24:
549:
250:
72:
595:
526:
42:
434:
388:
626:
204:
1413:
1292:
use of symbols belonging to totalitarian systems in the public sphere and for commercial purposes", as well as noting "the continued existence in public spaces in some Member States of monuments and memorials (parks, squares, streets etc.) glorifying totalitarian regimes, which paves the way for the distortion of historical facts about the consequences of the Second World War and for the propagation of the totalitarian political system".
572:
457:
365:
227:
503:
319:
273:
158:
411:
296:
1159:, proposed a bill to criminalize the promotion of communism. The draft proposed that offenders be given two to five years in prison and a fine if they manufacture, commercialize, distribute or convey symbols or propaganda that use the hammer or sickle or any other means of dissemination favourable to communism. As of December 2022, the bill is in the Constitution and Justice Commission of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.
342:
1171:, lawmakers voted on first reading of a proposed law on 24 November 2016 to make the public display of communist symbols illegal. The law, known as the "Criminal Nature of the Communist Regime", requires that signs and items created during the communist regime glorifying the former communist party and its leaders be removed from public places. The proposal, however, was never put to a second reading, never signed by the
480:
181:
33:
1410:
1288:, in which it mentions the banning of communist symbols by some Member states (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania) and concludes that "the European Union has a role to play, within the scope of its powers in this area, to contribute to the processes engaged in the Member States to face up to the legacy of totalitarian crimes".
946:, similarly to Latvia, banned Soviet and Nazi symbols in 2008 (Article 188 of the Code of Administrative Offences) under the threat of a fine. Collection, antiquarian trade and educational activities are exempt from the ban. Article 5 of the Law on Meetings prohibits meetings involving Nazi and Soviet imagery.
3163:
1301:
of the racial, anti-Semitic, revisionist, separatist actions that can endanger in any way the unity and territorial integrity of
Romania, as well as the instigation to deeds that can put in, danger the order of the state governed by the rule of law". However, symbols are not specifically mentioned in the law.
1291:
In
September 2019, the European Parliament approved a joint motion for a "Resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe" with 535 votes in favour, 66 against and 52 abstentions. Specifically, in points 17 and 18 of the resolution "expresses concern about the continued
1280:
rejected calls for a proposed Europe-wide ban on Nazi symbols to be extended to cover communist symbols as well on the basis that it was not appropriate to deal with this issue in rules aimed at combatting racism. However, this rejection did not rule out the individual member states having their own
1300:
Law 51/1991, (article 3. h) on the
National Security of Romania considers the following as threats to national security: "the initiation, organisation, perpetration, or the supporting in any way of the totalitarian or extremist actions of a communist, fascist, iron guardist, or of any other origin,
995:
and declared the
Hungarian law to be in violation of the freedom of expression. The Court recognised the gross violations by the Nazi and communist regimes; however, it noted that modern Hungary is a stable democracy with negligible chance of dictatorship, therefore restrictions on the freedom of
864:
the use of Soviet-era symbols on government buildings is prohibited, as is their display in public spaces, although this law is rarely enforced by authorities. A ban on communist symbols was first proposed in 2010, but it failed to define the applicable sanctions. In 2014, there was a proposal to
1227:
the criminal code was amended with w § 260 which banned propaganda of movements which restricted human rights and freedoms, citing Nazism and communism. Later the specific mentions of these were removed citing their lack of clear legal definition. Nevertheless, the law itself was recognised as
692:
frequently use the law to arrest people displaying them. Some of its violators were people with no knowledge of symbols of communism, in which cases the authorities frequently freed them with only minor punishment or small fine applied. The display of such symbols in an attempt to propagate
2974:
996:
expression have no justification in the country in the form of a "clear, pressing and specific social need". Eventually the law was annulled in 2013 by the
Constitutional Court, citing the lack of precise definition and the European Court of Human Rights. In March 2017, Prime Minister
3094:
1244:
was proceeding a draft bill amending the Penal Code to make the public use of Soviet and Nazi symbols punishable if used in a manner disturbing the public peace or inciting hatred. The bill did not come into effect as it passed only the first reading in the
Riigikogu.
