211:, author in the late 1880s of an influential history of California, considered the Workingmen's Party to be "ignorant Irish rabble, even though that rabble sometimes paraded the streets as a great political party." Kearney's Irish immigrant background made him subject to frequent accusations that he was a foreign agitator. Middle class critics, fearful of Kearney's radical rhetoric and pledges, questioned whether Irish immigrants—embodied by Kearney—should have the right to dictate social policy in San Francisco. As
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205:. For several years the Workingmen's Party would provide a forum for Kearney to speak before growing crowds of unemployed people in San Francisco. At first his speeches focused on uniting the poor and the working class while attacking the greed of big business, especially the railroads. He thought of himself as a "workingman's advocate", although he remained highly critical of unions throughout his life and frequently denounced strikes.
38:
384:"When the Chinese question is settled, we can discuss whether it would be better to hang, shoot, or cut the capitalists to pieces. In six months we will have 50,000 men ready to go out ... and if 'John' don't leave here, we will drive him and his aborts into the sea ... We are ready to do it ... If the ballot fails, we are ready to use the bullet."
159:, but after a few years his increasingly vitriolic language and his repeated arrests for inciting violence alienated many of those whom he was trying to influence. When the economy grew stronger in the early 1880s, Kearney faded from public notice. He started an employment agency where he worked until his health began to fail around 1900. He died in
240:
speeches often lasted as long as two hours he had plenty of opportunity to incite the audience. One of his trademarks was to gradually increase the volume of his speech until it reached fever pitch, then dramatically throw off his coat and unbutton his collar. Such gestures "always provoked a storm of applause."
387:"When I have thoroughly organized my party, we will march through the city and compel the thieves to give up their plunder. I will lead you to the City Hall, clean out the police force, hang the Prosecuting Attorney, burn every book that has a particle of law in it, and then enact new laws for the workingmen."
343:
Kearney faded from the public's eye by the early 1880s, leaving as his legacy only the anti-Chinese laws that the
Workingmen's Party had passed at the 1879 California Constitutional Convention. Many of these laws, which included a ban on the employment of Chinese laborers, were ruled unconstitutional
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When an organization, composed almost entirely of aliens, who are themselves here by the sufferance of a generous hospitality, band themselves together in defiance of the law to drive out a class, who, however objectionable, have the same legal rights as themselves, it is an act of insolent audacity
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In one of his early speeches he urged laborers to be "thrifty and industrious like the
Chinese", but within a year's time he began denouncing Chinese immigrants as the cause of white workers' economic woes. By 1878 he used the Sandlot forum to give frequent and violent speeches against Chinese
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In spite of growing criticism, Kearney's popularity increased. At an outdoor gathering place near San
Francisco City Hall known as "The Sandlot" he regularly spoke in front of crowds that numbered as many as 2,000 people. Observers said he had a natural ability to stir up crowds, and since his
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Kearney never attended school, but he was a prolific reader and loved to engage in debates. He attended a club in San
Francisco known as the Lyceum of Self-Culture, where he sharpened his speaking skills at weekly forums. One of his contemporaries described him as "temperate in everything but
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intelligently;" he said, "see that you hunt him down and shoot him." In another speech he declared "Before I starve in this country I will cut a man's throat and take whatever he has got ... The
Workingmen's Party must win, even if it has to wade knee deep in blood and perish in battle."
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In some of his speeches Kearny did not hesitate to urge people to take violent actions against politicians and other leaders. He frequently urged people to take immediate retribution on politicians who broke promises. "Shoot the first man that goes back on you after you have elected him
335:." Wong's darkly sarcastic commentary on Christian hypocrisy "Why am I a Heathen?" speculated that Kearney might slip into heaven (via an eleventh-hour repentance), and proceed to "organize a heavenly crusade to have me and others immediately cast out and into the other place."
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Although
Kearney was arrested several times for inciting violence, he was always released when charges were either dropped or no one would testify against him. His arrests only served to further his popularity and increase the membership in the Workingmen's Party.
390:"For reporters of the press I have great respect. The reporters of the newspapers are workingmen, like ourselves working for bread and butter. But for the villainous, serpent-like, slimy imps of hell that run the newspapers, I have the utmost contempt."
