1540:
1556:
1361:
2490:
1257:). This figure is connected with the teaching of the eternity of the Buddha and is said to have been born during the a Śātavāhana king (a prophesy placed in the mouth of the Buddha himself in some sources). According to Hodge, Sarvasattvapriyadarśana may have been a historical figure connected to the Nirvana sutra lineage (even its founder) in south India. After the situation in the south became unfavorable for this tradition, it was taken to Kashmir, where later parts of the text were written, reflecting the decline narrative of some parts of the text.
1145:
33:
2454:. Hodge argues that the earliest portion of the sutra was written in India by people who believed they were living in an age of decline in which the Buddha-dharma would perish. The sutra states that during the age of Dharma decline, the Mahayana sutras will be lost (including the Nirvana sutra itself), false teachings will spread, and monks will act unethically, owning servants, cattle and horses, and engaging in lay jobs like farming, smithing, painting, sculpture and divination (instead of focusing on the Dharma).
250:
3094:. Pao-liang interprets the buddha-nature as the innately pure mind which is "the mysterious essence of divine illumination". According to Pao-liang, "there is not one split second in which this liberating essence is not functioning (to deliver the person from ignorance)" and he also says that this "liberating function" is the same as the natural tendency to avoid pain and seek bliss. Pao-liang also says that buddha nature is both in the skandhas and transcends them, being the unity of the
2048:
1783:
7841:
7852:
1926:"tathagata's hidden treasury". This treasury is seen as a wondrous liberating truth that is mysteriously hidden from the view of ordinary people. Blum notes that the two major Chinese versions of the sutra don't use the literal Chinese term for embryo or womb, but speak of the "wondrous interior treasure-house of the Buddha" which is always present within all beings. This inner treasure, a pure "buddha-relic" within, is obscured by the negative
5250:
5237:
2272:, the Buddha proclaims "I do not teach that all sentient beings are without a self! I constantly teach that all sentient beings possess Buddha-nature; is Buddha-nature not the self? Hence, I have not taught an annihilationist view." The Buddha then states the reason he teaches not-self (and impermanence, suffering, and impurity) is because sentient beings do not see the buddha-nature. Later on in the sutra, the Buddha also states:
1125:
5227:
2032:
1701:
2779:(出三藏記集), which was written less than 100 years after the date of this translation, makes no mention of Faxian. Instead it states that the translation was done by Buddhabhadra and his assistant Baoyun (寶雲), quoting earlier catalogues to corroborate this attribution. The idea that Faxian was involved in the translation only emerges in later catalogues, compiled several hundred years after the event.
1395:(c. 385–433) is significantly longer and this has led some scholars to argue that the latter portions of this edition were composed in China. This longer edition was also the most important and popular one in China, Japan and Korea, since it promoted the universality of Buddha nature and Buddhahood. The six fascicle version on the other hand was mostly ignored according to Blum.
3085:, 大般涅槃經集解 T 1763), compiled in 509 by Baoliang (寶亮) in the Liang dynasty. This is a compilation of comments by numerous masters on the Nirvana sutra. It includes comments by Emperor Wu of the Liang, Daosheng, Sengliang, Falue, Tanji, Sengzong, Baoliang, Zhixiu, Fazhi, Faan, Tanzhun, Falang, Tan'ai, Tanqian, Mingjun, Daohui, Falian and Jiaoyi.
2727:(fl. c. 260-280), though this version is now lost. Chinese canonical records also mention that another lost translation was made by the Chinese monk Zhimeng who studied in India from 404-424 CE. According to Zhimeng's own account, he also obtained his manuscript from the same layman in Pataliputra as Faxian did some years earlier.
191:, a class of sentient beings who "have little or no chance of liberation." The icchantika idea is discussed in various ways throughout the different versions of the sutra, and the issue is complex, though as Blum writes the Nirvana sutra seems "ambivalent on whether or not icchantikas can attain buddhahood".
2184:. Early Buddhism held that living beings have four distortions in how they perceive reality: they see what is impermanent as permanent (nitya), they see what is not-self as a self (ātman), they see what is impure as pure (śubha/śuci) and they see what is suffering as being pleasant or blissful (sukha). The
2336:
Using another medicinal simile, the
Nirvana sutra compares the teaching of not-self to a medicine which requires a mother to stop breast feeding her infant. The mother thus smears her breast with a pungent ointment and tells her child that it is poison. When the medicine is fully ingested, the mother
2243:
is aware that there are numerous non-buddhist accounts of a self which might sound similar to its own self theory and it argues that if they seem similar, this is due to two reasons. The first is that non-buddhist ātmavāda theories are often misinterpretations or misrememberings of what was taught by
1721:
The body of the Tathāgata is an eternal body (*nityakāya), an indestructible body (*abhedakāya), an adamant body (*vajrakāya); it is not a body sustained by various kinds of food. That is to say, it is the Dharma Body (*dharmakāya). Do not say now that the body of the Tathāgata is soft, can easily be
1238:
contains prophesies of its own emergence during a period of Dharma decline (which can be calculated to be in around 220 CE) along with prophesies that the text will be taken to
Kashmir (罽賓). Hodge also discusses an important person named Sarvasattvapriyadarśana who appears in a group of texts related
2425:
explains that because all beings have the buddha-nature, all beings without exception, even icchantikas (the most incorrigible and spiritually base of beings), can eventually attain liberation and become
Buddhas. This is possible if they gain faith in buddha-nature, as the Dharmakṣema translation of
1937:
explanation of buddha-nature is multifaceted and complex. Karl
Brunnholzl argues that there three main meanings of buddha-nature in the Nirvana sutra: (1) an intrinsic pure nature that merely has to be revealed, (2) a seed or potential that can grow into Buddhahood with the right conditions, (3) the
2308:
sees the
Buddhist doctrine of not-self as "a very important doctrine to be expounded when the listener is attached to his or her notion of selfhood or personality, because it deconstructs that object of attachment, revealing its nature as a fantasy." However, the sutra understands both the not-self
1264:
is related to the views and practices of itinerant dharma preachers called dharmakathikas or dharmabhānakas (說法者 or 法師). These figures frequently went on pilgrimage to stūpa sites in the company of laypeople who were allowed to protect them with swords and staves. They may have also believed in the
2846:
composition, and some, even argue it may have been written by
Dharmakṣema himself. However, other scholars like Jones and Granoff note that the latter portion knows of Indic texts which were unknown in China. Thus, Jones writes that there is "convincing evidence that this material is familiar with
2392:
In some parts, icchantikas are said to be like scorched seeds who can never sprout and thus of being incurable and incapable of
Buddhahood. In other passages, they are said to also possess buddha-nature and to be able to attain buddhahood (their potential for buddhahood is also depicted much more
2093:
could also have referred to "the chamber (garbha) for a Buddha (tathāgata): the space at the center of a stūpa, where lies hidden that which is essential to a Buddha and most precious to the world after his (apparent) departure from it." The term “chamber for a relic” (dhātugarbha) is attested in
1402:
inspired numerous sutra commentaries and is cited widely by numerous East Asian
Buddhist authors. The sutra was a key scriptural source for the idea that all sentient beings have buddha-nature, which was seen as an active force in the world. It was also influential due to its teachings promoting
2906:. This edition integrates and amends the translations of the six fascicle text and Dharmakṣema's into a single edition of thirty-six fascicles. This edition changes the chapter divisions of the first part of the Dharmakṣema to match the six fascicle version and it also changes the language,
2276:
Good son, this Buddha-nature is in truth not the self; for the benefit of sentient beings is it called the self.… Buddha-nature is absence of self, the Tathāgata teaches the self : because of his permanence, the Tathāgata is the self, but he teaches absence of self, because he has achieved
2807:
kingdom. This "northern" version of the text is "around four times the length" of the "six fascicle" version and the later
Tibetan translation, extending for a further thirty fascicles, beyond the first ten fascicles of the "core" sutra material. This version was also later translated into
2401:
According to
Karashima, the word icchantika derives from the verb icchati (to claim, to hold, to maintain) and the term is thus best understood as "someone who claims; an opinionated ." Specifically, the icchantika is someone who rejects and is hostile to the buddha nature teaching of the
1344:
an expanded version of this core text was then developed and would have comprised chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the six fascicle text and shorter Tibetan versions, though it is believed that in their present state there is a degree of editorial addition in them from the later phases of
1840:
is closely related to the positive elements of this docetic Buddhology, which refers to the idea that since the Buddha did not have a normal human body (nor did he gestate in a normal womb), he must have had some other transcendent type of body (which requires a transcendent womb, the
2088:
Some scholars like Shimoda and Radich have seen the buddha-nature idea as arising from an internalization of stupa and relic worship. Instead of worshiping relics externally, the buddha-nature teaching turns inward, to the inner buddha relic in all of us. According to Jones, the term
1318:
Scholars believe that the compilation of the core portion (corresponding to the six fascicle Chinese translation and the shorter Tibetan translation) must have occurred at an early date, during or prior to the 2nd century CE, based internal evidence and on Chinese canonical catalogs.
2877:
seems to indicate that icchantikas can redeem themselves and eventually attain Buddhahood (since all beings have buddha-nature), while the six fascicle version seems to indicate that icchantikas are hopeless. This was famously a point of contention for the leading Chinese monk
2337:
removes the ointment and invites the child to nurse at her breast again. In this simile, the medicine is the skillful notion of not-self, and the mother's milk is the teaching of "the nature of the Tathāgata, which is the supermundane, supreme self" (離世真實之我, possibly *
2235:
Paul Williams also notes that while we can speak of the tathāgatagarbha as a Self, this is a much more complex issue since the sutra also speaks of the importance of the not-self teaching, saying that those who have notions of a self cannot perceive buddha-nature.
2094:
many Buddhist texts. Due to this, Radich argues that the term tathāgatagarbha also developed as an internalized buddha relic which came to refer to the presence of a buddha's qualities, mode of being or body which was not located in a stupa but in sentient beings.
2285:, the Buddha uses the term self when needed (to overcome nihilistic interpretations of not-self) and teaching not-self when needed (to overcome grasping at what is not the self). This is part of his skillful means (upaya) to guide beings to liberation.
2171:) in sentient beings that allows them to become Buddhas, the sutra is self consciously adopting a Buddhist version of ātmavāda (“discourse about the self”) which was popular in Indian thought, while also modifying the Buddhist doctrine of not-self (
198:'s precise date of origin is uncertain, but its early form may have developed in or by the second century CE. The original Sanskrit text is not extant except for a small number of fragments, but it survives in Chinese and Tibetan translation. The
2388:
discusses this class of people often. According to scholars like Blum and Brunnholzl, the exact status and nature of the icchantika in the Nirvana sutra is difficult to ascertain, as the topic is discussed in different ways throughout the sutra.
2469:
sees itself as the final teaching of the Buddha that has the power to lead people to discover their own innate buddha-nature (as long as they listen to it with faith). As such, it sees itself as the ideal solution to the era of Dharma decline.
2196:
Monks, whatever you mentally cultivate, repeatedly and increasingly and with full acceptance, to be in all instances impermanent, unsatisfactory, without self, and impure, amid these there is that which exhibits permanence, bliss, purity and
1712:
is the eternal nature of the Buddha. Blum notes that the sutra makes it clear that the Buddha is not subject to the processes of birth and death, but abides forever in an undying state. While the Buddha will appear to die (and manifest
2930:
Toh 120, the first "short" translation of the sūtra, in 3. 900 ślokas (13 scrolls). It was made in the early 9th century by Jinamitra, Dhyānagarbha and Ban de btsan dra. It is titled: ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།,
2162:
The Indic term "ātman" generally referred to "the permanent and indestructible essence, or an unchanging central element, of any human or other sentient being", and the idea that such a thing existed was widely rejected by mainstream
2101:
is that it can only be directly perceived by a fully awakened Buddha, though the sutra says that a bodhisattva at the tenth stage (bhūmi) can also perceive buddha-nature in an imperfect and indistinct manner. Since according to the
2324:
compares the not-self teaching to a milk-based medicine which is useful for certain ailments, but not for all. Because of this, a physician who only prescribed this single medicine would be an unskillful one. The Buddha in the
3025:
Dharmakṣemaʼs biography records a comment by Tanwufa mentioning a missing portion, and some biographies mention that Dharmakṣema died while on his way back to India (or Central Asia) to search for the missing parts of the
2819:
from North-Western India that Dharmakṣema brought with him, which he used for the initial translation work of his version. This version corresponds overall in content to the "six fascicle" version and the Tibetan version.