2939:
1042:" legislation to include Soviet propaganda monuments, prompting negative reactions from the Russian government. While the "promotion of communist ideas" remains illegal in Poland, the display of communist symbols is no longer explicitly prohibited.
982:
had a law (Article 269/B of the
Criminal Code (2000)) that banned the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships. The same year the Constitutional Court upheld the law when it was challenged, claiming that the involved restriction of the
784:
for wearing a T-shirt with an image of the hammer and sickle symbol. The tourist was not aware that communist symbols were banned in
Indonesia. The police seized the T-shirt and released the tourist after giving him a warning. In May 2018, a
1000:
introduced a draft law that outlaws merchandise featuring "totalitarian symbols", which includes symbols like the Nazi swastika or the communist five-pointed red star. This included the red star on the logo of the Dutch brewing company
1029:
amended
Article 256 of its constitution, banning the display of "fascist, communist other totalitarian symbols" unless they were being used "as part of artistic, educational, collecting or academic activity." On 19 July 2011, the
2945:
1903:
3084:
3044:
1933:
2226:
1493:
1451:
3001:
1077:
proposed an amendment to the
National Security Law which would ban the public display of the flag of the People's Republic of China. However, as of 2022, no such legislation has been passed.
1590:
1432:
2922:
2196:
1284:
In December 2010, the European Commission published a report titled "The memory of the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe" addressed to the European Parliament and the
120:
in any form, with varying punishments applied to violators. Though the bans imposed by these countries nominally target the communist ideology, they may be accompanied by popular anti-
2073:
2043:
2455:
712:
itself remains acceptable in the country) are still widely condemned by the Indonesian government and considered as being closely related to communism. Such symbols include the
3099:
2008:
2873:
2514:
2606:
2542:
835:
banned the public display of communist symbols. On 17 December 2015, all communist parties were officially banned in Ukraine. Singing or playing the former anthem of the
2752:"/* COM/2010/0783 final */ REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND TO THE COUNCIL The memory of the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe"
1759:
1017:
by parliamentarian Oleg Serebryan, and the law came into effect in 2012. The Constitutional Court of Moldova found the law unconstitutional and overturned it in 2013.
1899:
1557:
2128:
1703:
1389:
1612:
1067:
3089:
3059:
1059:
3104:
2425:
765:
in South Korea. As such, displaying the symbol in public, even without any political intentions, is still regarded as highly offensive, especially among
2571:
1925:
1729:
1673:
1179:
and hence never became law. Both the parliamentary session and convocation in which the law was proposed later ended, thus rendering the proposal dead.
2218:
2866:
1487:
1448:
931:
parliament approved a ban on the display of Soviet and Nazi symbols at all public events. The ban involves flags, anthems, uniforms, and the Soviet
1789:
3049:
2809:
1639:
1580:
1429:
2188:
1819:
2327:
1005:, which the company claimed has no communist origins or political connotations, and which the company will defend like all other trademarks.
2859:
1470:
2065:
2035:
1232:
to ban the promotion of communism and in 2007, there was a proposed amendment to the law to ban communist symbols. Both attempts failed.
3079:
2451:
2308:
2012:
668:
no. 27/1999 in 1999 (the corresponding explanatory memorandums of whom explain that " the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by
2831:
2094:
2996:
2508:
2602:
3164:
Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests
2535:
2658:
1751:
1525:
1346:
1063:
1055:
657:
1849:
966:. They are deemed unconstitutional symbols, although some exceptions exist, particularly during international sport events.
