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40:
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484:
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1373:
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1936:
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995:
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911:
284:(FEMA) explains the relationship between natural disasters and natural hazards as follows: "Natural hazards and natural disasters are related but are not the same. A natural hazard is the threat of an event that will likely have a negative impact. A natural disaster is the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard in the event that it significantly harms a community. An example of the distinction between a natural hazard and a
777:
1010:
1836:
6829:
2061:, and measures of intensity and impact. These complexities result in "single-hazard" assessments being commonplace, where the hazard potential from one particular hazard type is constrained. In these examples, hazards are often treated as isolated or independent. An alternative is a "multi-hazard" approach which seeks to identify all possible natural hazards and their interactions or interrelationships.
1142:
1141:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1147:
1990:
1685:
1719:, becoming higher than usual, causing some of the water to escape its usual boundaries. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, a flood is not considered significant unless the water covers land used by humans, such as a village, city or other inhabited area, roads or expanses of farmland.
1144:
1804:. It is characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. The determining factor on which term is used is based on where the storm originates. In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used; in the Northwest Pacific, it is referred to as a "typhoon"; a "cyclone" occurs in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
759:
election. Indeed, some evidence, based on data from the United States, reveals that incumbent parties can lose votes if citizens perceives them as responsible for a poor disaster response or gain votes based on perceptions of well-executed relief work. The latter study also finds, however, that voters do not reward incumbent parties for
2428:(FEMA) proposed out a basic four-stage vision of preparedness flowing from mitigation to preparedness to response to recovery and back to mitigation in a circular planning process. This circular, overlapping model has been modified by other agencies, taught in emergency classes, and discussed in academic papers.
758:
Disasters stress government capacity, as the government tries to conduct routine as well as emergency operations. Some theorists of voting behavior propose that citizens update information about government effectiveness based on their response to disasters, which affects their vote choice in the next
741:
During and after natural disasters, routine health behaviors become interrupted. In addition, health care systems may have broken down as a result of the disaster, further reducing access to contraceptives. Unprotected intercourse during this time can lead to increased rates of childbirth, unintended
641:
washed up on the coasts of Canada and the United States in late 2011. Along the west coast of the United States, this increased the amount of litter by a factor of 10 and may have transported alien species. Storms are also important generators of plastic litter. A study by Lo et al. (2020) reported a
2368:
The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. The immediate goal of the recovery phase is to bring the affected area back to normalcy as quickly as possible. During reconstruction, it is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the property.
2283:
DRR activities are part of the national strategies and budget planning in most countries. However the priorities for DRR are often lower than for other development priorities. This has an impact on public sector budget allocations. For many countries, less than 1% of the national budget is available
2261:
There are some challenges for successful DRR. Local communities and organisations should be actively involved in the planning process. The role and funding of local government needs to be considered. Also, DRR strategies should be mindful of gender aspects. For example, studies have shown that women
958:
Avalanches occur in two general forms, or combinations thereof: slab avalanches made of tightly packed snow, triggered by a collapse of an underlying weak snow layer, and loose snow avalanches made of looser snow. After being set off, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and grow in mass and volume
681:
for nearly 45 years. As waste collection services are underfunded and there is no recycling facility, plastics have flooded the camps’ streets and surroundings. In contrast, the Azraq camp in Jordan for refugees from Syria has waste management services; of 20.7 tonnes of waste produced per day, 15%
4715:
A fire storm is characterized by strong to gale force winds blowing toward the fire everywhere around the fire perimeter and results from the rising column of hot gases over an intense, mass fire drawing in the cool air from the periphery. These winds blow the fire brands into the burning area and
2231:
less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters less damaging when they do occur. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. In technical terms, it aims to make them more resilient or less vulnerable.
1214:
reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a bottleneck in human evolution, and killed three-quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. However, there is considerable debate regarding the veracity of this theory. The main danger from a supervolcano is
579:
Globally, the total number of deaths from natural disasters has been reduced by 75% over the last 100 years, due to the increased development of countries, increased preparedness, better education, better methods, and aid from international organizations. Since the global population has grown over
524:
year. 45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods), 12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophes.
745:
Pregnant women are one of the groups disproportionately affected by natural disasters. Inadequate nutrition, little access to clean water, lack of health-care services and psychological stress in the aftermath of the disaster can lead to a significant increase in maternal morbidity and mortality.
661:
food packages were distributed although there was no operational waste management system. Over 700,000 plastic tarpaulins and 100,000 tents were required for emergency shelters. The increase in plastic waste, combined with poor disposal practices, resulted in open drainage channels being blocked,
523:
Between 1995 and 2015, the greatest number of natural disasters occurred in
America, China and India. In 2012, there were 905 natural disasters worldwide, 93% of which were weather-related disasters. Overall costs were US$ 170 billion and insured losses $ 70 billion. 2012 was a moderate
1255:
A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from
Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
1170:
may form a cloud (generally after cooling) and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water, this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantities, ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight. Even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled – it has the consistency of
4436:. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
621:
During emergencies such as natural disasters and armed conflicts more waste may be produced, while waste management is given low priority compared with other services. Existing waste management services and infrastructures can be disrupted, leaving communities with unmanaged waste and increased
430:. Nature alone is blamed for disasters even when disasters result from failures in development. Disasters also result from failure of societies to prepare. Examples for such failures include inadequate building norms, marginalization of people, inequities, overexploitation of resources, extreme
426:. But disasters can be avoided. Earthquakes, droughts, floods, storms, and other events lead to disasters because of human action and inaction. Poor land and policy planning and deregulation can create worse conditions. They often involve development activities that ignore or fail to reduce the
2276:
Spending on DRR is difficult to quantify for many countries. Global estimates of costs are therefore not available. However an indication of the costs for developing countries is given by the Us$ 215 billion to $ 387 billion per year (up to 2030) estimated costs for climate adaptation. DRR and
749:
Once a vulnerable population has experienced a disaster, the community can take many years to repair and that repair period can lead to further vulnerability. The disastrous consequences of natural disaster also affect the mental health of affected communities, often leading to post-traumatic
690:
Because of the social, political and cultural context of many places throughout the world, women are often disproportionately affected by disaster. In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, more women died than men, partly due to the fact that fewer women knew how to swim. During and after a natural
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may increase the probability of landslides being generated in the future. A detailed review of such interactions across 21 natural hazards identified 90 possible interactions, of varying likelihood and spatial importance. There may also be interactions between these natural hazards and
1752:. Apart from the damage typically associated with storms, such as winds, hail and flooding, the lightning itself can damage buildings, ignite fires and kill by direct contact. Most deaths from lightning occur in the poorer countries of the Americas and Asia, where lightning is common and
453:
to describe disasters misleads people to think the devastating results are inevitable, out of our control, and are simply part of a natural process. Hazards (earthquakes, hurricanes, pandemics, drought etc.) are inevitable, but the impact they have on society is not.
1065:
A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. When natural erosion, human mining or underground excavation makes the ground too weak to support the structures built on it, the ground can collapse and produce a
1111:
is a physical process by which shorelines in coastal areas around the world shift and change, primarily in response to waves and currents that can be influenced by tides and storm surge. Coastal erosion can result from long-term processes (see also
550:
Natural hazards occur across different time scales as well as area scales. Tornadoes and flash floods are rapid onset events, meaning they occur with a short warning time and are short-lived. Slow onset events can also be very damaging, for example
608:
factors have contributed to this trend of increasing losses, such as population growth and increased wealth. This shows that increased exposure is the most important driver of economic losses. However, part of these are also due to human-induced
2220:
Disaster risk reduction progress score for some countries in 2011. The score of 5 is best. Assessments include four indicators that reflect the degree to which countries have prioritised disaster risk reduction and the strengthening of relevant
1143:
603:
Global economic losses due to extreme weather, climate and water events are increasing. Costs have increased sevenfold from the 1970s to the 2010s. Direct losses from disasters have averaged above US$ 330 billion annually between 2015 and 2021.
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2262:
and girls are disproportionately impacted by disasters. A gender-sensitive approach would identify how disasters affect men, women, boys and girls differently. It would shape policy that addresses people's specific vulnerabilities and needs.
3987:
2316:
refers to the actions taken directly before, during, or immediately after a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and safety, and meet the subsistence needs of the people affected. It includes warning and evacuation,
4424:
Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
1171:
ground glass and therefore causes laceration to the throat and lungs. Volcanic ash can also cause abrasion damage to moving machinery such as engines. The main killer of humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is
4554:
Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022).
5327:
2258:. People from local communities, agencies or federal governments can all propose DRR strategies. DRR policies aim to "define goals and objectives across different timescales and with concrete targets, indicators and time frames."
2116:. For other types of natural hazard the calculation of risk is more challenging, principally because of the lack of functions linking the intensity of a hazard and the probability of different levels of damage (fragility curves).
3639:
3080:
Organization of
American States, Department of Regional Development; Organization of American States, Natural Hazards Project; United States Agency for International Development, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (1990).
269:" itself is defined as follows: "Disasters are serious disruptions to the functioning of a community that exceed its capacity to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be caused by natural, man-made and technological
3456:
Weather and
Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
2337:
with transport, temporary shelter, and food. Or it can involve establishing semi-permanent settlements in camps and other locations. It may also involve initial repairs to damage to infrastructure, or diverting
3607:
3420:
Bouwer, Laurens M. (2019), Mechler, Reinhard; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Schinko, Thomas; Surminski, Swenja (eds.), "Observed and
Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage",
3208:
3454:
Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021:
4486:
Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019).
3951:
1912:
tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 480 km/h (300 mph), stretch more than 3 km (2 mi) across, and stay on the ground for perhaps more than 100 km (60 mi).
695:
and are increasingly vulnerable to sexual violence. Disrupted police enforcement, lax regulations, and displacement all contribute to increased risk of gender based violence and sexual assault.
2853:
1329:
resulted in severe heat waves which killed over 2,000 people. The heat caused hundreds of wildfires which led to widespread air pollution and burned thousands of square kilometers of forest.
