287:
20:
376:
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2582:
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121:
which the
Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.
890:. Japanese Americans that were 1/16th or less were excluded from being sent to the camps but above that was considered a threat to the United States. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those which were run by the DoJ or the Army. Other sources may give numbers which are slightly more or less than 120,000.
1689:
48:
that is perceived as being foreign or strange or un-American. It expresses a conflict between an ingroup and an outgroup and may manifest in suspicion by the one of the other's activities, and beliefs and goals. It includes a desire to eliminate their presence, and fear of losing national, ethnic, or
332:
and restricted their immigration to the United States. Although intended as temporary legislation, it "proved, in the long run, the most important turning-point in
American immigration policy" because it added two new features to American immigration law: numerical limits on immigration and the use
120:
The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the
American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country -- men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban
205:
of 1904-1905. In
October, 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend racially segregated and separate schools. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up 1% of the state's population; many of them had come under the
217:
was specifically created to prevent land ownership among
Japanese citizens who were residing in the state of California. In 1918 courts ruled that American-born children had the right to own land. California proceeded to strengthen its Alien land law in 1920 and 1923 and other states followed.
174:
was the first of many nativist acts of
Congress which attempted to limit the flow of immigrants into the U.S.. The Chinese responded to it by filing false claims of American birth, enabling thousands of them to immigrate to California. The exclusion of the Chinese caused the western railroads to
125:
In the South, the party did not emphasize anti-Catholicism but instead attacked corrupt
Democratic politicians and filled the vacuum caused by the collapse of the Whig Party. The ideology and influence lasted only one or two years before it disintegrated due to weak and inexperienced elected
403:, and his proposed reforms and remarks about this issue generated much publicity. Trump has repeatedly said that illegal immigrants are criminals. Critics have argued that there is an increasing amount of evidence that immigration does not correlate with higher crime rates.
518:
have found that during traffic stops, officers spoke to black men in a less respectful tone than they did to white men and that black drivers are more likely to be pulled over and searched by police than white drivers. Black people are also reportedly
241:(1921) tried to refute the false accusations. The publicists confronted the main allegations regarding lack of assimilation, and boasted of the positive Japanese contributions to American economy and society, especially in Hawaii and California.
436:
program, but a legal injunction has allowed the policy to continue while the matter is the subject of legal challenge. He imposed a "zero tolerance" policy to require the arrest of anyone caught illegally crossing the border, which resulted in
1378:
498:
has stated that "racism is an integral element within the very fabric of
American culture and society. It is embedded in the country's first collective definition, enunciated in its subsequent laws, and imbued in its dominant way of life."
3568:
1400:
103:
and destroy
Protestantism. In response it was urgent to politically organize native-born Protestants. The Know Nothing movement emphasized that Irish Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters in the
112:, an active Know-Nothing, was elected on the American Party ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress in late 1856 that the un-American Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat
507:
1612:
109 (1996) 1120–1143. online DOI: 10.2307/1342264 Argues xenophobia is NOT rampant in
American courts; foreigners more often win than Americans. ("Xenophiolia" means being friendly toward foreigners.)
1073:
494:
Members of every major American ethnic and religious minority group have perceived discrimination in their dealings with members of other minority racial and religious groups. Philosopher
3542:
170:, an immigrant from Ireland, led a mass movement in San Francisco in the 1870s that incited racist attacks on the Chinese there and threatened public officials and railroad owners. The
340:
The Emergency Quota Act restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that country living in the United States as of the
1364:
414:
and to force Mexico to pay for the wall. Trump has also expressed support for a variety of "limits on legal immigration and guest-worker visas", including a pause on granting
1049:
425:
that prohibited issuing visas to citizens of seven largely-Muslim countries expanded to thirteen in 2020. In response to legal challenges he revised the ban twice, with his
1015:
1414:
1338:"Views on Race in America 2019 (Section titled 'Majorities of blacks, Hispanics and Asians say they have experienced discrimination because of their race or ethnicity')"
527:
epidemic was often blamed on China, leading to attacks on Chinese Americans. This represents a continuation of xenophobic attacks on Chinese Americans for 150 years.
459:
Trump's position was strongly supported by conservative voters. Studies found the higher voters' xenophobia was, the higher was their support for political violence.
1206:
1092:
4031:
656:. International Labour Office; International Organization for Migration; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. August 2001. p. 2.
5574:
3087:
316:, also known as the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, the Per Centum Law, and the Johnson Quota Act (ch. 8, 42
1304:
2373:
1070:
678:
3295:
166:
targeted violence against Chinese workers, driving them out of smaller towns. They relocated into districts of a few larger cities called "Chinatowns."
1759:
Ullah, Inayat, and Kulsoom Shahzor. "Cultural (Mis) Appropriation, Ideological Essentialism and Language: Analysis of Stereotyping in Hollywood Movie."
1710:
4426:
3809:
2525:
657:
591:
520:
3246:
5594:
135:
105:
1571:
Awan, Muhammad Safeer. "Global terror and the rise of xenophobia/Islamophobia: An analysis of American cultural production since September 11."
92:
political party in the mid-1850s. It carried many state and local elections in 1854-1855, but failed to pass major laws and suddenly collapsed.
5589:
3167:
1228:
Piazza, James; Van Doren, Natalia (2023). "It's About Hate: Approval of Donald Trump, Racism, Xenophobia and Support for Political Violence".
