and sent troops elsewhere, ordering the

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on 5 August. Although the army group made a quick advance, by 3 August the vanguard comprised only light mobile forces and most of the tanks lagged behind, due to lack of fuel and supply breakdowns, despite the efforts of 4th Air Corps, which flew in supplies around the clock.

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In the first week of October 1942, Hitler came to recognize that the capture of the Caucasus oil fields was unlikely before winter, which forced the Germans to take up defensive positions. Unable to capture them, he was determined to deny them to the enemy and ordered the

3383:, reaching the town by 2 August. Soviet resistance convinced Paulus that Sixth Army was not strong enough to cross the Don by itself, so he waited for Fourth Panzer Army to fight its way north. On 4 August, the Germans were still 97 km (60 mi) from Stalingrad. 3181:, operating behind Soviet lines. German mountain troops failed to secure the Black Sea ports and the advance fell short of Grozny as supply difficulties arose once more. The Soviets dug in the 9th and 44th armies of the North Transcaucasian Front along the rocky 2908:

concentrated on a single Soviet division in the path of the spearhead during this phase. General Kazakov, the Bryansk Front's chief of staff, noted the strength and effectiveness of the Axis aviation. Within 26 days, the Soviets lost 783 aircraft from the

2430:, Major Joachim Reichel, was shot down over Soviet-held territory while flying an observation aircraft over the front near Kharkov. The Soviets recovered maps from his aircraft detailing the exact German plans for Case Blue. The plans were handed over to 611: 3447:

attacked the city, turning much of it to rubble. The Soviets reported that civilian casualties from 23–26 August were 955 dead and 1,181 wounded (a preliminary total; later reports of casualties in the tens of thousands were probably exaggerations).

2939:, managed to achieve some minor successes when it began its attack on 6 July, but was forced back to its starting positions by 15 July, losing about half of its tanks in the process. Although the battle was a success, Hitler and 3030:, did not arrive in the Caucasus Mountains with Army Group A, instead remaining with Sixth Army. Army Group A was expected to operate in mountain terrain with only three mountain divisions and two infantry divisions unsuited to the task. 477: 1879:, in Transcaucasia, formed the richest single source in the world, yielding 1.5 million tons of manganese ore annually, half of the Soviet Union's total production. The Kuban region of the Caucasus also produced large amounts of 1910:

to supply the resource. An indication of German reliance on Romania is evident from its oil consumption; in 1938, just one-third of the 7,500,000 tons consumed by Germany came from domestic stocks. Oil had always been Germany's

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to the destruction of most of Eighth Army. On the verge of collapse, Army Groups B and Don were able to prevent a Soviet breakthrough but Army Group A was ordered to withdraw from the Caucasus on 28 December.

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Hitler ordered Sixth Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the

2448:), a German deception plan aimed at the city. As a result, the majority of Red Army troops were deployed there, although the direction from which the Case Blue offensive would come was still defended by the 2542: 1694:

fire and street-to-street combat completely destroyed the city and inflicted heavy casualties on the opposing forces. After three months of battle, the Germans controlled 90% of Stalingrad on 19 November.

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Panzer Army had freedom of action. On 29 July the Germans cut the last direct railway between central Russia and the Caucasus, causing considerable panic to Stalin and Stavka, which led to the passing of

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held by an officer of one of Stumme's panzer divisions fell into Soviet hands on 19 June. Furious at this breach, Hitler relieved Stumme 21 July and had him court-martialed. Stumme was reassigned to the

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On 8 October, Hitler called for the air offensive to be carried out no later than 14 October, as he required air assets for a major effort at Stalingrad. As a result, on 10 October 1942,

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The strategic objectives of the operation were the oilfields at Maykop, Grozny and Baku. As in Barbarossa, these movements were expected to result in a series of grand encirclements of Soviet troops.

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The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with Fourth Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring

2426:) failed to discern the direction of the main German strategic offensive anticipated in 1942, even though they were in possession of the German plans. On 19 June, the chief of operations of the 1856:. This heavily industrialized and densely populated area contained some of the largest oilfields in the world. Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, was one of the richest, producing 80 percent of the 525: 2984:

Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, desperately short of oil and needing to meet all the ambitious objectives of Case Blue, Hitler made a series of changes to the plan in

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On 23 August, Sixth Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends. Sixth Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the

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planned several local offensives in the south to weaken the Germans. The most important of these was aimed at the city of Kharkov and would be conducted mainly by the Southwestern Front under

3220:, north-east of Grozny, marking the farthest advance of the German forces towards the Caspian Sea. In the south, the First Panzer Army advance on Grozny was stopped by the Red Army and the 1906:. When war broke out in September 1939, the British naval blockade cut Germany off from the Americas and the Middle East, leaving the country reliant on oil-rich European countries such as 1402: 1763:

which was expected to last only 3 months. The Axis offensive had met with initial success and the Red Army had suffered some major defeats before halting the Axis units just short of

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mid-November, the Soviets were penned into four shallow bridgeheads, with the front line only 180 m (200 yd) from the river. Anticipating victory, substantial numbers of

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German air strength in the east numbered 2,644 aircraft on 20 June 1942, over 20% more than a month earlier. Whereas in 1941 most units fought on the central front supporting

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Not all of those tanks were serviceable at the beginning of the offensive, as tanks were in repair, already engaged in combat, refitting, or not present at the frontline.

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line reached became the farthest German advance in the south. By this time, the gap between Army Groups A and B had left them vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Only the

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These resources were of immense importance to the German war effort. Of the three million tons of oil Germany consumed per year, 85 percent was imported, mainly from the

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On 23 July, the main body of Army Group B started its advance toward the Don. The Germans met with increasing Soviet resistance from the new Stalingrad Front, with the

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and the stabilization of the front. The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the

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were pushed back to a line west of Voroshilovgrad. Army Groups Don, B and parts of Army Group A were renamed Army Group South, commanded by Manstein, on 12 February.

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By 10 August, the Red Army had been cleared from most of the west bank of the Don, but Soviet resistance continued in some areas, further delaying Army Group B. The

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sent an ad-hoc force of 300 Ju 52 transport aircraft, enabling the Germans to advance; some bombers were diverted from operations to supply flights under the

7433: 6796: 6105: 5730: 3415: 6446: 6392: 5578: 3153:, the other important petroleum centers. More installations and industrial centers fell into German hands, many intact or only slightly damaged during the 6903: 6399: 6015: 472: 8630: 5425: 2053: 1388: 1650:, the 1,570,287-man Army Group South began the offensive on 28 June, advancing 48 kilometers on the first day and easily brushing aside the 1,715,000 6789: 6236: 6112: 1738:

in order to avoid getting cut off by the Red Army, which was now advancing from Stalingrad towards Rostov in order to achieve the cut-off. Only the

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to carry. Sixth Army's strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city. To stabilize the situation on the Eastern Front,

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German motorcycle infantry cross the Don River on a timber bridge, July 1942. Abandoned Soviet vehicles and supplies are seen in the background.

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After the successful completion of the battle for the Kerch Peninsula, 11th Army was split and only parts of it were assigned to Army Group A.

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up, so this led to nothing. The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost two months, during which the Sixth Army was destroyed.

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advance of the German forces as too slow. As a result, Hitler dismissed List on 9 September and took direct command of Army Group A himself.

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Tank Armies conducted several futile counter-attacks by inexperienced troops. In the south, Fourth Panzer Army made better progress against

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Wegner, Bernd (1990). "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/1943 ". In Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (eds.).

3224:. By late September, supply failures and the resistance of the Red Army slowed the Axis advance. The Germans took Nakchik on 26 October. 3178: 7987: 7054: 6966: 6910: 6873: 6155: 3202: 1928: 6959: 5691: 5271: 992: 3828:

The Third Romanian Army was later assigned to Army Group B and was one of the two Romanian armies heavily engaged in Operation Uranus.

8465: 7093: 5483: 5441: 3440:. The Hungarian, Italian and Romanian armies were 60 km (37 mi) from Stalingrad, which was in range of forward air bases. 8314: 6133: 5907: 5670: 5536: 5347: 3174: 1152: 1147: 811: 7209: 7006: 6043: 5543: 5455: 5391: 3470: 3284: 862: 3421: 1840:, about halfway between the Black and the Caspian Seas, produced about 10 percent of all Soviet oil. South of the mountains lay 1581: 7412: 6924: 5774: 5312: 2127: 1142: 8008: 7913: 7440: 7186: 7061: 6147: 6121: 5978: 5684: 5601: 5201: 5065: 5039: 5020: 5001: 4925: 4484: 3053: 1674:

near Stalingrad on 26 July. Army Group B's approach toward Stalingrad slowed in late July and early August owing to constant

1130: 3133: 1808:, and the capture of the Caucasus region for Army Group South. The main focus was to be the capture of the Caucasus region. 8241: 7648: 7534: 6699: 6166: 6162: 6140: 5744: 3574: 3267:. Up to 10,000 prisoners were captured in two days, before the advance toward Grozny was stopped again west of the city at 3227: 1544: 987: 852: 8156: 7620: 6952: 6938: 6151: 3368: 3264: 1243: 953: 857: 3619:

on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 19 October 1943.

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and move in parallel with Fourth Panzer Army, to reach the Volga at Stalingrad (whose capture was not deemed necessary).