520:). The Asia-Pacific region is the world's most disaster prone region. A person in Asia-Pacific is five times more likely to be hit by a natural disaster than someone living in other regions.
441:
Defining disasters as solely natural events has serious implications when it comes to understanding the causes of a disaster and the distribution of political and financial responsibility in
2166:
Preventive or mitigation measures vary for different types of disasters. In earthquake prone areas, these preventive measures might include structural changes such as the installation of an
1175:, consisting of a cloud of hot ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases. It is believed that
5180:
3226:
3629:
4633:
2027:
Hail is precipitation in the form of ice that does not melt before it hits the ground. Hailstorms are produced by thunderstorms. Hailstones usually measure between 5 and 150 mm (
563:
A natural disaster may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
965:
There are many classification systems for the different forms of avalanches. Avalanches can be described by their size, destructive potential, initiation mechanism, composition, and
4257:
3515:
2333:. Emergency response aims to provide immediate help to keep people alive, improve their health and support their morale. It can involve specific but limited aid, such as helping
1908:
Most tornadoes have wind speeds of less than 180 km/h (110 mph), are approximately 75 m (250 ft) across, and travel a few kilometers before dissipating. The
1029:. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking, and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological
3332:
6448:
5463:
4405:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3407:
6523:
5887:
3752:
1567:
which attains such intensity that it creates and sustains its own wind system. It is most commonly a natural phenomenon, created during some of the largest bushfires and
2292:
in managing the interconnected risks of natural hazards and climate hazards. Between 2007 and 2022, GFDRR provided $ 890 million in technical assistance, analytics, and
4877:
3672:
3257:
4947:
2749:
2057:
Each of the natural hazard types outlined above have very different characteristics, in terms of the spatial and temporal scales they influence, hazard frequency and
4135:
Haflidason, Haflidi; Sejrup, Hans Petter; Nygård, Atle; Mienert, Jurgen; Bryn, Petter; Lien, Reidar; Forsberg, Carl
Fredrik; Berg, Kjell; Masson, Doug (2004-12-15).
2100:) should ideally include an examination of all relevant hazards and their interactions. To be of most use for risk reduction, hazard analysis should be extended to
1166:
may also be released during the eruption of a volcano; as it leaves the volcano, it can destroy buildings, plants and animals due to its extreme heat. In addition,
4688:
1707:
defines a flood as a temporary covering of land that is usually dry with water. In the sense of 'flowing water', the word may also be applied to the inflow of the
669:
Conflicts can result in large-scale displacement of communities. People living under these conditions are often provided with minimal waste management facilities.
4898:
3599:
2420:
occurs. The equipment and procedures can be used to reduce vulnerability to disaster, to mitigate the impacts of a disaster, or to respond more efficiently in an
3312:
3204:
2940:
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5354:
1120:
or other severe storm events. Coastal erosion is one of the most significant coastal hazards. It forms a threat to infrastructure, capital assets and property.
657:, the generation of waste from relief operations was referred to as a "second disaster". The United States military reported that millions of water bottles and
2182:
and breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches. In flood prone areas, houses can be built on stilts. In areas prone to prolonged electricity
4184:"Investigation on Farmland Abandonment of Terraced Slopes Using Multitemporal Data Sources Comparison and Its Implication on Hydro-Geomorphological Processes"
6491:
5877:
4378:
5481:
4853:
4429:
2625:
6486:
3776:"The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research"
2662:
1659:
experienced three days in a row of temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F), with some regional areas sweltering through much higher temperatures.
1280:
Some of the 18 natural hazards included in the
National Risk Index of FEMA now have a higher probability of occurring, and at higher intensity, due to the
750:
symptoms. These increased emotional experiences can be supported through collective processing, leading to resilience and increased community engagement.
6453:
4766:
2285:
4824:
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2846:
1041:. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife – it is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires,
1981:
originated in the Gulf of Mexico and traveled north, causing damage in 26 American states as well as in Canada and leading to more than 300 deaths.
1045:
and volcanic eruptions, that cause death. Many of these can possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.
855:
that produce specific conditions that make a slope prone to failure. In many cases, the landslide is triggered by a specific event (such as a heavy
3288:
6799:
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5034:
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foods and appropriate storage and preparation equipment, and eat the food as part of normal life. A simple balanced diet can be constructed from
1474:
in
Australia which led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (
3222:
1588:
5962:
5917:
625:
Natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes) have the potential to generate a significant amount of waste within a short period.
3912:
Gasper, John T.; Reeves, Andrew (April 2011). "Make It Rain? Retrospection and the
Attentive Electorate in the Context of Natural Disasters".
1422:
5857:
5840:
4637:
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2270:
5852:
2970:
Nature, Tourism and Ethnicity as Drivers of (De)Marginalization: Insights to Marginality from Perspective of Sustainability and Development
2266:
1402:
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1647:
in the United States, which killed at least 1700 people. Another one is the 2009 Victorian bushfires in Australia (collectively known as "
6865:
6005:
5937:
4922:
2520:
2064:
Many examples exist of one natural hazard triggering or increasing the probability of one or more other natural hazards. For example, an
210:
was already challenged in 1976. Human choices in architecture, fire risk, and resource management can cause or worsen natural disasters.
4249:
3507:
2792:
673:
are widely used to dispose of mixed wastes, including plastics. Air pollution can lead to respiratory and other illnesses. For example,
6804:
5967:
5942:
5882:
5872:
3891:
478:
1571:. Although the term has been used to describe certain large fires, the phenomenon's determining characteristic is a fire with its own
6832:
6471:
5952:
5947:
5932:
4448:
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lived under a drought emergency declaration for the entire calendar year and suffered severe economic losses. The drought caused the
3340:
6814:
6578:
5912:
5907:
5867:
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1475:
1414:
1257:
746:
Furthermore, shortage of healthcare resources during this time can convert even routine obstetric complications into emergencies.
4059:
1434:
is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the
6878:
6018:
5495:
Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction
3833:
2104:
wherein the vulnerability of the built environment to each of the hazards is taken into account. This step is well developed for
1852:
714:
are angry with women's independent, freethinking behaviour, such as dressing 'immodestly', having sex or abortions. For example,
474:
164:
5679:
4977:
3744:
6528:
4655:. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering monograph. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 68.
4400:
901:
describes the policy and practices for reducing the risk of human impacts of landslides, reducing the risk of natural disaster.
5676:
Towards recognition and protection of forced environmental migrants in the public international law: Refugee or IDPs umbrella?
2649:
955:. Primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to capture and move ice, rocks, and trees.
5922:
5408:"The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002"
4874:
4660:
4324:
3827:
3440:
3375:
2985:
2934:
2786:
1909:
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2321:, providing immediate assistance, assessing damage, continuing assistance, and the immediate restoration or construction of
1269:
630:
6498:
5927:
4939:
3787:
2741:
2269:
is an international initiative that has helped 123 countries adopt both federal and local DRR strategies (as of 2022). The
1820:
1768:
1309:
A heat wave is a period of unusually and excessively hot weather. Heat waves are rare and require specific combinations of
2139:
2037:
and 6 in) in diameter. These can damage the location in which they fall. Hailstorms can be especially devastating to
39:
5812:
5355:
Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology for disaster risk reduction
5223:"Reviewing and visualising relationships between anthropic processes and natural hazards within a multi-hazard framework"
2563:
2425:
2108:, where the possible effect of future earthquakes on structures and infrastructure is assessed, as well as for risk from
2022:
1977:, were the deadliest blizzards in history; in the former, an area the size of Wisconsin was entirely buried in snow. The
634:
610:
281:
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tend to cool the unignited fuel outside so that ignition by radiated heat is more difficult, thus limiting fire spread.
4536:
3122:
1133:
947:, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be triggered spontaneously, by factors such as increased precipitation or
187:
could be used. At the same time the type of hazard would be specified. A disaster happens when a natural or human-made
5103:
4737:
4612:
3309:
629:
systems can be out of action or curtailed, often requiring considerable time and funding to restore. For example, the
5482:
The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
4353:
4042:
3040:
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1961:
characterized by heavy snow and strong winds. When high winds stir up snow that has already fallen, it is known as a
31:
17:
5464:
The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
3408:
The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
2273:, on October 13 every year, has helped increase the visibility of DRR. It aims to promote a culture of prevention.
580:
the same time period, the decrease in number of deaths per capita is larger, dropping to 6% of the original amount.
4795:
4605:"Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)"
4557:"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"
5736:
4370:
4182:
Giacomo Pepe; Andrea Mandarino; Emanuele Raso; Patrizio Scarpellini; Pierluigi Brandolini; Andrea Cevasco (2019).
2972:, Perspectives on Geographical Marginality, vol. 3, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 59–78,
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and may last a year or more. Then recovery will take place inside the home. Planners for these events usually buy
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as they capture more snow. If an avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with the air, forming a
830:. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or gentle slope gradients, from
4758:
1861:
is a violent and dangerous rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a
5957:
4999:
4816:
4463:
3663:"Hate Mongers on Twitter Blamed Women, Beef, Muslims, Christians and Communism for Causing the Kerala Floods"
2709:"Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile"
2682:
2277:
climate adaptation share similar goals and strategies. They both require increased finance to address rising
1002:
497:
297:
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of property, and the securing of items inside a building. The latter may include the mounting of furniture,
7227:
6717:
6463:
6367:
3425:, Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 63–82,
3056:
1392:
723:
5509:"A proposal for the reconstruction of a historical masonry building constructed in Ottoman Era (Istanbul)"
5276:
1651:"). In that year, a summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive
1215:
the immense cloud of ash, which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years.
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A significant amount of plastic waste can be produced during disaster relief operations. Following the
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5407:
4136:
483:
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2772:"Factors determining human casualty levels in earthquakes: mortality prediction in building collapse"
2399:. Vegetables, fruits, spices and meats, both prepared and fresh-gardened, are included when possible.
2249:
1978:
1974:
1507:
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622:
littering. Under these circumstances human health and the environment are often negatively impacted.