2729:
2690:
2167:
2751:
3074:
2120:
1968:
1547:
2956:
2895:
2629:"Ants Erm: Erinevalt venelaste ajaloost on Venemaa ajalugu Eestis vaid vägivald, küüditamine ja kommunistlik diktatuur"
2351:
1695:
1385:
3054:
2916:
1031:
2485:
1875:
2255:
2219:"Brudziński chce ścigać za sierp i młot, ale symbole komunistyczne są legalne. W przeciwieństwie do faszystowskich"
2403:
924:
844:
3095:
International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania
2536:"Joint amicus curiae brief for the Constitutional Court of Moldova on the compatibility with European standards"
1351:
1066:. The temporary provisions were repealed in 1991, but a general ban on communist ideology and symbolism in the
988:
816:
2776:
2429:
3199:
2567:
1725:
1665:
1285:
100:
have been banned, in part or in whole, by a number of the world's countries. As part of a broader process of
1074:
731:
895:(secessionist flag) until the late 1960s, when the ban was lifted. The flag and emblem of the now defunct
3121:
2270:
2248:
1781:
1361:
1120:
900:
746:
1480:
688:..."), which are still in force. The law does not explicitly declare a ban on symbols of communism, but
3011:
2801:
2400:"Parliament Passes Amendments to Act Declaring the Criminal Nature of the Communist Regime in Bulgaria"
2058:
1204:
959:
896:
806:
630:
3129:
3006:
1212:
3189:
2940:
European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After
2802:"European Parliament resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe"
1811:
739:
1341:
2975:
European Parliament resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe
1115:
1467:
1002:
912:
2837:. Part I, No. 163. "Monitorul Oficial"(Official Gazette of Romania). 7 August 1991. p. 2
1172:
1035:
984:
820:
653:
634:
991:
considered the challenge of Attila Vajnai who was charged with a misdemeanor for use of the
3069:
3021:
2373:
1316:
1254:
874:
709:
645:
8:
3194:
3184:
2962:
2950:
2805:
2780:
2755:
1785:
1326:
1277:
1258:
1094:
955:
824:
717:
97:
63:
2319:
104:, these bans have mostly been proposed or implemented in countries that belonged to the
2968:
2928:
1262:
1208:
1196:
911:
symbol itself is considered a universal symbol and is legally used by the contemporary
840:
766:
726:
721:
121:
113:
23:
2851:
2152:
1152:
1140:
932:
908:
861:
750:
689:
324:
55:
3137:
3039:
2934:
2654:
2500:
1815:
2650:
3064:
2159:
1841:
1613:"RFE/RL: Ukraine's Constitutional Court upholds law equating communism to Nazism"
1515:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1417:
1331:
1155:, a federal deputy for São Paulo and the son of then-deputy and future president
1086:
1039:
904:
832:
762:
101:
2721:
2680:
1961:"Analysis of the Law on Prohibiting Communist Symbols - Human Rights in Ukraine"
1356:
997:
2882:
1336:
1321:
1311:
1266:
1229:
1224:
1156:
843:
is punishable with a sentence of up to five years in prison. In July 2019, the
812:
794:
781:
758:
301:
255:
3085:
Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
3178:
3045:
Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism
2628:
1960:
1176:
1090:
754:
600:
71:
2095:"Heineken will never remove its iconic red star: 'defending it to its core'"
1585:
1552:
1270:
1200:
1102:
882:
878:
836:
694:
105:
2477:
1871:
1640:"Ukraine's Constitutional Court Upholds Law Equating Communism To Nazism"
1489:
Malaysian detained in Indonesia for wearing T-shirt with communist symbol
963:
886:
531:
116:. In some countries, the bans also extend to prohibit the propagation of
2426:"New protests for the removal of the statue of the Soviet Army in Sofia"
1430:
Police chief explanation on banned hammer and sickle symbol in Indonesia
1187:
As of 2017, the use of fascist and communist symbols is under review in
3145:
3016:
2399:
1110:
1051:
777:
3002:
Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It
625:
1616:
1581:"Ukraine bans Soviet symbols and criminalises sympathy for communism"
1241:
1098:
943:
705:
701:
681:
673:
649:
641:
439:
393:
129:
117:
51:
41:
2009:"European court overturns Hungarian prohibition on "communist" star"
923:
In Latvia, the perception of the USSR is highly negative due to the
2923:
European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes
2685:
1520:
1411:
Explanations on banning communism and Marxism-Leninism in Indonesia
1192:
1168:
1106:
1034:
found the amendment to be partially unconstitutional as it limited
992:
770:
713:
209:
109:
59:
2121:"Moldova: Ban on Use of Communist Symbols - Global Legal Monitor"