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as its principal objective. On 5 April 1942, Hitler laid out the elements of the plan now known as "Case Blue" (

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by newly deployed Red Army reserves and overstretched German supply lines. The Germans defeated the Soviets in the

1198: 1193: 963: 6261: 2511:, which lasted until July, weakened the Soviets further and allowed the Germans to supply Army Group A across the 886: 8042: 7883: 7872: 7708: 7467: 7426: 7319: 7257: 6644: 5914: 5783: 5751: 2499:. The operation was scheduled for 12 May, just prior to a planned German offensive in the area. The ensuing 2326: 772: 329: 203: 6431: 5999: 4571: 8428: 8400: 8278: 8071: 7308: 6759: 6685: 6481: 5852: 5571: 5476: 5361: 5182: 3411: 2481: 1269: 1113: 4601:"WorldWar2.ro – Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War – The 3rd Army in the Caucasus – 1942" 8488: 8421: 8372: 8303: 8128: 7634: 7585: 7349: 7342: 6945: 6706: 6497: 5550: 3380: 2504: 2457: 2181: 2123: 1350: 1340: 1230: 982: 3263:

and also the farthest point of Axis advance into the Caucasus. This victory earned the Romanian General the

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for two purposes: to enable the Germans to re-supply their low fuel stock and also to deny their use to the

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Stavka to believe that they could deal a fatal blow to the Germans and decide the war in southern Russia.

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advance on Stalingrad was also impeded by supply shortages caused by the poor state of Soviet roads. The

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After crossing the Don on 25 July, Army Group A fanned out on a 200 km (120 mi) front from the

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The Caucasus, a large, culturally diverse region traversed by its eponymous mountains, is bounded by the

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Last Victory in Russia: The SS-Panzerkorps and Manstein's Kharkov Counteroffensive – February–March 1943

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Javrishvili K., Battle of Caucasus: Case for Georgian Alpinists, Translated by Michael P. Willis, 2017.

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was captured and German mountain troops hoisted the Nazi flag on the highest mountain of the Caucasus,

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ended in disaster for the Soviets, severely weakening their mobile forces. At the same time, the Axis

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Axworthy, Mark (September–October 1999). "Flank Guard: Romania's Advance on Stalingrad, Part Two".

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was created to fill the gap between Army Groups A and B. On 12 December, a relief operation called

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was taken on 13 August. In the south, the German advance was stopped north of Grozny, after taking

2798: 2764: 2747: 2644: 2597: 2584: 2500: 1249: 1041: 6008: 5985: 8640: 8386: 8330: 8200: 8060: 7745: 7398: 7294: 7200: 6768: 6636: 6606: 6570: 6555: 6427: 6319: 6297: 6243: 6229: 6211: 5875: 5656: 5384: 5333: 3612: 3496:

aircraft were withdrawn to the Mediterranean in early November to support the Axis operations in

3067: 2781: 2631: 2338: 2333: 1727: 1611: 1501: 1470: 1438: 1416: 1308: 1125: 1087: 1075: 958: 943: 2976: 8078: 7971: 7773: 7724: 7627: 7520: 7490: 7273: 7161: 6887: 6678: 6269: 6250: 6220: 5767: 5737: 3692: 3655: 3540: 3247: 3101:

sufficiently destroyed by the Red Army to take about a year to be repaired. Shortly afterwards

3048: 2996: 2665:

2 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 1 rifle brigade, 20 tank brigades (2 Guards), 6 cavalry divisions

2270: 1702:

on 23 July and swept south from the Don to the Caucasus, capturing the demolished oilfields at

1666:

commenced. The Soviet collapse in the south allowed the Germans to capture the western part of

1443: 1203: 1176: 1053: 896: 795: 784: 668: 642: 362: 8569: 8292: 8135: 8031: 8001: 7957: 7697: 7662: 7655: 7578: 7476: 6917: 6894: 6741: 6352: 5889: 5629: 5615: 5298: 5113: 3342: 3011: 2461: 2407: 2397: 2358: 2261: 2220: 2133: 2081: 1687: 1597: 1448: 1181: 1170: 921: 284: 6187: 5260:

Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel zur Initiative 1941 bis 1943

5101:

Too Little Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production

3000: 549: 8393: 8248: 7899: 7856: 7826: 7752: 7562: 7541: 6467: 5944: 5622: 3684: 3465: 3437: 2952: 2948: 2508: 2477: 2402: 2156: 2088: 1992:, with Seventeenth Army on the western flank and Fourth Romanian Army on the eastern flank. 1756: 1683: 1563: 1465: 1236: 1118: 1069: 875: 447: 1964:

and continue the advance, anchoring the northern flank of the offensive towards the Volga.

901: 8: 8609: 8511: 8285: 8163: 8119: 7641: 6775: 6541: 6068: 5898: 5882: 5831: 3407: 3007: 2899:

from the Luftwaffe also played an important role in this early success. It contained the

2235: 2211: 1716: 1585: 1566:

failed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political and military threat the previous year,

1313: 1279: 1224: 4600: 1781: 8504: 8337: 8262: 8216: 8186: 8094: 7934: 7599: 7483: 7377: 7328: 7266: 7022: 6973: 6782: 6406: 6061: 5859: 5170: 5076: 3536: 3376: 3260: 2956: 2936: 2928: 2786: 2619: 1989: 1735: 1671: 1631: 1323: 1284: 1264: 1259: 1157: 932: 732: 675: 595: 501: 408: 158: 5264:

The Global War: The expansion of the war into a world war and the change of initiative

1588:, and one from the left flank to protect the first attack, moving in the direction of 8495: 8379: 8269: 8209: 8170: 8103: 8085: 8051: 7994: 7948: 7892: 7717: 7455: 7447: 7384: 7237: 6831: 6363: 5824: 5803: 5513: 5277: 5235: 5216: 5197: 5178: 5148: 5118: 5082: 5061: 5035: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4957: 4940: 4921: 3512: 3122: 2955:

both became stranded during the opening phase. Once again, as it had done during the

2896: 2769: 2740: 2496: 2492: 2441: 2346: 2225: 2167: 1953: 1845: 1793: 1719:

but attacks on Baku were prevented by the insufficient range of the German fighters.

1655: 1577: 1208: 1036: 584: 561: 340: 3201:

Further east, the Axis enjoyed greater success and on 1 September, the Germans took

2317: 8414: 8407: 8351: 8015: 7780: 7766: 7669: 7606: 7557: 7370: 7223: 7170: 6980: 6931: 6845: 6075: 6052: 5585: 5049: 3616: 3591: 3566: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3372: 3364: 3338: 3121:

supporting the southern front, only reconnaissance aircraft being left behind. The

2857: 2835: 2752: 2681: 2649: 2591:

4 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 2 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades, 1 cavalry division

2473: 2161: 2093: 1973: 1805: 1764: 1723: 1679: 1603: 1487: 1455: 1362: 1356: 1345: 1318: 1254: 1162: 1015: 1004: 977: 969: 948: 891: 624: 573: 538: 505: 419: 318: 307: 5594: 3487:, ordered his troops to "hug" the Germans, negating German tactical mobility. The 16:

1942 German plan to further invade the Soviet Union following Operation Barbarossa

8437: 8149: 8064: 8022: 7920: 7863: 7731: 7513: 7504: 7033: 6615: 6591: 5845: 4972: 4232: 3638: 3360: 3252: 3158: 2904: 2512: 2392: 2279: 2112: 1956:) and the Second Army, supported by the Second Hungarian Army, would attack from 1788:. The directive outlined the main goals of the 1942 summer campaign on Germany's 1532: 1367: 1274: 1136: 1101: 1026: 916: 351: 100: 8549: 4951: 3233: 1634:

to reach the Baku oil fields, while Army Group B protected its flanks along the

8597: 8444: 7980: 7906: 5958: 5817: 5114:

Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942–1943

5053: 3595: 3583: 3528: 3484: 3452: 2940: 2602: 2577: 2465: 2296: 2289: 1888: 1722:

However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations

1630:). Army Group A was tasked with fulfilling Operation Edelweiss by crossing the 1494: 1080: 911: 490: 460: 271: 5058:

To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942

8619: 8255: 6180: 6029: 5868: 5152: 5103:. Lawrence, KS: The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 94–135. 5060:. The Stalingrad Trilogy. Vol. I. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4944: 4574:

World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (5 volumes)

3557: 3426: 3221: 3085: 2964: 2900: 2614: 2569: 2449: 2437: 2147: 1912: 1895: 1841: 1699: 1675: 759: 662: 434: 397: 188: 84: 4954:

Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945

8554: 8358: 6658: 6563: 6194: 5557: 5321: 5108: 5096: 3769: 3516: 3441: 3162: 3110: 3019: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2827: 2673: 2386: 2378: 2308: 2247: 2201: 2191: 2171: 2137: 2117: 2073: 1949: 1857: 1824:

to the east. The region north of the mountains was a production center for

1619: 1615: 1567: 1556: 1536: 1380: 1031: 719: 652: 374: 296: 258: 236: 142: 104: 36: 5194:

Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943

3784:

Captured at Stalingrad 31 January 1943, died in captivity 9 February 1944.