1817:
aeons ago (and yet remains actively benefiting beings). As such, the Buddha merely appears to be born, practice the path, achieve nirvana and die in order to be "in accordance with the world" (lokānuvartanā, Ch.
2079:
draws on this term and applies it to the true nature of a Buddha, which is permanent (nitya), pure, blissful and resides within all sentient beings (analogous to how the pure buddha relics were housed inside a
2267:
often portrays the teaching of the tathāgatagarbha as a Self as being a skillful means, a useful strategy to convert non-buddhists and to combat annihilationist interpretations of the Dharma. For example, in
2937:
Toh 119 - a translation from Chinese into Tibetan of the version of Dharmakṣema by Wang-phab-zhun, Dge-ba'i blos-gros and Rgya-mtsho'i sde in 56 scrolls, with the title ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།,
2885:
There is also a secondary Chinese version the Dharmakṣema's translation, which was completed in 453 CE. This was produced "by polishing the style and adding new section headings" according to Stephen Hodge.
1539:
2333:"the Buddha teaches that the nature of the Tathāgata (如來性) is the real self (真實我), but if with respect to this tenet one mentally cultivates that it is not the self, this is called the third distortion."
2417:
ny person, no matter whether they are a monk, a nun, a lay-man or lay-woman, who rejects this sûtra with abusive words, and does not even ask for forgiveness afterwards, has entered the icchantika path.
2329:
says he taught not-self in order to get rid of certain mistaken views of self in order that the correct teaching about the self (i.e. the buddha-nature) could be given. This is why according to the
2823:
Many scholars doubt the Indian provenance of the extra material found in the northern edition (the content beyond the first ten fascicles). The chief reasons for this skepticism are the following:
1611:
is somewhat unsystematic and this made it a fruitful sutra for later commentators who drew on it for various doctrinal and exegetical purposes. King notes that the most important innovation of the
2260:"is not a Self in the worldly sense taught by non-Buddhist thinkers, or maintained to exist by the much-maligned ‘man in the street’", since these are considered to lead to egoistic grasping.
2244:
a bodhisattva and the second is that they may be skillful means taught to non-buddhists by Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Furthermore, numerous non-buddhist doctrines of a self are rejected in the
2671:
4932:
2205:
claims that buddha-nature (and the Buddha's body, his Dharmakaya) is characterized by four perfections (pāramitās) or qualities (which are denied in classic Buddhist doctrine): permanence (
1802:, the idea that the Buddha's physical birth and death on earth was a mere appearance, a conventional show for the sake of helping sentient beings (a doctrine which was already found in the
3008:
There are several associated texts which are considered to be part of the Nirvana sutra "family". These are found in the "Nirvana" section (涅槃部) in the Chinese Buddhist canon. It includes:
2158:
The real self is the nature of the Tathāgata ( 如來性). Know that all sentient beings have this, but as those sentient beings are enshrouded by immeasurable afflictions, it is not manifested.
1869:
According to Sally King, the sutra speaks about Buddha-nature in many different ways. This led Chinese scholars to create a list of types of buddha-nature that could be found in the text.
1745:
or "dharma body" (which is equivalent to the buddha-body). The sutra also states that the Buddha's body (buddhakaya) is an eternal, unchanging, unimpeded, and indivisible adamantine body (
5039:
Matsuda, Kazunobu (1988). "Sanskrit Fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra. A Study of the Central Asian Documents of the Stein/Hoernle Collection of the India Office Library".
4911:
3314:
Corresponding to the shorter Tibetan translation, the six fascicle (juan) Chinese translation attributed to Faxian, and the first ten fascicles of the Dharmakṣema Chinese translation.
4778:"A Study of the Early-Stage Translations of Foxing佛性 in Chinese Buddhism: The Da Banniepan Jing大般涅槃經 Trans. Dharmakṣema and the Da Fangdeng Rulaizang Jing大方等如來藏經 Trans. Buddhabhadra"
1722:
broken, and is the same as that of common mortals. O good man! Know now that for countless billions of kalpas, the body of the Tathāgata has been strong, firm, and indestructible.
3021:, 大般涅槃經後分, Taisho no. 377) translated by Tang dynasty monk Huining and the Indian monk *Jñānabhadra (若那跋陀羅) in Heling. This is purported to be an even further missing part of the
2831:
have been found over the past hundred years in various parts of Asia; Likewise, there are no quotations from this latter portion in any Indian commentaries or sutra anthologies.
3050:), translated by Dharmarakṣa. The first six chapters are similar to Taisho no. 379, while the rest of the text focuses on Śākyamuniʼs buddhafield and the Buddha's parinirvāṇa.
2430:
states: "If an icchantika were to have faith in the existence of Buddha-nature, know that he will not descend into the three bad , and also is then not called an icchantika."
2120:
itself and in the buddha-nature, saying that "only one who follows the teachings of the Tathāgata, faithfully committing oneself to them, after that sees their equality ."
2827:
No traces of an extended Sanskrit text has ever been found. Sanskrit manuscript fragments of twenty four separate pages distributed right across the core portion of the
2021:
Furthermore, other similes reject the idea that buddha-nature abides in sentient beings at all, stating that buddha-nature abides nowhere, like how the sound made by a
1999:
contain slightly different characterizations of buddha-nature. For example, one simile compares the buddha nature to a treasure buried under the earth, or a to a
1717:, his final nirvana, the apparent death of his body), he is in fact eternal and immortal, since he was never born, and had no beginning or end. The sutra states:
4993:
5162:
1896:). According to King, this can be understood as an "embryonic tathāgata" or as the "womb of the tathāgata". The Chinese typically translated the term as 如來藏
4949:
Corrected and revised version of a paper presented in July 2010 at the Second International Workshop on the Mahaparinirvana Sutra held at Munich University.
2895:
5991:
183:, and how they are incomplete unless they are complemented by the teaching of "non-emptiness" and the true self, which is buddha-nature. Furthermore, the
2862:
suggesting an Indic origin. Furthermore, as Jones notes, both Chinese and Tibetan tradition understood the additional content as being of Indic origin.
6906:
5381:
2873:(heretics who cling to wrong views and reject the teachings of the Nirvana sutra) is much more negative and harsh. The Dharmakṣema translation of the
1555:
152:, who is described in this sutra as undying and eternal, without beginning or end. The text also discusses the associated doctrine of buddha-nature (
3255:
2223:
576:
2678:
1106:
4941:
1704:
Shakyamuni Buddha's transcendent body arising from his golden tomb (絹本著色釈迦金棺出現図), 11th century Heian period Hanging scroll, Kyoto National Museum.
1175:, likely the 2nd century CE. The Śātavāhana rulers gave rich patronage to Buddhism, and were involved with the development of the cave temples at
6910:
4858:
2882:(c. 360–434), who rejected the Faxian translation and was exiled, until he was vindicated when the new translation of Dharmakṣema was released.
7134:
4920:
4747:
Granoff, Phyllis. 2012. “After Sinning: Some Thoughts on Remorse, Responsibility, and the Remedies for Sin in Indian Religious Tradition.” In
2356:: "the wise know that the existence of the self and absence of self are non-dual." In making this claim, the sutra also cites two sutras, the
2300:. Likewise, those who see everything as not-self but fail to see what is Self also fail to see the true middle way, which is the buddha nature
2961:, 3 Volumes, Karinbunko, Ube City, Japan. A limited run of 500 copies, currently out of print. This is actually a translation from Shimajiʼs
2847:
Indian literature unknown to any other Chinese materials that we know from Dharmakṣema’s time." Granoff notes for example, that the story of
1989:
criticizes those who think that buddha-nature means that all beings are already full Buddhas and do not need to practice the bodhisattva path
1433:. This school taught the universality of Buddha nature and the capacity for even icchantikas to attain Buddhahood. The school thrived in the
1930:
of each sentient being. Once these negative mental states have been eliminated, however, buddha-nature is said to shine forth unimpededly.
1341:, which was, he argues, probably not distinctively Mahāyāna, but quasi-Mahāsāṃghika in origin and would date to 100 CE, if not even earlier;
5351:
4873:
The Indian Buddhist Missionary Dharmakṣema (385-433): A New dating of his Arrival in Guzang and of his Translations, T'oung Pao 90, 215–263
3661:
1230:
indicates that these texts initially circulated in South India, but then gradually began to be propagated in the northwest (especially in
202:
was translated into Chinese various times. The most important editions are the 416 CE "six fascicle text" and the 421 CE translation of
5459:
5194:
5062:
3752:
2699:) has survived only in a number of fragments, which were discovered in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Japan. Four full editions of the
1360:
249:
5216:
3040:
as the main interlocutor. It also teaches that the Buddha is eternally embodied in the dharmakaya and is always preaching the Dharma.
2899:
2763:(法顯), this attribution is probably inaccurate. According to Faxian's own account, the manuscript copy forming the basis of the six
4889:
7726:
7178:
7381:
5361:
3400:
2384:("extremists" or "dogmatists") which are either excluded from Buddhahood or will find it very difficult to ever reach it. The
1900:("tathāgata storehouse," "tathāgata matrix", or "tathāgata chamber"). However, according to Mark Blum, Dharmaksema translates
5154:
2996:
2981:
1631:
womb/chamber). The buddha-dhātu (buddha-nature, buddha-element) is presented as a timeless, eternal (nitya) and pure "Self" (
592:
364:
3995:
1753:
to die, his "transcendent, indestructible mode of being" is something that never truly dies, being uncompounded (asaṃskṛta).
1152:
The history of the text is extremely complex, but the consensus view is that the core portion of this sutra was compiled in
5544:
5386:
2771:
from the house of a layman known as Kālasena, during his travels in India. The earliest surviving Chinese sutra catalogue,
1099:
7721:
4913:
On the Eschatology of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and Related Matters (lecture delivered at the University of London, SOAS)
1407:
and its teachings on the eternal nature of the Buddha. All these doctrines became central teachings of Chinese Buddhism.
2944:
Toh 121 which preserves 16 verses translated by Kamalagupta and Rin Chen Bzang Po titled ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པའི་མདོ།,
7618:
7168:
5263:
3429:
Kritische Ausgabe des Sanskrittextes und seiner tibetischen Übertragung im Vergleich mit den chinesischen Übersetzungen
2489:
1767:
According to Shimoda and Radich, this theme is the central theme of what is perhaps the earliest textual layer of the
629:
5464:
3911:
1171:
The language used in the sūtra and related texts seems to indicate a region in southern India during the time of the
7711:
5005:
2965:
a classic Japanese translation of the Southern version, rather than a direct translation from Dharmakṣema's Chinese.
7396:
7141:
5189:
4954:
948:
1822:, 隨順世間) so that people would trust him as a human sage. However, in reality, his nature is eternal and unchanging.
408:
7897:
7788:
7778:
5607:
3951:
3826:
2664:
1411:
1092:
5014:
3698:
3297:, but is quite different in form and content. It is therefore generally referred to by its full Sanskrit title,
2560:
2378:
Despite the fact that the Buddha-nature is innate in all sentient beings, there is a class of people who called
512:
7733:
7386:
7188:
7079:
7024:
5597:
3073:
Numerous commentaries on the Nirvana sutra were written in China. The most important Chinese commentary on the
2180:
The teaching that the buddha-nature is a self is one of the "four inversions" (viparyāsas), a key theme in the
1905:
58:
3036:), translated by Jñānagupta in the Sui dynasty. Its setting is also the Buddha's final nirvana, though it has
2973:
2834:
No other translator in China or Tibet ever found Sanskrit copies of this portion. The Chinese monk-translator
1882:
1326:
and related texts, Stephen Hodge estimates a compilation period between 100 CE and 220 CE for the core sutra.