320:
308:
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1965:. Blizzards can impact local economic activities, especially in regions where snowfall is rare. The
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3476:
3392:
WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019)
3367:
Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think
2496:
1966:
1232:
1099:
4919:
3459:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766,
2771:
1885:
circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes but typically take the form of a visible
1462:. This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires.
5185:
4181:
3455:
3082:
2525:
2113:
1693:
1635:. They can spread to populated areas and thus be a threat to humans and property, as well as
1539:
1483:
1314:
960:
851:
is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, but there are other factors affecting
760:
692:
654:
633:
produced huge amounts of debris: estimates of 5 million tonnes of waste were reported by the
539:
242:
4278:
1158:
can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. One hazard is the
863:, a slope cut to build a road, and many others), although this is not always identifiable.
587:
due to the lower quality of building construction, infrastructure, and medical facilities.
171:. It typically causes economic damage. How bad the damage is depends on how well people are
6933:
6737:
6073:
5628:
5588:
5368:
5291:
5194:
5140:
4499:
4148:
4093:
3319:
3151:
2187:
2129:
1611:
1372:
985:
966:
898:
535:
446:
423:
246:
192:
172:
4573:
4556:
4445:
3855:
3534:
3529:
571:
195:. It results from the combination of the hazard and the exposure of a vulnerable society.
8:
6843:
6443:
5767:
5675:
4316:
1535:
1095:
842:
719:
5592:
5295:
5198:
5144:
5024:
4512:
4503:
4487:
4152:
4097:
3155:
3140:"Anthropogenic processes, natural hazards, and interactions in a multi-hazard framework"
1815:, which devastated Martinique, St. Eustatius and Barbados. Another notable hurricane is
7288:
6742:
6588:
6513:
5835:
5798:
5536:
5156:
4117:
4055:
3979:
3929:
3883:
3720:
3695:
3575:
3558:
2900:
2875:
2478:
2289:
1970:
1969:
affected the United States, when many tons of wheat crops were destroyed. In Asia, the
1862:
1844:
1808:
1732:
1459:
1304:
1079:
793:
789:
731:
584:
527:
234:
3809:
2926:
Waking the Giant: How a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes
2240:
the effects of disasters. This means DRR can make risky events fewer and less severe.
1450:
significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased
595:
225:
Some things can make natural disasters worse. Examples are inadequate building norms,
7242:
6952:
6886:
6747:
6382:
6092:
6026:
5606:
5577:"Home gardens: a promising approach to enhance household food security and wellbeing"
5540:
5528:
5427:
5423:
5388:
5309:
5250:
5160:
5124:
Kappes, Melanie S.; Keiler, Margreth; von Elverfeldt, Kirsten; Glade, Thomas (2012).
4969:
4656:
4586:
4578:
4517:
4349:
4320:
4229:
4221:
4164:
4109:
4038:
3971:
3925:
3875:
3823:
3725:
3580:
3436:
3371:
3118:
3036:
3011:
2981:
2930:
2905:
2782:
2592:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2293:
2125:
1882:
1816:
1184:
1172:
1091:
1060:
989:
230:
4121:
3983:
3887:
3164:
3139:
2041:
fields, ruining crops and damaging equipment. A particularly damaging hailstorm hit
496:
As of 2019, the countries with the highest share of disability-adjusted life years (
7174:
7168:
6970:
6712:
6314:
6308:
6110:
5596:
5520:
5447:"How Should the new international disaster risk framework address gender equality?"
5419:
5380:
5299:
5202:
5148:
4568:
4507:
4408:
4312:
4211:
4201:
4156:
4101:
3963:
3921:
3867:
3815:
3715:
3707:
3570:
3484:
3460:
3426:
3159:
2973:
2895:
2887:
2720:
2255:
2216:
2171:
2167:
2109:
1898:
1704:
1519:
1383:
1363:
1344:
1191:
in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed.
1117:
1022:
878:
763:, which may end up affecting government incentives to invest in such preparedness.
674:
626:
371:
347:
116:
44:
5779:
1151:
Video of lava agitating and bubbling in the volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur, 2023
7073:
6583:
6549:
6213:
4926:
4881:
4470:
4452:
4433:
4188:
4160:
3711:
3365:
3316:
2380:
2245:
2195:
2101:
2093:
1962:
1935:
1889:, the narrow end of which touches the Earth and is often encircled by a cloud of
1318:
1265:
1113:
1108:
1030:
894:
852:
710:
for natural disasters: fanatical religious leaders or adherents may claim that a
530:
often have ineffective communication systems as well as insufficient support for
336:
226:
219:
215:
168:
3431:
2977:
418:
has been called a misnomer already in 1976. A disaster is a result of a natural
7026:
6942:
6625:
6166:
6082:
5771:
5524:
3775:
3600:"The easiest way to respond to a natural disaster? Blame God or global warming"
3488:
3114:
2555:
2322:
2241:
2183:
1824:
1819:, which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005. Hurricanes may
1789:
1781:
1679:
1188:
886:
605:
435:
211:
176:
5152:
4412:
4233:
4105:
3967:
3819:
3464:
2965:
2891:
2347:
1162:
itself, with the force of the explosion and falling rocks able to cause harm.
7272:
7237:
7035:
6789:
6768:
6752:
6647:
6637:
6554:
6377:
6175:
5610:
5532:
5431:
5392:
5313:
5304:
4582:
4521:
4225:
4168:
4113:
3975:
3879:
3630:"Kerala flood blamed on women's entry into Sabarimala by Hindu Makkal Katchi"
3283:
2330:
2233:
2179:
2135:
2058:
1866:
1689:
1644:
1564:
998:
994:
944:
919:
874:
823:
643:
274:
5575:
Galhena, Dilrukshi Hashini; Freed, Russell; Maredia, Karim M. (2013-05-31).
5074:
4081:
4008:
2707:
Gould, Kevin A.; Garcia, M. Magdalena; Remes, Jacob A.C. (1 December 2016).
7232:
7154:
7149:
6982:
6947:
6895:
6696:
6518:
6372:
6294:
6289:
6122:
6087:
6035:
5507:
Akcay, Cemil; Şolt, Ayşen; Korkmaz, Nail Mahir; Sayin, Baris (2020-11-01).
5095:
4729:
4604:
4590:
3854:
Ashworth, Scott; Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan; Friedenberg, Amanda (May 2017).
3729:
3584:
3477:
The global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change
3084:
Disaster, planning and development: managing natural hazards to reduce loss
2909:
2278:
2191:
2175:
2105:
1958:
1886:
1739:
1199:
1167:
1026:
866:
811:
707:
431:
261:
is the highly harmful impact on a society or community following a natural
152:
5601:
5576:
2650:#NoNaturalDisasters – Changing the discourse of natural disaster reporting
2416:
Preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a
2145:
2142:: mitigation and prevention, disaster response, recovery and preparedness.
1033:. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic
342:
There are 18 natural hazards included in the National Risk Index of FEMA:
245:. An adverse event only becomes a disaster if it occurs in an area with a
7247:
7133:
7066:
7045:
7040:
6918:
6481:
6387:
6273:
6206:
6185:
6180:
6058:
5207:
4488:"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"
3871:
3423:
Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
2396:
2388:
2326:
2082:
1572:
1439:
1223:
827:
699:
501:
4216:
3933:
3395:
3391:
2725:
2708:
2446:
1727:
6928:
6068:
4787:
3508:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics"
2490:
2392:
2237:
2069:
2065:
1597:
1503:
1496:
1410:
1284:. This applies to heat waves, droughts, wildfire and coastal flooding.
1103:
1034:
1018:
979:
952:
910:
882:
860:
727:
703:
403:
359:
324:
289:
222:" are floods, heat waves, wildfires, tropical cyclones, and the like.
132:
100:
52:
5700:
4940:"Deadly lightning strike in Mexico reveals plight of poorest citizens"
4404:
4206:
4183:
2924:
1206:, 75,000 to 80,000 years ago, a supervolcanic eruption at what is now
776:
7257:
7252:
7200:
7115:
7110:
7105:
6908:
6903:
6397:
6392:
6340:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6048:
6043:
5780:"Natural Disaster and Extreme Weather. Searchable Information Center"
5740:
4345:
3780:
Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers
3667:
2588:
2421:
2352:
2254:
It is possible to include DRR in almost all areas of development and
2078:
2046:
1925:
1921:
1902:
1785:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1656:
1624:
1579:
towards the storm's center, where the air is heated and then ascends.
1560:
1553:
1515:
1455:
1435:
1298:
1207:
1038:
936:
928:
915:
807:
800:
658:
647:
638:
395:
383:
379:
375:
367:
351:
343:
323:. Natural hazard events can be classified into two broad categories:
144:
136:
120:
112:
108:
92:
80:
60:
5755:
5277:"Physical vulnerability modelling in natural hazard risk assessment"
4250:"Climate Change Could Trigger More Landslides in High Mountain Asia"
4037:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 11th Edition,
3853:
3030:
1711:. Flooding may result from the volume of a body of water, such as a
1321:, or other phenomena. The worst heat wave in recent history was the
1009:
461:
is unsuitable and should be abandoned in favour of the simpler term
7207:
7195:
7100:
7000:
6573:
6561:
6418:
6347:
6335:
6240:
6140:
5821:
5384:
2779:
Proceedings of the tenth world conference on earthquake engineering
2417:
2376:
2228:
2073:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1640:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1568:
1451:
1067:
1054:
951:
weakening, or by external means such as humans, other animals, and
948:
865:
Landslides are frequently made worse by human development (such as
831:
819:
815:
735:
715:
670:
509:
399:
285:
266:
241:
systems. This makes them more vulnerable to natural disasters than
148:
128:
124:
5476:
5474:
5472:
4634:"Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society"
4553:
4137:"The Storegga Slide: architecture, geometry and slide development"
4080:
Hungr, Oldrich; Leroueil, Serge; Picarelli, Luciano (2014-04-01).