1188:
1136:
1014:
979:
577:
508:
462:
370:
347:
278:
232:
163:
1696:"Georgia: Ban on Soviet Symbols Proposed - Global Legal Monitor"
1468:
Undang Undang no.27/1999, laws on Communism and Marxism-Leninism
629:
Anti-communist propaganda leaflets and literature, accusing the
1026:
928:
786:
677:
554:
485:
416:
186:
3100:
Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania
1228:
constitutional. However, in 2005, there was a petition in the
2066:"Hungary threatens to ban Heineken's red star as 'communist'"
881:) was outlawed as an unconstitutional and criminal symbol in
1191:. One of the discussions centered around the banning of the
1926:"South Korea Makes Olympic Exception for North Korean Flag"
828:
790:
32:
1782:"Latvia bans the use of USSR symbols during public events"
1449:
Farmer arrested after wearing shirt with hammer and sickle
1265:
from Hungary, urged a ban on the communist symbols in the
1139:'s Institute for Communist Crimes (ICC) proposed a ban on
1548:"Ukraine bans Communist party for 'promoting separatism'"
2478:"Народно събрание на Република България - Законопроекти"
2354:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Chamber of Deputies of Brazil
2329:
Proposed Ban on Albanian Communist Films Sparks Backlash
2298:(NY: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 180ff., Appendix V
2036:"Hungary Court Annuls Ban on Fascist, Communist Symbols"
1516:"Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols"
697:, and could be punished by up to 20 years imprisonment.
132:, while not explicitly passing legislation to ban them.
2929:
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism
2881:
2160:"Russia warns Poland not to touch Soviet WW2 memorials"
839:, any other former anthems of the Soviet republics, or
693:"Communist / Marxist-Leninist" ideals are considered a
1126:
2722:"BBC NEWS - Europe - EU rejects Communist symbol ban"
3090:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
3060:
Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism
2271:"DPP bill to ban promoting China or flying its flag"
1093:, many states passed laws forbidding the display of
1070:, promulgated in 1976, was not annulled until 2011.
1060:
Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
708:
symbols, while not officially prohibited by law (as
3105:
Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies
2510:
Croatia to Review Use of Fascist, Communist Symbols
2452:"Bulgaria bans public display of communist symbols"
757:in the country, similar to the stigma surrounding
2935:European Parliament declaration of 23 August 2008
915:(DKP) and various other organisations and media.
664:no. 25/1966 in the 1966 MPRS General Session and
3176:
2651:"Estonian MEP supports ban of communist symbols"
2631:(in Estonian). Eesti Päevaleht. 28 November 2014
1900:"Seoul reminds citizens of North Korea flag ban"
292:
246:
3050:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
2325:
865:amend the ban to introduce clearer parameters.
591:
50:Symbols that are most commonly associated with
2946:European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009
1143:, sparking hostile reactions from the public.
1068:National Security Law of the Republic of China
847:upheld the law, equating communism to Nazism.
2867:
2189:"Koszulki z sierpem i młotem nie są zakazane"
1726:"Georgia to enforce ban on communist symbols"
1045:
522:
146:Public display of communist symbols is legal
2506:
1379:
1377:
890:
776:In April 2017, Indonesian police detained a
92: Communist symbols were formerly banned
2352:"Projeto criminaliza apologia ao comunismo"
1752:"Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia"
1123:held that such laws were unconstitutional.
899:(KPD) is still banned in the country under
430:
384:
3080:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
3070:Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records
2874:
2860:
1897:
1666:"The Banning of Soviet Symbols in Georgia"
1513:
850:
200:
86: Certain communist symbols are banned
2832:"LAW on the National Security of Romania"
2269:Chen, Yun; Xie, Dennis (3 October 2020).
1374:
568:
499:
453:
361:
338:
315:
269:
223:
154:
128:ban on all leftist philosophies, such as
1663:
1386:"Communist Symbol Ban Spreads in Europe"
624:
545:
476:
407:
177:
70:
2268:
1989:Hungarian Criminal Code 269 / B. § 1993
1955:
1953:
1951:
1898:Rutherford, Peter (12 September 2014).