1241:
1216:
7703:
7401:
7084:
5376:
5209:
2450:, describing how in the times of Dharma decline, there will be false monks, false teachings and all sorts of
4175:
1946:
states that buddha-nature as buddhahood is endowed with the powers and qualities of a buddha is free of any
537:
324:
156:) which is said to be a "hidden treasury" within all living beings that is eternal (nitya), blissful, Self (
7286:
7158:
7129:
6831:
5054:
The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine (Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5)
2838:
traveled to India and searched for this material but only found manuscripts corresponding to the core text.
2164:
2252:), in which the self is "some kernel of identity hidden within the body" which is a "person" (pudgala), a
643:
6977:
6886:
6356:
6001:
5514:
5409:
4955:"The Tathagatagarbha Theory Reconsidered. Reflections on Some Recent Issues in Japanese Buddhist Studies"
622:
569:
458:
6521:
3891:
A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index.
7882:
7826:
7306:
6782:
6268:
5391:
5224:
3327:, 大唐西域求法高僧傳 T2066. He travelled widely through India and parts of Southeast Asia over a 25-year period.
3267:
3196:
2188:
claims that while these four do apply to samsaric phenomena, when it comes to the "supreme dharma(s)" (
2005:
1569:
1291:
to reshape the worship of the śarīra into worship of the inner Buddha as a principle of salvation: the
1287:
211:
6716:
4735:, edited by Jonathan A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, and Vincent Eltschinger, 264-66. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
993:
7716:
7529:
7519:
7391:
6374:
5954:
5715:
5690:
2752:
2748:
758:
5740:
5097:
A Study of the Mahāparinivāṇasūtra ~ with a Focus on the Methodology of the Study of Mahāyāna Sūtras
1391:. It was translated various times and two major Chinese translations are extant. The translation by
309:
206:, which is about four times longer than the earlier one. This sutra should not be confused with the
7902:
7877:
7821:
7173:
6987:
6965:
6958:
6861:
6394:
6014:
5830:
5775:
5396:
5202:
3122:
2843:
2704:
2192:真實法, *paramadharma, like Buddha and buddha-nature), the opposite is the case. As the sutra states:
2056:
299:
7758:
7738:
7069:
7049:
6806:
6536:
5780:
3450:
3207:
1333:
underwent a number of stages in its composition. Masahiro Shimoda discerns several main stages:
943:
5139:
New Sanskrit fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra: Central Asian manuscript collection
3234:
3110:
2792:
2743:
no. 376.12.853-899), is the shortest and earliest translation into Chiense. It is attributed to
2740:
2396:
As such, the icchantika doctrine has caused much controversy and debate in East Asian Buddhism.
7892:
7768:
7608:
7276:
7246:
7019:
6970:
6811:
6759:
6754:
6516:
6337:
6234:
5986:
5981:
5730:
2481:
2443:
2064:
1959:
1760:
further equates the Dharmakāya with the buddha-nature and states that it has four perfections (
6098:
5030:
Liu, Ming-Wood (2005), "The Doctrine of Buddha-nature in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra",
918:
544:
7773:
7743:
7324:
7256:
7089:
7004:
6999:
6923:
6918:
6836:
5366:
3289:
2816:
2317:
also affirms the truth of "non-emptiness", which is a real genuine self, the buddha-nature.
2017:
understanding of buddha-nature in which the buddha element is merely something to be revealed
1803:
1639:) is a radical one which caused much controversy and was interpreted in many different ways.
1204:
1192:
1129:
1073:
858:
608:
559:
126:
24:
6389:
2106:, "the nature of the Tathāgata is difficult to see", the sutra emphasizes the importance of
908:
7796:
7763:
7748:
7266:
7163:
7109:
6994:
6933:
6901:
6896:
6881:
6866:
6856:
6821:
6734:
6426:
6349:
5652:
5592:
5341:
5308:
5258:
5077:
3764:
2723:(歷代三寶紀), a part of the core portion of the sutra was translated previously into Chinese by
1441:
school. During the Liang, the school's teachings were supplemented by the teachings of the
1222:
1078:
1068:
1063:
720:
334:
207:
7636:
6251:
6120:
6046:
5922:
5660:
3223:
2256:, a "doer" (kartṛ) or a "master" (zhu 主). According to Williams, the "Self" taught in the
1892:
1265:
eternal nature of the Buddha and his vajra body. According to Shimoda, the authors of the
8:
7603:
7482:
7316:
7291:
7281:
7241:
7218:
7101:
7074:
7034:
6953:
6943:
6871:
6798:
6229:
6086:
5867:
5845:
5797:
5617:
5417:
5273:
5253:
3095:
2619:
1470:
even saw the sutra as a final teaching of the Buddha and as being of equal status to the
1388:
1038:
528:
519:
304:
134:
5577:
5504:
3202:
2865:
One significant difference between the Dharmakṣema edition and the earlier six fascicle
2526:
2509:
2137:
1865:, "all sentient beings possess buddha-nature without distinction" (Chinese:一切眾生皆有佛性而無差別)
1636:
1632:
1601:
453:
344:
157:
7666:
7571:
7413:
7376:
7371:
7301:
7251:
7198:
7193:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7029:
7014:
7009:
6948:
6928:
6891:
6816:
6621:
6322:
6246:
6124:
6066:
5907:
5807:
5735:
5710:
5356:
5286:
4895:
3923:
Ming-Wood, L. (1981). The P'an-Chiao System of the Hua-Yen School in Chinese Buddhism.
3239:
2907:
2894:
The "Southern text" (Taisho no. 375.12.605-852), in 36 fascicles, was edited c. 453 by
2842:
Some textual scholars argue the latter portion of the northern edition may have been a
2636:
2576:
2462:
2052:
1951:
1927:
1814:
1477:
Due to its status in these doctrinal traditions, it also became important for numerous
1172:
1144:
1058:
1023:
685:
615:
160:), and pure (shudda). Due to this buddha nature, all beings have the capacity to reach
7465:
1857:), which refers to the fundamental nature of the Buddha, is a central teaching of the
1285:
of the Buddha. According to Shimoda's theory, these figures used the teachings of the
1184:
7887:
7844:
7806:
7502:
7487:
7450:
7435:
7208:
7124:
7039:
6876:
6841:
6826:
6553:
6543:
6224:
6071:
6056:
5927:
5850:
5770:
5705:
5637:
5524:
5281:
4799:
3907:
3212:
2992:
2977:
2809:
2516:
2112:
1969:
which actualize their buddha potential into full Buddhahood. This is compared to how
1947:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1048:
1033:
1028:
1011:
690:
601:
551:
231:
76:
32:
6788:
5582:
5482:
3864:
Lai, Whalen. “Sinitic Speculations on Buddha-Nature: The Nirvāṇa School (420-589).”
2457:
The sutra responds to this situation of decline with the proclamation of the innate
2344:
Another important element of the relationship between not-self and true self in the
2071:
of a Buddha as well as to basic constituents of reality or "raw material" (like the
1187:. During this time, the Śātavāhana dynasty also maintained extensive links with the
428:
7492:
7445:
7440:
7296:
7261:
7236:
7231:
6982:
6938:
6851:
6526:
6182:
6175:
5959:
5949:
5835:
5499:
5371:
4789:
3932:
3873:
2903:
2555:
1965:
However, in order to become true Buddhas, sentient beings need to practice the six
1463:
1415:
1043:
1016:
883:
700:
680:
504:
468:
6571:
1731:
1671:
1208:
748:
130:
7856:
7801:
7753:
7681:
7551:
7349:
7329:
7271:
7183:
6846:
6744:
6591:
6327:
6310:
6295:
6273:
5825:
5695:
5529:
5509:
3999:
3992:
3244:
3217:
3090:
Another important commentary was the Nirvana school scholar Pao-liang's (d. 509)
3061:
2800:
2724:
1794:
developed out of earlier miraculous accounts of the Buddha's gestation and birth.
1662:
that paves the way for the ultimate buddha-nature teachings, the doctrine of the
1419:
1392:
1372:
1196:
988:
923:
763:
481:
463:
448:
339:
319:
216:
203:
6601:
5755:
5745:
5063:"Review Article: The Mahaparinirvana Sutra and the Origins of Mahayana Buddhism"
3431:, Indica et Tibetica 51 (Marburg : lndica et Tibetica, 2007), pp. xliii–li.
2703:
of varying lengths survive in Chinese and Tibetan. The fragments are written in
1655:
783:
7811:
7514:
7364:
7146:
6726:
6706:
6626:
6315:
6305:
6239:
6076:
5562:
5425:
3336:
Qualified by Stephen Hodge as a "sadly unreliable, though pioneering, attempt".
2804:
2545:
2531:
2521:
2362:
2036:
1849:
The doctrine of the "buddha-dhātu" (buddha-nature, buddha-element, Chinese: 佛性
1798:
A key element of the doctrine of the eternal buddha-body is a kind of Mahayana
1787:
1165:
1161:
1053:
968:
725:
489:
388:
289:
86:
3099:
2755:
between 416 and 418. Though the translation of this version in six fascicles (
2230:
2151:
2047:
1567:'s setting is the final hours of the Buddha's life. Unlike the early Buddhist
7871:
7581:
7430:
6739:
6641:
6499:
6300:
6278:
6214:
5885:
5680:
5675:
5567:
5236:
4803:
3261:
3064:. It also describes the final nirvana and teaches that the Buddha is eternal.
2835:
1966:
1683:
1620:
1544:
1515:
1434:
1404:
1292:
1188:
1157:
953:
938:
878:
710:
670:
413:
354:
294:
279:
153:
112:
6039:
6029:
5401:
3936:
3294:
2352:(advaya), as two sides of the same coin so to speak. Thus, according to the
1830:
1742:
1695:
1295:. Sasaki states that a key premise of Shimoda's work is that the origins of
20:
7671:
7656:
7626:
7576:
7566:
7408:
7203:
6696:
6531:
6409:
6197:
6192:
6019:
5890:
5765:
5226:
5172:
Sanskrit fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra: Koyasan manuscript
4829:
3181:
2647:
2540:
2142:), a “supreme essence” (Tibetan: snying po’i mchog) and as a "great self" (
1782:
1737:
1482:
1443:
1200:
1180:
978:
963:
803:
6454:
6439:
6399:
6096:
5760:
5336:
4994:"The Doctrine of the Buddha-Nature in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra."
3753:"The Transmission of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra ( 略論大乘《大般涅槃經》的傳譯定)"
2035:
Buddha relics which were originally housed inside the chamber (garbha) of
1628:
793:
589:
557:
525:
502:
7641:
7470:
6611:
6596:
6379:
6187:
6115:
5895:
5725:
5627:
5474:
5346:
5164:
The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine
4751:, edited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, 175–215. Leiden: Brill.
3229:
3126:
2857:
2848:
2768:
2550:
2447:
2000:
1714:
1591:
1278:
1176:
1153:
1137:
1133:
838:
813:
798:
495:
438:
381:
264:
145:
37:
7631:
6091:
5032:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies (Vol. V), Paul Williams
4966:
4794:
4777:
2221:
The four perfections as a feature of buddha-nature is also found in the
1589:
also ends with the Buddha lying down, but it does not depict his actual
393:
164:. Some scholars like Michael Radich and Shimoda Masahiro think that the
7586:
7544:
7420:
7226:
7151:
6765:
6749:
6711:
6691:
6586:
6561:
6469:
6404:
6384:
6130:
6061:
5932:
5815:
5785:
5720:
5670:
5328:
5318:
5291:
5116:
Mahayanism: A Critical Exposition of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
3453:
Die zentralasiatischen Sanskrit‐Fragmente des Mahāparinirvāṇa‐mahāsūtra
3248:
2870:
2594:
2589:
2458:
2380:
2349:
2297:
2249:
2133:
1833:
of a billion worlds, and yet, ultimately, I do not take parinirvāṇa.”