626:
576:
438:
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3814:
2325:
244:
188:
3784:
3388:
2925:
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976:
153:
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suggested that 76% of black and Asian respondents had experienced some form of discrimination, at least from time to time. Studies from
3072:
596:
5064:
2495:
1583:
233:
to refute the hostile stereotypes and establish a favorable image of Japanese in the American mind. Thus Kawakami's books especially
858:
3007:
2895:
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2211:
1041:
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1007:
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1829:
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581:
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433:
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3146:
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2810:
1644:
536:
444:
On January 30, 2018, Trump outlined his administration's four pillars for immigration reform: (1) a path to citizenship for
5522:
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1659:
1089:
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3378:
3198:
2835:
2820:
1980:
1627:
1190:
472:
415:
54:
1113:
Everett Marko, David (2019). "Nevertheless, They Persist: American and European Muslim Immigrants in the Era of Trump".
4981:
4976:
4957:
4952:
4939:
3804:
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611:
806:
37:
sees hyphenated voters and asks, "Why should I let these freaks cast whole ballots when they are only half Americans?"
3452:
3283:
2774:
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2412:
2395:
1857:
1747:
773:
601:
561:
479:." Discrimination against racial, ethnic, and religious minorities is widely acknowledged, especially in the case of
214:
210:
demanding exclusion of Japanese immigrants and imposition of segregated schools for Caucasian and Japanese students.
179:"). In 1943 when China was an ally against Japan, the restrictions were repealed and Chinese could become citizens.
1706:
1578:
Baker, Joseph O., David Cañarte, and L. Edward Day. "Race, xenophobia, and punitiveness among the American public."
99:" conspiracy headed by the Pope in Rome was in control of by Catholic immigrants. The goal was to subvert civil and
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1822:
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50:
748:
Stanford M. Lyman, "Conflict and the web of group affiliation in San Francisco's Chinatown, 1850-1910."
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2349:
1674:
Kenny, Kevin. "Mobility and Sovereignty: The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Immigration Restriction."
380:
341:
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2122:
1337:
879:
449:
334:
1727:
1265:"Donald Trump's America: Communicating the Seeds of Racism, Xenophobia, & Persistent Conflict"
197:
became increasingly xenophobic after the unexpected Japanese triumph over the supposedly powerful
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1965:
363:
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Bergquist, James M. "The Concept of Nativism in Historical Study Since" Strangers in the Land".
900:
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1975:
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1815:
1365:"Police officers treat Black and white men differently. You can hear it in their tone of voice"
551:
256:
1617:
Identity and intolerance: nationalism, racism, and xenophobia in Germany and the United States
1438:"Anti-Asian Hate Crime During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Reproduction of Inequality"
984:
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919:
859:"'Proof I was there': every Japanese American incarcerated in second world war finally named"
763:
571:
566:
556:
422:
276:
264:
159:
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1008:"Trump Highlights Immigrant Crime to Defend His Border Policy. Statistics Don't Back Him Up"
708:
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2000:
1937:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1603:
901:"Japanese American internment | Definition, Camps, Locations, Conditions, & Facts"
541:
272:
126:
officials who were unable to pass legislation, and a deep split over the issue of slavery.
19:
1401:"Despite skewed media image, Black men are more likely to be victimized than other groups"
8:
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3160:
2970:
2510:
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2144:
1897:
1150:"Immigration Policy and Belonging: Ramifications for DACA Recipients' Sense of Belonging"
503:
313:
305:
100:
259:
in 1941 and the United States subsequent declaration of war on Japan. Most lived on the
5584:
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5360:
5355:
5260:
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2110:
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2035:
1917:
1801:
1624:
Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas
1566:
1519:
1494:
1470:
1437:
1286:
1245:
1171:
1130:
830:
Ferguson, Edwin E. 1947. "The California Alien Land Law and the Fourteenth Amendment."
252:
202:
109:
1754:
Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism
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2005:
1927:
1912:
1882:
1640:
1524:
1475:
1457:
1373:
1290:
1249:
1198:
1175:
1134:
769:
16:
Dislike of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange within the United States
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5330:
4889:
4872:
4862:
4758:
4483:
4468:
4396:
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4118:
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2221:
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2030:
1514:
1506:
1465:
1449:
1276:
1237:
1161:
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513:
480:
230:
226:
1281:
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1126:
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4904:
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3600:
3400:
3350:
3131:
2990:
2585:
2550:
2442:
2275:
2194:
2169:
2137:
2127:
2095:
2090:
1985:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1887:
1867:
1852:
1634:
1096:
1077:
546:
476:
357:
352:
had a higher quota and were more likely to be admitted to the US than those from
345:
325:
280:
163:
25:
1684:
Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now."
5512:
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5472:
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5335:
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4011:
4006:
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3774:
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3764:
3650:
3585:
3109:
3082:
2935:
2647:
2562:
2216:
2085:
1590:
The Party of Fear: The American Far Right from Nativism to the Militia Movement
1510:
1453:
1369:
384:
353:
349:
333:
of a quota system for establishing those limits, which came to be known as the
329:
198:
113:
61:
1556:
Nativism and slavery: the northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s
1241:
721:
Nativism and slavery: the northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s
375:
5568:
5492:
5457:
5250:
5190:
5165:
5160:
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4884:
4778:
4705:
4685:
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4128:
4064:
4049:
3911:
3876:
3856:
3727:
3670:
3605:
3012:
2915:
2378:
2025:
1990:
1902:
1862:
1461:
1202:
1166:
1149:
586:
167:
45:
1694:
Lee, Erika. "Americans Must Rule America: Xenophobia in the United States."