827:in 2014. Earlier, in 2012, the city of
789:tourist was also detained by police in
648:" (official terminology) was banned in
3177:
2229:from the original on 23 September 2019
2033:
1056:flag of the People's Republic of China
925:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states
875:flag of the German Democratic Republic
817:law banning communist and Nazi symbols
80: All communist symbols are banned
2855:
2812:from the original on 21 February 2020
2548:from the original on 26 February 2020
2517:from the original on 27 November 2019
2349:
2131:from the original on 3 September 2017
2046:from the original on 6 September 2017
2034:Gulyas, Veronika (20 February 2013).
1965:Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
1792:from the original on 10 November 2014
1593:from the original on 22 December 2019
1560:from the original on 25 December 2019
1347:Mass killings under communist regimes
2693:from the original on 11 October 2016
2609:from the original on 14 January 2020
2488:from the original on 16 October 2019
1948:
1732:from the original on 12 October 2016
1637:
1578:
1514:Shevchenko, Vitaly (14 April 2015).
1492:, The Straits Times, 14 April 2017,
1073:In late 2020, a legislator from the
1038:. In June 2017, Poland updated its "
1013:In 2009, such a ban was proposed in
2681:"EU ban urged on communist symbols"
2661:from the original on 17 August 2017
2574:from the original on 17 August 2017
1971:from the original on 17 August 2017
1127:Proposed anti-communist legislation
13:
2957:Declaration on Crimes of Communism
2896:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2170:from the original on 1 August 2017
2076:from the original on 28 March 2017
1878:from the original on 17 July 2021.
1852:from the original on 20 April 2010
1842:"Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols"
1822:from the original on 15 April 2017
1392:from the original on 5 August 2020
1383:
1195: – a symbol of the
1054:government in Taiwan outlawed the
889:, where it was referred to as the
797:, which also contains the symbol.
14:
3211:
3055:Institute of National Remembrance
2917:Council of Europe resolution 1481
2458:from the original on 16 July 2019
2326:Fatjona Mejdini (16 March 2017),
2199:from the original on 8 March 2021
1936:from the original on 23 June 2018
1906:from the original on 8 April 2018
1676:from the original on 18 June 2018
1528:from the original on 7 March 2016
1496:from the original on 29 July 2017
1257:, backed by other Members of the
1248:
1218:
1207: – as well as the
1032:Constitutional Tribunal of Poland
724:, and anthems or slogans such as
3075:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
2732:from the original on 4 June 2018
2711:JOINT AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF, p. 24
2592:Joint amicus curiae brief, p. 13
2406:from the original on 7 July 2018
2149:Joint amicus curiae brief, p. 12
1888:Joint amicus curiae brief, p. 11
1762:from the original on 5 July 2017
1706:from the original on 10 May 2017
1342:Hammer and sickle § Legal status
1080:
987:was justified. In July 2008 the
608:
593:
585:
570:
562:
547:
539:
524:
516:
501:
493:
478:
470:
455:
447:
432:
424:
409:
401:
386:
378:
363:
355:
340:
332:
317:
309:
294:
286:
271:
263:
248:
240:
225:
217:
202:
194:
179:
171:
156:
135:
40:
31:
22:
2951:Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE
2824:
2794:
2777:"Results of vote in Parliament"
2769:
2744:
2714:
2705:
2673:
2643:
2621:
2595:
2586:
2560:
2528:
2470:
2444:
2418:
2392:
2366:
2343:
2301:
2288:
2262:
2241:
2211:
2181:
2143:
2113:
2087:
2027:
2001:
1998:Joint amicus curiae brief, p. 9
1992:
1983:
1918:
1891:
1882:
1864:
1834:
1804:
1774:
1744:
1718:
1688:
1657:
1644:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1631:
1605:
652:following the aftermath of the
615:
2605:. Riigikogu. 24 January 2007.
2568:"Communists in Czech Politics"
1664:Morrison, Thea (10 May 2018).
1638:Time, Current (17 July 2019).
1572:
1540:
1507:
1461:
1442:
1423:
1404:
1352:Red-tagging in the Philippines
989:European Court of Human Rights
969:
949:
1:
2963:Stockholm Programme of the EU
2507:Sven Milekic (2 March 2017),
2378:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil
2350:Nobre, Noéli (24 July 2017).