1037:. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the
7190:
7164:
7125:
7061:
6992:
6913:
6330:
6304:
6265:
6201:
6132:
6053:
2663:
Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation Of 'Natural' Disasters
2505: – Type of emergency that causes severe environmental damage
2499: – Disaster to the natural environment due to human activity
2477:
The 1998 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and 2009
2384:
2334:
1878:
1858:
1840:
1835:
1777:
1773:
1628:
1576:
1467:
1447:
1443:
1431:
1351:
1338:
1310:
1244:
1236:
1211:
1176:
1155:
1042:
848:
706:, women are also disproportionately victimized by religion-based
678:
663:
555:
is a natural hazards that develops slowly, sometimes over years.
552:
513:
391:
387:
355:
328:
183:
is unsuitable and should be abandoned. Instead, the simpler term
160:
156:
96:
76:
64:
48:
4407:. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, pp. 3–33,
2190:
ensures continuation of electrical service. The construction of
1401:
Droughts cause a range of impacts and are often worsened by the
6691:
6544:
5783:
5469:
5369:"Climate hazards and disasters: the need for capacity building"
5349:
5347:
5181:"Reviewing and visualizing the interactions of natural hazards"
5123:
3310:
Natural Catastrophes in 2012 Dominated by U.S. Weather Extremes
3033:
At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters
2847:"Humans cause 96% of wildfires that threaten homes in the U.S."
2770:
Coburn, Andrew W.; Spence, Robin JS; Pomonis, Antonios (1992).
2372:
2042:
1890:
1881:
is used in meteorology in a wider sense to refer to any closed
1748:
Severe storms, dust clouds and volcanic eruptions can generate
1406:
1228:
870:
810:, also known as landslips, or rockslides, are several forms of
419:
316:
293:
270:
262:
188:
88:
5003:
4485:
3250:"Asia-Pacific: the world's most disaster-prone region – World"
2817:"Wildfire Causes and Evaluations (U.S. National Park Service)"
2582:
1275:
7021:
6975:
6161:
6115:
5456:
4134:
3694:
Harville, Emily; Xiong, Xu; Buekens, Pierre (November 2010).
1801:
1797:
1793:
1753:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1673:
1632:
1538:
and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and
1479:
1418:
1180:
838:
835:
711:
505:
312:
273:, as well as various factors that influence the exposure and
104:
56:
5790:
5344:
538:. This makes them more vulnerable to natural disasters than
7158:
6298:
4197:
2038:
2016:
1994:
1897:. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large
1894:
1716:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1511:
1256:
Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the
1163:
940:
856:
814:
that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as
691:
disaster, women are at increased risk of being affected by
363:
140:
6873:
6013:
5438:
5399:
2964:
Zorn, Matija (2018), Pelc, Stanko; Koderman, Miha (eds.),
2528: – Suffering of wild animals due to natural processes
2045:, Germany, on July 12, 1984, causing about $ 2 billion in
1989:
1684:
1458:
can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing
465:, while also specifying the category (or type) of hazard.
4636:. WMO - Bulletin: Vol 64 (2) - 2015. 2022. Archived from
4082:"The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update"
3811:
Dull Disasters? How planning ahead will make a difference
3745:"Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to disasters"
3533: This article incorporates text available under the
2371:
The most extreme home confinement scenarios include war,
1631:
but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or
766:
742:
pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
449:, compensation, insurance and disaster prevention. Using
5763:
3031:
B. Wisner; P. Blaikie; T. Cannon & I. Davis (2004).
2585:
Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People
893:, can increase the frequency of natural events (such as
5554:
3559:"Maternal Health Considerations During Disaster Relief"
4079:
3363:
2232:
When DRR is successful, it makes communities less the
1703:
is an overflow of water that 'submerges' land. The EU
1534:
from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by
753:
685:
487:
Number of recorded natural disaster events (1900–2022)
5506:
5487:
5126:"Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review"
4727:
4279:"Snow Avalanches | National Snow and Ice Data Center"
4056:"USGS factsheet, Landslide Types and Processes, 2004"
3696:"Disasters and Perinatal Health: A Systematic Review"
1905:
or in other large areas of thunderstorm development.
1792:
that forms over an ocean. It is caused by evaporated
599:
Global damage cost from natural disasters (1980–2022)
5002:. Center for Severe Weather Research. Archived from
3693:
2198:
are further examples of personal mitigative actions.
583:
The death rate from natural disasters is highest in
575:
Global death rate from natural disasters (1900–2022)
5574:
3090:. Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States
2769:
2481:protect people displaced due to natural disasters.
2325:. An example of this would be building provisional
2286:
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
1821:
become more intense and produce more heavy rainfall
1021:is the result of a sudden release of energy in the
1013:
Global number of deaths from earthquake (1960–2017)
5445:Le Masson, Virginie; Langston, Lara (March 2014).
5179:Gill, Joel C.; Malamud, Bruce D. (December 2014).
4537:"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires"
3205:"Global health estimates: Leading causes of DALYs"
1442:of affected regions, and causes harm to the local
881:frequently leads to less stabilization of soil by
841:or even underwater, in which case they are called
5648:
5444:
5412:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4788:"2009 Victorian Bushfires | Victorian Government"
4481:
4479:
3364:Rosling, H.; Rosling, O.; Rönnlund, A.R. (2018).
2583:G. Bankoff; G. Frerks; D. Hilhorst, eds. (2003).
331:. Natural hazards can be provoked or affected by
7270:
4547:
4528:
3108:
2966:"Natural Disasters and Less Developed Countries"
2706:
2288:(GFDRR) is a multi-donor partnership to support
2248:. So development efforts often consider DRR and
1194:Volcanoes rated at 8 (the highest level) on the
6800:International Association of Emergency Managers
5764:"Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System"
5656:. Vanderbilt Center for Transportation Research
5405:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5071:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5035:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3239:Asia-Pacific World's Most Disaster-Prone Region
3138:Gill, Joel C.; Malamud, Bruce D. (2017-03-01).
3008:Principles of Emergency planning and Management
2683:"Why natural disasters aren't all that natural"
2618:"Why natural disasters aren't all that natural"
2511: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk
2138:authorities. It should address all four of the
1788:are different names for the same phenomenon: a
175:and how strong the buildings, roads, and other
5756:"Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters"
5017:
4997:
4476:
3359:
3357:
2493: – Natural disaster outside human control
2170:to instantly shut off the natural gas supply,
1731:A classic anvil-shaped, and clearly-developed
545:
402:, winter weather. In addition, there are also
43:Economic loss risk for six natural disasters:
6859:
5999:
5806:
5366:
5058:
4492:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
4342:CRC handbook of coastal processes and erosion
3950:Healy, Andrew; Malhotra, Neil (August 2009).
3949:
3856:"Accountability and Information in Elections"
3370:. Flatiron Books. pp. 107–109, 299–325.
3333:"Natural hazards and disaster risk reduction"
3109:Burton, I.; Kates, R.W.; White, G.F. (1993).
2821:NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service)
2742:"There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster"
2517: – Cataloging of environmental disasters
2271:International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction
2096:in any given area (e.g., for the purposes of
1421:; drought and high temperatures worsened the
1183:is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953
179:are. Scholars have been saying that the term
5167:
4991:
4850:Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub
4689:"Problems of Fire in Nuclear Warfare (1961)"
4371:"Human Ancestors Were an Endangered Species"
4175:
4073:
3911:
3807:
3773:
3687:
3660:
3541:
3180:"Time to say goodbye to "natural" disasters"
3005:
2267:Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2153:
1403:effects of climate change on the water cycle
5178:
4846:"Bushfire – Black Saturday, Victoria, 2009"
3952:"Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy"
3390:World Meteorological Society (WMO) (2021).
3354:
3137:
2521:World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
1811:; the deadliest Atlantic hurricane was the
1276:Disasters caused by extreme weather hazards
646:on beaches surveyed following a typhoon in
198:Nowadays it is hard to distinguish between
6866:
6852:
6805:International Disaster and Risk Conference
6006:
5992:
5813:
5799:
5367:McBean, Gordon; Rodgers, Caroline (2010).
5096:"Natural Hazards – Snow & Hail Storms"
4418:
3808:Clarke, Daniel J.; Dercon, Stefan (2016).
3279:"Weather-related disasters are increasing"
2202:
2161:Emergency management § Mitigation strategy
2134:Disaster management is a main function of
1116:) as well as from episodic events such as
479:List of countries by natural disaster risk
5673:
5600:
5497:. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
5357:. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
5303:
5206:
4895:"Directive 2007/60/EC Chapter 1 Article2"
4650:
4572:
4541:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
4511:
4254:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
4215:
4205:
3860:American Economic Journal: Microeconomics
3719:
3574:
3430:
3163:
2899:
2724:
2665:. Disasters, Development and Environment.
1287:
885:. Additionally, global warming caused by
734:, purportedly inflicted by the angry god
637:. Some of this waste, mostly plastic and
6815:International Disaster Emergency Service
5406:Neumayer, Eric; Plümper, Thomas (2007).
5328:"Disaster risk reduction progress score"
4534:
4015:. Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus. 2013.
2844:
2346:
2215:
2144:
2052:
1988:
1934:
1834:
1726:
1683:
1662:
1587:
1222:
1137:
1008:
993:
909:
775:
594:
570:
491:
482:
214:also affects how often disasters due to
38:
5274:
5052:
4368:
4302:
4143:. COSTA - Continental Slope Stability.
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
2922:
2556:"Natural Hazards | National Risk Index"
1853:List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
1264:, or by volcanic eruptions such as the
1187:was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985
1179:was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A
724:women's struggle for the right to enter
475:List of natural disasters by death toll
14:
7271:
5651:"The "Phases" of Emergency Management"
4256:. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
4019:from the original on 24 September 2020
3742:
3700:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
3675:from the original on 28 September 2019
3642:from the original on 28 September 2019
3610:from the original on 28 September 2019
3419:
3271:
2876:"China's great famine: 40 years later"
2432:
1915:
1313:events to take place, and may include
1272:and spread through the Pacific Ocean.