1608:
Clermont, Kevin M., and Theodore Eisenberg. "Xenophilia in American Courts"
977:"Campaign 2015: The Candidates & the World: Donald Trump on Immigration"
225:, the Japanese government subsidized Japanese writers in America especially
5527:
5467:
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5292:
5285:
5240:
5180:
5111:
4919:
4909:
4857:
4795:
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4773:
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4226:
4054:
4021:
4001:
3931:
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3901:
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3517:
3415:
3410:
3141:
3116:
2980:
2920:
2885:
2855:
2545:
2390:
1717:
At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943
1528:
1479:
863:
790:
At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943
606:
324:
of May 19, 1921), was formulated mainly in response to the large influx of
222:
194:
139:
85:
69:
883:
475:
permeates all aspects of life in the United States, and it extends to all
5462:
5270:
5255:
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5155:
4825:
4800:
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4695:
4241:
4201:
4169:
4036:
3996:
3836:
3749:
3700:
3675:
3575:
3268:
3002:
2985:
2940:
2860:
2470:
2437:
2015:
1995:
1679:
495:
418:, which Trump says will lower immigration levels to historical averages.
144:
Asian xenophobia in the United States has at least 100 years of history.
73:
30:
1791:
1781:
1744:
The nativist movement in America: religious conflict in the 19th century
5537:
5532:
5507:
5442:
5375:
5265:
4710:
4515:
4510:
4391:
4386:
4282:
4266:
4123:
4016:
3974:
3936:
3744:
3732:
3705:
3695:
3615:
3029:
3024:
2995:
2930:
2779:
2366:
2020:
2010:
1947:
1656:
The Deportation Machine: America's Long History of Expelling Immigrants
1565:(2002) short summary for 275 groups, plus citations for further study.
407:
248:
206:
treaty in 1894 which had assured free immigration from Japan. In 1907,
5497:
5370:
5275:
4867:
4740:
4597:
4416:
4364:
4081:
3680:
2805:
2530:
2465:
1970:
1409:
914:
445:
321:
34:
1724:
The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790–1970
1071:"Reality Check: 4 Reasons Trump's Immigration Plans Are Impractical"
877:
The official WRA record from 1946 states it was 120,000 people. See
679:"How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics"
5185:
5150:
4381:
4211:
4138:
3789:
3715:
3620:
3580:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2875:
2870:
2815:
2500:
1703:
America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States
1405:
803:
Traqueros: Mexican Railroad Workers in the United States, 1870-1930
176:
96:
1324:
Prophesy Deliverance!: An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity
5205:
5135:
2880:
2784:
2764:
2737:
2712:
2616:
2460:
1544:
Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in
1100:
1090:"Trump says would raise visa fees to pay for Mexican border wall"
193:
Attacks on the Japanese in the Western U.S., echoing the dreaded
651:"International Migration, Racism, Discrimination and Xenophobia"
4690:
3841:
2865:
2769:
2747:
2742:
2692:
1838:
1786:
Higham, John. "Instead of a Sequel, or How I Lost My Subject."
1666:
Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925
1563:
Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups
175:
begin importing Mexican railroad workers in greater numbers ("
5225:
4730:
3851:
2697:
2475:
1342:
Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project
471:
and human rights organizations stated in a 2010 report that "
4566:
1495:"Xenophobia in America in the Age of Coronavirus and Beyond"
1436:
Gover, Angela R.; Harper, Shannon B.; Langton, Lynn (2020).
255:
in 75 identified incarceration sites after Imperial Japan's
4611:
4463:
4292:
1147:
1042:"The Mythical Link Between Immigrants and High Crime Rates"
290:
Editorial cartoon warning against unrestricted immigration
1807:
878:
448:; (2) increased border security funding; (3) ending the
1191:"President Trump's Four Pillars for Immigration Reform"
734:
The life and times of John Kelly, tribune of the people
379:
Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the
283:
shortly after Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
1148:
Mallet-García, Marie L.; García-Bedolla, Lisa (2021).
1800:(U of Chicago Press, 2013). Rejects the argument of
1798:
The tolerant populists: Kansas populism and nativism
1736:(2021), scholarly history focused on US and Europe;
1035:
1033:
1305:"Factbox: U.S. report to U.N. Human Rights Council"
850:
44:is the fear or hatred of any cultural group in the
1435:
643:
4427:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
2526:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
1030:
592:History of homeland security in the United States
5566:
1622:FitzGerald, David Scott, and David Cook-Martín.
1499:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
761:
429:being upheld by the Supreme Court in June 2018.
79:
4087:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1227:
267:. Approximately two-thirds of the inmates were
136:Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States
76:policies and other actions including violence.
49:racial identity and is often closely linked to
5575:Anti-immigration politics in the United States
3569:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
1734:Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia
959:Rebecca Hamlin, "Trump’s Immigration Legacy."
672:
670:
4582:
2632:
1823:
1686:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
1615:Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds.
1112:
627:Religious discrimination in the United States
577:Definitions of whiteness in the United States
1770:
1761:International Journal of English Linguistics
845:The Columbia guide to Asian American history
189:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
3785:List of people killed for being transgender
1632:
1619:(Cambridge UP, 2002) 16 essays by scholars.
1262:
667:
406:A hallmark promise of his campaign was the
247:, the United States forcibly relocated and
208:nativists rioted up and down the West Coast
154:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
4589:
4575:
2639:
2625:
1830:
1816:
1362:
885:The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study
847:(Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 207.
597:Immigration reduction in the United States
95:Know Nothing agitators proclaimed that a "
2496:Interminority racism in the United States
1548:ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201
1518:
1469:
1280:
1165:
521:overrepresented as criminals in the media
2896:Social determinants of health in poverty
1492:
824:
676:
393:illegal immigration to the United States
374:
285:
18:
871:
439:separating children from their families
370:
5595:History of racism in the United States
5567:
2568:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
1680:https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaac233
1209:from the original on September 6, 2018
1080:, Bloomberg Politics (August 8, 2015).