1368:
1286:Council of the European Union
954:It is illegal to display the
761:in the Western world and the
2969:Warsaw Declaration of the EU
1812:"Latvia Bans Soviet Symbols"
1175:nor published in Bulgaria's
1075:Democratic Progressive Party
938:
732:Workers of the world, unite!
620:
7:
3122:The Black Book of Communism
2249:"國家安全法刪除第二條及第三條條文;並修正第六條條文"
1362:Strafgesetzbuch section 86a
1304:
1162:
1121:United States Supreme Court
10:
3216:
3012:Decommunization in Ukraine
1579:Luhn, Alec (21 May 2015).
1295:
1235:
1182:
1131:
1064:the country's constitution
1046:Taiwan (Republic of China)
1008:
974:
897:Communist Party of Germany
868:
855:
807:Decommunization in Ukraine
804:
800:
631:Indonesian Communist Party
124:sentiment and therefore a
3156:
3130:Between Hitler and Stalin
3113:
3032:
3007:Decommunization in Russia
2992:Bans on communist symbols
2984:
2905:
2890:
2380:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1146:
1058:in 1952, pursuant to the
1020:
918:
654:30 September coup attempt
590:
567:
544:
521:
498:
475:
452:
429:
406:
383:
360:
337:
314:
291:
268:
245:
222:
199:
176:
153:
148:
145:
142:
1473:30 December 2016 at the
1416:17 February 2020 at the
749:took power in 1967, the
740:International Labour Day
2311:Stromberg v. California
2294:Zechariah Chafee, Jr.,
2256:Office of the President
2254:(in Chinese (Taiwan)).
1872:"Lithuanian penal code"
1357:Red star § Legal status
1116:Stromberg v. California
960:Workers' Party of Korea
851:Bans on certain symbols
745:In addition, since the
658:anti-communist killings
3065:House of Terror Museum
2313:, 283 U.S. 359 (1931)"
1281:laws in this respect.
1276:In February 2005, the
1213:Yugoslav People's Army
1211:and the emblem of the
1209:flag of SFR Yugoslavia
913:German Communist Party
891:
780:tourist at a hotel in
763:Imperial Japanese flag
738:was still used during
637:
94:
1173:President of Bulgaria
1036:freedom of expression
985:freedom of expression
821:Revolution of Dignity
795:Soviet victory banner
660:, by the adoption of
635:30 September Movement
628:
74:
3200:Symbols of communism
2885:in Europe since 1989
2127:. 28 November 2012.
1556:. 17 December 2015.
1454:11 July 2016 at the
1435:16 July 2016 at the
1317:Bans on Nazi symbols
1255:Vytautas Landsbergis
1087:Red Scare of 1919–20
927:. In June 2013, the
905:German criminal code
845:Constitutional Court
710:democratic socialism
633:of being behind the
2806:European Parliament
2781:European Parliament
2756:European Commission
2728:. 8 February 2005.
2689:. 3 February 2005.
2258:. 23 November 2011.
2040:Wall Street Journal
1874:. 5 November 2021.
1786:Baltic News Network
1728:. 31 October 2013.
1702:. 8 December 2010.
1327:Communist terrorism
1278:European Commission
1259:European Parliament
1141:communist-era films
958:or the flag of the
956:flag of North Korea
825:the war with Russia
811:In April 2015, the
656:and the subsequent
2906:European hearings,
2513:, Balkan Insight,
1930:aroundtherings.com
1240:In early 2007 the
1203:resistance during
1197:Yugoslav Partisans
841:The Internationale
736:The Internationale
727:The Internationale
722:socialist heraldry
638:
114:post-Soviet states
95:
3172:
3171:
2603:"Sitting reviews"
2296:Freedom of Speech
2072:, 24 March 2017,
2015:on 17 August 2017
1788:. 11 April 2013.
1269:, in addition to
1253:In January 2005,
1153:Eduardo Bolsonaro
933:hammer and sickle
909:hammer and sickle
793:for displaying a
751:hammer and sickle
734:". Despite this,
690:Indonesian police
613:
612:
112:, including some
98:Communist symbols
75:Countries where:
56:hammer and sickle
3207:
3138:The Soviet Story
3040:Black Ribbon Day
2997:Communist crimes
2876:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2655:The Baltic Times
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2332:, Balkan Insight
2323:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2166:, 31 July 2017,
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:. 17 June 2008.