1270:tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan
767:Disasters caused by geological hazards
6847:
5987:
5794:
5737:"World Bank's Hazard Risk Management"
5713:from the original on 11 December 2021
5555:"Federal Emergency Management Agency"
4918:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
4574:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804
4464:Australian Drought and Climate Change
4339:
3945:
3943:
3914:American Journal of Political Science
3396:https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/57564
2959:
2957:
2739:
1807:The deadliest hurricane ever was the
1619:are large fires which often start in
1123:
869:) and resource exploitation (such as
616:
311:that might have a negative effect on
127:. Additional natural hazards include
4884:Retrieved on 2006-12-28. 2009-10-31.
4381:from the original on 8 December 2020
4247:
3597:
3563:Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology
3556:
3493:
3400:
2963:
2873:
2838:
2781:. Vol. 10. pp. 5989–5994.
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2644:
2642:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2441:
2437:
1769:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1759:housing provides little protection.
1413:due to drought; droughts negatively
677:have been living in five camps near
635:Japanese Ministry of the Environment
500:) lost due to natural disasters are
6828:
6794:List of civil defense organisations
5627:. Training.fema.gov. Archived from
4950:from the original on 6 January 2017
4677:Dresden 1945: The Devil's Tinderbox
4513:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235
3755:from the original on 1 October 2020
3469:
3291:from the original on 30 August 2017
2426:Federal Emergency Management Agency
2411:Emergency management § Preparedness
2351:A car driving on a flooded road in
2296:support to more than 157 countries.
2136:civil protection (or civil defence)
2023:List of costly or deadly hailstorms
1865:, or, in rare cases, the base of a
1762:
1239:overwhelms the ships in the harbor.
754:On governments and voting processes
686:On women and vulnerable populations
282:Federal Emergency Management Agency
24:
4535:Merzdorf, Jessica (July 9, 2019).
4317:10.1093/oso/9780198866930.001.0001
3940:
3743:Meyers, Talya (23 December 2019).
2954:
1823:as a consequence of human-induced
1518:regions. Dust storms arise when a
1134:List of largest volcanic eruptions
1073:
386:, riverine flooding, strong wind,
25:
7300:
6472:Structural failures and collapses
5729:
5701:"2009 Kampala Convention on IDPs"
5452:. Overseas Development Institute.
4759:"Massive fire burns in Wisconsin"
4728:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
3956:American Political Science Review
3598:Lord, Leighann (1 October 2019).
2874:Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999).
2668:
2639:
2605:
2539:
1262:one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska
1231:in ruins and in flames after the
590:
566:
32:Natural disaster (disambiguation)
6827:
5693:
5667:
5642:
5617:
5424:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x
4651:Scawthorn, Charles, ed. (2005).
4369:Gibbons, Ann (19 January 2010).
3926:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00503.x
3528:
3229:from the original on 2022-03-31.
3211:from the original on 2021-01-06.
2445:
2409:This section is an excerpt from
2360:This section is an excerpt from
2306:This section is an excerpt from
2208:This section is an excerpt from
2159:This section is an excerpt from
1722:
1552:This section is an excerpt from
1506:, also called a sandstorm, is a
1495:This section is an excerpt from
1391:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1350:This section is an excerpt from
1227:1755 copper engraving depicting
927:This section is an excerpt from
799:This section is an excerpt from
87:event. Some examples of natural
75:is the very harmful impact on a
6810:Disaster Accountability Project
5682:from the original on 2022-04-18
5581:Agriculture & Food Security
5568:
5547:
5513:Journal of Building Engineering
5500:
5360:
5320:
5268:
5243:
5215:
5117:
5106:from the original on 2017-02-03
5088:
5041:from the original on 2014-08-20
4980:from the original on 2021-01-05
4962:
4932:
4912:
4901:from the original on 2015-11-06
4887:
4867:
4856:from the original on 2021-03-26
4838:
4827:from the original on 2021-04-23
4809:
4798:from the original on 2021-04-28
4780:
4769:from the original on 2021-04-15
4751:
4740:from the original on 2021-04-25
4721:
4681:
4669:
4644:
4626:
4615:from the original on 2014-04-01
4597:
4457:
4439:
4393:
4362:
4333:
4296:
4271:
4260:from the original on 2023-02-04
4241:
4128:
4062:from the original on 2020-10-04
4048:
4031:
4001:
3990:from the original on 2021-10-04
3905:
3894:from the original on 2021-10-04
3847:
3836:from the original on 2021-10-04
3801:
3790:from the original on 2021-03-10
3767:
3736:
3661:Asmita Nandy (20 August 2018).
3654:
3622:
3591:
3518:from the original on 2022-03-21
3512:UNEP – UN Environment Programme
3448:
3413:
3384:
3325:
3303:
3260:from the original on 2018-10-04
3242:
3233:
3215:
3197:
3172:
3165:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.01.002
3131:
3102:
3073:
3049:
3024:
3010:. Harpended: Terra publishing.
2999:
2943:from the original on 2022-04-18
2916:
2867:
2856:from the original on 2020-12-10
2827:from the original on 2021-01-01
2809:
2798:from the original on 2020-11-12
2752:from the original on 2021-01-22
2628:from the original on 2020-11-29
2515:List of environmental disasters
2403:
2362:Emergency management § Recovery
1327:2010 Northern Hemisphere summer
1260:, or by landslides such as the
914:A powder snow avalanche in the
891:human impact on the environment
642:100% increase in the amount of
163:. A natural disaster can cause
4561:Annual Review of Plant Biology
4238:, at the introductory section.
3774:Kieft, J.; Bendell, J (2021).
2845:DeWeerdt, Sarah (2020-09-15).
2763:
2733:
2700:
2655:
2576:
2087:groundwater-related subsidence
1869:. It is also referred to as a
1575:winds from every point of the
973:
252:
229:of people and poor choices on
13:
1:
5820:
5466:. UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland.
4998:Wurman, Joshua (2008-08-29).
4473:, retrieved on June 7th 2007.
3410:. UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland.
2532:
1984:
1623:areas. Common causes include
1546:
1489:
1292:
1266:ancient eruption of Santorini
1084:Coastal and oceanic landforms
905:
771:
339:, drainage and construction.
298:1906 San Francisco earthquake
7228:Potentially hazardous object
6718:Emergency population warning
6411:Unrelated to natural hazards
6368:Potentially hazardous object
5739:. World Bank. Archived from
5284:Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci
5059:Roger Edwards (2006-04-04).
4821:National Museum of Australia
4161:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.007
3712:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31820eddbe
3339:. 2015-12-01. Archived from
2713:Journal of Political Ecology
2119:
1930:
1830:
1639:. One example for a notable
1583:
1446:. Annual dry seasons in the
1048:
897:) which trigger landslides.
516:(probably mainly due to the
7:
6611:Crowd collapses and crushes
5674:Terminski, Bogumil (2012).
5484:UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland.
3814:. Oxford University Press.
3432:10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_3
3223:"2019 WHO DALY report data"
2978:10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_4
2929:. Oxford University Press.
2484:
2342:
2300:
1423:2020 bushfires in Australia
1332:
1251:List of historical tsunamis
1130:Types of volcanic eruptions
1088:Coastal development hazards
546:Slow and rapid onset events
409:
10:
7305:
5649:Baird, Malcolm E. (2010).
5525:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101493
5275:Douglas, J. (2007-04-05).
4817:"Black Saturday bushfires"
4303:Louchet, Francois (2021).
3489:10.1038/s41467-023-41888-1
2740:Smith, Neil (2006-06-11).
2408:
2359:
2305:
2207:
2158:
2123:
2020:
2014:
1950:
1919:
1850:
1843:in its dissipating stage,
1766:
1737:
1677:
1671:
1609:
1603:
1551:
1494:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1323:European Heat Wave of 2003
1302:
1296:
1248:
1242:
1218:
1196:Volcanic Explosivity Index
1127:
1077:
1058:
1052:
983:
977:
926:
798:
787:
558:
472:
29:
7220:
7183:
7142:
7124:
7093:
7086:
7054:
7020:
7013:
6991:
6961:
6927:
6894:
6885:
6823:
6782:
6761:
6728:Earthquake warning system
6705:
6669:
6601:
6537:
6462:
6426:
6417:
6410:
6360:
6323:
6282:
6264:
6233:
6226:
6194:
6160:
6153:
6131:
6101:
6067:
6034:
6025:
5983:
5976:
5888:Great Britain and Ireland
5828:
5255:USGS Water Science School
5153:10.1007/s11069-012-0294-2
5025:"Hallam Nebraska Tornado"
4653:Fire following earthquake
4413:10.1017/9781009325844.001
4106:10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y
3968:10.1017/S0003055409990104
3465:10.1017/9781009157896.013
3111:The environment as hazard
2892:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619
2250:climate change adaptation
2154:Mitigation and prevention
2081:processes. For example,
1975:2008 Afghanistan blizzard
1667:
1508:meteorological phenomenon
1478:). In 2011, the State of
1282:effects of climate change
822:, shallow or deep-seated
5305:10.5194/nhess-7-283-2007
5066:National Weather Service
5061:"The Online Tornado FAQ"
5030:National Weather Service
4929:Retrieved on 2009-01-09.
4873:MSN Encarta Dictionary.
4401:Summary for Policymakers
3035:. Wiltshire: Routledge.
2509:Global catastrophic risk
2284:for DRR activities. The
2085:abstraction may trigger
1649:Black Saturday bushfires
782:San Clemente, California
655:2010 earthquake in Haiti
631:tsunami in Japan in 2011
468:
6682:Earthquake preparedness
6677:Disaster risk reduction
6621:Environmental disasters
4974:www.merriam-webster.com
4970:"Definition of CYCLONE"
4340:Komar, Paul D. (1983).
4309:Oxford University Press
2661:Cannon, Terry. (1994).