1039:
1005:
971:
969:
582:Great replacement in the United States
434:Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
298:
5590:History of United States isolationism
4570:
2620:
1811:
1705:(2019). The major scholarly history;
1493:Huang, Junjian; Liu, Raymond (2020).
537:Anti-Catholicism in the United States
395:, was a signature issue of President
4551:
3591:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2901:Social determinants of mental health
2591:
1722:Lipset, Seymour M., and Earl Raab.
1546:A companion to American immigration,
1442:American Journal of Criminal Justice
1321:
1188:
856:
732:Quoted in James Fairfax McLaughlin,
467:A network of more than 300 US-based
5600:Social history of the United States
3711:Genital modification and mutilation
1981:Discrimination based on nationality
1668:(1955), highly influential classic
1592:(U of North Carolina Press, 1988).
966:
663:from the original on 31 March 2019.
13:
2646:
1538:
1115:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1052:from the original on June 25, 2018
1018:from the original on June 22, 2018
612:Nativism in United States politics
14:
5611:
1600:The Protestant Crusade: 1800-1860
915:"Manzanar National Historic Site"
857:Weik, Taylor (October 11, 2022).
765:The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
705:The Protestant Crusade: 1800-1860
602:Islamophobia in the United States
562:Antisemitism in the United States
462:
410:, a much expanded barrier on the
215:California Alien Land Law of 1913
4550:
4541:
4540:
4190:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
4027:Law for Protection of the Nation
3927:White genocide conspiracy theory
2600:
2590:
2581:
2580:
1413:. 4 October 2021. Archived from
1269:Howard Journal of Communications
1189:Kerr, Ashley (8 February 2018).
632:White genocide conspiracy theory
617:Racism against African Americans
491:as well as other ethnic groups.
360:or from non-European countries.
304:This section is an excerpt from
182:
129:
66:internment of Japanese Americans
4032:MSM blood donation restrictions
3780:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
2601:
1486:
1429:
1393:
1381:from the original on 8 May 2022
1356:
1330:
1315:
1297:
1256:
1221:
1182:
1141:
1106:
1083:
1063:
999:
953:
940:
927:
907:
893:
837:
811:
344:. That meant that people from
265:western interior of the country
147:
42:Xenophobia in the United States
4045:(as religious or racial quota)
2486:Go back to where you came from
1804:that Populists were xenophobic
1639:. Princeton University Press.
795:
782:
755:
742:
726:
713:
697:
421:As president, Trump imposed a
391:Immigration policy, including
158:In the 1870s and 1880s in the
1:
4596:
4459:Second-generation gender bias
4175:Constitutional colorblindness
2891:Social determinants of health
1282:10.1080/10646175.2022.2054300
1154:American Behavioral Scientist
1127:10.1080/13602004.2019.1620006
637:
263:, in internment camps in the
172:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
80:Know-Nothing Party, 1854-1856
1633:Fredrickson, George (2009).
1006:Rogers, Katie (2018-06-22).
981:Council on Foreign Relations
768:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 51–57.
723:(Oxford UP, 1992) pp ix-xiv.
7:
4370:Medical model of disability
4222:Hate speech laws by country
1788:Reviews in American History
1676:Journal of American History
1363:Amina Khan (16 July 2021).
1263:Onwumechili, Chuka (2022).
1040:Maciag, Mike (2017-03-02).
622:Racism in the United States
530:
412:United States–Mexico border
362:The act was revised by the
251:at least 120,000 people of
162:, ethnic Whites especially
10:
5616:
4958:Countries by ethnic groups
4953:Contemporary ethnic groups
4479:Social model of disability
2946:Discrimination against men
1837:
1511:10.1016/j.jvir.2020.04.020
1454:10.1007/s12103-020-09545-1
1230:American Politics Research
801:Jeffrey Marcos Garcilazo,
452:; and (4) restrictions on
303:
239:The Real Japanese Question
186:
151:
133:
5546:
5429:
5301:
5104:
4938:
4739:
4604:
4536:
4275:
4152:
3945:
3832:Opposition to immigration
3556:
3196:
3038:
2798:
2748:Race / Ethnicity
2685:
2654:
2576:
2453:
2286:
2054:
1956:
1845:
1771:Historiography and memory
1242:10.1177/1532673X221131561
948:America, Past and Present
946:Divine, Robert A. (2007)
762:John Soennichsen (2011).
750:Pacific Historical Review
685:. Smithsonian Institution
381:Ursula detention facility
3827:Occupational segregation
3596:Compulsory sterilization
1167:10.1177/0002764221996777
880:War Relocation Authority
677:Boissoneault, Lorraine.
454:family-based immigration
432:He attempted to end the
335:National Origins Formula
5070:Torres Strait Islanders
4915:Ethnopsychopharmacology
4659:In-group and out-groups
4355:Internalized oppression
4217:Fighting Discrimination
4207:Fat acceptance movement
4165:Anti-discrimination law
3805:Native American mascots
2516:Psychometrics of racism
1966:Anti-miscegenation laws
1778:American Jewish History
1678:109.2 (2022): 284-297.
1636:Racism: A Short History
1598:Billington, Ray Allen.
1575:(2010): 521–537. online
1195:The National Law Review
1076:March 17, 2017, at the
364:Immigration Act of 1924
294:Nov 14 1920 by E W Gale
5316:Cultural appropriation
5216:Lineage-bonded society
4474:Social identity threat
4447:Reverse discrimination
4437:Racial color blindness
3917:Violence against women
3897:Sex-selective abortion
2481:Ethnic plastic surgery
1976:Biological determinism
1790:28.2 (2000): 327-339.
1780:76.2 (1986): 125–141.
1582:59.3 (2018): 363–383.