1675:
1663:
1376:
958:
868:
853:
778:
773:
650:
398:
377:
274:
269:
188:
161:
149:
6606:
5602:
3955:
2292:
states that those who see everything as empty and fail to see what is
2146:大我) that is eternal, pure and blissful, and is also separate from the
1600:, and other episodes after his death, like the division of relics and
788:
329:
7561:
7534:
6701:
6576:
6288:
6204:
6081:
5971:
5944:
5937:
5900:
5857:
5820:
5587:
5552:
5519:
5494:
5449:
5015:"The Problem of the Icchantica in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra"
2972:(of a projected 4), Berkeley, Calif.: BDK America (distr.: Honolulu:
2599:
2014:
1597:
1582:
983:
743:
695:
433:
423:
418:
403:
349:
180:
7334:
6170:
6024:
5790:
5572:
5441:
5433:
3877:
3287:
It shares its title with another well-known Buddhist scripture, the
3037:
2933:
Phags pa yong su Mya ngan las 'Das pa chen po theg pa chen po'i mdo.
2172:
1651:
1647:
1574:
913:
843:
176:
133:
school. The sutra was particularly important for the development of
7851:
7691:
7646:
7591:
7556:
7460:
7119:
6686:
6681:
6631:
6566:
6484:
6449:
6444:
6105:
5976:
5964:
5875:
5534:
5231:
4934:
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra. The text & its Transmission
2879:
2735:
This translation, often called the "Six fascicle text", and titled
2696:
2451:
2040:
1799:
1667:
1548:
1498:
1430:
1364:
1296:
903:
828:
753:
705:
655:
443:
239:
104:
54:
6676:
6666:
6651:
6474:
6344:
5612:
4145:
2815:
The first ten fascicles of the northern edition may be based on a
1790:). Some scholar like Radich have argued that the doctrines of the
1494:
1191:. Hodge argues that it is likely that the text was composed "in a
1124:
933:
898:
888:
848:
7596:
7539:
7524:
6671:
6661:
6636:
6511:
6506:
6464:
6434:
6366:
6332:
6219:
6160:
6155:
6009:
5912:
5750:
5700:
5487:
5313:
3137:
3103:
2919:
2796:
2772:
2708:
2147:
2072:
1955:
1524:
1510:
1502:
1455:
1438:
1231:
893:
823:
818:
715:
660:
359:
314:
6283:
6051:
4365:, 2nd edition, Routledge, London and New York, 2009, pp. 108-109
3180:《涅槃玄義發源機要》by the Tiantai master Zhi Yuan (976-1022 C.E.) in the
2123:
2051:
Illustration of the reliquary and relic chamber of found in the
2031:
1786:
Gandharan depiction of the Miraculous birth of the Buddha (from
1310:
might be the earliest source for the tathāgatagarbha doctrine.
7676:
7661:
7497:
7359:
7339:
7114:
6776:
6656:
6646:
6581:
6209:
6165:
6150:
6140:
6110:
6034:
5917:
5685:
5557:
5301:
5296:
3166:
3155:
2989:
Nirvana Sutra: A Translation of Dharmakshema's Northern version
2760:
2744:
2581:
2421:
In spite of their hostile dogmatism, the longer version of the
1978:
1913:
1730:
thus presents the Buddha as an eternal and transcendent being (
1700:
1459:
1437:(502-557) and many of its teachings were incorporated into the
1375:
and the universality of buddha-nature and Buddhahood, even for
1306:
Scholars like Shimoda as well as Michael Radich argue that the
928:
863:
833:
768:
665:
125:) and the earliest version of the text was associated with the
68:
5184:
5130:
Blum, Mark (2003). Nirvana Sutra, in: Buswell, Robert E. ed.,
4294:
4292:
4157:
4057:
4055:
3589:
3587:
3585:
7816:
7651:
7509:
7475:
7455:
7425:
7354:
6771:
6616:
6494:
6489:
6459:
6414:
6261:
6256:
6135:
5840:
5665:
5632:
5622:
3170:
2922:
collection (vols. 77-78) there are three translations of the
2782:
2310:
2167:. In teaching the existence of a permanent element (Tibetan:
2107:
2081:
2068:
1974:
1679:
1659:
1467:
1282:
1270:
1214:
According to Stephen Hodge, internal textual evidence in the
973:
873:
808:
284:
168:
might be the earliest source for the idea of buddha-nature.
108:
5167:, Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5, Hamburg University Press.
5019:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4998:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
3974:
3972:
2999:. This is Dr. Tony Page's re-editing of Yamamoto's original.
7686:
6479:
6145:
5642:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4563:
4289:
4052:
3582:
2461:
that is present in all (though it remains concealed by the
2253:
2022:
1970:
1635:). This notion of a buddhist theory of a true self (i.e. a
4733:
Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism: Literature and Languages
4731:
Radich, Michael. "Tathāgatagarbha Scriptures." In Vol. 1,
4515:
4072:
4070:
3551:
3549:
1493:. The work is cited by key Japanese Buddhist figures like
7344:
5880:
5151:
Lai, Whalen (1982). Sinitic speculations on buddha-nature
4234:
4133:
4082:
4003:
Japanese Journal o f Religious Studies 4/4 December 1977.
3969:
3771:
3401:"Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra (Buddha-nature, Tsadra Foundation)"
2097:
Another key aspect of the buddha-nature as taught in the
675:
5158:(420-589), Philosophy East and West 32 (2), 135-149
4698:
4664:
4224:
4222:
4123:
4121:
3668:
Lecture held at University of London, SOAS, Spring 2006.
3534:
3079:
Compendium of Commentaries on the *Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra
2719:
According to early Chinese sutra catalogues such as the
1775:
sutra refers to itself by alternative titles, including
1686:, and a teaching on the decline of the Buddha's Dharma.
1260:
Shimoda Masahiro proposes that the earliest part of the
4759:
4757:
4067:
4030:
4028:
3546:
1523:
for the more theoretical elaboration of the meaning of
1203:. Hiromi Habata likewise associated the sutra with the
4715:
4713:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4628:
4489:
4487:
4437:
4392:
4380:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4207:
3637:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
1509:
is among the most important sources and influences on
4891:
Textual History of the Mahāyāna-mahāparinirvāna-sūtra
4652:
4219:
4118:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3795:
3721:
3719:
3524:
3522:
2940:
Phags pa yongs su mya ngan las 'das pa chen po'i mdo.
2707:
and indicate that they were written by speakers of a
1836:
According to Radich, the tathāgatagarbha idea in the
4754:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4575:
4368:
4343:
4185:
4183:
4094:
4040:
4025:
3704:
3625:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
2730:
1734:) who is beyond being and non-being and is Thusness
1577:, the Buddha's attendant, is mostly absent from the
5141:, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
4749:
Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions
4710:
4681:
4640:
4587:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4484:
4472:
4425:
4404:
4328:
4277:
4265:
4246:
4106:
3807:
3561:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3325:
Eminent Monks who Went West in Search of the Dharma
2889:
1531:is a key source for Dōgen's view of buddha-nature.
5134:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., pp. 605–606.
4810:
4195:
4006:
3716:
3519:
1371:. His work promoted the "northern" translation by
1351:Ch. 5, and Ch. 9 onwards of the six fascicle text.
1148:Illustration of a chaitya cave temple, Karla Caves
4599:
4304:
4180:
3498:
2393:positively in the longer versions of the sutra).
2177:) that completely rejected any notion of a self.
1367:, a great Chinese commentator and scholar of the
7869:
5190:Revised translation of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
4616:
3952:"Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, T'ien-T'ai"
3611:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman,
3595:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman,
3459:
1425:, which was simply called the "Nirvana School" (
1249:(he is also called Sarvalokapriyadarśana in the
4976:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman
3019:The Latter Portion of the Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra
2991:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1779:which indicate the eternity of the Tathāgata.
1777:Tathāgataśāśvata-sūtra/Tathāgatanityatva-sūtra,
4512:, BDK Berkeley, California, 2013, pp. xvi-xvii
3889:William Edward Soothill, Lewis Hodous (1977).
3147:《大般涅槃經疏》by Guanding in the Sui in 33 fascicles
2910:and syntax to a more accessible and readable.
2248:(including some of the theories taught in the
1519:. Shinran relies on crucial passages from the
80:
5210:
4464:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
3788:
3786:
3425:Die zentralasialischen Sanskrit-Pragmente des
2946:Phags pa yongs su mya ngan las 'das pa'i mdo.
2672:
2124:Buddhadhātu as ātman and the four perfections
1100:
62:
5992:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4363:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
1880:(which is also done by other texts like the
1764:): permanence, bliss, purity, and selfhood.
123:Great Scripture of the Great Perfect Nirvāṇa
3906:, p. 91, York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser,
3056:(佛垂般涅槃略說教誡經 Taisho no. 389), also known as
2803:(c. 385–433 CE) between 421 and 430 in the
2791:(大般涅槃經), is a translation in 40 fascicles (
2366:sutra (the most likely candidate being the
115:class. The original title of the sutra was
5217:
5203:
3904:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen
3783:
2679:
2665:
2154:phenomena. For example, the sutra states:
1938:idea that the Mahayana path is open to all
1454:was also seen as a key sutra for both the
1429:) and was also influenced by the works of
1107:
1093:
4793:
1876:also equates buddha-nature with the term
1559:Chinese illustration of the Nirvana sutra
5113:
5104:
4569:
4298:
4240:
4100:
4061:
3993:The Buddha-nature in Dogen's Shobogenzo.
3054:Fo chui banniepan lüe shuo jiao jie jing
2795:no. 374.12.365c-603c), completed by the
2433:
2046:
2030:
1781:
1699:
1642:Other important doctrinal themes in the
1554:
1538:
1359:
1143:
1123:
31:
7179:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5094:
5038:
4704:
4692:
4675:
4646:
4634:
3777:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3643:
3631:
3597:pp. 29-30. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
3140:monk Guanding in the Sui in 2 fascicles
2951:
2767:Chinese version was obtained by him in
2231:"Self" and "not-self" as skillful means
1462:schools, the main doctrinal schools of
1273:worship, would have known how the term
7870:
7382:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5109:, Taylor & Francis, Kindle Edition
5060:
5051:
4952:
4878:
4743:
4741:
4176:T12n0376, p. 79, buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4088:
4046:
3725:
3710:
3694:
3540:
2025:is not located in any part of the lute
1829:"at times, I show parinirvāṇa in the
5198:
5070:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
4973:
4959:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
4930:
4909:
4887:
4816:
4719:
4610:
4593:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4478:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4431:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4349:
4337:
4322:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4112:
3946:
3944:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3605:
3603:
3528:
3492:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3125:scholar Hui Yuan (慧遠 523–592) in the
2987:Yamamoto, Kosho; Page, Tony. (2015).
2957:Yamamoto, Kosho, trans. (1973-1975).
1741:), the ultimate reality, the eternal
1689:
1447:by scholars like Pao-liang (d. 509).
1387:is an extremely influential work for
4982:
4870:
4856:
4763:
4658:
4622:
4228:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4076:
4019:
3978:
3868:, vol. 32, no. 2, 1982, pp. 135–49.
3813:
3801:
3750:
3731:
3576:
3555:
3513:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
2360:(possibly Taisho no. 381–382) and a
1547:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE,
5034:, Taylor & Francis, p. 190
5029:
5012:
4991:
4738:
4581:
4310:
4034:
3613:p. 30. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
2913:
2869:is that the six fascicle's view of
2633:25. Additional Sutra Clarifications
2075:that make up any personality). The
1581:(instead, the main interlocutor is
1348:Chapter 8 of the six fascicle text.