2518:

The Red Army order of battle at the start of the campaign was as follows:

8193: 8179: 7841: 6517: 6338: 6323: 5677: 3606:

The Kharkov and Donbas operations were started on 25 February by the new

3268: 3182: 3080: 3058: 2018: 1821: 1711: 1647: 1559:, thereby bringing about the complete collapse of the Soviet war effort. 54: 3216:. During August and September, German patrols raided the railway around 3018:

There is no evidence Hitler was opposed by, or received complaints from

2841:

Aviation divisions: 5 fighter, 2 ground attack, 2 bomber, 2 night bomber

2717: 2687:

Aviation divisions: 3 fighter, 4 ground attack, 2 bomber, 1 night bomber

7548: 7301: 7280: 6173: 5506: 5434: 5213:

Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe

3289: 3102: 2927:

By 5 July, forward elements of Fourth Panzer Army had reached the

1849: 1760: 1589: 88: 5133: 1999:

The offensive was to be conducted across the southern Russian (Kuban)

7216: 7013: 6824: 6622: 6577: 5251:

Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940–1945 Teilband II

3860:

The Seventeenth Army of Army Group A stayed in the Kuban bridgehead.

3715:

from 10 September 1942 until 22 November 1942, when Kleist took over.

3213: 3106: 3093: 2469: 1932: 1899: 1872: 1817: 1797: 1691: 1639: 1593: 1524: 6098: 3812:

Executed by firing squad in Yugoslavia for war crimes February 1947.

3739:

Took command upon Weichs being raised to army group command 17 July.

3573:

The Soviets launched several follow-up offensives, later called the

1572: 6082: 5810: 3587: 3586:, conducted by the Voronezh Front, was aimed at Kharkov, Kursk and 3280: 2992:

reorganized Army Group South into two smaller Army Groups, A and B;

2819:

8 tank brigades, 2 independent tank battalions, 3 cavalry divisions

2554: 1961: 1876: 1772: 1667: 1651: 96: 80: 5134:"The Slovak Army: 1939–1945 Part 2: The Russian Campaign 1940–43" 3801: 3599: 3256: 3238: 3217: 3190: 1977: 1907: 1853: 3755:

Surrendered remains of Sixth Army at Stalingrad 31 January 1943.

3237:

operating a 2 cm anti-aircraft gun in the Central Caucasus near

2775:

8 rifle divisions, 7 tank brigades, 1 independent tank battalion

803: 783:

350,000 (excluding 150,000 casualties in the first phase of the

6692: 5290: 5141:

Journal of the Czechoslovak Philatelic Society of Great Britain

4371: 4287: 3276: 3272: 3170: 3166: 3154: 3076:

enormous amounts of fuel to transfer the army by air and road.

3023: 2422: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1707: 1703: 1659: 1552: 1548: 4397: 4395: 3565:

Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began

1988:: First Panzer Army would then strike south towards the lower 6880: 4952:

Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995).

3844:

Relieved for military incompetence and reassigned March 1943.

3089: 2000: 1957: 1884: 1880: 1825: 1739: 1635: 1576:

of Nazi Germany, recognized that Germany was now locked in a

92: 1891:, and sugar beets, all essential in the production of food. 4392: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3150: 2806: 1903: 1868: 1864: 1832:

and heavy farm machinery, while its two main oilfields, at

1643: 1540: 50: 5013:

Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943

3852:

Relieved for military incompetence and reassigned 22 July.

4508: 4126: 3820:

Died of a brain tumor in American captivity 12 July 1945.

3483:

air superiority, the commander of the 62nd Army, General

1768: 8666:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Romania

8651:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Hungary

4195: 4105: 3931: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3883: 3881: 3731:

Took command upon Bock being relieved by Hitler 17 July.

3500:. Sixth Army had captured about 90 percent of the city. 3165:

naval base were captured. The Germans continued towards

2758:

7 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 5 tank brigades (1 Guards)

1638:

by fulfilling Operation Fischreiher. Supported by 2,035

5048: 5032:

Stalingrad 1942–43 (I): The German Advance to the Volga

3800:

Committed suicide October 1944 following arrest by the

3511:

per division. The bulk of the German tank reserve, the

2999:

to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (

8671:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy

5952:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4438: 4436: 4434: 4352: 4350: 3792:

Executed by firing squad for war crimes November 1947.

2792:

8 rifle divisions, 1 tank brigade, 3 cavalry divisions

1759:

with the intention of defeating the Soviet Union in a

8581: 4481:"'Die Brandenburger' Kommandotruppe und Frontverband" 4012: 3893: 3878: 3061:

armored half-track on the Russian steppe, August 1942

1742:

region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops.

1686:

to the city itself in late August. Nonstop Luftwaffe

5248: 5078:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

4483:(in German). German Federal Archives. Archived from 3515:, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete 3410:, forcing the Italian Eighth Army to fall back. The 2655:

6 rifle divisions, 3 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades

2638:

6 rifle divisions, 2 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades

5229: 4994:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

4478: 4431: 4347: 4235:indicates these units were mainly in combat during 2861:The German advance from 7 May to 18 November 1942. 2349:, 1,610 aircraft (61%), supported Army Group South. 8676:Battles involving the Independent State of Croatia 5253:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen. 4586:Schramm (1963), p. 65. and Hayward (2001), p. 174. 3379:. After crossing the Don, the Germans advanced on 2608:5 rifle divisions, 1 rifle brigade, 1 tank brigade 1535:between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during 3594:was conducted by the South-western Front against 3367:broke through and reached the Don, where the new 1539:. The objective was to capture the oil fields of 8617: 5074: 3747:KIA 3 October at Storoshewoje on the Middle Don. 2971: 1939:The German plan involved a three-staged attack: 1531:plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in 794:(including casualties in the first phase of the 8661:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War 5276:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 761–1094. 4416:Battle of Caucasus: Case for Georgian Alpinists 3611:prepared a counter-offensive, which led to the 2924:Air Armies, compared to a German total of 175. 2495:, supported by the Southern Front commanded by 3245:On 2 November 1942, Romanian mountain troops ( 3177:on 25 August. German paratroopers assisted an 2487:With the German thrust expected in the north, 49:German troops take cover behind a knocked out 5306: 5107: 5095: 4915: 4231:Bergström 2007, p. 60, list of Red Air Force 3711:Army Group A was under direct command of the 3307:(OKL) to inflict as much damage as possible. 3042: 2893:confidence for the upcoming major offensive. 1396: 819: 71:(4 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) 5169: 4865:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas 4401: 4377: 4293: 3561:Soviet forces during Operation Little Saturn 3010:to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad ( 1860:'s oil—about 24 million tons in 1942 alone. 1410: 4413: 4098: 4096: 3271:. On 5 November, Alagir was seized and the 3128: 2484:, though not all existed at the same time. 5313: 5299: 5210: 3944: 3295: 2947:units unable to execute their orders. The 2931:near Voronezh and became embroiled in the 2003:utilizing the following Army Group units: 1403: 1389: 826: 812: 763: 194: 8631:Battles of World War II involving Hungary 5010: 4594: 4592: 3251:) under the command of Brigadier General 3037: 2809:motorized rifle division, 3 tank brigades 1935:infantry and armor advancing, Summer 1942 1871:, as well as nonferrous and rare metals. 737: 209: 164: 149: 133: 5117:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 5081:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4974:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943 4934: 4850: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4093: 4068: 4066: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3556: 3469: 3420: 3346: 3226: 3132: 3052: 2975: 2856: 1927: 792:4,862 tanks and SPG destroyed or damaged 5191: 5029: 4991: 4331: 4329: 4201: 4111: 3987: 3985: 3904: 3887: 3772:and was killed in action 12 October at 3479:the defenders an advantage. To counter 3459: 3451:Sixth Army advanced from the north via 3285:German 16th Motorized Infantry Division 3212:(Хулхута́), halfway between Elista and 3185:bank in front (north) of the city. The 3169:on the Black Sea coast and in the east 1755:On 22 June 1941, Germany launched 750: 179: 8618: 7160: 7138:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5257: 4970: 4867:(MPG Books Ltd, London, 2003), p. 278. 4682: 4680: 4589: 4514: 4364: 4362: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4132: 4018: 3327: 3149:headed in the direction of Grozny and 1863:The Caucasus also possessed plentiful 8009:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7441:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7087:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7043:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6148:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5294: 4897: 4845: 4833: 4598: 4063: 4029: 4027: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3915: 3913: 3503:On 19 November, the Soviets launched 3474:Street fighting in the destroyed city 3351:Advance towards Stalingrad at the Don 1384: 807: 8656:Military campaigns involving Germany 7131:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6163:Rape during the liberation of France 5273:Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 5131: 4870: 4857: 4326: 4278: 4117: 3982: 3575:Voronezh-Kharkov Strategic Offensive 3157:retreat. From August–September, the 3065:With air support from the Ju 87s of 1698:In the south, Army Group A captured 5234:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. 4956:. London: Arms & Armour Press. 4677: 4359: 4177: 4165: 3552: 2988:Directive No. 45 on July 23, 1942: 2372:Southern Sector (Caucasus campaign) 1948:: Fourth Panzer Army, commanded by 13: 7357:German invasion of the Netherlands 5637:Weather events during World War II 4051:Hayward (2001), pp. xvii, 2–5, 18. 4024: 3950: 3910: 1670:on 6 July and reach and cross the 14: 8687: 7988:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3396:Stalingrad Transport Region force 833: 8603: 8591: 8548: 5320: 5268:Germany and the Second World War 4758:Glantz (1995), pp. 122–123, 149. 3265:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 3028:Italian Army in the Soviet Union 2852: 2847: 2716: 2704: 2553: 2541: 2522:Northern Sector (Volga campaign) 2415: 2357: 2067:Northern Sector (Volga campaign) 2052: 2040: 2017: 1811: 1745: 902:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 765: 752: 739: 731: 718: 674: 661: 651: 618: 600: 589: 578: 567: 554: 543: 532: 514: 495: 484: 466: 453: 440: 427: 413: 402: 391: 380: 367: 356: 345: 334: 323: 312: 301: 290: 277: 264: 251: 229: 211: 196: 181: 166: 151: 135: 43: 4909: 4888: 4879: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4580: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4499: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4422: 4407: 4383: 4338: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4084: 4075: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4003: 3994: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3806: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3757: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3705: 2526:Armies deployed north to south: 2505:clearing of the Kerch Peninsula 2327:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 2059:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 8235:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5945:Territorial changes of Germany 5853:Indonesian National Revolution 3922: 3869: 3673: 3105:was taken. On 12 August, 1923: 1: 7635:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7586:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7350:German invasion of Luxembourg 5731:Mediterranean and Middle East 5249:Schramm, Percy Ernst (1963). 5015:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 4920:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4599:Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor. 4553:Schramm (1963), pp. 639, 671. 4275:Hayward (2001), pp. 147, 149. 3863: 3579:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive 2972:Splitting of Army Group South 2696:Southwestern Front ground and 1750: 1614:was divided into Army Groups 7542:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7231:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6549:Independent State of Croatia 5230:Nipe, George M. Jr. (2000). 5011:Bergström, Christer (2007). 4854:Nipe (2000), pp. 54–64, 100. 4656:Hayward (2001), pp. 179–180. 4620:Schramm (1963), pp. 719–723. 3661:Reichskommissariat Kaukasien 3651:Oil campaign of World War II 3547: 3092:was captured on 31 July and 2234:VII Army Corps (Wehrmacht) ( 7: 8526:End of World War II in Asia 8366:Western invasion of Germany 7873:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7850:Second Battle of El Alamein 7420:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7392:Battle of the Mediterranean 7245:Italian invasion of Albania 5419:Air warfare of World War II 5270:(in German). Vol. VI. 5211:Mercatante, Steven (2012). 4842:Glantz (1995), pp. 143–147. 4803:Glantz (1995), pp. 140–141. 4767:Axworthy (1995), pp. 85–89. 4731:Beevor (1999), pp. 115–118. 4248:Glantz (2009), pp. 149–153. 4102:Glantz (1995), pp. 111–113. 4009:Glantz (1995), pp. 108–110. 3855: 3847: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3807: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3758: 3750: 3742: 3734: 3726: 3718: 3706: 3644: 3622: 3432:dive bomber over Stalingrad 3363:Soviet Armies. On 26 July, 3332: 2128:W. Langermann und Erlenkamp 1972:: Sixth Army, commanded by 1918: 641:1,570,287-1.805.000 (incl. 10: 8692: 8452:Naval bombardment of Japan 7820:First Battle of El Alamein 7739:Battle of Christmas Island 7684:Japanese invasion of Burma 7448:Italian invasion of Greece 7364:German invasion of Belgium 7336:German invasion of Denmark 7309:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7178:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5442:Comparative military ranks 3928:Bergström 2007, pp. 49–50. 3463: 3336: 3304:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 3189:was unable to support the 3046: 3043:Breaking into the Caucasus 2933:battle to capture the city 2160:(General der Panzertruppe 1836:, near the Black Sea, and 69:28 June – 24 November 1942 8626:Battles involving Hungary 8541: 8373:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8313: 8304:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8041: 7928:Allied invasion of Sicily 7882: 7788:Aleutian Islands campaign 7760:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7707: 7698:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7593:Second Battle of Changsha 7498:German invasion of Greece 7466: 7343:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7318: 7256: 7151: 7032: 6758: 6668: 6516: 6219: 6210: 5968: 5793: 5685:North and Central Pacific 5646: 5408: 5401: 5328: 5192:Liedtke, Gregory (2016). 5171:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry 5132:Holt, David (June 2009). 5075:Glantz, David M. (1995). 4977:. London: Penguin Books. 4903:Antill (2007), pp. 24–25. 4776:Antill (2007), pp. 73–75. 4749:Antill (2007), pp. 51–67. 4722:Antill (2007), pp. 45–51. 4674:Antill (2007), pp. 44–45. 4665:Hayward 1995, pp. 94–135. 4576:, ABC-CLIO, 2016, p. 1422 4479:German Federal Archives. 4451:Antill (2007), pp. 13–14. 4072:Antill (2007), pp. 31–32. 3991:Antill (2007), pp. 87–88. 3633:Hitler's indecisiveness. 