1580:Sociological Quarterly
703:Ray Allen Billington,
552:Anti-Mexican sentiment
450:diversity visa lottery
388:
295:
269:United States citizens
257:attack on Pearl Harbor
123:
116:as president, stating:
38:
5341:Ethnic interest group
5176:Ethnicity in censuses
5126:Cultural assimilation
4627:Ethnolinguistic group
4442:Religious intolerance
4402:Political correctness
4232:Intersex human rights
4180:Cultural assimilation
3862:Religious persecution
3626:Disability hate crime
3411:Jewish / Antisemitism
2401:In Jewish communities
2379:Hispanic & Latino
1763:6.7 (2017): 171–177.
1698:88.4 (2021): 795-825.
1658:(Princeton UP, 2020)
1322:West, Cornel (2002).
1095:May 18, 2017, at the
935:Strangers in the Land
920:National Park Service
832:California Law Review
819:America for Americans
572:Anti-Slavic sentiment
567:Anti-Polish sentiment
557:Anti-Romani sentiment
502:A 2019 survey by the
401:presidential campaign
378:
289:
277:Franklin D. Roosevelt
271:. These actions were
134:Further information:
118:
60:This has resulted in
22:
5554:Minzu (anthropology)
5523:Separatist movements
5386:Ethnographic village
5211:Legendary progenitor
4846:Transidioethnography
4649:Hyphenated ethnicity
4644:Ethnographic realism
4637:Ethnoreligious group
3847:Political repression
2851:Anti-left handedness
2841:Anti-intellectualism
2491:Herrenvolk democracy
1752:Pruitt, Nicholas T.
683:Smithsonian Magazine
542:Anti-Irish sentiment
477:communities of color
371:Trump administration
29:, August 9, 1899 by
5421:Multinational state
5416:Model minority myth
5303:Multiethnic society
5221:Linguistic homeland
4632:Ethnonational group
4350:Historical eugenics
3887:Segregation academy
3867:Religious terrorism
3656:Enemy of the people
3564:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
3078:Jehovah's Witnesses
2971:Perpetual foreigner
2511:Perpetual foreigner
1746:(Routledge, 2013).
1688:19.1 (2020): 3–18.
1651:, in United States.
1626:(Harvard UP, 2014)
1561:Atkins, Stephen E.
987:on February 5, 2017
707:(1938) pp 380-436.
504:Pew Research Center
314:Emergency Quota Act
306:Emergency Quota Act
299:Emergency Quota Act
245:During World War II
5401:Middleman minority
5361:Ethnic pornography
5356:Ethnic nationalism
5261:Pantribal sodality
5201:Imagined community
4726:Symbolic ethnicity
4654:Indigenous peoples
4622:Ethnographic group
4262:Social integration
4257:Self-determination
4247:Racial integration
4195:Diversity training
4185:Cultural pluralism
4160:Affirmative action
4060:Racial segregation
3970:Crime of apartheid
3872:Religious violence
3375:Indigenous people
2775:Sexual orientation
2541:Racial integration
2521:Race and sexuality
2326:Japanese Americans
2046:Racial segregation
2036:Racial nationalism
1802:Richard Hofstadter
1756:(NYU Press, 2021).
1610:Harvard Law Review
1588:Bennett, David H.
1558:(Oxford UP, 1992).
1311:. 5 November 2010.
1103:(August 16, 2015).
1012:The New York Times
389:
296:
203:Russo-Japanese War
110:Henry Winter Davis
72:, restrictions on
64:laws, such as the
39:
5562:
5561:
5483:Ethnic stereotype
5396:Indigenous rights
5381:Ethnographic film
5366:Ethnic theme park
5326:Dominant minority
5321:Diaspora politics
5311:Consociationalism
5246:National language
5131:Cultural identity
5121:Cross-race effect
5065:Aboriginal groups
4564:
4563:
4432:Racism by country
4360:Intersectionality
4345:Heteronormativity
4144:Voter suppression
3892:Sexual harassment
3691:Forced conversion
3611:Cultural genocide
3274:African Americans
3088:post–Cold War era
3073:Eastern Orthodoxy
2836:Anti-drug addicts
2831:Anti-homelessness
2758:Scientific racism
2614:
2613:
2362:African Americans
2309:Chinese Americans
2006:Ethnic stereotype
1646:978-1-4008-2431-1
1554:Anbinder, Tyler.
1417:on 9 October 2021
1374:Los Angeles Times
1046:www.governing.com
843:Gary Y. Okihiro,
330:Eastern Europeans
292:Los Angeles Times
101:religious liberty
5607:
5453:Ethnic cleansing
5448:Ethnic bioweapon
5331:Ethnic democracy
4940:Groups by region
4890:Ethnomethodology
4873:Ethnomathematics
4863:Ethnolinguistics
4759:Ethnoarchaeology
4591:
4584:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4554:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4484:Social privilege
4469:Social exclusion
4397:Police brutality
4318:Multiculturalism
4288:Amatonormativity
4119:Social exclusion
3955:Age of candidacy
3755:Homeless dumping
3661:Ethnic cleansing
2641:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2438:Racial supremacy
2396:Jewish Americans
2374:Native Americans
2343:Zainichi Koreans
2331:Japanese Koreans
2314:Zainichi Chinese
2287:Racism by target
2064:Global apartheid
2056:Racism by region
2041:Racial profiling
2031:Racial hierarchy
1832:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1796:Nugent, Walter.
1732:Makari, George.
1650:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1505:(7): 1187–1188.
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1160:(9): 1165–1179.