13:
7169:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
5124:
4775:
4499:
4449:
3984:
3941:
3843:
3671:
3649:
3600:
3109:Other Chinese commentaries in the
3046:(方等般泥洹經 Taisho no. 378, Sanskrit:
3032:(四童子三昧經 Taisho no. 379, Sanskrit:
2959:The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
2918:In the 6th section of the Tibetan
2136:and buddha-nature as a true self (
1841:tathāgata-garbha, "buddha womb").
144:uses the backdrop of the Buddha's
14:
7914:
5185:Tony Page's Nirvana Sutra website
5178:
3893:p. 256. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
3455:. Indo‐Iranian Journal 58: 71–78.
3434:
3348:
3003:
2759:卷) is conventionally ascribed to
2309:and emptiness teachings as being
2063:The Indic term dhātu was used in
1607:According to Sallie B. King, the
1128:Cave complex associated with the
7850:
7840:
7839:
7397:Thai temple art and architecture
7142:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5382:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5248:
5235:
5225:
3701:, Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
3092:On the Middle Path Buddha-nature
2783:Dharmakṣema's "northern" edition
2652:30. Shōwa Treasures of the Faith
2488:
2013:). These similes suggest a more
2009:, which is cited by name in the
1844:
1604:paying respect to his body etc.
248:
175:also discusses the teachings of
5249:
4822:
4769:
4725:
4416:
4355:
4169:
3917:
3896:
3883:
3819:
3616:
3330:
3317:
3308:
3068:
1379:, the most dogmatic of persons.
1355:
7387:Japanese Buddhist architecture
7189:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6269:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5460:Places where the Buddha stayed
5076:(1–2): 189–197, archived from
3417:
3301:, or more commonly simply the
3299:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
3281:
2373:
1995:However, other similes in the
1918:
1909:
1646:include re-interpretations of
1414:(420-589) period, there was a
1324:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1322:Using textual evidence in the
1239:to the Nirvana sutra like the
63:
50:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1:
7402:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3880:. Accessed 29 September 2023.
3342:
3178:Niepan Xuan Yi Fa Yuan Ji Yao
2851:in the latter portion of the
2003:(both which are found in the
1981:through additional conditions
1543:Parinirvana scene in schist,
148:to discuss the nature of the
103:for short, is an influential
7159:Buddhism and the Roman world
7135:Decline of Buddhism in India
7130:History of Buddhism in India
5230: Topics in
4978:, University of Hawaii Press
4965:(1–2): 73–83, archived from
2787:The "Northern text", titled
2442:are very concerned with the
2304:According to Mark Blum, the
1708:A key teaching found in the
1534:
7:
6357:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
6097:
5137:Bongard-Levin, G.M (1986).
4154:, p. 105-107, 132-134.
3662:“On the Eschatology of the
3427:Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra:
3256:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
3188:
2974:University of Hawai'i Press
2970:The Nirvana Sutra: Volume 1
2968:Blum, Mark, trans. (2013).
2413:describes them as follows:
2368:Suvikrāntavikrāmiparipṛcchā
2313:, not ultimate truths. The
2296:empty do not know the true
1771:Radich also notes that the
1615:is the linking of the term
1195:environment" like Karli or
590:
558:
526:
503:
10:
7919:
7307:The unanswerable questions
5095:Shimoda, Masahiro (1997).
5056:, Hamburg University Press
5004:(2): 63–94, archived from
4849:
3757:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
3197:Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa
3134:Da Ban Niepan Jing Xuan Yi
2714:
1825:As the Buddha says in the
1693:
1466:. The key Tiantai exegete
1329:The Indian version of the
1183:, and also with the Great
1119:
222:
187:discusses the idea of the
18:
16:Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
7835:
7787:
7702:
7617:
7392:Buddhist temples in Korea
7315:
7217:
7100:
6797:
6725:
6552:
6425:
6365:
6000:
5955:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5866:
5858:Three planes of existence
5806:
5651:
5543:
5473:
5465:Buddha in world religions
5327:
5272:
5244:
4953:Jikido, Takasaki (2000),
4883:, Oxford University Press
4860:The Nirvana Sutra, Vol. 1
3763:: 103–127. Archived from
3152:Da Ban Niepan Jing You Yi
3048:Caturdhārakasamādhi sūtra
3034:Caturdhārakasamādhi sūtra
2348:is that they are seen as
1954:), transcending the five
1682:-kaya), the promotion of
1678:and his adamantine body (
1313:
90:
7174:Persecution of Buddhists
6395:Four stages of awakening
5776:Three marks of existence
5362:Physical characteristics
5161:Radich, Michael (2015).
5132:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
5114:Yamamoto, Kosho (1975),
5061:Sasaki, Shizuka (1999),
5052:Radich, Michael (2015),
4983:King, Sallie B. (1991),
3998:14 February 2022 at the
3866:Philosophy East and West
3275:
3158:in the Sui in 1 fascicle
3119:Da Ban Niepan Jing Yi Ji
2705:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2473:
2358:Sarvapuṇyasamuccayasūtra
2057:Frederick Charles Maisey
1958:and the twelve links of
1234:). Hodge notes that the
118:Mahāparinirvāṇamahāsūtra
6537:Ten principal disciples
5420:(aunt, adoptive mother)
5174:, The Reiyukai Library.
5105:Williams, Paul (2002),
5013:Liu, Ming-Wood (1984),
4992:Liu, Ming-Wood (1982),
4931:Hodge, Stephen (2012),
4910:Hodge, Stephen (2006),
4888:Hodge, Stephen (2004),
4881:Foundations of Buddhism
4879:Gethin, Rupert (1998),
4776:Li, Zijie (July 2022).
4462:Williams, Paul (2008).
4166:, p. 105-107, 132.
3937:10.1163/156853281X00038
3902:Huai-Chin, Nan (1997),
3405:buddhanature.tsadra.org
3208:Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen
3044:Fangdeng bannihuan jing
3015:Dabanniepan jing houfen
2799:Indian monk translator
2731:The "six fascicle text"
2281:Thus, according to the
1596:nor does it depict the
1277:originally referred to
593:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
7898:Buddhist vegetarianism
7247:Buddhism and democracy
6760:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6755:Chinese Buddhist canon
5987:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5982:Early Buddhist schools
5170:Yuyama, Akira (1981).
5148:, Somerset Hall Press.
4857:Blum, Mark L. (2013),
3990:Takashi James Kodera,
3751:Wang, Bangwei (1993).
3145:Da Ban Niepan Jing Shu
3083:Dabanniepanjing ji jie
2890:The "southern" edition
2691:The Indic text of the
2627:23. Non-Buddhist Texts
2551:4. Saddharma Pundarika
2482:Chinese Buddhist Canon
2419:
2279:
2199:
2160:
2060:
2044:
1795:
1724:
1705:
1560:
1552:
1418:school devoted to the
1380:
1149:
1141:
623:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra
570:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
81:
44:
7257:Eight Consciousnesses
5367:Life of Buddha in art
4871:Chen, Jinhua (2004),
4422:see Ruegg 1989a: 21-6
3666:and Related Matters.”
3664:Mahâparinirvâṇa-sûtra
3290:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
3268:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
3060:(遺教經), translated by
3030:Si tongzi sanmei jing
2829:Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra
2817:birch-bark manuscript
2753:Jin dynasty (266–420)
2693:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
2444:decline of the Dharma
2434:Decline of the Dharma
2415:
2274:
2194:
2156:
2050:
2034:
1855:sangs rgyas gyi khams
1785:
1719:
1703:
1570:Mahaparanibbana sutta
1558:
1542:
1363:
1331:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
1288:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
1147:
1127:
584:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
561:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
505:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra
490:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
212:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
95:Kinh Đại Bát Niết Bàn
35:
25:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
19:For the sutta of the
7734:East Asian religions
7164:Buddhism in the West
6735:Early Buddhist texts
6350:Four Right Exertions
5816:Ten spiritual realms
5309:Noble Eightfold Path
5144:Ito, Shinjo (2009).
5099:. Tokyo, Shunjū-sha.
4974:Jones, C.V. (2020),
4947:on December 19, 2013
4524:, p. 36-39, 42.
3981:, p. xviii-xix.
3767:on October 15, 2006.
3609:Jones, C. V. (2020)
3593:Jones, C. V. (2020)
2952:English translations
2006:Tathāgatagarbhasūtra
1164:or some part of the
335:Bodhisattva Precepts
295:Transcendent Virtues
7857:Religion portal
7604:Temple of the Tooth
7483:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6522:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
6015:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5798:Two truths doctrine
5618:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5418:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5155:The Nirvaana school
5146:Shinjo: Reflections
5008:on October 16, 2013
4795:10.3390/rel13070619
4064:, pp. 163–164.
3558:, p. xiv-xvii.
2963:Kokuyaku issai kyō,
2339:lokottaraparamātman
1861:. According to the
1813:the Buddha entered
1444:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra
1389:East-Asian Buddhism
1006:Regional traditions
545:Lalitavistara Sūtra
520:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra
513:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
409:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
325:Non-abiding Nirvana
290:Transcendent Wisdom
135:East Asian Buddhism
59:traditional Chinese
7779:Western philosophy
7377:Dzong architecture
7199:Vipassana movement
7194:Buddhist modernism
6622:Emperor Wen of Sui
6390:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6323:Threefold Training
6125:Vipassana movement
5841:Hungry Ghost realm
5661:Avidyā (Ignorance)
5608:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5357:Great Renunciation
5352:Eight Great Events
5234:
5083:on August 11, 2011
4572:, p. 153–154.
4301:, p. 107–108.
4142:, p. 112, 42.
4091:, p. 130-131.
4079:, p. xv-xvii.
3780:, pp. 446–48.
3543:, p. 101-102.
3451:Review of Habata,
3323:In his account of
3251:school of Buddhism
3240:Nirvana (Buddhism)
2908:Chinese characters
2812:from the Chinese.
2586:12. Sutravyakarana
2061:
2053:Sanchi Stupa No. 2
2045:
1928:mental afflictions
1796:
1749:As such, while he
1706:
1690:The Eternal Buddha
1666:, the eternal and
1637:Buddhist ātma-vada
1561:
1553:
1412:Southern Dynasties
1381:
1217:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra
1173:Śātavāhana dynasty
1150:
1142:
630:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
616:Golden Light Sutra
529:Vimalakirtinirdeśa
345:Bodhisattva stages
310:Consciousness-only
45:
40:manuscript of the
7883:Nichiren Buddhism
7865:
7864:
7503:Om mani padme hum
7209:Women in Buddhism
7125:Buddhist councils
6995:Western countries
6783:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
6544:Shaolin Monastery
6121:Samatha-vipassanā
5731:Pratītyasamutpāda
5535:Metteyya/Maitreya
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5282:Four Noble Truths
4707:, pp. 163–4.
4678:, pp. 12–13.
4661:, pp. 221–2.
4510:The Nirvana Sutra
4466:p. 108. Routledge
4216:, p. xv-xxi.
3247:, founder of the
3224:Kulayarāja Tantra
3213:Faith in Buddhism
3176:Taisho no. 1766,
3161:Taisho no. 1769,
3150:Taisho no. 1768,
3143:Taisho no. 1767,
3132:Taisho no. 1765,
3117:Taisho no. 1764,
3098:and the unity of
2997:978-1-5176-3172-7
2982:978-1-886439-46-7
2810:Classical Tibetan
2689:
2688:
2648:29. Illustrations
2613:19. Sastravibhasa
2610:18. Vinayavibhasa
2546:3. Prajnaparamita
2224:Śrīmālādevī sūtra
2073:eighteen "dhātus"
2059:, published 1850.
1960:dependent arising
1809:According to the
1747:abhedavajrakāya).