2503:Environmental emergency
2225:Disaster risk reduction
2210:Disaster risk reduction
2203:Disaster risk reduction
2149:Haiti earthquake damage
2112:and to a lesser extent
2098:disaster risk reduction
1813:Great Hurricane of 1780
1268:. On March 11, 2011, a
1258:2004 Boxing Day tsunami
1204:Toba catastrophe theory
662:increasing the risk of
532:disaster risk reduction
443:disaster risk reduction
333:anthropogenic processes
239:disaster risk reduction
218:hazards happen. These "
6773:List of disaster films
6723:Emergency Alert System
6687:Hurricane preparedness
5625:"Animals in Disasters"
3635:The New Indian Express
3557:Nour, Nawal N (2011).
2923:McGuire, Bill (2012).
2497:Environmental disaster
2356:
2222:
2150:
2012:
1967:Great Blizzard of 1888
1948:
1848:
1796:that comes off of the
1735:
1696:
1601:
1470:include the 1997–2009
1466:Well-known historical
1315:temperature inversions
1288:Hot and dry conditions
1240:
1233:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1152:
1100:Coastal morphodynamics
1014:
1006:
923:
785:
730:temple for the August
600:
576:
488:
173:prepared for disasters
68:
5602:10.1186/2048-7010-2-8
5186:Reviews of Geophysics
4640:on December 18, 2023.
3184:www.preventionweb.net
3144:Earth-Science Reviews
3057:"What is a disaster?"
3006:D. Alexander (2002).
2687:www.preventionweb.net
2526:Wild animal suffering
2350:
2219:
2148:
2053:Multi-hazard analysis
2011: in) in diameter
1992:
1957:Blizzards are severe
1938:
1838:
1730:
1694:2000 Mozambique flood
1687:
1663:Storms and heavy rain
1591:
1226:
1150:
1012:
1001:was devastated by an
997:
961:powder snow avalanche
913:
779:
761:disaster preparedness
693:gender based violence
598:
574:
540:high income countries
492:By region and country
486:
247:vulnerable population
243:high income countries
42:
27:Type of adverse event
6738:Emergency management
5373:WIREs Climate Change
5208:10.1002/2013RG000445
4009:"Landslide synonyms"
3872:10.1257/mic.20150349
3475:Newman, R., Noy, I.
3343:on December 18, 2023
3320:Worldwatch Institute
2290:developing countries
2130:Emergency management
1877:, although the word
1612:List of forest fires
1405:: a dry riverbed in
986:Lists of earthquakes
899:Landslide mitigation
843:submarine landslides
585:developing countries
536:emergency management
528:Developing countries
424:vulnerable community
235:developing countries
206:disasters. The term
193:vulnerable community
30:For other uses, see
6643:Terrorist incidents
5774:website initiative.
5768:European Commission
5706:. UNHCR. May 2019.
5593:2013AgFS....2....8G
5296:2007NHESS...7..283D
5199:2014RvGeo..52..680G
5145:2012NatHa..64.1925K
5000:"Doppler on Wheels"
4730:"The Peshtigo Fire"
4705:on 18 February 2013
4504:2019AREPS..47..555B
4446:Living With Drought
4427:Water Cycle Changes
4248:Merzdorf, Jessica.
4153:2004MGeol.213..201H
4098:2014Lands..11..167H
3256:. 10 October 2017.
3156:2017ESRv..166..246G
3061:www.ifrc.org – IFRC
2886:(7225): 1619–1621.
2726:10.2458/v23i1.20181
2689:. 14 September 2017
2433:Society and culture
2140:phases of disasters
1997:, about 6 cm (
1916:Cold-weather events
1887:condensation funnel
1202:. According to the
1096:Coastal engineering
939:is a rapid flow of
720:Hindu Makkal Katchi
447:disaster management
237:do not have proper
6879:list by death toll
6743:Hurricane response
6589:Disease of despair
6499:Civilian radiation
6019:list by death toll
4925:2007-08-24 at the
4880:2011-02-04 at the
4675:Alexander Mckee's
4469:2018-07-26 at the
4451:2007-02-18 at the
4432:2022-09-29 at the
3820:20.500.12657/32368
3638:. 15 August 2018.
3315:2013-07-02 at the
2652:(16 November 2018)
2479:Kampala Convention
2457:. You can help by
2357:
2223:
2186:installation of a
2151:
2013:
1971:1972 Iran blizzard
1949:
1863:cumulonimbus cloud
1849:
1845:Tecumseh, Oklahoma
1809:1970 Bhola cyclone
1736:
1733:Cumulonimbus incus
1697:
1602:
1472:Millennium Drought
1460:evapotranspiration
1415:impact agriculture
1305:List of heat waves
1241:
1153:
1124:Volcanic eruptions
1080:Coastal management
1015:
1007:
924:
794:List of avalanches
790:List of landslides
786:
732:2018 Kerala floods
722:and others blamed
617:On the environment
601:
577:
489:
309:natural phenomenon
69:
7279:Natural disasters
7266:
7265:
7243:Geomagnetic storm
7216:
7215:
7082:
7081:
7009:
7008:
6953:Soil liquefaction
6875:Natural disasters
6841:
6840:
6748:Crisis management
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6597:
6596:
6406:
6405:
6383:Geomagnetic storm
6356:
6355:
6222:
6221:
6149:
6148:
6093:Soil liquefaction
6015:Natural disasters
5332:Our World in Data
5251:"Land Subsidence"
5230:Copernicus Office
4662:978-0-7844-0739-4
4609:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
4326:978-0-19-886693-0
4207:10.3390/w11081552
3829:978-0-19-878557-6
3483:14, 6103 (2023).
3442:978-3-319-72026-5
3377:978-1-250-10781-7
2987:978-3-319-59002-8
2936:978-0-19-959226-5
2788:978-90-5410-060-7
2475:
2474:
2438:International law
2319:search and rescue
2314:Disaster response
2308:Disaster response
2294:capacity building
2256:humanitarian work
2172:seismic retrofits
2126:Disaster response
1899:tornado outbreaks
1817:Hurricane Katrina
1185:Tangiwai disaster
1173:pyroclastic flows
1160:volcanic eruption
1148:
1118:tropical cyclones
1092:Coastal geography
1061:List of sinkholes
990:Soil liquefaction
518:Spitak Earthquake
396:volcanic activity
296:which caused the
277:of a community."
265:event. The term "
231:land use planning
121:volcanic activity
117:tropical cyclones
45:tropical cyclones
18:Natural disasters
16:(Redirected from
7296:
7175:Tropical cyclone
7169:Tornado outbreak
7091:
7090:
7018:
7017:
6971:Pyroclastic flow
6963:Volcano eruption
6892:
6891:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6845:
6844:
6831:
6830:
6713:Humanitarian aid
6509:Military nuclear
6504:Civilian nuclear
6424:
6423:
6415:
6414:
6315:Tropical cyclone
6309:Tornado outbreak
6231:
6230:
6158:
6157:
6111:Pyroclastic flow
6103:Volcano eruption
6032:
6031:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5775:
5759:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5655:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5604:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5504:
5498:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5364:
5358:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5281:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5176:
5165:
5164:
5139:(2): 1925–1958.
5130:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5073:. Archived from
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4946:. 31 July 2015.
4936:
4930:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4891:
4885:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4698:. Archived from
4693:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4576:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4483:
4474:
4461:
4455:
4443:
4437:
4422:
4416:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4311:. pp. 1–2.
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4219:
4209:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3554:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3504:
3491:
3473:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2648:Kevin Blanchard
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2560:hazards.fema.gov
2552:
2470:
2467:
2449:
2442:
2196:fallout shelters
2168:earthquake valve
2036:
2035:
2031:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1901:associated with
1763:Tropical cyclone
1705:Floods Directive
1522:or other strong
1395:
1386:
1375:
1366:
1345:List of droughts
1149:
879:Land degradation
679:Tindouf, Algeria
675:Sahrawi refugees
627:Waste management
459:natural disaster
416:natural disaster
372:tropical cyclone
348:coastal flooding
259:natural disaster
208:natural disaster
181:natural disaster
73:natural disaster
21:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7284:Natural hazards
7269:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7212:
7179:
7143:Cyclonic storms
7138:
7120:
7078:
7074:Limnic eruption
7050:
7024:
7005:
6993:Natural erosion
6987:
6957:
6931:
6923:
6881:
6872:
6842:
6837:
6819:
6778:
6757:
6706:Countermeasures
6701:
6657:
6653:Nightclub fires
6616:Economic crises
6593:
6584:Opioid epidemic
6533:
6458:
6402:
6352:
6319:
6283:Cyclonic storms
6278:
6260:
6218:
6214:Limnic eruption
6190:
6164:
6145:
6133:Natural erosion
6127:
6097:
6071:
6063:
6021:
6012:
5972:
5824:
5819:
5778:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5685:
5683:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5634:
5632:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5573:
5569:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5505:
5501:
5492:
5488:
5479:
5470:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5404:
5400:
5365:
5361:
5352:
5345:
5336:
5334:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5177:
5168:
5133:Natural Hazards
5128:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5080:
5078:
5057:
5053:
5044:
5042:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5009:
5007:
4996:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4927:Wayback Machine
4917:
4913:
4904:
4902:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4882:Wayback Machine
4872:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4772:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4741:
4734:www.weather.gov
4726:
4722:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4649:
4645:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4552:
4548:
4533:
4529:
4484:
4477:
4471:Wayback Machine
4462:
4458:
4453:Wayback Machine
4444:
4440:
4434:Wayback Machine
4423:
4419:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4305:Snow Avalanches
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4242:
4180:
4176:
4133:
4129:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3948:
3941:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3706:(11): 713–728.
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3596:
3592:
3555:
3542:
3521:
3519:
3506:
3505:
3494:
3474:
3470:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3317:Wayback Machine
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3287:. 29 Aug 2017.