1145:
1139:
1138:
1110:
1104:
1087:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
983:. Archived from
973:
964:
957:
951:
944:
938:
931:
925:
924:
911:
905:
904:
897:
891:
889:
875:
869:
868:
854:
848:
841:
835:
828:
822:
815:
809:
799:
793:
786:
780:
779:
759:
753:
752:(1974): 473-499.
746:
740:
736:(1885) pp 72-73
730:
724:
719:Tyler Anbinder,
717:
711:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
674:
665:
664:
662:
655:
647:
253:Japanese descent
235:Asia at the Door
231:Yamato Ichihashi
227:Kiyoshi Kawakami
106:Democratic Party
5615:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5542:
5488:Ethnic violence
5436:
5434:ethnic conflict
5432:
5425:
5406:Minority rights
5346:Ethnic majority
5297:
5281:Detribalization
5236:Nation-building
5171:Ethnic religion
5114:
5110:
5100:
5007:Central America
4934:
4905:Ethnophilosophy
4900:Ethnomusicology
4878:Ethnostatistics
4836:Person-centered
4806:Autoethnography
4735:
4600:
4595:
4565:
4560:
4532:
4407:Polyculturalism
4303:Civil liberties
4271:
4252:Reappropriation
4153:Countermeasures
4148:
4077:Racial steering
4043:Numerus clausus
3947:
3941:
3666:Ethnic conflict
3601:Corrective rape
3552:
3192:
3147:minority Muslim
3034:
2926:HIV/AIDS stigma
2794:
2743:Mental disorder
2681:
2650:
2645:
2615:
2610:
2572:
2551:Racism in sport
2449:
2443:White supremacy
2282:
2050:
1986:Ethnic conflict
1958:
1952:
1846:Types of racism
1841:
1836:
1773:
1696:Social Research
1654:Goodman, Adam.
1647:
1573:Islamic Studies
1541:
1539:Further reading
1536:
1491:
1487:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1261:
1257:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1187:
1183:
1146:
1142:
1111:
1107:
1097:Wayback Machine
1088:
1084:
1078:Wayback Machine
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
975:
974:
967:
958:
954:
945:
941:
932:
928:
913:
912:
908:
899:
898:
894:
876:
872:
855:
851:
842:
838:
829:
825:
821:(2019) p. 226.
816:
812:
800:
796:
787:
783:
776:
760:
756:
747:
743:
731:
727:
718:
714:
702:
698:
688:
686:
675:
668:
660:
653:
649:
648:
644:
640:
547:Anti-Italianism
533:
465:
373:
368:
367:
358:Southern Europe
309:
301:
281:executive order
223:Gary Y. Okihiro
191:
185:
164:Irish Americans
156:
150:
142:
132:
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5613:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5513:Indigenization
5510:
5505:
5503:Ethnosymbolism
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5473:Ethnic penalty
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Model minority
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:Ethnopluralism
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Ethnic enclave
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5046:Southeast Asia
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4969:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4925:Ethnosemiotics
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4895:Ethnomuseology
4892:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4754:Ethnic studies
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:Supraethnicity
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4674:Minority group
4671:
4669:Metroethnicity
4666:
4664:Meta-ethnicity
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4452:Reverse racism
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Prisoner abuse
4419:
4414:
4412:Power distance
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Ethnic penalty
4327:
4326:
4325:
4323:Neurodiversity
4320:
4310:
4308:Dehumanization
4305:
4300:
4298:Cisnormativity
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4276:Related topics
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4134:State religion
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4070:Nuremberg Laws
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Ghetto benches
4009:
4007:Gerrymandering
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Gender pay gap
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3946:Discriminatory
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Lavender scare
3772:
3770:Kill Haole Day
3767:
3765:Indian rolling
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Eliminationism
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Cancel culture
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3558:
3557:Manifestations
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Middle Eastern
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3188:Zoroastrianism
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:Untouchability
3107:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Leprosy stigma
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:Discrimination
2644:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:Reverse racism
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Racial figleaf
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2454:Related topics
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Middle Eastern
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:United Kingdom
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1957:Manifestations
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1784:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1699:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1664:Higham, John.
1662:
1652:
1645:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1552:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1485:
1448:(4): 647–667.
1428:
1392:
1370:Microsoft News
1355:
1344:. 9 April 2019
1329:
1326:. p. 116.
1314:
1296:
1275:(2): 115–118.
1255:
1236:(3): 299–314.
1220:
1181:
1140:
1121:(2): 246–258.
1105:
1082:
1062:
1029:
998:
965:
952:
950:, 8th ed., 736
939:
926:
906:
903:. 17 May 2023.