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:. 23 June 2013.
1816:The Moscow Times
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1446:
1440:
1427:
1421:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1381:
894:
819:, following the
753:has been highly
747:New Order regime
687:
671:
646:Marxism–Leninism
603:
599:
597:
596:
580:
576:
574:
573:
557:
553:
551:
550:
534:
530:
528:
527:
511:
507:
505:
504:
488:
484:
482:
481:
465:
461:
459:
458:
442:
438:
436:
435:
419:
415:
413:
412:
396:
392:
390:
389:
373:
369:
367:
366:
350:
346:
344:
343:
327:
323:
321:
320:
304:
300:
298:
297:
281:
277:
275:
274:
258:
254:
252:
251:
235:
231:
229:
228:
212:
208:
206:
205:
189:
185:
183:
182:
166:
162:
160:
159:
140:
139:
91:
85:
79:
44:
35:
26:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:Decommunization
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3152:
3109:
3028:
2980:
2909:
2908:resolutions and
2907:
2901:
2900:
2886:
2880:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2101:. 28 March 2017
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1475:Wayback Machine
1466:
1462:
1458:(in Indonesian)
1456:Wayback Machine
1447:
1443:
1439:(in Indonesian)
1437:Wayback Machine
1428:
1424:
1420:(in Indonesian)
1418:Wayback Machine
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1384:Brooke, James.
1382:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1332:Decommunization
1307:
1298:
1251:
1238:
1221:
1185:
1165:
1149:
1134:
1129:
1083:
1048:
1040:decommunization
1023:
1011:
977:
972:
952:
941:
921:
871:
858:
853:
833:Western Ukraine
809:
803:
685:
669:
623:
618:
594:
592:
571:
569:
548:
546:
525:
523:
502:
500:
479:
477:
456:
454:
433:
431:
410:
408:
387:
385:
364:
362:
341:
339:
318:
316:
295:
293:
272:
270:
249:
247:
226:
224:
203:
201:
180:
178:
157:
155:
138:
102:decommunization
93:
89:
87:
83:
81:
77:
69:
68:
67:
66:
47:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:Anti-communism
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2823:
2793:
2768:
2743:
2726:news.bbc.co.uk
2713:
2704:
2672:
2642:
2620:
2594:
2585:
2559:
2527:
2499:
2469:
2443:
2432:on 7 July 2018
2417:
2391:
2374:"PL 5358/2016"
2365:
2342:
2318:
2300:
2287:
2261:
2240:
2210:
2180:
2151:
2142:
2112:
2086:
2057:
2026:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1947:
1917:
1890:
1881:
1863:
1833:
1803:
1773:
1758:. 4 May 2014.
1743:
1717:
1687:
1656:
1630:
1619:. 17 July 2019
1604:
1571:
1539:
1506:
1479:
1460:
1441:
1422:
1403:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Denazification
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:Communist chic
1319:
1314:
1312:Anti-communism
1308:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1267:European Union
1250:
1249:European Union
1247:
1237:
1234:
1230:Czech Republic
1225:Czechoslovakia
1220:
1219:Czech Republic
1217:
1184:
1181:
1164:
1161:
1157:Jair Bolsonaro
1148:
1145:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1082:
1079:
1047:
1044:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1007:
976:
973:
971:
968:
951:
948:
940:
937:
920:
917:
870:
867:
857:
854:
852:
849:
813:Verkhovna Rada
805:Main article:
802:
799:
769:and political
759:Nazi symbolism
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
588:
587:
584:
581:
565:
564:
561:
558:
542:
541:
538:
535:
519:
518:
515:
512:
496:
495:
492:
489:
473:
472:
469:
466:
450:
449:
446:
443:
427:
426:
423:
420:
404:
403:
400:
397:
381:
380:
377:
374:
358:
357:
354:
351:
335:
334:
331:
328:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:European Union
289:
288:
285:
282:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:Czech Republic
243:
242:
239:
236:
220:
219:
216:
213:
197:
196:
193:
190:
174:
173:
170:
167:
151:
150:
147:
144:
137:
134:
88:
82:
76:
49:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:
21:
20:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
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3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
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2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
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2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2833:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2630:
2624:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2544:
2541:. p. 8.