200:
That same year, Kearney entered into the public arena when he challenged a city-backed monopoly on carting and hauling. As part of this effort he helped to start a loosely organized association of laborers, which within a year's time grew into the
184:. In census and voter registration records his birth year is listed as either 1846, 1847 or 1848. The second of seven sons, he left home after his father died when he was just 11 years old. He became a cabin boy on the clipper ship
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491:
If any one individual personified the anti-Chinese movement in the United States, it was surely San
Francisco's Denis Kearney. A bigot, a demagogue, and a gifted public speaker, Kearney rose to prominence in the late
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and married an Irish woman named Mary Ann Leary. Census records list a daughter, Maggie, was born in 1871. Two years later he and his family settled in San
Francisco, where he became a U.S. citizen and started a
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business. A son, William, was born in 1873, and another daughter, Amelia, was born in 1875. By 1877 his business was so well established that he owned five wagons and hauled goods throughout the city.
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In 1878, Kearney traveled to Boston to carry his message against the
Chinese to eastern audiences. He was warmly welcomed, and it was estimated that "thousands, indeed, packed
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noted "the workingmen of this state are by no means united in welcoming
Kearney ... Many of them have no sympathy with his anti-Chinese policy, they dislike his openly
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nomination, although Butler never offered it to him. After criticism of him increased in editorials and articles in eastern newspapers, he returned to San Francisco.
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1994:
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323:. Wong challenged Kearney to a duel on the occasion of a speech by Kearney in New York in 1883, giving Kearney "his choice of chopsticks, Irish potatoes, or
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on August 5 to hear his first speech, and thousands more had to be turned away." Within a short time, however, the crowds at his speeches began to dwindle.
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immigrants and the problems he claimed they caused. He warned railroad owners that they had three months to fire all of their Chinese workers or "remember
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said "Mr. Kearney has power, and his power is that of the kind which to be appreciated must be seen and heard. It cannot be properly described."
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Within a short time he was known throughout California for his racially charged speeches in which he repeated his slogan "The Chinese must go."
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in the late 1880s, Kearney nonetheless claimed credit for making the "Chinese Question" a national issue and affecting the legislation of the
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139:, he is known for ending all of his speeches with the sentence "And whatever happens, the Chinese must go" (a conscious inspiration from
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of extraordinary power," he frequently gave long and caustic speeches that focused on four general topics: contempt for the press, for
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speech." He was said to speak forcibly, and when he wanted to make a point he used words "like a missile." The
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Michael Kazin, "The July Days in San Francisco, 1877: Prelude to Kearneyism," in David O. Stowell (ed.),
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1999:
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In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle Against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America.
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841:"100 Years of Hell-Raising: The Hidden History of Asian American Activism in New York City"
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labor leader from Ireland who was active in the late 19th century and was known for his
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188:, and by his own account he "circumnavigated the globe." In 1868 he arrived in the
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Kearney as he appeared on the cover of an 1878 pamphlet collecting his speeches.
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Not to be confused with the American attorney and politician in Massachusetts
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1976:
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The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume XXXVII (Popular Tribunals, Vol. II)
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78:
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The Evolution of Political Protest and the Workingmen's Party of California.
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Kearney sometimes crossed paths with Chinese-American civil rights activist
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The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California.
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The Workingmen's Party of California: An Epitome of Its Rise and Progress.
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Kearney was part of a short-lived movement to increase the power of the
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While in Massachusetts he campaigned with the Massachusetts politician
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393:"If the legislature oversteps decency, then hemp is the battle-cry."
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Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2008; pp. 136–163.
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The First Chinese-American: The Remarkable Life of Wong Chin Foo
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135:, for politicians, and for Chinese immigrants. A leader of the
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Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
1111:
Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco, www.sfmuseum.net/
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Closing the Gate: Race, Politics and the Chinese Exclusion Act
152:– "Furthermore, I consider that Carthage must be destroyed".)
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367:; however it was not named after Denis Kearney but after the
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635:
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principles, and will not endure his conceited intolerance."
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Yung, Judy; Chang, Gordon H.; Lai, Him Mark, eds. (2006).
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Driven Out: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans
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that ought to move the indignation of every honest man.
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Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; p. 79.
1025:"Warrior: The Historical Inspiration for Dylan Leary"
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Wong, Chin Foo (August 1887). "Why Am I a Heathen?".