1676:Shakyamuni Buddha
1527:. Similarly, the
1479:Japanese Buddhist
1117:
1116:
602:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
577:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
552:Samādhirāja Sūtra
275:Mind of Awakening
241:Mahāyāna Buddhism
91:མྱ ངནལས་དསཀྱི མྡོ
82:Daihatsunehan-gyō
7910:
7855:
7854:
7843:
7842:
7682:Sacred languages
7530:Maya Devi Temple
7493:Mahabodhi Temple
7297:Secular Buddhism
7262:Engaged Buddhism
6102:
5950:Tibetan Buddhism
5901:Vietnamese Thiền
5500:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5252:
5251:
5239:
5229:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5119:
5110:
5107:Buddhist Thought
5100:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5067:
5057:
5048:
5035:
5026:
5009:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4969:on July 27, 2014
4948:
4946:
4940:, archived from
4939:
4927:
4926:on June 14, 2013
4925:
4919:, archived from
4918:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4898:on June 22, 2009
4894:, archived from
4884:
4875:
4867:
4865:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4745:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4679:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4584:, p. 71-72.
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4460:
4447:
4446:, p. 55-59.
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4401:, p. 35-36.
4396:
4390:
4389:, p. 33-34.
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4326:
4325:, p. 55-60.
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4244:
4243:, p. 94–96.
4238:
4232:
4231:, p. xv-xx.
4226:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4037:, p. 66-67.
4032:
4023:
4017:
4004:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3954:. Archived from
3948:
3939:
3921:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3862:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3831:Oxford Reference
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3804:, p. xviii.
3799:
3793:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3729:
3723:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3699:涅槃經 (2022-03-03)
3696:
3669:
3660:Hodge, Stephen.
3658:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3622:Chen 1993 p103-5
3620:
3614:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3457:
3447:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3397:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3285:
3203:Ātman (Buddhism)
3121:《大般涅槃經義記》by the
3111:Taisho Tripitaka
2914:Tibetan editions
2904:Liu Song dynasty
2789:Dabanniepan jing
2777:Chu Sanzang Jiji
2737:Dabannihuan jing
2681:
2674:
2667:
2607:17. Sutravibhasa
2573:9. Sutrasanipata
2570:8. Mahasannipata
2492:
2478:
2477:
2067:to refer to the
2037:Kanishka's stupa
1920:
1911:
1513:'s magnum opus,
1464:Chinese Buddhism
1416:Chinese Buddhist
1269:as advocates of
1109:
1102:
1095:
884:Hongzhi Zhengjue
701:Tibetan Buddhism
609:Ghanavyūha sūtra
597:
565:
538:Pure Land Sutras
533:
508:
469:Wrathful deities
252:
242:
227:
226:
92:
84:
73:Dàbānnièpán-jīng
66:
65:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7903:Vaipulya sutras
7878:Mahayana sutras
7868:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7849:
7831:
7783:
7698:
7613:
7350:Ordination hall
7311:
7213:
7184:Buddhist crisis
7096:
6793:
6745:Mahayana sutras
6721:
6717:Thích Nhất Hạnh
6548:
6421:
6361:
6311:Bodhisattva vow
5996:
5862:
5802:
5761:Taṇhā (Craving)
5696:Five hindrances
5647:
5539:
5469:
5323:
5268:
5240:
5223:
5181:
5127:
5125:Further reading
5122:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5065:
5041:Studia Tibetica
4944:
4937:
4923:
4916:
4901:
4899:
4863:
4852:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4774:
4770:
4766:, p. xiii.
4762:
4755:
4746:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4682:
4674:
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4657:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
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4617:
4609:
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4580:
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4500:
4492:
4485:
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4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:Paul Williams,
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4282:
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4138:
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4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
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4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4007:
4000:Wayback Machine
3989:
3985:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3922:
3918:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3884:
3878:10.2307/1398712
3863:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3827:"Nirvāṇa Sūtra"
3825:
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3808:
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3527:
3520:
3512:
3499:
3491:
3460:
3449:Baums, Stefan.
3448:
3435:
3423:Hiromi Habata,
3422:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3235:Mahāyāna sūtras
3218:God in Buddhism
3191:
3184:in 4 fascicles.
3163:Niepan Zong Yao
3129:in 10 fascicles
3071:
3006:
2954:
2916:
2892:
2785:
2733:
2721:Lidai Sanbao ji
2717:
2685:
2656:
2655:
2616:20. Sarvasamaya
2537:
2505:
2476:
2436:
2376:
2233:
2217:), and purity (
2165:Indian Buddhism
2148:five aggregates
2126:
2091:tathāgatagarbha
1950:or affliction (
1935:Nirvana sutra's
1902:tathāgatagārbha
1878:tathāgatagarbha
1847:
1820:suishun shijian
1698:
1692:
1658:(Śūnyatā) as a
1625:tathagatagarbha
1537:
1358:
1316:
1301:Mahāparinirvāṇa
1255:Mahābherīhāraka
1223:Mahābheri Sūtra
1185:Amarāvati Stupa
1160:), possibly in
1122:
1113:
1084:
1083:
1007:
999:
998:
994:Thích Nhất Hạnh
989:14th Dalai Lama
924:Abhayākaragupta
739:
731:
730:
646:
636:
635:
484:
482:Mahayana sutras
474:
473:
384:
370:
369:
340:Bodhisattva vow
260:
240:
225:
215:which is not a
154:tathāgatagarbha
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7916:
7906:
7905:
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7895:
7890:
7885:
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7506:
7505:
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7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7414:Greco-Buddhist
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7365:Burmese pagoda
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
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7321:
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7312:
7310:
7309:
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7221:
7215:
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7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7147:Greco-Buddhism
7144:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7080:United Kingdom
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7025:Czech Republic
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6974:
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6889:
6884:
6879:
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6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6789:Abhidharmadīpa
6786:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6707:B. R. Ambedkar
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6627:Songtsen Gampo
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Eight precepts
6303:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6077:Five Strengths
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5716:Mental factors
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:Mahamoggallāna
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5483:Avalokiteśvara
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5179:External links
5177:
5176:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5092:
5058:
5049:
5036:
5027:
5010:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4950:
4928:
4907:
4885:
4876:
4868:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4821:
4809:
4768:
4753:
4737:
4724:
4709:
4697:
4680:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4637:, p. 157.
4627:
4615:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4508:Mark L. Blum,
4498:
4483:
4471:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4377:, p. 1-3.
4367:
4354:
4352:, p. 1-2.
4342:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4245:
4233:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4179:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4130:, p. 112.
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4066:
4051:
4039:
4024:
4005:
3983:
3968:
3940:
3916:
3895:
3882:
3842:
3818:
3816:, p. xix.
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3730:
3715:
3703:
3670:
3648:
3646:, p. 156.
3636:
3624:
3615:
3599:
3581:
3579:, p. xvi.
3560:
3545:
3533:
3518:
3497:
3458:
3433:
3416:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3316:
3307:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3159:
3148:
3141:
3130:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3041:
3027:
3023:Nirvana sutra.
3005:
3004:Related sutras
3002:
3001:
3000:
2985:
2966:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2935:
2915:
2912:
2891:
2888:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2805:Northern Liang
2784:
2781:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2713:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2630:24. Catalogues
2628:
2625:
2624:22. Cyclopedia
2622:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2595:14. Madhyamaka
2592:
2590:13. Abhidharma
2587:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2472:
2435:
2432:
2375:
2372:
2363:Prajñāpāramitā
2331:Nirvana sutra,
2311:skillful means
2232:
2229:
2203:Nirvana sutra
2169:yang dag khams
2125:
2122:
2116:) in both the
2065:early Buddhism
1846:
1843:
1827:Nirvana sutra,
1811:Nirvana sutra,
1769:Nirvana sutra.
1694:Main article:
1691:
1688:
1660:skillful means
1545:Kushan dynasty
1536:
1533:
1398:Dharmakṣema's
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:a short proto-
1315:
1312:
1303:are entwined.
1267:Nirvana sutra,
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Rangjung Dorje
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Ratnākaraśānti
916:
911:
909:Śaṅkaranandana
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Shāntarakshita
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
726:Chung Tai Shan
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
647:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
587:
580:
573:
566:
555:
548:
541:
534:
523:
516:
509:
500:
493:
485:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
429:Avalokiteśvara
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
365:Three Turnings
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
320:Three vehicles
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
285:Skillful Means
282:
277:
272:
267:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
245:
244:
236:
235:
224:
221:
217:Mahayana sutra
208:early Buddhist
93:; Vietnamese:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7915:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7893:Buddha-nature
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7846:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7619:Miscellaneous
7616:
7610:
7609:Vegetarianism
7607:
7605:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:Buddha in art
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:United States
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:Padmasambhava
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6554:Major figures
6551:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6500:Western tulku
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Five precepts
6299:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:Dhamma vicaya
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Buddhābhiṣeka
6045:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Enlightenment
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:Dhamma theory
5679:
5677:
5676:Buddha-nature
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Samantabhadra
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5101:(in Japanese)
5098:
5093:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4985:Buddha Nature
4981:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4943:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4866:, BDK America
4862:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4835:
4834:ntireader.org
4831:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4722:, p. 30.
4721:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4596:, p. 63.
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4570:Yamamoto 1975
4566:
4560:, p. 61.
4559:
4554:
4548:, p. 60.
4547:
4542:
4536:, p. 46.
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4496:, p. 66.
4495:
4490:
4488:
4481:, p. 65.
4480:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4434:, p. 58.
4433:
4428:
4419:
4413:, p. 36.
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4340:, p. 44.
4339:
4334:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4313:, p. 66.
4312:
4307:
4300:
4299:Yamamoto 1975
4295:
4293:
4286:, p. 43.
4285:
4280:
4274:, p. 42.
4273:
4268:
4262:, p. 19.
4261:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4241:Yamamoto 1975
4237:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4204:, p. 48.
4203:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4115:, p. 31.
4114:
4109:
4102:
4101:Yamamoto 1975
4097:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4063:
4062:Williams 2002
4058:
4056:
4049:, p. 52.
4048:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4022:, p. 14.
4021:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3958:on 2014-05-30
3957:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3912:1-57863-020-7
3909:
3905:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3713:, p. 73.
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3531:, p. 32.
3530:
3525:
3523:
3516:, p. xv.
3515:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3303:Nirvāṇa Sūtra
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:Buddha-nature
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3173:in 1 fascicle
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:Nirvana sutra
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:Nirvana sutra
2921:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:Nirvana sutra
2872:
2868:
2867:Nirvana sutra
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:draws on the
2854:
2853:Nirvana sutra
2850:
2845:
2844:Central Asian
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Nirvana sutra
2698:
2694:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:21. Histories
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:15. Yogachara
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:5. Avatamsaka
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2467:Nirvana sutra
2464:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:Nirvana Sutra
2438:Parts of the
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:Nirvana Sutra
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:Nirvana sutra
2407:
2405:
2404:Nirvana sutra
2399:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:Nirvana sutra
2383:
2382:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:Nirvana sutra
2342:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:Nirvana sutra
2323:
2322:Nirvana sutra
2318:
2316:
2315:Nirvana sutra
2312:
2307:
2306:Nirvana sutra
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:Nirvana sutra
2286:
2284:
2283:Nirvana sutra
2278:
2277:sovereignty .