2537:
2531:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2482:parliament.bg
2479:
2473:
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2421:
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2401:
2395:
2379:
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2369:
2353:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2100:
2099:BeverageDaily
2096:
2090:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1670:Georgia Today
1667:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1575:
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1527:
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1517:
1510:
1495:
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1490:
1483:
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1457:
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1450:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
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1340:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
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1313:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:József Szájer
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1177:State Gazette
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1144:
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1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:United States
1088:
1081:United States
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
981:
967:
965:
961:
957:
947:
945:
936:
934:
930:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
892:Spalterflagge
888:
884:
880:
876:
866:
863:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:and start of
822:
818:
814:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
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2991:
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2826:
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2965:(2010–2015)
2193:wyborcza.pl
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1902:. Reuters.
1700:www.loc.gov
1623:18 December
1597:18 December
1564:18 December
1532:18 December
1199:who led an
1085:During the
970:Former bans
964:South Korea
950:South Korea
901:section 86a
887:West Berlin
755:stigmatized
532:South Korea
149:Exceptions
108:during the
3195:Iconoclasm
3185:Censorship
3179:Categories
3157:Opposition
3146:Bloodlands
3017:Lustration
2635:14 January
2613:14 January
2492:16 October
2384:3 December
2358:3 December
1856:3 February
1369:References
1261:, such as
1111:California
1052:Kuomintang
64:red banner
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3022:in Poland
2761:17 August
2736:17 August
2697:17 August
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2578:17 August
2462:7 October
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2223:oko.press
2135:17 August
2050:17 August
2019:17 August
1975:17 August
1940:7 October
1766:17 August
1736:17 August
1710:17 August
1617:Kyiv Post
1396:17 August
1242:Riigikogu
1151:In 2016,
1099:Minnesota
1095:red flags
1025:In 2009,
944:Lithuania
939:Lithuania
815:passed a
778:Malaysian
771:Islamists
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702:socialist
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650:Indonesia
642:Communism
621:Indonesia
440:Lithuania
394:Indonesia
130:socialism
118:communism
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2841:11 April
2816:11 April
2810:Archived
2786:11 April
2730:Archived
2691:Archived
2686:BBC News
2659:Archived
2607:Archived
2572:Archived
2552:22 April
2543:Archived
2515:archived
2486:Archived
2456:Archived
2404:Archived
2280:2 August
2233:14 March
2227:Archived
2203:14 March
2197:Archived
2174:2 August
2168:archived
2164:BBC News
2129:Archived
2080:29 March
2074:archived
2044:Archived
1969:Archived
1934:Archived
1904:Archived
1876:Archived
1850:Archived
1846:BBC News
1820:Archived
1790:Archived
1760:Archived
1756:BBC News
1730:Archived
1704:Archived
1680:18 April
1674:Archived
1591:Archived
1558:Archived
1526:Archived
1521:BBC News
1494:archived
1471:Archived
1452:Archived
1433:Archived
1414:Archived
1390:Archived
1305:See also
1193:red star
1169:Bulgaria
1163:Bulgaria
1107:Oklahoma
1003:Heineken
993:red star
718:red flag
714:red star
662:TAP MPRS
606:Partial
210:Bulgaria
143:Country
126:de facto
110:Cold War
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1236:Estonia
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1015:Moldova
1009:Moldova
980:Hungary
975:Hungary
929:Latvian
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869:Germany
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787:Russian
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767:Muslims
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325:Georgia
279:Estonia
233:Croatia
164:Albania
122:leftist
3149:(2010)
3141:(2008)
3133:(2004)
3125:(1997)
2977:(2019)
2971:(2011)
2959:(2010)
2953:(2009)
2942:(2009)
2931:(2008)
2925:(2008)
2919:(2006)
1500:17 May
1147:Brazil
1119:, the
1109:, and
1027:Poland
1021:Poland
919:Latvia
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2788:2020
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2667:2017
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2412:2018
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