348:. Corresponding with the Irish author and politician
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743:
671:
259:
217:, the newspaper founded and published by the former
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510:
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378:
667:. San Francisco: The History Company. p. 738.
1012:In Our Second Century: From an Editor's Notebook.
832:
2284:
403:Dean S. Jagger plays the role of Dylan Leary on
1128:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
1699:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
1630:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
813:"The Boston Journal," July 25, 1878, cited in
149:ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam
1640:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1243:
234:
1135:Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992.
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2323:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
2318:History of immigration to the United States
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971:
892:. University of California Press. pp.
800:"Boston Journal", August 6, 1878, cited in
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1094:Speeches of Denis Kearney, Labor Champion.
1014:San Francisco: Pioneer Press, 1931; p. 54.
36:
2348:Naturalized citizens of the United States
1492:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
327:." Kearney responded by calling Wong an "
954:, December 12, 1877, cited In Pfaelzer,
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761:
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564:"California, Great Registers, 1966-1910"
470:
446:
444:
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2343:Workingmen's Party of California people
2308:Left-wing populism in the United States
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1109:"The Kearney Agitation in California,"
1097:New York: Jesse Haney & Co., 1878.
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1745:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
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146:'s fame for ending all speeches with
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1849:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
1213:The Kearney Agitation in California
1146:Political cartoon depicting Kearney
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363:in San Francisco that runs through
13:
1826:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
1677:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
1661:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
1101:
1059:University of North Carolina Press
926:Thompson, Walter J. (1916-08-27).
14:
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1139:
1068:The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
260:Anti-Chinese immigration agitator
1983:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
1943:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
1854:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
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430:Workingmen's Party of California
409:, who is based on Denis Kearney.
379:Excerpts from Kearney's speeches
203:Workingmen's Party of California
137:Workingmen's Party of California
1635:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
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16:19th-century American demagogue
2221:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
1200:New International Encyclopedia
968:San Francisco Evening Bulletin
952:San Francisco Evening Bulletin
928:"When Kearny Street was Young"
768:University of California Press
711:, September 7, 1878, cited in
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219:Attorney General of California
176:Kearney was born in Oakmount,
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1:
2010:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
1973:China–United States trade war
1838:Internment of Chinese-Indians
1751:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
970:, November 5, 1877, cited in
663:Bancroft, Hubert How (1887).
435:
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2015:Boycotts of Chinese products
1938:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
1870:1969 race riots of Singapore
1844:1964 race riots in Singapore
1531:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
1001:"The Sandlot and Kearnyism,"
839:Hsiao, Andrew (1998-06-23).
727:, August 24, 1878, cited in
590:"United States Census, 1900"
538:"United States Census, 1880"
166:
7:
2353:American white supremacists
2005:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
1995:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
1892:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
1089:San Francisco: Bacon, 1878.
695:, August 6, 1878, cited in
413:
10:
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2000:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
1864:13 May incident (Malaysia)
1832:Chinese Confession Program
1722:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
1666:Chinese head tax in Canada
1613:San Francisco riot of 1877
1170:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1116:The Great Strikes of 1877.
1066:Soennichsen, John (2011).
477:Hong Kong University Press
425:San Francisco Riot of 1877
235:Labor organizer and orator
18:
2303:American anti-capitalists
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1968:2015 Aksu colliery attack
1918:2008 Kunming bus bombings
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1289:The Unparalleled Invasion
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934:. San Francisco Chronicle
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2313:Chinese-American history
1953:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
1762:Second Sino-Japanese War
1591:Chinese massacre of 1871
1487:Asiatic Exclusion League
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471:Seligman, Scott (2013).
2333:People from County Cork
2083:Ita Martadinata Haryono
1963:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
1913:Abacus Bank prosecution
1536:Sangley Massacre (1662)
1218:Popular Science Monthly
888:Chinese American Voices
762:Pfaelzer, Jean (2007).
1958:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
1923:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
1716:White Australia policy
1259:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1185:Encyclopedia Americana
1053:Gyory, Andrew (1998).