892:
870:
849:
836:
823:
810:
794:
781:
774:
754:
741:
725:
712:
696:
666:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
529:
523:. In 2020 the
473:Discrimination
464:
463:Current status
461:
385:McAllen, Texas
372:
369:
350:Western Europe
310:
302:
300:
297:
199:Russian Empire
187:Main article:
184:
181:
160:Western states
149:
146:
131:
128:
114:James Buchanan
81:
78:
62:discriminatory
55:discrimination
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5612:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Ethnocentrism
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:Ethnic hatred
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:National myth
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Folk religion
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:Ethnic origin
5164:
5162:
5161:Ethnic option
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Northern Asia
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5012:South America
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:United States
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4930:Ethnotaxonomy
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Ethnomedicine
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Institutional
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Ethnomycology
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Polyethnicity
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Monoethnicity
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4557:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Social stigma
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:State atheism
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Jim Crow laws
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:One-drop rule
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Blood quantum
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Victimisation
3910:
3908:
3907:Trans bashing
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Religious war
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Racialization
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Glass ceiling
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Ethnic hatred
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Counter-jihad
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:United States
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:United States
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Protestantism
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
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3125:
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3119:
3118:
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3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:LDS or Mormon
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
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3056:
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3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Transmisogyny
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
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2987:
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2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Gerontophobia
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
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2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Anti-intersex
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Anti-albinism
2819:
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2809:
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2691:
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2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Institutional
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2599:
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2444:
2441:
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2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Wine industry
2431:
2429:
2426:
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2416:
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2301:
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2297:
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2291:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:South America
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:United States
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:North America
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
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2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
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2186:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2161:
2158:
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2151:
2148:
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2143:
2139:
2136:
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2129:
2126:
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2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
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2072:
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2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Racialization
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Ethnic hatred
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Laissez-faire
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Institutional
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Environmental
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
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1850:
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1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:online review
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
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1642:
1638:
1637:
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1621:
1618:
1614:
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1607:
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1601:
1597:
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1564:
1560:
1557:
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1543:
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1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
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1496:
1489:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:Sahil Kapur,
1066:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
986:
982:
978:
972:
970:
962:
956:
949:
943:
936:
933:John Higham,
930:
922:
921:
916:
910:
902:
896:
887:
886:
881:
874:
866:
865:
860:
853:
846:
840:
833:
827:
820:
814:
808:
804:
798:
791:
785:
777:
775:9780313379475
771:
767:
766:
758:
751:
745:
739:
735:
729:
722:
716:
710:
706:
700:
684:
680:
673:
671:
659:
652:
646:
642:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Hispanophobia
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
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538:
535:
534:
528:
526:
522:
517:
516:
511:
510:
505:
500:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
435:
430:
428:
427:third version
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
386:
382:
377:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
293:
288:
284:
282:
278:
275:by president
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Pacific Coast
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:According to
219:
216:
211:
209:
204:
200:
196:
190:
183:Anti-Japanese
180:
178:
173:
169:
168:Denis Kearney
165:
161:
155:
145:
141:
137:
130:Asian targets
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
47:
46:United States
43:
36:
32:
28:
27:
23:Cartoon from
21:
5528:Xenocentrism
5478:Ethnic slurs
5468:Ethnic party
5431:Ideology and
5351:Ethnic media
5293:White ethnic
5286:Neotribalism
5241:Nation state
5181:Ethnofiction
5112:ethnogenesis
5083:
5076:
5057:
5026:Central Asia
5018:
4971:
4964:
4947:
4920:Ethnoscience
4910:Ethnopoetics
4858:Ethnohistory
4796:Ethnogeology
4784:Ethnozoology
4774:Ethnoecology
4764:Ethnobiology
4749:Anthropology
4701:Panethnicity
4617:Ethnic group
4340:Gender-blind
4227:Human rights
4055:Racial quota
4042:
4022:Jewish quota
4002:Gerontocracy
3997:Gender roles
3975:Disabilities
3960:Blood purity
3932:Wife selling
3922:White flight
3902:Slut-shaming
3882:Scapegoating
3800:Murder music
3473:Palestinians
3416:Anti-Zionism
3284:South Africa
3269:Black people
3247:South Africa
3063:Christianity
3053:Baháʼí Faith
2981:Sectarianism
2921:Heterosexism
2886:Ephebiphobia
2856:Anti-Masonry
2723:Hair texture
2556:in Australia
2546:Racial quota
2190:Soviet Union
2133:Saudi Arabia
2074:South Africa
2001:Ethnic slurs
1996:Ethnic jokes
1898:Internalized
1797:
1787:
1777:
1760:
1753:
1743:
1742:Oxx, Katie.
1733:
1723:
1716:
1715:Lee, Erika.
1709:; also see
1702:
1701:Lee, Erika.
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1635:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1404:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1368:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1085:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1045:
1020:. Retrieved
1011:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
985:the original
963:19#1 (2021).
960:
955:
947:
942:
934:
929:
918:
909:
895:
888:. p. 8.
884:
873:
864:The Guardian
862:
852:
844:
839:
831:
826:
818:
813:
802:
797:
789:
784:
764:
757:
749:
744:
733:
728:
720:
715:
704:
699:
687:. Retrieved
682:
645:
607:Know Nothing
514:
508:
501:
493:
469:civil rights
466:
458:
443:
431:
420:
405:
397:Donald Trump
390:
339:
311:
291:
243:
238:
234:
220:
212:
195:Yellow Peril
192:
157:
148:Anti-Chinese
143:
140:Yellow Peril
124:
119:
94:
88:party was a
86:Know Nothing
83:
70:World War II
59:
41:
40:
24:
5463:Ethnic joke
5271:Tribal name
5256:Origin myth
5231:Mythomoteur
5156:Ethnic flag
5141:Development
4826:Netnography
4801:Ethnography
4791:Ethnocinema
4769:Ethnobotany
4696:Nationality
4242:Nonviolence
4237:LGBT rights
4202:Empowerment
4170:Anti-racism
4092:Segregation
4037:No kid zone
3837:Persecution
3750:Hate speech
3701:Gay bashing
3676:Ethnic joke
3631:Dog whistle
3576:Blood libel
3264:Azerbaijani
3168:Neopaganism
3161:Persecution
3122:Persecution
3105:Persecution
3068:Catholicism
3003:Transphobia
2986:Supremacism
2941:Lesbophobia
2861:Aporophobia
2826:Anti-autism
2677:Taste-based
2672:Statistical
2471:Anti-racism
2212:Middle East
2106:South Korea
2101:North Korea
2016:Hate speech
1938:Substantive
1918:Neocolonial
1348:13 December
1213:6 September
937:(1963), 311
834:35 (1): 61.