2963:in 1941, the Luftwaffe's 2420:The Soviet army command ( 1730:. This defeat forced the 1424: 843: 711: 631: 243: 123: 61: 42: 30: 25: 7965:Allied invasion of Italy 7942:Solomon Islands campaign 7691:Third Battle of Changsha 7288:First Battle of Changsha 7194:Second Sino-Japanese War 6134:German military brothels 6000:United States war crimes 5175:The German Generals Talk 5030:Forczyk, Robert (2021). 4830:Schramm (1963), p. 1318. 4414:Javrishvili, K. (2017). 4000:Antill (2007), pp. 7–12. 3679:Around 6,000 men of the 3666: 3129:Battle for the oilfields 2533:Bryansk Front ground and 2501:Second Battle of Kharkov 2182:W. von Seydlitz-Kurzbach 115:Axis operational failure 53:light tank and beside a 8387:Second Guangxi campaign 8242:Philippines (1944–1945) 7746:Battle of the Coral Sea 7649:Fall of the Philippines 7295:Battle of South Guangxi 7201:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6607:Italian Social Republic 4992:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 4971:Beevor, Antony (1999). 4821:Nipe (2000), pp. 18–21. 4638:Hayward (2001), p. 179. 4629:Hayward (2001), p. 172. 4562:Hayward (2001), p. 171. 4544:Schramm (1963), p. 667. 4535:Hayward (2001), p. 170. 4526:Hayward (2001), p. 169. 4505:Hayward (2001), p. 167. 4469:Schramm (1963), p. 639. 4460:Schramm (1963), p. 583. 4389:Hayward (2001), p. 147. 4344:Hayward (2001), p. 152. 4335:Hayward (2001), p. 156. 4305:Hayward (2001), p. 145. 4266:Hayward (2001), p. 143. 4257:Hayward (2001), p. 142. 4222:Hayward (2001), p. 135. 4144:Bellamy (2007), p. 498. 4123:Hayward (2001), p. 129. 4090:Hayward (2001), p. 131. 4042:Axworthy (1995), p. 19. 3697:Light Transport Brigade 3689:369th Infantry Regiment 3613:Third Battle of Kharkov 3296:Luftwaffe oil offensive 3145:In the south-east, the 3123:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily 3068:Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 2285:II Corps (G. Zanghieri) 2231:III Corps (G. Rakovsky) 700:16,500 artillery pieces 330:C. Constantinescu-Claps 7972:Armistice of Cassibile 7774:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7725:Battle of the Java Sea 7628:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7528:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7521:Battle of South Shanxi 7491:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7274:Battle of the Atlantic 6888:Korean Liberation Army 6601:(until September 1943) 6558:(until September 1944) 6536:(until September 1944) 5196:. Helion and Company. 4916:Antill, Peter (2007). 4885:Glantz (1995), p. 132. 4876:Glantz (1995), p. 141. 4785:Glantz (1995), p. 134. 4713:Bergström 2007, p. 73. 4704:Beevor (1999), p. 106. 4686:Bergström 2007, p. 62. 4647:Bergström 2007, p. 84. 4442:Glantz (1995), p. 122. 4428:Glantz (1995), p. 120. 4356:Glantz (1995), p. 121. 4314:Bergström 2007, p. 67. 4284:Glantz (1995), p. 119. 4153:Glantz (1995), p. 301. 4081:Glantz (1995), p. 110. 3656:Operation Braunschweig 3562: 3541:Operation Winter Storm 3535:) under Field Marshal 3475: 3433: 3406:counter-attacked near 3352: 3242: 3179:insurgency in Chechnya 3142: 3062: 3049:Battle of the Caucasus 3038:Army Group A: Caucasus 2981: 2886: 2462:North Caucasian Fronts 2253:VII Corps (E. Gyimesi) 2024:Maximillian von Weichs 1936: 1794:Army Group (AG) Centre 1792:: holding attacks for 1710:on 13 August near the 1658:a German offensive on 796:Battle of the Caucasus 785:Battle of the Caucasus 363:Wolfram von Richthofen 244:Commanders and leaders 57:halftrack, summer 1942 8136:Second Battle of Guam 8032:Bengal famine of 1943 8002:Second Battle of Kiev 7958:Battle of the Dnieper 7663:Battle of Wake Island 7535:East African campaign 7477:Battle of South Henan 7122:atrocities by Germans 6895:Korean Volunteer Army 5876:Occupation of Germany 5630:Music in World War II 4996:. London: Pan Books. 4894:Antill (2007), p. 43. 4812:Antill (2007), p. 78. 4740:Antill (2007), p. 55. 4368:Antill (2007), p. 39. 4323:Antill (2007), p. 41. 4213:Beevor (1999), p. 75. 4192:Antill (2007), p. 49. 4174:Antill (2007), p. 37. 4162:Antill (2007), p. 34. 4060:Bellamy 2007, p. 497. 4033:Hayward (2001), p. 2. 3965:Antill (2007), p. 40. 3919:Antill (2007), p. 29. 3560: 3509:modern anti-tank guns 3473: 3424: 3350: 3343:Bombing of Stalingrad 3337:Further information: 3230: 3136: 3056: 3012:Operation Fischreiher 2979: 2860: 2805:5 rifle divisions, 1 2384:Generalfeldmarschall 2324:Generalfeldmarschall 2221:Hungarian Second Army 2134:XXXXVIII Panzer Corps 2082:Maximilian von Weichs 2079:Generalfeldmarschall 1931: 1800:and the link-up with 1654:troops opposite, who 1598:Operation Fischreiher 712:Casualties and losses 285:Maximilian von Weichs 8422:Surrender of Germany 7900:Battle of West Hubei 7857:Guadalcanal campaign 7827:Battle of Stalingrad 7753:Battle of Madagascar 6527:Albania protectorate 6314:(formerly Swaziland) 6023:Wehrmacht war crimes 5839:Expulsion of Germans 5623:Art and World War II 5521:British contribution 5470:Governments in exile 5177:. New York: Morrow. 3466:Battle of Stalingrad 3460:Battle of Stalingrad 3438:Battle of Stalingrad 3088:"Not a step back!". 3057:German troops and a 3024:Italian Alpine Corps 2953:24th Panzer Division 2949:23rd Panzer Division 2884: to 18 November 2741:Semyon K. Timoshenko 2711:Semyon K. Timoshenko 2509:Battle of Sevastopol 2478:Transcaucasian Front 2428:23rd Panzer Division 2276:Arrived 11–15 August 2262:Romanian Fourth Army 2034:Luftwaffe commanders 1976:, would attack from 1820:to the west and the 1757:Operation Barbarossa 1734:to retreat from the 1564:Operation Barbarossa 1483:Voronezh-Kastornensk 448:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 8512:Potsdam Declaration 8401:Italy (Spring 1945) 8164:Liberation of Paris 7621:Siege of Sevastopol 6639:(until August 1944) 6542:Wang Jingwei regime 6364:from September 1943 6324:from September 1944 6262:from September 1944 6122:Romanian war crimes 6113:Persecution of Jews 6099:Croatian war crimes 6069:Japanese war crimes 5883:Occupation of Japan 5832:First Indochina War 5544:Military production 5456:Declarations of war 4794:Nipe (2000), p. 15. 4572:Spencer C. Tucker, 4517:, pp. 942–953. 4487:on 10 November 2011 4380:, pp. 201–203. 4296:, pp. 204–205. 4135:, pp. 868–869. 3979:Nipe (2000), p. 33. 3875:Holt (2009), p. 47. 3763:A set of plans for 3681:Croatian Home Guard 3416:Novo-Grigoryevskaja 3328:Army Group B: Volga 2959:in April 1940, and 2836:Timofei T. Khriukin 2723:Timofei T. Khriukin 2698:aviation commanders 2682:Stepan Y. Krasovsky 2560:Stepan Y. Krasovsky 2535:aviation commanders 2515:through the Kuban. 2403:Third Romanian Army 2271:Italian Eighth Army 2242:Arrived 21–25 July: 1717:oilfields at Grozny 1642:aircraft and 1,934 1586:Operation Edelweiss 1478:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1109:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1010:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 728:700 tanks destroyed 669:Italian Eighth Army 645:from early August) 643:Italian Eighth Army 8505:Surrender of Japan 8338:Battle of Iwo Jima 8187:Belgrade offensive 7600:Siege of Leningrad 7484:Battle of Shanggao 7413:British Somaliland 7378:Dunkirk evacuation 7329:Norwegian campaign 7267:Invasion of Poland 7094:Japanese prisoners 6062:Italian war crimes 5993:British war crimes 5908:Soviet occupations 5692:South-West Pacific 5579:Allied cooperation 5537:Military equipment 5034:. Oxford: Osprey. 3563: 3537:Erich von Manstein 3476: 3434: 3353: 3261:Kabardino-Balkaria 3243: 3161:and a part of the 3143: 3063: 3001:Operation Edelweiß 2982: 2957:Norwegian Campaign 2887: 2733:Southwestern Front 2507:together with the 2226:Vitéz Gusztáv Jány 2113:Fourth Panzer Army 1952:(transferred from 1937: 1632:Caucasus Mountains 1582:oil fields of Baku 1304:Western Carpathian 1244:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 1214:1st Jassy–Kishinev 1199:Leningrad–Novgorod 1194:Dnieper–Carpathian 596:Feofan Parkhomenko 502:Alexander Lizyukov 409:Erich von Manstein 8636:Conflicts in 1942 8579: 8578: 8537: 8536: 8380:Battle of Okinawa 8279:Burma (1944–1945) 8113:Mariana and Palau 7893:Tunisian campaign 7718:Fall of Singapore 7642:Fall of Hong Kong 7385:Battle of Britain 7238:Operation Himmler 7147: 7146: 6811:Dutch East Indies 6454:Southern Rhodesia 6206: 6205: 6106:Genocide of Serbs 6009:German war crimes 5986:Soviet war crimes 5979:Allied war crimes 5825:Division of Korea 5804:Chinese Civil War 5602:Strategic bombing 5514:Manhattan Project 5203:978-0-313-39592-5 5067:978-0-7006-1630-5 5054:Jonathan M. House 5041:978-1-47284-265-7 5022:978-1-85780-276-4 5003:978-0-330-48808-2 4927:978-1-84603-028-4 4402:Liddell Hart 1948 4378:Liddell Hart 1948 4294:Liddell Hart 1948 4204:, pp. 24–26. 4114:, pp. 26–27. 3513:48th Panzer Corps 3259:, the capital of 3248:Vânători de munte 2897:Close air support 2878: to 1 August 2588:(G.A. Khaliuzin) 2578:Filipp I. Golikov 2548:Filipp I. Golikov 2497:Rodion Malinovsky 2493:Semyon Timoshenko 2442:Operation Kremlin 2393:First Panzer Army 2347:Army Group Centre 2224:(Colonel-General 2212:H. von Obstfelder 2168:XXXX Panzer Corps 2124:XXIV Panzer Corps 1954:Army Group Centre 1796:, the capture of 1510: 1509: 1378: 1377: 802: 801: 696:2,959–3,720 tanks 694: 585:Kirill Moskalenko 562:Semyon Timoshenko 550:Stepan Kraskovsky 473:Grigory Khalyuzin 119: 118: 8683: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8587: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8555:World portal 8553: 8552: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8415:Prague offensive 8410: 8408:Battle of Berlin 8403: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8352:Vienna offensive 8347: 8340: 8333: 8331:Battle of Manila 8326: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8281: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8221: 8212: 8205: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8115: 8108: 8099: 8090: 8081: 8074: 8072:Korsun–Cherkassy 8067: 8056: 8034: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7914:Bombing of Gorky 7909: 7902: 7895: 7875: 7868: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7781:Battle of Midway 7776: 7769: 7767:Battle of Gazala 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7677:Battle of Borneo 7672: 7670:Malayan campaign 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7614:Bombing of Gorky 7609: 7607:Battle of Moscow 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7459: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7371:Battle of France 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7224:Munich Agreement 7219: 7212: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7180: 7173: 7158: 7157: 7140: 7133: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7109:Soviet prisoners 7103: 7096: 7089: 7080: 7073: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7049:German prisoners 7045: 