3277:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2734:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2599:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2535:
2487:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2455:needs expansion
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2365:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2246:climate hazards
2213:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2164:
2156:
2132:
2124:Main articles:
2122:
2102:risk assessment
2094:hazard analysis
2055:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1987:
1979:1993 Superstorm
1963:ground blizzard
1955:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1855:
1833:
1771:
1765:
1746:
1738:Main articles:
1725:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1614:
1608:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1500:
1492:
1464:
1463:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1409:; sandstorm in
1398:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1319:katabatic winds
1307:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1278:
1253:
1247:
1221:
1138:
1136:
1126:
1114:beach evolution
1109:Coastal erosion
1106:
1076:
1074:Coastal erosion
1063:
1057:
1051:
992:
982:
976:
971:
970:
932:
908:
903:
902:
895:extreme weather
853:slope stability
804:
796:
780:A landslide in
774:
769:
756:
698:In addition to
688:
682:is recyclable.
619:
593:
569:
561:
548:
494:
481:
473:Main articles:
471:
457:Thus, the term
412:
337:land-use change
255:
227:marginalization
220:climate hazards
216:extreme weather
169:damage property
91:events include
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7302:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7162:
7152:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7095:
7088:
7087:Meteorological
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6967:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:Seismic hazard
6939:
6937:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6871:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6848:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6626:Sacrifice zone
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6529:Infrastructure
6526:
6524:Mast and tower
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6421:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6302:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6228:
6227:Meteorological
6224:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6083:Seismic hazard
6079:
6077:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Czech Republic
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5776:
5772:United Nations
5760:
5752:
5731:
5730:External links
5728:
5725:
5724:
5692:
5666:
5641:
5616:
5567:
5546:
5499:
5486:
5480:UNDRR (2023).
5468:
5462:UNDRR (2023).
5455:
5437:
5418:(3): 551–566.
5398:
5385:10.1002/wcc.77
5379:(6): 871–884.
5359:
5343:
5319:
5290:(2): 283–288.
5267:
5242:
5214:
5193:(4): 680–722.
5166:
5116:
5087:
5051:
5037:. 2005-10-02.
5016:
4990:
4961:
4931:
4911:
4886:
4866:
4837:
4823:. 2023-02-07.
4808:
4792:www.vic.gov.au
4779:
4750:
4720:
4680:
4668:
4661:
4643:
4625:
4596:
4567:(1): 673–702.
4546:
4527:
4498:(1): 555–581.
4475:
4456:
4438:
4417:
4392:
4361:
4354:
4332:
4325:
4295:
4270:
4240:
4174:
4147:(1): 201–234.
4141:Marine Geology
4127:
4092:(2): 167–194.
4072:
4047:
4030:
4000:
3962:(3): 387–406.
3939:
3920:(2): 340–355.
3904:
3846:
3828:
3800:
3766:
3735:
3686:
3653:
3621:
3590:
3540:
3514:. 2021-10-21.
3492:
3468:
3447:
3441:
3412:
3406:UNDRR (2023).
3399:
3383:
3376:
3353:
3337:public.wmo.int
3324:
3302:
3270:
3241:
3232:
3214:
3196:
3186:. 16 July 2020
3171:
3130:
3124:978-0898621594
3123:
3115:Guilford Press
3101:
3072:
3048:
3041:
3023:
3016:
2998:
2986:
2953:
2935:
2915:
2866:
2837:
2823:. 2018-11-27.
2808:
2787:
2762:
2732:
2699:
2667:
2654:
2638:
2624:. 2020-11-26.
2604:
2597:
2575:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2391:wheat, beans,
2366:
2358:
2344:
2341:
2331:diversion dams
2323:infrastructure
2312:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2242:Climate change
2214:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2121:
2118:
2054:
2051:
2015:Main article:
1986:
1983:
1951:Main article:
1932:
1929:
1917:
1914:
1832:
1829:
1825:climate change
1800:and becomes a
1790:tropical storm
1782:cyclonic storm
1764:
1761:
1724:
1721:
1680:List of floods
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1604:Main article:
1585:
1582:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:it in another.
1501:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1243:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1200:supervolcanoes
1189:Armero tragedy
1125:
1122:
1075:
1072:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
978:Main article:
975:
972:
933:
925:
907:
904:
887:climate change
824:slope failures
805:
797:
773:
770:
768:
765:
755:
752:
687:
684:
618:
615:
611:climate change
606:Socio-economic
592:
591:On the economy
589:
568:
567:On death rates
565:
560:
557:
547:
544:
493:
490:
470:
467:
436:climate change
428:disaster risks
411:
408:
305:natural hazard
254:
251:
212:Climate change
85:natural hazard
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7301:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7238:Meteor shower
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7036:Coastal flood
7034:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6834:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6790:Civil defense
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:Organizations
6781:
6774:
6770:
6769:Disaster film
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6753:Disaster area
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6555:Famine scales
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6492:by death toll
6490:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:Meteor shower
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:Coastal flood
6174:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:United States
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5841:by death toll
5839:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5743:on 2010-04-09
5742:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5652:
5645:
5631:on 2015-07-14
5630:
5626:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5556:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5493:UNGA (2016).
5490:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5465:
5459:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5353:UNGA (2016).
5350:
5348:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5105:
5101:
5100:www.n-d-a.org
5097:
5091:
5077:on 2006-09-29
5076:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5006:on 2007-02-05
5005:
5001:
4994:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4355:9780849302251
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4043:9780071778343
4040:
4034:
4018:
4014:
4013:thesaurus.com
4010:
4004:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:(2): 95–138.
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3749:Direct Relief
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:The Economist
3280:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3042:0-415-25216-4
3038:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3017:1-903544-10-6
3013:
3009:
3002:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2623:
2622:openDemocracy
2619:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2598:1-85383-964-7
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2469:
2466:February 2023
2460:
2456:
2453:This section
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:, and severe
2374:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2279:climate risks
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2244:can increase
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:aims to make
2226:
2221:institutions.
2218:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2192:storm cellars
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:water heaters
2177:
2176:refrigerators
2173:
2169:
2162:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2059:return period
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2024:
2018:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:winter storms
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:cumulus cloud
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1723:Thunderstorms
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1690:Limpopo River
1686:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Peshtigo Fire
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:conflagration
1562:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:are known as
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:seismic waves
1025:that creates
1024:
1023:Earth's crust
1020:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:San Francisco
996:
991:
987:
981:
968:
964:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
930:
921:
920:Mount Everest
917:
912:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:deforestation
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
795:
791:
783:
778:
764:
762:
751:
747:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
683:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
644:microplastics
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
614:
612:
607:
597:
588:
586:
581:
573:
564:
556:
554:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
485:
480:
476:
466:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
275:vulnerability
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:thunderstorms
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7233:Impact event
7221:Astronomical
7155:Thunderstorm
7150:Bomb cyclone
7014:Hydrological
6983:Volcanic ash
6948:Seismic risk
6896:Mass wasting
6874:
6697:Survival kit
6519:Levee breach
6373:Impact event
6361:Astronomical
6295:Thunderstorm
6290:Bomb cyclone
6154:Hydrological
6123:Volcanic ash
6088:Seismic risk
6036:Mass wasting
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3604:The Guardian
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2850:Anthropocene
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2404:Preparedness
2395:, corn, and
2367:
2355:, Australia.
2327:storm drains
2275:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2133:
2110:extreme wind
2106:seismic risk
2091:
2072:, whereas a
2068:may trigger
2063:
2056:
2026:
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1910:most extreme
1907:
1883:low pressure
1874:
1870:
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1747:
1740:Thunderstorm
1698:
1643:is the 1871
1615:
1526:blows loose
1465:
1308:
1279:
1254:
1193:
1168:volcanic ash
1154:
1107:
1064:
1016:
957:
934:
867:urban sprawl
847:
828:debris flows
812:mass wasting
806:
757:
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708:scapegoating
697:
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422:impacting a
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224:
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199:
197:
184:
180:
165:loss of life
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7248:Solar flare
7134:Megadrought
7094:Temperature
7067:Megatsunami
7046:Storm surge
7041:Flash flood
6919:Debris flow
6833:WikiProject
6733:Evacuations
6670:Preparation
6579:Biosecurity
6454:Spaceflight
6388:Solar flare
6274:Megadrought
6234:Temperature
6207:Megatsunami
6186:Storm surge
6181:Flash flood
6059:Debris flow
5948:South Korea
5928:Philippines
5918:New Zealand
5717:3 September
4954:17 December
4763:History.com
4385:29 December
3150:: 246–269.
2397:cooking oil
2389:whole-grain
2252:together.
2236:because it
2083:groundwater
1692:during the
1573:storm-force
1440:agriculture
974:Earthquakes
953:earthquakes
712:god or gods
700:LGBT people
404:dust storms
325:geophysical
321:environment
288:is that an
253:Terminology
133:dust storms
101:earthquakes
53:earthquakes
7273:Categories
6929:Earthquake
6887:Geological
6514:Oil spills
6464:Industrial
6069:Earthquake
6027:Geological
5858:Bangladesh
5747:2007-06-30
5686:2020-12-29
5678:(Report).
5660:2015-03-08
5635:2015-03-06
5561:2013-08-11
5557:. FEMA.gov
5519:: 101493.
5337:2024-04-04
5110:2017-02-26
5081:2006-09-08
5045:2009-11-15
5010:2009-12-13
4984:2020-12-29
4905:2011-11-14
4860:2021-04-25
4831:2021-04-25
4802:2021-04-25
4773:2021-04-25
4744:2021-04-25
4619:2015-03-20
4264:2023-02-04
4234:8206777258
4086:Landslides
4066:2020-08-28
3994:2021-10-04
3898:2022-04-18
3840:2021-10-04
3794:2021-04-03
3522:2022-03-23
3481:Nat Commun
3347:2023-05-18
3264:2018-10-04
3190:2022-06-06
3066:2023-05-24
2993:2022-06-08
2947:2020-12-29
2860:2020-12-29
2831:2020-12-29
2802:2020-12-29
2756:2020-12-29
2693:2022-06-06
2632:2020-12-29
2569:2022-06-08
2533:References
2491:Act of God
2393:dried milk
2234:vulnerable
2184:black-outs
2114:flood risk
2092:Effective
2070:landslides
2066:earthquake
2021:See also:
1985:Hailstorms
1920:See also:
1903:supercells
1851:See also:
1767:See also:
1678:See also:
1610:See also:
1598:California
1547:Firestorms
1520:gust front
1510:common in
1504:dust storm
1497:Dust storm
1490:Duststorms
1456:Heat waves
1436:ecosystems
1411:Somaliland
1343:See also:
1303:See also:
1293:Heat waves
1249:See also:
1128:See also:
1104:Bioerosion
1078:See also:
1059:See also:
1019:earthquake
1003:earthquake
984:See also:
980:Earthquake
906:Avalanches
889:and other
883:vegetation
861:earthquake
834:ranges to
808:Landslides
788:See also:
772:Landslides
728:Sabarimala
704:immigrants
360:earthquake
329:biological
315:and other
300:disaster.