2273:
2271:
2270:Nirvana sutra
2266:
2265:Nirvana sutra
2261:
2259:
2258:Nirvana sutra
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Nirvana sutra
2242:
2241:Nirvana sutra
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:As such, the
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:Nirvana sutra
2183:
2182:Nirvana sutra
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2130:Nirvana sutra
2121:
2119:
2118:Nirvana sutra
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:Nirvana sutra
2100:
2099:Nirvana sutra
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2077:Nirvana sutra
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Nirvana sutra
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:Nirvana sutra
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:Nirvana sutra
1985:As such, the
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:is made into
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Nirvana sutra
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1874:Nirvana sutra
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:Nirvana sutra
1860:
1859:Nirvana sutra
1856:
1852:
1845:Buddha-nature
1842:
1839:
1838:Nirvana sutra
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1792:Nirvana sutra
1789:
1788:Lorian Tangai
1784:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:Nirvana sutra
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1728:Nirvana sutra
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:Nirvana sutra
1702:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1684:vegetarianism
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Nirvana sutra
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:buddha-nature
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Nirvana sutra
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1587:Nirvana sutra
1584:
1580:
1579:Nirvana sutra
1576:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:Nirvana sutra
1557:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:Nirvana Sutra
1518:
1517:
1516:Kyogyoshinsho
1512:
1508:
1507:Nirvana Sutra
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Shin Buddhism
1488:
1484:
1481:schools like
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Nirvana sutra
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1435:Liang dynasty
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Nirvana sutra
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1405:vegetarianism
1401:
1400:Nirvana sutra
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Nirvana sutra
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Nirvana sutra
1366:
1362:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:Nirvāṇa Sūtra
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1308:Nirvana sutra
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Buddha-nature
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1262:Nirvana sutra
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:Nirvana sutra
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1209:Lokottaravāda
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Kuṣāṇa Empire
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Sakya Pandita
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Dahui Zonggao
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
734:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:Fo Guang Shan
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:Major schools
640:
639:
632:
631:
627:
625:
624:
620:
618:
617:
613:
611:
610:
606:
604:
603:
599:
596:
595:
594:
588:
586:
585:
581:
579:
578:
574:
572:
571:
567:
564:
563:
562:
556:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:
510:
507:
506:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
486:
483:
478:
477:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Samantabhadra
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:Bhaiṣajyaguru
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
379:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:Luminous mind
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:Buddha-nature
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
256:
255:
251:
247:
246:
243:
238:
237:
233:
229:
228:
220:
218:
214:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Nirvana sutra
197:
196:Nirvana sutra
192:
190:
186:
185:Nirvana sutra
182:
178:
174:
173:Nirvana sutra
169:
167:
166:Nirvana sutra
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:final nirvana
143:
142:Nirvana sutra
138:
136:
132:
131:Lokottaravāda
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
113:Buddha-nature
110:
106:
102:
101:
100:Nirvana Sutra
96:
88:
83:
78:
74:
70:
60:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:Nirvāṇa Sūtra
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
7797:Bodhisattvas
7717:Christianity
7712:Baháʼí Faith
7577:Dharmachakra
7567:Prayer wheel
7557:Prayer beads
7325:Architecture
7204:969 Movement
6988:Saudi Arabia
6966:Central Asia
6959:South Africa
6781:
6764:
6697:Panchen Lama
6602:Buddhapālita
6198:Satipatthana
6193:Mindful Yoga
6106:Recollection
6020:Brahmavihara
5891:Japanese Zen
5886:Chinese Chan
5846:Animal realm
5653:Key concepts
5475:Bodhisattvas
5287:Three Jewels
5171:
5163:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5118:, Karinbunko
5115:
5106:
5096:
5085:, retrieved
5078:the original
5073:
5069:
5053:
5044:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5018:
5006:the original
5001:
4997:
4987:, SUNY Press
4984:
4975:
4967:the original
4962:
4958:
4942:the original
4933:
4921:the original
4912:
4900:, retrieved
4896:the original
4890:
4880:
4872:
4859:
4837:. Retrieved
4833:
4830:"NTI Reader"
4824:
4819:, p. 2.
4812:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4748:
4732:
4727:
4705:Shimoda 1997
4700:
4693:Matsuda 1988
4676:Matsuda 1988
4654:
4647:Shimoda 1997
4642:
4635:Shimoda 1997
4630:
4618:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4509:
4474:
4467:
4463:
4439:
4427:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4345:
4318:
4306:
4279:
4267:
4236:
4209:
4197:
4192:, p. 4.
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4042:
3991:
3986:
3960:. Retrieved
3956:the original
3931:(1), 10-47.
3928:
3924:
3919:
3903:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3778:Shimoda 1997
3773:
3765:the original
3760:
3756:
3706:
3663:
3644:Shimoda 1997
3639:
3634:, p. 5.
3632:Matsuda 1988
3627:
3618:
3610:
3594:
3536:
3452:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3266:
3254:
3222:
3195:
3177:
3162:
3151:
3144:
3136:《大般涅槃經玄義》by
3133:
3118:
3108:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3069:Commentaries
3058:Yi jiao jing
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
2988:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2893:
2884:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2764:
2756:
2749:Buddhabhadra
2736:
2734:
2720:
2718:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2644:28. Doubtful
2565:
2561:6. Ratnakuta
2466:
2456:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2062:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1919:rúlái mìzàng
1917:
1901:
1897:
1893:Uttaratantra
1891:
1887:
1883:Aṅgulimālīya
1881:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1804:Mahāsāṃghika
1797:
1791:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1709:
1707:
1674:) nature of
1643:
1641:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1476:
1471:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1356:In East Asia
1345:development.
1338:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1286:
1281:or physical
1274:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1205:Mahāsāṃghika
1201:Dhanyakaṭaka
1193:Mahāsāṃghika
1170:
1158:dakṣiṇāpatha
1151:
1130:Mahāsāṃghika
979:D. T. Suzuki
784:Buddhapālita
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
591:
583:
582:
575:
568:
560:
550:
543:
536:
527:
518:
511:
496:
488:
382:Bodhisattvas
315:Three bodies
210:
199:
195:
193:
184:
172:
170:
165:
141:
139:
127:Mahāsāṃghika
122:
117:
116:
99:
98:
94:
75:;
72:
67:;
49:
48:
46:
41:
29:
7642:Dharma talk
7471:Asalha Puja
7267:Eschatology
7070:Switzerland
7050:New Zealand
6978:Middle East
6887:Philippines
6807:Afghanistan
6612:Bodhidharma
6597:Buddhaghosa
6517:Householder
6427:Monasticism
6380:Bodhisattva
6235:Prostration
6188:Mindfulness
6116:Anapanasati
6099:Kammaṭṭhāna
5896:Korean Seon
5836:Asura realm
5831:Human realm
5771:Ten Fetters
5726:Parinirvana
5628:Uppalavanna
5593:Mahākaccana
5578:Mahākassapa
5510:Kṣitigarbha
5505:Ākāśagarbha
5402:Suddhodāna
5347:Four sights
5274:Foundations
4164:Radich 2015
4152:Radich 2015
4140:Radich 2015
4128:Radich 2015
4089:Radich 2015
4047:Gethin 1998
3726:Sasaki 1999
3711:Jikido 2000
3541:Radich 2015
3230:Parinirvana
2902:during the
2871:icchantikas
2858:Mahābhārata
2801:Dharmakṣema
2769:Pāṭaliputra
2751:during the
2725:Dharmarakṣa
2641:27. Ancient
2637:26. Siddham
2463:defilements
2448:eschatology
2381:icchantikas
2374:Icchantikas
2197:selfhood...
2150:and beyond
2043:, Pakistan.
1853:, Tibetan:
1831:Jambudvīpas
1715:parinirvāṇa
1617:buddhadhātu
1602:Mahakasyapa
1592:parinirvāṇa
1472:Lotus Sutra
1427:nièpán-zong
1420:Dharmakṣema
1393:Dharmakṣema
1377:icchantikas
1373:Dharmakṣema
1275:buddhadhātu
1247:Lotus sutra
1154:South India
1134:Karla Caves
1017:Han Chinese
839:Amoghavajra
814:Bodhidharma
804:Candrakīrti
799:Dharmakīrti
794:Bhāvaviveka
749:Ashvaghosha
738:Key figures
497:Lotus Sūtra
454:Ākāśagarbha
449:Kṣitigarbha
439:Vajrasattva
330:One Vehicle
265:Bodhisattva
204:Dharmakṣema
189:icchantikas
38:Sui dynasty
7872:Categories
7759:Psychology
7739:Gnosticism
7727:Comparison
7722:Influences
7704:Comparison
7587:Bhavacakra
7545:Kushinagar
7520:Pilgrimage
7466:Māgha Pūjā
7421:Bodhi Tree
7237:Buddhology
7227:Abhidharma
7219:Philosophy
7152:Menander I
7020:Costa Rica
6971:Uzbekistan
6812:Bangladesh
6766:Dhammapada
6750:Pali Canon
6712:Ajahn Chah
6692:Dalai Lama
6592:Kumārajīva
6587:Vasubandhu
6562:The Buddha
6470:Zen master
6405:Sakadagami
6385:Buddhahood
6316:Pratimokṣa
6131:Shikantaza
6087:Meditation
6062:Deity yoga
5933:Madhyamaka
5826:Deva realm
5721:Mindstream
5671:Bodhicitta
5583:Aṅgulimāla
5450:Devadatta
5426:Yaśodharā
5329:The Buddha
5319:Middle Way
5087:21 January
5025:(1): 57–82
4902:21 January
4839:2023-09-29
4817:Hodge 2012
4788:(7): 619.
4720:Jones 2020
4611:Hodge 2004
4594:Jones 2020
4558:Jones 2020
4546:Jones 2020
4534:Jones 2020
4522:Jones 2020
4494:Jones 2020
4479:Jones 2020
4444:Jones 2020
4432:Jones 2020
4411:Jones 2020
4399:Jones 2020
4387:Jones 2020
4375:Jones 2020
4350:Jones 2020
4338:Jones 2020
4323:Jones 2020
4284:Jones 2020
4272:Jones 2020
4260:Jones 2020
4113:Jones 2020
3962:2011-09-03
3925:T'oung Pao
3836:2023-09-28
3529:Jones 2020
3493:Hodge 2006
3410:2023-09-28
3343:References
3295:Pāli Canon
3249:Shinnyo-en
3245:Shinjō Itō
3154:《涅槃經遊意》by
3096:two truths
3062:Kumārajīva
2849:Ajatasatru
2711:language.