817:Erika Lee,
788:Erika Lee,
496:Cornel West
416:green cards
387:, June 2018
342:1910 Census
237:(1914) and
74:immigration
31:J. S. Pughe
5580:Xenophobia
5569:Categories
5538:Xenophobia
5533:Xenophilia
5508:Indigenism
5443:Allophilia
5376:Ethnocracy
5266:Statistext
5196:Historical
5089:Indigenous
5041:South Asia
4977:Indigenous
4711:Population
4516:Stereotype
4511:Speciesism
4392:Oppression
4387:Oikophobia
4283:Allophilia
4267:Toleration
4124:Sodomy law
4017:Internment
3937:Witch-hunt
3815:Blackhawks
3745:Hate group
3733:Hate crime
3706:Gendercide
3696:Freak show
3686:Excellence
3646:Employment
3616:Defamation
3548:Vietnamese
3543:Venezuelan
3433:Lithuanian
3095:Falun Gong
3030:Xenophobia
3025:Vegaphobia
3008:Non-binary
2966:Pedophobia
2931:Homophobia
2753:Skin color
2713:Disability
2686:Attributes
2667:Structural
2350:Vietnamese
2123:Arab world
2021:Hate group
2011:Hate crime
1948:Xenophobia
1928:Scientific
1913:Linguistic
1056:2018-06-24
689:13 January
638:References
423:travel ban
408:Trump wall
152:See also:
5585:Strangers
5498:Ethnocide
5371:Ethnoburb
5276:Tribalism
5059:Australia
5051:West Asia
5031:East Asia
5002:Caribbean
4987:Greenland
4868:Ethnology
4741:Ethnology
4679:Influence
4598:Ethnicity
4489:Christian
4417:Prejudice
4365:Masculism
4313:Diversity
4107:religious
4082:Redlining
3681:Ethnocide
3641:Education
3533:Ukrainian
3468:Pakistani
3458:Mongolian
3379:Australia
3361:Hungarian
3316:Colombian
3296:Bulgarian
3178:Rastafari
3127:Ahmadiyya
3040:Religious
3018:Trans men
2976:Pregnancy
2911:Gayphobia
2906:Fatphobia
2811:Acephobia
2806:Arophobia
2790:Viewpoint
2531:Race card
2466:Alt-right
2266:Argentina
2227:Palestine
2145:Australia
1971:Apartheid
1959:of racism
1462:1066-2316
1410:USA Today
1291:248421157
1250:252774439
1203:2161-3362
1176:233697192
1135:195563923
961:The Forum
273:initiated
177:traqueros
35:Uncle Sam
5518:Nativism
5186:Ethnonym
5151:Ethnarch
5107:Identity
5094:European
4972:Americas
4816:Critical
4811:Clinical
4605:Concepts
4546:Category
4528:The talk
4464:Snobbery
4382:Net bias
4212:Feminism
4139:Ugly law
3980:Catholic
3948:policies
3795:Mortgage
3790:Lynching
3721:examples
3716:Genocide
3636:Economic
3621:Democide
3581:Bullying
3498:Romanian
3463:Nigerian
3406:Japanese
3341:Georgian
3326:Filipino
3259:Assyrian
3232:Armenian
3222:American
3217:Albanian
3199:National
3183:Yazidism
3100:Hinduism
3058:Buddhism
2961:Nepotism
2956:Misogyny
2951:Misandry
2876:Clannism
2871:Biphobia
2816:Adultism
2733:Language
2586:Category
2501:Lynching
2476:Casteism
2321:Japanese
2180:Portugal
2111:Thailand
2079:Zimbabwe
1943:Symbolic
1933:Societal
1923:Romantic
1888:Gendered
1868:Cultural
1858:Colorism
1853:Aversive
1726:(1970).
1529:32522506
1480:32837171
1406:MSN News
1379:Archived
1207:Archived
1093:Archived
1074:Archived
1050:Archived
1022:June 24,
1016:Archived
882:(1946).
658:Archived
531:See also
525:COVID-19
446:DREAMers
346:Northern
326:Southern
249:interned
97:Romanist
90:nativist
5547:Related
5206:Kinship
5146:Endonym
5136:Demonym
5084:Oceania
4841:Salvage
4556:Commons
4335:Figleaf
3760:Housing
3528:Turkish
3478:Pashtun
3448:Mexican
3428:Kurdish
3401:Italian
3351:Haitian
3336:Finnish
3311:Chinese
3306:Chechen
3301:Catalan
3291:Bengali
3212:African
3197:Ethnic/
3156:Judaism
3142:Sunnism
3132:Shi'ism
3048:Atheism
2881:Elitism
2780:Species
2718:Genetic
2708:Dialect
2596:Commons
2506:Passing
2461:Ableism
2384:Mexican
2304:Chinese
2200:Ukraine
2165:Germany
2155:Denmark
2116:Vietnam
1748:excerpt
1738:excerpt
1719:(2003).
1707:excerpt
1660:excerpt
1628:excerpt
1602:(1938)
1594:excerpt
1550:excerpt
1520:7188638
1471:7364747
1309:Reuters
1101:Reuters
991:May 15,
807:excerpt
805:(2016)
485:Muslims
481:Indians
354:Eastern
279:via an
201:in the
68:during
5078:Europe
4992:Mexico
4982:Canada
4966:Africa
4831:Online
4691:Nation
4521:threat
4375:autism
4112:sexual
4102:racial
3985:Jewish
3842:Pogrom
3820:Chiefs
3810:Braves
3538:Uyghur
3513:Somali
3508:Slavic
3493:Romani
3488:Quebec
3483:Polish
3423:Korean
3384:Canada
3371:Indian
3356:Hazara
3331:Fulani
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1172:S2CID
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661:(PDF)
654:(PDF)
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213:The
138:and
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