7025: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6587: 6585:French Indochina 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6509: 6500: 6493: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6432:from August 1944 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6315: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6217: 6216: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6158: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6076:Nanjing Massacre 6071: 6064: 6055: 6053:Nuremberg trials 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5894: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5786: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5657:Asia and Pacific 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5588: 5586:Mulberry harbour 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5254: 5245: 5226: 5207: 5188: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5138: 5128: 5104: 5092: 5071: 5050:Glantz, David M. 5045: 5026: 5007: 4988: 4967: 4948: 4931: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4843: 4840: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4596: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4357: 4354: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4175: 4172: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3980: 3977: 3966: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3876: 3873: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3799: 3791: 3783: 3762: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3710: 3699: 3693:Italian 8th Army 3677: 3617:Kuban bridgehead 3592:Operation Gallop 3567:Operation Saturn 3553:Operation Saturn 3533:Heeresgruppe Don 3505:Operation Uranus 3365:XIV Panzer Corps 3339:Battle of Kalach 3292:could be taken. 3241:, September 1942 3211: 2883: 2877: 2872: to 22 July 2871: 2865: 2787:F.A. Parkhomenko 2720: 2708: 2622:) (KIA 23 July) 2575:Generalleutnant 2557: 2545: 2474:Stalingrad Front 2398:Seventeenth Army 2361: 2162:Friedrich Paulus 2094:Hans von Salmuth 2056: 2044: 2021: 1974:Friedrich Paulus 1782:Führer Directive 1706:on 9 August and 1680:Battle of Kalach 1656:wrongly expected 1608:Heeresgruppe Süd 1604:Army Group South 1578:war of attrition 1530: 1419: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1270:Petsamo–Kirkenes 1148:Belgorod-Kharkov 1114:Voronezh–Kharkov 838: 828: 821: 814: 805: 804: 775: 771: 769: 768: 762: 758: 756: 755: 749: 745: 743: 742: 736: 735: 723: 722: 692: 679: 678: 666: 665: 656: 655: 627: 625:Timofei Khriukin 623: 622: 621: 615: 605: 604: 603: 594: 593: 592: 583: 582: 581: 574:Dmitry Ryabyshev 572: 571: 570: 559: 558: 557: 548: 547: 546: 539:Mikhail Parsegov 537: 536: 535: 529: 519: 518: 517: 510: 500: 499: 498: 489: 488: 487: 481: 471: 470: 469: 458: 457: 456: 445: 444: 443: 432: 431: 430: 422: 420:Petre Dumitrescu 418: 417: 416: 407: 406: 405: 396: 395: 394: 387:Ewald von Kleist 385: 384: 383: 372: 371: 370: 361: 360: 359: 350: 349: 348: 339: 338: 337: 328: 327: 326: 319:Friedrich Paulus 317: 316: 315: 308:Hans von Salmuth 306: 305: 304: 295: 294: 293: 282: 281: 280: 269: 268: 267: 256: 255: 254: 235: 233: 232: 221: 217: 215: 214: 206: 202: 200: 199: 191: 187: 185: 184: 176: 172: 170: 169: 161: 157: 155: 154: 145: 141: 139: 138: 63: 62: 47: 23: 22: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8646:1942 in Ukraine 8616: 8615: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8582: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8547: 8545: 8533: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8471: 8466:Atomic bombings 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8309: 8302: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8208: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8157:Eastern Romania 8155: 8150:Warsaw Uprising 8148: 8143:Tannenberg Line 8141: 8134: 8129:Western Ukraine 8127: 8118: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8059: 8050: 8037: 8030: 8021: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7921:Battle of Kursk 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7878: 7871: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7732:St Nazaire Raid 7730: 7723: 7716: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7556: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7514:Anglo-Iraqi War 7512: 7505:Battle of Crete 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7462: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7434:Eastern Romania 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7252: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7076: 7069: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7028: 7021: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6995:Western Ukraine 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6939:Northeast China 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6645:Slovak Republic 6643: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6616:Empire of Japan 6614: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6525: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6489: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6318: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6202: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6161: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6128:Sexual violence 6127: 6120: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5858: 5851: 5846:Greek Civil War 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5671:South-East Asia 5669: 5662: 5655: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5530:Military awards 5528: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5284: 5242: 5223: 5204: 5185: 5157: 5155: 5136: 5125: 5089: 5068: 5042: 5023: 5004: 4985: 4964: 4928: 4918:Stalingrad 1942 4912: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4863:Vego, Milan N. 4862: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4233:order of battle 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3969: 3964: 3951: 3945:Mercatante 2012 3943: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3853: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3805: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3756: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3685:German 6th Army 3678: 3674: 3669: 3647: 3639:Battle of Kursk 3625: 3555: 3550: 3468: 3462: 3412:1st Guards Army 3345: 3335: 3330: 3298: 3253:Ioan Dumitrache 3205: 3159:Taman Peninsula 3141:in the Caucasus 3131: 3051: 3045: 3040: 2974: 2905:air superiority 2885: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2866: to 7 July 2863: 2855: 2850: 2828:Eighth Air Army 2802:(A.I. Danilov) 2770:K.S. Moskalenko 2728: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2674:Second Air Army 2625:7 tank brigades 2565: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2524: 2513:Kerch Peninsula 2482:Caucasian Front 2418: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2330:(from 20 July) 2280:Italo Gariboldi 2208:XXIX Army Corps 2198:XVII Army Corps 2188:VIII Army Corps 2144:XIII Army Corps 2116:(Generaloberst 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2010: 1926: 1921: 1889:sunflower seeds 1814: 1761:quick offensive 1753: 1748: 1682:and the combat 1533:southern Russia 1528: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1420: 1411: 1409: 1379: 1374: 1368:Prague uprising 1351:Bratislava–Brno 1341:Moravia–Ostrava 1231:Lvov–Sandomierz 1059:Rzhev–Sychyovka 887:Białystok–Minsk 839: 834: 832: 793: 791: 779: 777: 766: 764: 753: 751: 740: 738: 730: 729: 727: 725: 717: 706: 701: 699: 697: 695: 690: 683: 673: 660: 650: 619: 617: 616: 609: 601: 599: 598: 590: 588: 587: 579: 577: 576: 568: 566: 565: 555: 553: 552: 544: 542: 541: 533: 531: 530: 523: 515: 513: 512: 506: 496: 494: 493: 485: 483: 482: 475: 467: 465: 464: 454: 452: 451: 441: 439: 438: 428: 426: 425: 414: 412: 411: 403: 401: 400: 392: 390: 389: 381: 379: 378: 368: 366: 365: 357: 355: 354: 352:Italo Gariboldi 346: 344: 343: 335: 333: 332: 324: 322: 321: 313: 311: 310: 302: 300: 299: 291: 289: 288: 278: 276: 275: 265: 263: 262: 252: 250: 249: 230: 228: 224: 212: 210: 197: 195: 182: 180: 167: 165: 152: 150: 136: 134: 107: 101:Southern Russia 70: 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8689: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8641:1942 in Russia 8638: 8633: 8628: 8613: 8612: 8600: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8485: 8482:South Sakhalin 8478: 8477: 8476: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8319: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8282: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8222: 8213: 8206: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8116: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7961: 7954: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7907:Battle of Attu 7903: 7896: 7888: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7656:Battle of Guam 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7579:Battle of Kiev 7575: 7568: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7472: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7166: 7164: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7090: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078:United Kingdom 7074: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7046: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7010: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6891: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6482:British Empire 6475:United Kingdom 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6316: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6291:Czechoslovakia 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6188:Rape of Manila 6184: 6177: 6170: 6159: 6144: 6137: 6125: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6109: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6065: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6040: 6026: 6019: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5974: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5959:United Nations 5955: 5948: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5818:Decolonization 5814: 5807: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5764: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5510: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5491:United Kingdom 5487: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5337: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5227: 5222:978-1910777756 5221: 5208: 5202: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5164: 5129: 5123: 5105: 5093: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5046: 5040: 5027: 5021: 5008: 5002: 4989: 4983: 4968: 4962: 4949: 4937:Air Enthusiast 4932: 4926: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4588: 4579: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4507: 4498: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4430: 4421: 4406: 4404:, p. 202. 