290:earthquake
204:human-made
191:impacts a
177:structures
145:ice storms
137:firestorms
113:landslides
109:heat waves
93:avalanches
61:landslides
7289:Disasters
7258:Hypernova
7253:Supernova
7201:Firestorm
7116:Heat wave
7111:Ice storm
7106:Cold wave
6909:Avalanche
6904:Landslide
6444:Shipwreck
6427:Transport
6419:Accidents
6398:Hypernova
6393:Supernova
6341:Firestorm
6256:Heat wave
6251:Ice storm
6246:Cold wave
6049:Avalanche
6044:Landslide
5977:Disasters
5903:Indonesia
5853:Australia
5822:Disasters
5611:2048-7010
5541:219501770
5533:2352-7102
5432:0004-5608
5393:1757-7780
5314:1684-9981
5161:108636952
4583:1543-5008
4522:0084-6597
4346:CRC Press
4283:nsidc.org
4226:2073-4441
4169:0025-3227
4114:1612-5118
3976:1537-5943
3880:1945-7669
3668:The Quint
3535:CC BY 4.0
3295:30 August
3254:ReliefWeb
2719:(1): 93.
2589:Routledge
2424:. The US
2422:emergency
2377:epidemics
2353:Melbourne
2238:mitigates
2229:disasters
2188:generator
2120:Responses
2079:anthropic
2047:insurance
1995:hailstone
1931:Blizzards
1926:Cold wave
1922:Ice storm
1831:Tornadoes
1786:hurricane
1757:mud brick
1750:lightning
1744:Lightning
1657:Melbourne
1655:in 2009.
1653:bushfires
1625:lightning
1617:Wildfires
1584:Wildfires
1569:wildfires
1561:firestorm
1554:Firestorm
1536:saltation
1516:semi-arid
1299:Heat wave
1208:Lake Toba
1156:Volcanoes
1049:Sinkholes
1039:epicenter
937:avalanche
929:Avalanche
916:Himalayas
816:rockfalls
801:Landslide
671:Burn pits
659:styrofoam
650:in 2018.
648:Hong Kong
639:styrofoam
414:The term
384:lightning
380:landslide
376:ice storm
368:heat wave
352:cold wave
344:avalanche
319:, or the
157:tornadoes
149:sinkholes
129:blizzards
125:wildfires
81:community
65:volcanoes
7208:ARkStorm
7196:Wildfire
7101:Blizzard
7001:Sinkhole
6633:Military
6603:Man-made
6574:Pandemic
6562:Epidemic
6439:Maritime
6348:ARkStorm
6336:Wildfire
6241:Blizzard
6141:Sinkhole
5958:Thailand
5938:Portugal
5923:Pakistan
5829:Overview
5708:Archived
5680:Archived
5587:(1): 8.
5104:Archived
5039:Archived
4978:Archived
4948:Archived
4923:Archived
4899:Archived
4878:Archived
4854:Archived
4825:Archived
4796:Archived
4767:Archived
4738:Archived
4696:Dtic.mil
4613:Archived
4591:35231182
4467:Archived
4449:Archived
4430:Archived
4379:Archived
4377:. AAAS.
4288:23 March
4258:Archived
4200:: 1552.
4122:38328696
4060:Archived
4023:16 March
4017:Archived
3988:Archived
3984:32422707
3934:23025055
3892:Archived
3888:17843113
3834:Archived
3788:Archived
3786:: 1–39.
3753:Archived
3730:21375788
3673:Archived
3640:Archived
3608:Archived
3585:21629495
3537:license.
3516:Archived
3313:Archived
3289:Archived
3258:Archived
3227:Archived
3209:Archived
2941:Archived
2910:10600969
2854:Archived
2825:Archived
2793:Archived
2750:Archived
2626:Archived
2485:See also
2418:disaster
2343:Recovery
2335:refugees
2301:Response
2074:wildfire
2049:claims.
1993:A large
1973:and the
1953:Blizzard
1945:Maryland
1941:blizzard
1641:wildfire
1637:wildlife
1621:wildland
1606:Wildfire
1594:wildfire
1540:deposits
1476:see list
1468:droughts
1452:wildfire
1333:Droughts
1068:sinkhole
1055:Sinkhole
1043:tsunamis
967:dynamics
949:snowpack
857:rainfall
832:mountain
820:mudflows
736:Ayyappan
716:Hindutva
510:Zimbabwe
463:disaster
410:Critique
400:wildfire
286:disaster
267:disaster
185:disaster
161:tsunamis
97:droughts
83:after a
49:droughts
7191:Derecho
7165:Tornado
7126:Drought
7062:Tsunami
6914:Mudflow
6487:Nuclear
6331:Derecho
6305:Tornado
6266:Drought
6202:Tsunami
6054:Mudflow
5968:Vietnam
5943:Romania
5883:Estonia
5873:Croatia
5846:by cost
5758:. NCDC.
5589:Bibcode
5292:Bibcode
5195:Bibcode
5141:Bibcode
4543:. NASA.
4500:Bibcode
4375:Science
4149:Bibcode
4094:Bibcode
3721:3472448
3576:3100103
3152:Bibcode
3094:21 July
2901:1127087
2387:pills,
2385:vitamin
2032:⁄
2006:⁄
1947:in 2009
1879:cyclone
1875:cyclone
1871:twister
1859:tornado
1841:tornado
1839:A rope
1778:cyclone
1774:Typhoon
1629:drought
1577:compass
1486:fires.
1484:Bastrop
1454:risks.
1448:tropics
1444:economy
1432:drought
1352:Drought
1339:Drought
1311:weather
1245:Tsunami
1237:tsunami
1219:Tsunami
1212:Sumatra
1177:Pompeii
1005:in 1906
943:down a
849:Gravity
836:coastal
784:in 1966
664:disease
559:Impacts
553:drought
514:Armenia
502:Bahamas
451:natural
392:tsunami
388:tornado
356:drought
335:, e.g.
317:animals
292:is the
280:The US
271:hazards
233:. Many
200:natural
77:society
6692:Safety
6545:Famine
6538:Health
6477:Bridge
5953:Sweden
5933:Poland
5863:Canada
5784:Ebrary
5609:
5539:
5531:
5430:
5391:
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5260:11 May
5159:
4920:Flood.
4875:Flood.
4709:11 May
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2043:Munich
1891:debris
1668:Floods
1407:France
1325:. The
1229:Lisbon
1102:, and
1031:faults
871:mining
839:cliffs
718:party
420:hazard
313:humans
294:hazard
263:hazard
189:hazard
105:floods
89:hazard
63:, and
57:floods
7184:Other
7055:Other
7022:Flood
6976:Lahar
6762:Media
6648:Riots
6324:Other
6195:Other
6162:Flood
6116:Lahar
5913:Malta
5908:Japan
5898:India
5893:Haiti
5868:China
5836:Lists
5711:(PDF)
5704:(PDF)
5654:(PDF)
5537:S2CID
5450:(PDF)
5280:(PDF)
5226:(PDF)
5157:S2CID
5129:(PDF)
4703:(PDF)
4692:(PDF)
4189:Water
4118:S2CID
3980:S2CID
3930:JSTOR
3884:S2CID
3088:(PDF)
2796:(PDF)
2775:(PDF)
2746:Items
1873:or a
1802:storm
1798:ocean
1794:water
1754:adobe
1713:river
1709:tides
1701:flood
1674:Flood
1633:arson
1563:is a
1480:Texas
1419:Texas
1181:lahar
1035:focus
945:slope
918:near
859:, an
506:Haiti
469:Scale
307:is a
141:hails
7159:Hail
7027:List
6934:List
6638:Wars
6567:list
6550:List
6434:Rail
6299:Hail
6167:List
6074:List
5770:and
5719:2021
5607:ISSN
5529:ISSN
5428:ISSN
5389:ISSN
5310:ISSN
5262:2017
5237:2023
4956:2016
4711:2016
4657:ISBN
4587:PMID
4579:ISSN
4518:ISSN
4387:2020
4350:ISBN
4321:ISBN
4290:2021
4230:OCLC
4222:ISSN
4198:MDPI
4165:ISSN
4110:ISSN
4039:ISBN
4025:2018
3972:ISSN
3876:ISSN
3824:ISBN
3761:2020
3726:PMID
3681:2019
3648:2019
3616:2019
3581:PMID
3437:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3297:2017
3119:ISBN
3096:2014
3037:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2906:PMID
2783:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2564:FEMA
2381:bulk
2265:The
2194:and
2128:and
2039:farm
2017:Hail
1924:and
1895:dust
1893:and
1784:and
1742:and
1717:lake
1688:The
1627:and
1532:dirt
1530:and
1528:sand
1524:wind
1514:and
1512:arid
1438:and
1235:. A
1164:Lava
1132:and
988:and
941:snow
873:and
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792:and
726:the
702:and
534:and
512:and
498:DALY
477:and
434:and
364:hail
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6449:Air
5597:doi
5521:doi
5420:doi
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4569:doi
4508:doi
4409:doi
4313:doi
4212:hdl
4202:doi
4157:doi
4145:213
4102:doi
3964:doi
3960:103
3922:doi
3868:doi
3816:hdl
3716:PMC
3708:doi
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3485:doi
3461:doi
3427:doi
3160:doi
3148:166
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2888:doi
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2880:BMJ
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