2604:16. Sastra
2582:11. Vinaya
2577:10. Tantra
2566:7. Nirvana
2459:Buddhahood
2452:calamities
2298:middle way
2263:Thus, the
2250:Upanishads
2209:), bliss (
2134:Buddhahood
2132:describes
1922:or simply
1898:rúlái zàng
1743:Dharmakāya
1696:Dharmakāya
1664:icchantika
1242:Aṅgulimāla
1226:, and the
1138:Mahārāṣtra
959:Longchenpa
954:Tsongkhapa
869:Mazu Daoyi
854:Shāntideva
779:Sthiramati
774:Vasubandhu
764:Kumārajīva
721:Fa Gu Shan
651:Mādhyamaka
399:Adi-Buddha
389:Shakyamuni
350:Pure Lands
305:Two truths
270:Buddhahood
162:Buddhahood
21:Pāli Canon
7827:Festivals
7807:Buddhists
7769:Theosophy
7572:Symbolism
7562:Hama yumi
7535:Bodh Gaya
7302:Socialism
7277:Evolution
7252:Economics
7090:Venezuela
7005:Australia
7000:Argentina
6924:Sri Lanka
6919:Singapore
6837:Indonesia
6799:Countries
6740:Tripiṭaka
6702:Ajahn Mun
6577:Nagarjuna
6572:Aśvaghoṣa
6455:Anagārika
6450:Śrāmaṇerī
6445:Śrāmaṇera
6440:Bhikkhunī
6400:Sotāpanna
6289:Passaddhi
6230:Offerings
6205:Nekkhamma
6082:Iddhipada
6002:Practices
5972:Theravada
5945:Vajrayana
5938:Yogachara
5908:Pure Land
5821:Six Paths
5808:Cosmology
5588:Anuruddha
5563:Sāriputta
5553:Kaundinya
5545:Disciples
5520:Vajrapāṇi
5372:Footprint
5337:Tathāgata
4804:2077-1444
4782:Religions
4764:Blum 2013
4659:Chen 2004
4623:Chen 2004
4229:Blum 2013
4214:Blum 2013
4202:King 1991
4190:King 1991
4077:Blum 2013
4020:King 1991
3979:Blum 2013
3814:Blum 2013
3802:Blum 2013
3577:Blum 2013
3556:Blum 2013
3514:Blum 2013
3165:《涅槃宗要》by
3113:include:
2541:2. Jataka
2446:and with
2213:), self (
2190:zhenshifa
2144:mahātman,
2001:gold mine
1967:pāramitās
1888:Mahābherī
1762:pāramitās
1732:lokottara
1672:lokottara
1656:emptiness
1629:tathagata
1598:cremation
1535:Teachings
1251:Mahāmegha
1197:Amaravatī
1074:Indonesia
984:Sheng-yen
759:Lokakṣema
744:Nāgārjuna
696:Vajrayāna
686:Pure Land
434:Vajrapāṇi
419:Vairocana
404:Akshobhya
300:Emptiness
259:Teachings
181:emptiness
109:scripture
107:Buddhist
7888:Shentong
7845:Category
7774:Violence
7744:Hinduism
7692:Sanskrit
7647:Hinayana
7632:Amitābha
7592:Swastika
7461:Uposatha
7451:Holidays
7436:Calendar
7282:Humanism
7120:Kanishka
7110:Timeline
6934:Thailand
6902:Kalmykia
6897:Buryatia
6882:Pakistan
6867:Mongolia
6862:Maldives
6857:Malaysia
6822:Cambodia
6687:Shamarpa
6682:Nichiren
6632:Xuanzang
6567:Nagasena
6485:Rinpoche
6215:Pāramitā
6057:Devotion
5977:Navayana
5965:Dzogchen
5928:Nichiren
5876:Mahayana
5868:Branches
5746:Saṅkhāra
5495:Mañjuśrī
5452:(cousin)
5444:(cousin)
5412:(mother)
5404:(father)
5392:Miracles
5342:Birthday
5259:Glossary
5232:Buddhism
4582:Liu 1984
4311:Liu 1982
4035:Liu 1982
3996:Archived
3189:See also
2880:Daosheng
2797:Magadhan
2739:(大般泥洹經,
2697:Sanskrit
2532:Ekottara
2527:Samyukta
2522:Madhyama
2510:1. Agama
2504:Sections
2497:Sections
2350:non-dual
2219:śuddha).
2152:samsaric
2041:Peshawar
2015:immanent
1956:skandhas
1806:school).
1800:docetism
1648:not-self
1583:Mañjuśrī
1549:Gandhara
1499:Nichiren
1487:Nichiren
1458:and the
1431:Daosheng
1365:Daosheng
1299:and the
1297:Mahayana
1245:and the
1211:school.
1069:Malaysia
1064:Mongolia
904:Nichiren
829:Xuanzang
754:Āryadeva
706:Dzogchen
691:Nichiren
656:Yogācāra
444:Maitreya
424:Mañjuśrī
394:Amitabha
232:a series
230:Part of
177:not-self
105:Mahāyāna
77:Japanese
55:Sanskrit
7822:Temples
7802:Buddhas
7764:Science
7754:Judaism
7749:Jainism
7667:Lineage
7627:Abhijñā
7597:Thangka
7540:Sarnath
7525:Lumbini
7446:Funeral
7441:Cuisine
7317:Culture
7292:Reality
7242:Creator
7232:Atomism
7102:History
7075:Ukraine
7035:Germany
6954:Senegal
6944:Vietnam
6872:Myanmar
6672:Shinran
6662:Karmapa
6637:Shandao
6607:Dignāga
6532:Śrāvaka
6512:Donchee
6507:Kappiya
6465:Sayadaw
6435:Bhikkhu
6410:Anāgāmi
6367:Nirvana
6333:Samadhi
6220:Paritta
6161:Tonglen
6156:Mandala
6111:Smarana
6092:Mantras
6040:Upekkha
6010:Bhavana
5960:Shingon
5913:Tiantai
5766:Tathātā
5756:Śūnyatā
5751:Skandha
5741:Saṃsāra
5736:Rebirth
5711:Kleshas
5701:Indriya
5603:Subhūti
5488:Guanyin
5442:Ānanda
5434:Rāhula
5314:Nirvana
5254:Outline
4850:Sources
3293:of the
3169:in the
3156:Ji Zang
3138:Tiantai
3104:nirvana
3100:samsara
3077:is the
2920:Kangyur
2896:Huiguan
2773:Sengyou
2715:Chinese
2709:Prakrit
2465:). The
2428:Nirvana
2354:Nirvana
2174:anātman
2113:śraddhā
1924:mìzàng,
1906:Chinese
1815:nirvāṇa
1773:Nirvana
1751:appears
1738:tathata
1668:docetic
1652:anātman
1623:) with
1613:Nirvana
1585:). The
1529:Nirvana
1525:shinjin
1511:Shinran
1503:Shinran
1456:Tiantai
1439:Tiantai
1410:In the
1232:Kashmir
1228:Nirvāṇa
1140:, India
1120:Origins
1044:Tibetan
1039:Vietnam
969:Hanshan
944:Dolpopa
894:Shinran
824:Shandao
819:Huineng
789:Dignāga
716:Tzu Chi
681:Shingon
661:Tiantai
378:Buddhas
360:Dharani
223:History
111:of the
87:Tibetan
7817:Sutras
7812:Suttas
7677:Siddhi
7662:Koliya
7637:Brahmā
7552:Poetry
7498:Mantra
7488:Kasaya
7360:Pagoda
7340:Kyaung
7335:Vihāra
7330:Temple
7272:Ethics
7115:Ashoka
7065:Sweden
7060:Poland
7055:Norway
7045:Mexico
7030:France
7015:Canada
7010:Brazil
6949:Africa
6929:Taiwan
6892:Russia
6817:Bhutan
6777:Vinaya
6657:Naropa
6647:Saraha
6582:Asanga
6338:Prajñā
6247:Refuge
6210:Nianfo
6171:Tertön
6166:Tantra
6151:Ganana
6141:Tukdam
6067:Dhyāna
6035:Mudita
6030:Karuṇā
5923:Risshū
5918:Huayan
5851:Naraka
5791:Anattā
5786:Dukkha
5781:Anicca
5686:Dharma
5638:Channa
5573:Ānanda
5558:Assaji
5525:Skanda
5428:(wife)
5397:Family
5377:Relics
5302:Sangha
5297:Dharma
5292:Buddha
4802:
3910:
3167:Wŏnhyo
3038:Ananda
3026:sutra.
2995:
2980:
2900:Huiyan
2836:Yijing
2793:Taisho
2761:Faxian
2745:Faxian
2741:Taisho
2517:Dirgha
2069:relics
1979:butter
1952:klesha
1916::
1914:pinyin
1908::
1890:, and
1851:foxing
1654:) and
1575:Ananda
1505:. The
1460:Huayan
1314:Dating
1283:relics
1279:śarīra
1181:Ajaṇṭā
1166:Deccan
1162:Andhra
1132:sect.
1059:Bhutan
1024:Taiwan
964:Hakuin
934:Atisha
929:Nāropā
914:Virūpa
864:Wohnyo
844:Saichō
834:Fazang
769:Asanga
671:Huayan
666:Tendai
150:Buddha
69:pinyin
23:, see
7789:Lists
7657:Kalpa
7652:Iddhi
7515:Music
7510:Mudra
7476:Vassa
7456:Vesak
7426:Budai
7372:Candi
7355:Stupa
7287:Logic
7040:Italy
6939:Tibet
6877:Nepal
6847:Korea
6842:Japan
6832:India
6827:China
6772:Sutra
6727:Texts
6677:Dōgen
6667:Hōnen
6652:Atiśa
6617:Zhiyi
6527:Achar
6495:Tulku
6490:Geshe
6475:Rōshi
6460:Ajahn
6415:Arhat
6375:Bodhi
6345:Vīrya
6262:Sacca
6257:Satya
6252:Sādhu
6240:Music
6183:Merit
6176:Terma
6136:Zazen
6072:Faith
6025:Mettā
5706:Karma
5666:Bardo
5633:Asita
5623:Khema
5613:Upāli
5598:Nanda
5436:(son)
5410:Māyā
5387:Films
5264:Index
5081:(PDF)
5066:(PDF)
4945:(PDF)
4938:(PDF)
4924:(PDF)
4917:(PDF)
4864:(PDF)
3870:JSTOR
3276:Notes
3171:Silla
3123:Dilun
2474:Texts
2215:ātman
2211:sukha
2207:nitya
2139:ātman
2108:faith
2082:stupa
1975:cream
1948:karma
1680:vajra
1633:ātman
1495:Dōgen
1468:Zhiyi
1271:stupa
1177:Karla
1054:Newar
1049:Nepal
1034:Korea
1029:Japan
1012:China
974:Taixu
899:Dōgen
889:Hōnen
874:Jinul
849:Kūkai
809:Zhiyi
158:atman
97:) or
64:大般涅槃經
7687:Pāḷi
7672:Māra
7582:Flag
6983:Iran
6907:Tuva
6852:Laos
6480:Lama
6328:Śīla
6296:Śīla
6284:Pīti
6274:Sati
6225:Puja
6146:Koan
6052:Dāna
5643:Yasa
5530:Tārā
5089:2012
4904:2012
4800:ISSN
3908:ISBN
3792:Chen
3182:Song
3102:and
2993:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2898:and
2765:juan
2757:juàn
2747:and
2695:(in
2426:the
2409:The
2320:The
2288:The
2254:jīva
2239:The
2128:The
2023:lute
1971:milk
1942:The
1933:The
1910:如來密藏
1872:The
1756:The
1726:The
1563:The
1501:and
1489:and
1450:The
1383:The
1253:and
1179:and
1079:West
464:Tara
380:and
194:The
179:and
171:The
140:The
47:The
7409:Art
7345:Wat
5881:Zen
4790:doi
3933:doi
3874:doi
3127:Sui
2976:).
2775:'s
2370:).
2341:).
2294:not
2055:by
2039:in
1977:or
1904:as
1483:Zen
676:Zen
7874::
6911:ru
5153::
5074:26
5072:,
5068:,
5045:14
5043:.
5021:,
5017:,
5000:,
4996:,
4963:27
4961:,
4957:,
4832:.
4798:.
4786:13
4784:.
4780:.
4756:^
4740:^
4712:^
4683:^
4666:^
4601:^
4501:^
4486:^
4451:^
4330:^
4291:^
4248:^
4221:^
4182:^
4120:^
4069:^
4054:^
4027:^
4008:^
3971:^
3943:^
3929:67
3927:,
3872:,
3845:^
3829:.
3785:^
3761:06
3759:.
3755:.
3733:^
3718:^
3673:^
3651:^
3602:^
3584:^
3563:^
3548:^
3521:^
3500:^
3461:^
3436:^
3403:.
3350:^
3106:.
2926::
2406:.
1912:;
1886:,
1497:,
1485:,
1474:.
1220:,
1168:.
1136:,
234:on
219:.
137:.
89::
85:,
79::
71::
61::
57:;
36:A
6913:)
6909:(
6127:)
6123:(
5218:e
5211:t
5204:v
5047:.
5023:7
5002:5
4842:.
4806:.
4792::
4695:.
4649:.
4625:.
4613:.
4468:.
4103:.
3965:.
3935::
3914:.
3876::
3839:.
3728:.
3495:.
3413:.
3305:.
3081:(
3017:(
2984:.
2860:,
2680:e
2673:t
2666:v
2534:)
2515:(
2302:.
2226:.
2110:(
2086:.
2084:)
2027:.
2019:.
1991:.
1983:.
1963:.
1940:.
1867:.
1736:(
1670:(
1650:(
1627:(
1619:(
1594:,
1572:,
1551:.
1207:-
1199:-
1156:(
1108:e
1101:t
1094:v
129:-
121:(
53:(
27:.
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