4391: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4337: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4202:Forczyk (2021) 4194: 4176: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4125: 4116: 4112:Forczyk (2021) 4104: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4023: 4021:, p. 761. 4011: 4002: 3993: 3981: 3967: 3949: 3947:, p. 151. 3930: 3921: 3909: 3907:, p. 230. 3892: 3890:, p. 228. 3877: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3701: 3700: 3683:served in the 3671: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3624: 3621: 3596:Voroshilovgrad 3584:Operation Star 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3529:Army Group Don 3485:Vasily Chuikov 3464:Main article: 3461: 3458: 3414:attacked near 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3297: 3294: 3130: 3127: 3047:Main article: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3016: 3015: 3004: 2993: 2973: 2970: 2941:Fedor von Bock 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2831: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2753:D.I. Riabyshev 2736: 2722: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2677: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2635:(P.P. Korzun) 2628: 2627: 2626: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2573: 2559: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2466:Voronezh Front 2417: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2382: 2363: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2322: 2321:(thru 20 July) 2318:Alexander Löhr 2315:Generaloberst 2313: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2295:Alpini Corps ( 2293: 2286: 2267: 2265: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2239: 2232: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2205: 2195: 2185: 2175: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2141: 2131: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2077: 2058: 2051: 2050: 2047:Alexander Löhr 2046: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1994: 1993: 1981: 1965: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1813: 1810: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1676:counterattacks 1624:Heeresgruppe A 1545:Azerbaijan SSR 1508: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1385: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1331:East Pomerania 1328: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1022:Toropets–Kholm 1019: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 974: 973: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 871: 870: 866: 865: 860: 855: 849: 848: 844: 841: 840: 831: 830: 823: 816: 808: 800: 799: 788: 714: 713: 709: 708: 698:1,671 aircraft 684: 682: 681: 671: 658: 647: 634: 633: 629: 628: 607:Alexei Danilov 491:Nikolai Pukhov 461:Filipp Golikov 423: 272:Fedor von Bock 246: 245: 241: 240: 225: 223: 222: 207: 192: 177: 162: 147: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 79: 77: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8688: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8611: 8601: 8599: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489:Kuril Islands 8486: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8256:Syrmian Front 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8202:Market Garden 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8061:Monte Cassino 8058: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427:Baltic states 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7071:United States 7068: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007:Quốc dân Đảng 7004: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6707:Liechtenstein 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491:United States 6488: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181:Comfort women 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6165: / 6164: 6160: 6157: 6154: / 6153: 6150: / 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141:Camp brothels 6138: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030:The Holocaust 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6016:forced labour 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869:Marshall Plan 5866: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5722:Eastern Front 5719: 5716: 5715:Western Front 5712: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609:Puppet states 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551:Naval history 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5498:United States 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5285: 5283:3-421-06233-1 5279: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5241:0-7643-1186-7 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5124:0-7006-1146-0 5120: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5109:Hayward, Joel 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097:Hayward, Joel 5094: 5090: 5088:0-7006-0899-0 5084: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4984:0-14-028458-3 4980: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4965: 4963:1-85409-267-7 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939:(65): 72–75. 4938: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4695:Antill p. 49. 4692: 4683: 4681: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4516: 4515:Wegner (1990) 4511: 4502: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4134: 4133:Wegner (1990) 4129: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4067: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4019:Wegner (1990) 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3608:Central Front 3604: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3559: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3517:Panzer 35(t)s 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3467: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3431: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3222:14th Air Army 3219: 3215: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:Order No. 227 3082: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2966: 2965:Junkers Ju 52 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2937:A.I. Liziukov 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2901:Red Air Force 2898: 2894: 2892: 2859: 2853:Opening phase 2848:The offensive 2840: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2833:Generalmajor 2832: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2719: 2707: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2679:Generalmajor 2678: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650:M.A. Parsegov 2647: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2620:A.I. Liziukov 2617: 2616: 2615:5th Tank Army 2612: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2570:Bryansk Front 2567: 2566: 2556: 2544: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438:Joseph Stalin 2435: 2434:, in Moscow. 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2416:Soviet forces 2409: 2408:Eleventh Army 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2360: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:4th Air Corps 2337: 2335: 2334:8th Air Corps 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2178:LI Army Corps 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2100:LV Army Corps 2098: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2055: 2043: 2020: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1916: 1914: 1913:Achilles heel 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:United States 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844:, comprising 1843: 1842:Transcaucasia 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812:The oilfields 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:Eastern Front 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1746:Axis strategy 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Little Saturn 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1472:Little Saturn 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089:Little Saturn 1086: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1076:Velikiye Luki 1074: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 972: 971: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 934: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 873: 872: 868: 867: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 847:Naval warfare 846: 845: 842: 837: 836:Eastern Front 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 809: 806: 797: 789: 786: 782: 774: 761: 748: 734: 721: 716: 715: 710: 704: 688: 685: 677: 672: 670: 664: 659: 654: 649: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 613: 608: 597: 586: 575: 564: 563: 551: 540: 527: 522: 511: 509: 503: 492: 479: 474: 463: 462: 450: 449: 437: 436: 435:Joseph Stalin 424: 421: 410: 399: 398:Richard Ruoff 388: 377: 376: 364: 353: 342: 331: 320: 309: 298: 287: 286: 274: 273: 261: 260: 248: 247: 242: 239: 238: 226: 220: 208: 205: 193: 190: 178: 175: 163: 160: 148: 146: 144: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 114: 111: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 74: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 33:Eastern Front 29: 24: 19: 8610:Soviet Union 8563:Bibliography 8546: 8359:Project Hula 8324:Vistula–Oder 8293: 8226: 8217: 8201: 8171: 8120: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8052: 7949: 7864: 7840: 7811: 7810: 7561: 7454: 7399:North Africa 7101:Soviet Union 7055:Soviet Union 6981:Soviet Union 6749:Vatican City 6659:Vichy France 6564:German Reich 6461:Soviet Union 6447:South Africa 6440:Sierra Leone 6393:Newfoundland 6212:Participants 6195:Marocchinate 5899: 5890: 5860: 5738:North Africa 5699:Indian Ocean 5558:Nazi plunder 5449:Cryptography 5322:World War II 5272: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5231: 5212: 5193: 5174: 5156:. Retrieved 5144: 5140: 5112: 5100: 5077: 5057: 5031: 5012: 4993: 4973: 4953: 4936: 4917: 4910:Bibliography 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4604:. Retrieved 4582: 4573: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4510: 4501: 4489:. Retrieved 4485:the original 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4385: 4373: 4340: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4239:, pp. 49–50. 