269:
232:
2338:California Greenbacks
2272:Hong Kong nationalism
1908:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
1887:1997 Banjarmasin riot
1682:Hells Canyon Massacre
1655:Rock Springs massacre
1645:Issaquah riot of 1885
1624:Chinese Exclusion Act
1552:1740 Batavia massacre
1354:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1329:Andrew Jackson Bryant
1159:Texts on Wikisource:
1006:May 10, 2012, at the
866:North American Review
782:"The Chinese Must Go"
354:Chinese Exclusion Act
312:. Kearney sought the
267:
227:
1928:2011 Kashgar attacks
1672:Seattle riot of 1886
1618:New Zealand head tax
1557:1782 Saigon massacre
1296:Japanese nationalism
1150:The Bancroft Library
1131:Neil Larry Shumsky,
503:Charles J. McClain,
369:Mexican–American War
127:activism. Called "a
48:1846 or 1847 or 1848
2267:Chinese imperialism
1948:2014 Kunming attack
1804:Home Office 213/926
1792:Sook Ching massacre
1780:Japanese war crimes
1756:Wanpaoshan Incident
1650:Tacoma riot of 1885
1607:Trout Creek Outrage
1057:. Chapel Hill, NC:
346:Ninth Circuit Court
161:Alameda, California
102:and labor organizer
1881:Cambodian genocide
1818:Mergosono massacre
1798:Changkiao massacre
1774:Nanshitou Massacre
1579:Lambing Flat riots
1482:Anti-Chinese Union
1412:Racism in Malaysia
1324:Adriaan Valckenier
1284:Chinese emigration
916:Gyorny, pp 130-134
740:Soennischen, p. 53
725:Cincinnati Gazette
398:In popular culture
290:The Boston Journal
270:
119:(1847–1907) was a
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2214:Chinaman's chance
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2164:Mi Gao Huang Chen
2134:Franklin Feng Tao
2023:
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1785:Three Alls Policy
1596:Pigtail Ordinance
1525:Sangley Rebellion
1070:. Santa Barbara:
653:, pp. 52–54.
373:Stephen W. Kearny
359:Today there is a
314:vice presidential
308:'s candidate for
114:
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21:Dennis J. Kearney
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2251:Sick man of Asia
2241:Locust/Wongchung
2159:Leung Chi-cheung
2032:
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1990:China Initiative
1768:Nanking Massacre
1734:Torreón massacre
1688:Scott Act (1888)
1602:Page Act of 1875
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1459:China Initiative
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1211:(August 1880). "
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1417:Ketuanan Melayu
1390:Racism in Japan
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1221:. Vol. 17.
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1930:
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1140:External links
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2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1977:Trump tariffs
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1334:Denis Kearney
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
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1319:
1317:By persecutor
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
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990:, p. 113
989:
985:
984:New York Sun,
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882:Reprinted in
879:
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846:
845:Village Voice
842:
835:
828:
823:
817:, p. 112
816:
810:
804:, p. 112
803:
797:
783:
777:
770:. p. 78.
769:
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746:
737:
731:, p. 115
730:
726:
721:
715:, p. 115
714:
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698:
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371:Army officer
370:
366:
362:
361:Kearny Street
357:
355:
351:
347:
336:
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330:
326:
322:
321:Wong Chin Foo
317:
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190:United States
187:
186:Shooting Star
183:
179:
164:
162:
158:
157:working class
153:
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150:
145:
142:
141:Roman senator
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Denis Kearney
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:Occupation(s)
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
79:United States
76:
72:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:Denis Kearney
27:
22:
2293:1840s births
2107:21st century
2078:Vincent Chin
2071:20th century
2057:Wong Kim Ark
2035:19th century
1901:21st century
1814:(1945–1947)
1809:
1764:(1937-1945)
1709:20th century
1566:19th century
1545:18th century
1518:17th century
1502:Uyoku dantai
1497:Tsagaan Khas
1429:Nazi Germany
1333:
1279:Yellow Peril
1261:(Sinophobia)
1216:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1093:
1086:
1067:
1054:
1046:Bibliography
1033:. Retrieved
1031:. 2020-12-05
1028:
1019:
1011:
995:
983:
979:
974:, p. 66
967:
963:
955:
951:
947:
936:. Retrieved
931:
921:
912:
887:
869:
865:
859:
848:. Retrieved
844:
834:
822:
809:
796:
785:. Retrieved
776:
766:. Berkeley:
763:
757:
745:
736:
724:
720:
708:
704:
692:
688:
664:
658:
610:
599:. Retrieved
595:FamilySearch
593:
584:
573:. Retrieved
569:FamilySearch
567:
558:
547:. Retrieved
543:FamilySearch
541:
504:
499:
490:
472:
466:
455:. Retrieved
405:
358:
342:
318:
299:
288:
285:Faneuil Hall
282:
279:
271:
254:
250:
246:Boston Globe
245:
242:
238:
228:
223:Frank Pixley
214:The Argonaut
212:
207:
199:
185:
175:
154:
147:
125:anti-Chinese
116:
115:
2298:1907 deaths
2246:Shina/Zhina
2226:Ching chong
2189:Michelle Go
2179:Xiaoxing Xi
2169:Sherry Chen
2154:Jiayang Fan
2088:Qian Xuesen
1883:(1975–1979)
1834:(1956–1965)
1806:(1945–1946)
1776:(1942-1945)
1770:(1937–1938)
1718:(1901–1973)
1695:(1892–1943)
1668:(1885–1923)
1626:(1882–1943)
1620:(1881–1944)
1581:(1860–1861)
1511:By incident
1434:Philippines
1339:Hideki Tojo
1029:Den of Geek
956:Driven Out,
420:Carl Browne
350:James Bryce
295:Communistic
275:Judge Lynch
178:County Cork
172:Early years
163:, in 1907.
133:capitalists
86:Nationality
53:County Cork
2287:Categories
2184:Yao Pan Ma
2144:Haoyang Yu
2119:Danny Chen
2098:Wen Ho Lee
1363:By country
1267:Background
1035:2021-04-22
988:Gyory 1998
958:pp. 77-78.
938:2022-04-18
903:0520243102
850:2014-05-29
827:Gyory 1998
815:Gyory 1998
802:Gyory 1998
787:2010-11-15
750:Gyory 1998
729:Gyory 1998
713:Gyory 1998
697:Gyory 1998
681:Gyory 1998
615:Gyory 1998
601:2012-07-03
575:2012-07-03
549:2012-07-03
522:Gyory 1998
457:2012-07-02
436:References
339:Later life
325:Krupp guns
121:California
75:California
51:Oakmount,
2139:Gang Chen
2129:Eileen Gu
2114:Anming Hu
2052:Mary Tape
2028:By victim
1693:Geary Act
1439:Singapore
1380:Indonesia
1370:Hong Kong
492:1870s....
365:Chinatown
356:in 1882.
310:President
225:, noted:
167:Biography
129:demagogue
2209:Chinaman
1828:(1950s-)
1449:Thailand
1407:Malaysia
1004:Archived
878:25101276
414:See also
2260:Related
2062:Yick Wo
1811:Bersiap
1466:Vietnam
1424:Myanmar
1349:Pol Pot
1344:Suharto
1301:Minzoku
1203:. 1905.
1188:. 1920.
1173:. 1921.
406:Warrior
195:drayage
182:Ireland
100:Drayman
71:Alameda
57:Ireland
2236:Chinky
2124:Ee Lee
1877:(1974)
1866:(1969)
1840:(1962)
1820:(1947)
1800:(1943)
1794:(1942)
1758:(1931)
1736:(1911)
1730:(1907)
1724:(1907)
1701:(1899)
1684:(1887)
1657:(1885)
1609:(1876)
1598:(1873)
1587:(1862)
1575:(1857)
1527:(1603)
1444:Taiwan
1274:Coolie
900:
876:
483:
331:-eyed
329:almond
304:, the
107:Spouse
2231:Chink
2202:Slurs
1397:Korea
1385:Japan
1375:India
1081:Works
896:–78.
874:JSTOR
333:leper
90:Irish
1402:Laos
898:ISBN
481:ISBN
67:1907
64:Died
45:Born
1215:".
1197:".
1182:".
1167:".
1010:in
870:145
277:."
2289::
1979:)
1148:,
1124:.
1027:.
930:.
894:70
868:.
843:.
673:^
637:^
622:^
592:.
566:.
540:.
529:^
512:^
479:.
475:.
443:^
375:.
221:,
180:,
77:,
73:,
55:,
1975:(
1251:e
1244:t
1237:v
1193:"
1178:"
1163:"
1074:.
1061:.
1038:.
941:.
906:.
880:.
853:.
790:.
604:.
578:.
552:.
460:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