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4197: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4128: 4119: 4107: 4086: 4077: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3924: 3905:Liedtke 2016 3888:Liedtke 2016 3871: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3808: 3796: 3788: 3780: 3770:Afrika Korps 3764: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3675: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3605: 3572: 3564: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3502: 3493: 3488: 3480: 3477: 3450: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3408:Serafimovich 3395: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3354: 3322: 3316: 3313:Fliegerkorps 3312: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3246: 3244: 3234:Gebirgsjäger 3232: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3163:Novorossiysk 3146: 3144: 3139:Gebirgsjäger 3138: 3118: 3115: 3111:Mount Elbrus 3099: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3032: 3020:Franz Halder 3017: 3008:Army Group B 2997:Army Group A 2985: 2983: 2960: 2945: 2926: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2834: 2826: 2815:Front forces 2814: 2797: 2780: 2763: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2680: 2672: 2661:Front forces 2660: 2643: 2630: 2613: 2596: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2488: 2486: 2454:Southwestern 2445: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2387:Wilhelm List 2385: 2379:Army Group A 2377: 2371: 2370: 2364:Wilhelm List 2325: 2316: 2309:Luftflotte 4 2307: 2306: 2288:XXXV Corps ( 2275: 2269: 2260: 2241: 2219: 2155: 2118:Hermann Hoth 2111: 2104:R. von Roman 2087: 2080: 2074:Army Group B 2072: 2066: 2065: 2009:Army Group B 1998: 1995: 1984: 1983: 1968: 1967: 1950:Hermann Hoth 1944: 1943: 1938: 1893: 1875:deposits at 1862: 1858:Soviet Union 1815: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1754: 1721: 1697: 1663: 1648:assault guns 1627: 1623: 1607: 1602: 1571: 1568:Adolf Hitler 1561: 1557:Soviet Union 1537:World War II 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1495: 1488: 1471: 1449: 1428: 1412: 1355: 1336:Lake Balaton 1324: 1309:East Prussia 1298:Vistula–Oder 1296: 1242: 1235: 1223: 1169: 1158:2nd Smolensk 1135: 1119: 1102: 1088: 1081: 1068: 1047: 1046: 1014: 993:Air war 1941 968: 931: 907:1st Smolensk 874: 863:Arctic Ocean 780: 702: 693:(in reserve) 686: 638: 637: 560: 521:Pavel Korzun 507: 459: 446: 433: 375:Wilhelm List 373: 341:Gusztáv Jány 297:Hermann Hoth 283: 270: 259:Adolf Hitler 257: 237:Soviet Union 227: 132: 124:Belligerents 105:Soviet Union 37:World War II 31:Part of the 18: 8294:Bodenplatte 8180:Gothic Line 7406:West Africa 6953:Philippines 6932:Netherlands 6797:Czech lands 6735:Switzerland 6679:Afghanistan 6630:Philippines 6498:Puerto Rico 6414:Philippines 6400:New Zealand 6386:Netherlands 6339:Free France 6090:Prosecution 5891:Osoaviakhim 5761:West Africa 5745:East Africa 5392:Conferences 5215:. Praeger. 5158:18 February 3691:and in the 3381:Kotelnikovo 3269:Vladikavkaz 3206: [ 3183:Terek River 3081:Sea of Azov 3059:Sd.Kfz. 251 2603:N.P. Pukhov 2278:) (General 2089:Second Army 1924:Axis forces 1822:Caspian Sea 1712:Caspian Sea 1662:even after 1612:German Army 1596:, known as 1584:, known as 1502:3rd Kharkov 1461:Izbushensky 1450:Fischreiher 1417:3rd Kharkov 1131:Gorky Blitz 1126:3rd Kharkov 1042:2nd Kharkov 944:1st Kharkov 939:Sea of Azov 689:: 1,715,000 657:: 1,210,861 610: [ 524: [ 476: [ 55:Sd.Kfz. 250 8620:Categories 8394:West Hunan 8227:Pointblank 7563:Silver Fox 7549:Summer War 7302:Winter War 7281:Phoney War 7062:Azerbaijan 7023:Yugoslavia 6918:Luxembourg 6760:Resistance 6507:Yugoslavia 6372:Luxembourg 6174:Sook Ching 5970:War crimes 5572:Technology 5565:Opposition 5507:Lend-Lease 5484:Australian 5477:Home front 5435:Blitzkrieg 5385:Casualties 5376:Commanders 5348:Operations 5184:0688060129 3864:References 3774:El Alamein 3443:Luftflotte 3317:Luftflotte 3290:Stalingrad 3103:Pyatigorsk 2961:Barbarossa 2903:, through 2480:, and the 2446:Fall Kreml 2246:IV Corps ( 2236:E.-E. Hell 2202:K. Hollidt 2157:Sixth Army 2148:E. Straube 1850:Azerbaijan 1751:Background 1688:airstrikes 1592:along the 1590:Stalingrad 1522:) was the 1466:Stalingrad 1439:2nd Rostov 1255:2nd Baltic 1250:Dukla Pass 1237:Doppelkopf 1209:2nd Crimea 1153:2nd Donbas 1143:1st Donbas 1120:Polar Star 1070:Stalingrad 954:Sevastopol 949:1st Crimea 892:1st Baltic 876:Barbarossa 853:Baltic Sea 691:1,000,000 667:: 235.000 639:Initially: 89:Stalingrad 8459:Manchuria 8345:Indochina 8121:Bagration 7572:Lithuania 7217:Anschluss 7014:Viet Minh 6911:Lithuania 6853:Hong Kong 6623:Manchukuo 6578:Azad Hind 6237:Australia 6037:Aftermath 5900:Paperclip 5795:Aftermath 5595:Total war 5463:Diplomacy 5426:In Europe 5153:0142-3525 4945:0143-5450 3765:Fall Blau 3630:Wehrmacht 3548:Aftermath 3525:Luftwaffe 3494:Luftwaffe 3489:Luftwaffe 3481:Luftwaffe 3404:21st Army 3400:63rd Army 3392:Luftwaffe 3388:Wehrmacht 3377:51st Army 3214:Astrakhan 3203:Khulkhuta 3187:Luftwaffe 3147:Wehrmacht 3119:Luftwaffe 3107:Krasnodar 3094:Stavropol 3073:Luftwaffe 3026:, of the 3006:directed 2995:directed 2929:Don River 2891:Wehrmacht 2799:21st Army 2765:38th Army 2748:28th Army 2645:40th Army 2598:13th Army 2585:48th Army 2470:Don Front 2248:L. Csatay 2172:G. Stumme 2092:(General 2011:commander 1990:Don River 1933:Waffen-SS 1900:Venezuela 1873:Manganese 1818:Black Sea 1798:Leningrad 1777:Fall Blau 1692:artillery 1672:Don River 1640:Luftwaffe 1610:) of the 1594:Don River 1525:Wehrmacht 1520:Fall Blau 1518:(German: 1516:Case Blue 1413:Case Blue 1280:Gumbinnen 1225:Bagration 1064:Sinyavino 1048:Case Blue 933:Leningrad 858:Black Sea 790:1,200,000 707:2,715,000 687:Initially 680:: 159,426 26:Case Blue 8570:Category 8519:document 8429:document 8286:Ardennes 8270:Budapest 8218:Crossbow 8096:Overlord 7935:Smolensk 7153:Timeline 6988:Slovakia 6974:Thailand 6825:Ethiopia 6790:Bulgaria 6714:Portugal 6652:Thailand 6534:Bulgaria 6312:Eswatini 6305:Ethiopia 6258:Bulgaria 6083:Unit 731 6044:Response 5861:Keelhaul 5811:Cold War 5784:Americas 5775:timeline 5768:Atlantic 5648:Theaters 5173:(1948). 5111:(2001). 5099:(1995). 5056:(2009). 3645:See also 3623:Analysis 3588:Belgorod 3402:and the 3333:Don bend 3281:Malgobek 2782:9th Army 2738:Marshal 2632:3rd Army 2458:Southern 2297:G. Nasci 2290:G. Messe 2192:W. Heitz 2138:W. Kempf 1985:Blau III 1962:Voronezh 1919:Planning 1877:Chiatura 1806:AG North 1773:Caucasus 1736:Caucasus 1668:Voronezh 1652:Red Army 1444:Caucasus 1434:Voronezh 1325:Solstice 1285:Budapest 1275:Courland 1265:Debrecen 1260:Belgrade 1182:2nd Kiev 1054:Caucasus 1027:Demyansk 988:Chechnya 922:1st Kiev 778:~150,000 773:Slovakia 632:Strength 204:Slovakia 97:Caucasus 81:Voronezh 76:Location 8598:Germany 8584:Portals 8496:Shumshu 8263:Hungary 8210:Estonia 8194:Lapland 8172:Dragoon 8105:Neptune 8087:Ichi-Go 8053:Tempest 7995:Changde 7950:Cottage 7842:Jubilee 7558:Finland 7456:Compass 7162:Prelude 7115:Finland 7001:Vietnam 6967:Romania 6839:Germany 6818:Estonia 6804:Denmark 6783:Belgium 6776:Austria 6769:Albania 6700:Ireland 6686:Andorra 6670:Neutral 6637:Romania 6571:Hungary 6556:Finland 6428:Romania 6320:Finland 6298:Denmark 6244:Belgium 6230:Algeria 5936:Romania 5922:Hungary 5678:Pacific 5402:General 5356:Leaders 5341:Battles 5334:Outline 5266:]. 3802:Gestapo 3695:as the 3687:as the 3600:Donetsk 3498:Tunisia 3257:Nalchik 3239:Teberda 3231:German 3218:Kizlyar 3155:Russian 3137:German 2450:Bryansk 1978:Kharkov 1969:Blau II 1908:Romania 1854:Armenia 1846:Georgia 1802:Finland 1684:shifted 1319:Breslau 1314:Silesia 1219:Karelia 1171:Dnieper 1037:Bamberg 978:Finland 927:Tallinn 747:Hungary 726:200,000 508:† 219:Croatia 174:Hungary 159:Romania 143:Germany 8473:Debate 8445:Taipei 8438:Borneo 8016:Tarawa 7210:Europe 7171:Africa 6960:Poland 6946:Norway 6925:Malaya 6904:Latvia 6846:Greece 6832:France 6728:Sweden 6693:Bhutan 6421:Poland 6407:Norway 6379:Mexico 6346:Greece 6332:France 6270:Canada 6251:Brazil 6221:Allies 6167:Serbia 6156:Poland 5929:Poland 5915:Baltic 5708:Europe 5410:Topics 5362:Allied 5280: 5238: 5219: 5200: 5181: 5151: 5121: 5085: 5064: 5038: 5019: 5000: 4981: 4960: 4943: 4924: 4491:13 May 3577:. The 3453:Kalach 3427:Ju 87 3373:Fourth 3315:IV of 3277:Beslan 3273:Alagir 3191:German 3175:Mozdok 3171:Elista 3167:Tuapse 2986:Führer 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2489:Stavka 2432:Stavka 2423:Stavka 2001:steppe 1945:Blau I 1902:, and 1838:Grozny 1834:Maykop 1830:cotton 1786:No. 41 1765:Moscow 1724:Uranus 1708:Elista 1704:Maikop 1700:Rostov 1660:Moscow 1573:Führer 1570:, the 1562:After 1553:Maikop 1549:Grozny 1529:'s 1489:Gallop 1456:Kalach 1363:Prague 1357:Berlin 1346:Vienna 1163:Lenino 1005:Lyuban 970:Moscow 959:Rostov 917:Odessa 781:Total: 770: 757: 744: 504: 234: 216: 201: 186: 171: 156: 140: 112:Result 99:, and 85:Rostov 8249:Leyte 8079:Narva 8065:Anzio 8023:Makin 7981:Burma 7865:Torch 7834:Rzhev 7795:Kiska 6881:Korea 6867:Japan 6860:Italy 6742:Tibet 6721:Spain 6599:Italy 6360:Italy 6353:India 6277:China 6152:Japan 5752:Italy 5664:China 5616:Women 5262:[ 5147:(2). 5137:(PDF) 4606:1 May 3667:Notes 3429:Stuka 3369:First 3255:took 3210:] 3090:Salsk 1958:Kursk 1881:wheat 1826:grain 1779:) in 1740:Kuban 1644:tanks 1636:Volga 1204:Narva 1177:Nevel 1137:Kursk 1103:Iskra 1032:Kholm 1016:Rzhev 983:Kerch 964:Gorky 897:Brody 882:Brest 760:Italy 703:Total 614:] 528:] 480:] 189:Italy 93:Kuban 8315:1945 8043:1944 7884:1943 7812:Blue 7802:Attu 7709:1942 7468:1941 7320:1940 7258:1939 7187:Asia 7034:POWs 6874:Jews 6592:Iraq 6518:Axis 6468:Tuva 6284:Cuba 5369:Axis 5278:ISBN 5236:ISBN 5217:ISBN 5198:ISBN 5179:ISBN 5160:2014 5149:ISSN 5119:ISBN 5083:ISBN 5062:ISBN 5036:ISBN 5017:ISBN 4998:ISBN 4979:ISBN 4958:ISBN 4941:ISSN 4922:ISBN 4608:2011 4493:2011 4237:Blau 3371:and 3361:64th 3359:and 3357:62nd 3341:and 3151:Baku 2951:and 2920:and 2807:NKVD 2460:and 1904:Iran 1885:corn 1869:peat 1867:and 1865:coal 1852:and 1804:for 1732:Axis 1726:and 1664:Blau 1646:and 1626:and 1618:and 1551:and 1541:Baku 1496:Star 1429:Blue 1291:1945 1188:1944 1096:1943 1082:Mars 999:1942 912:Uman 869:1941 66:Date 51:T-70 3713:OKH 2922:8th 2918:5th 2914:4th 2910:2nd 1960:to 1769:OKH 1547:), 1415:to 87:to 35:of 8622:: 8063:/ 5145:27 5143:. 5139:. 5052:; 4847:^ 4835:^ 4679:^ 4591:^ 4433:^ 4394:^ 4361:^ 4349:^ 4328:^ 4179:^ 4167:^ 4095:^ 4065:^ 4026:^ 3984:^ 3970:^ 3952:^ 3933:^ 3912:^ 3895:^ 3880:^ 3641:. 3598:, 3590:. 3425:A 3208:ru 3113:. 3014:). 3003:); 2916:, 2912:, 2789:) 2772:) 2755:) 2652:) 2605:) 2476:, 2472:, 2468:, 2456:, 2452:, 2282:) 2228:) 2164:) 2120:) 2096:) 1898:, 1887:, 1883:, 1848:, 1828:, 1690:, 1600:. 612:ru 526:ru 478:ru 103:, 95:, 91:, 83:, 8586:: 7566:) 7560:( 6434:) 6430:( 6366:) 6362:( 6326:) 6322:( 6264:) 6260:( 5314:e 5307:t 5300:v 5286:. 5244:. 5225:. 5206:. 5187:. 5162:. 5127:. 5091:. 5070:. 5044:. 5025:. 5006:. 4987:. 4966:. 4947:. 4930:. 4610:. 4495:. 4418:. 3804:. 3776:. 3531:( 3445:4 3279:– 3275:– 2785:( 2768:( 2751:( 2648:( 2618:( 2601:( 2444:( 2299:) 2292:) 2274:( 2250:) 2238:) 2214:) 2210:( 2204:) 2200:( 2194:) 2190:( 2184:) 2180:( 2174:) 2170:( 2150:) 2146:( 2140:) 2136:( 2130:) 2126:( 2106:) 2102:( 1628:B 1622:( 1620:B 1616:A 1606:( 1543:( 1404:e 1397:t 1390:v 827:e 820:t 813:v 798:) 787:) 776:: 724:: 705::

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