3099:", a northerner with pro-southern principles. Buchanan's sympathies for the Southern states went beyond political expediency for his path to the White House. He identified with cultural and social values that he found reflected in the honor code and lifestyle of the planter class and with which he increasingly came into contact in his retirement community beginning in 1834. Shortly after his election, he said that the "great object" of his administration was "to arrest, if possible, the agitation of the Slavery question in the North and to destroy sectional parties". Although Buchanan was personally opposed to slavery, he believed that the abolitionists were preventing the solution to the slavery problem. He stated, "Before commenced this agitation, a very large and growing party existed in several of the slave states in favor of the gradual abolition of slavery; and now not a voice is heard there in support of such a measure. The abolitionists have postponed the emancipation of the slaves in three or four states for at least half a century." In deference to the intentions of the typical slaveholder, he was willing to provide the benefit of the doubt. In his third annual message to Congress, the president claimed that the slaves were "treated with kindness and humanity. ... Both the philanthropy and the self-interest of the master have combined to produce this humane result."
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2790:, the party split over the issue of slavery in the territories, damaging Buchanan's reputation as the main person responsible for this issue. Though Douglas led after every ballot, he was unable to win the two-thirds majority required. The convention adjourned after 53 ballots, and re-convened in Baltimore in June. After Douglas finally won the nomination, several Southerners refused to accept the outcome, and nominated Vice President Breckinridge as their own candidate. Douglas and Breckinridge agreed on most issues except the protection of slavery. Buchanan, nursing a grudge against Douglas, failed to reconcile the party, and tepidly supported Breckinridge. With the splintering of the Democratic Party, Republican nominee
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every slave state except for
Maryland, as well as five slavery-free states, including his home state of Pennsylvania. He won 45 percent of the popular vote and decisively won the electoral vote, taking 174 of 296 votes. His election made him the first president from Pennsylvania. In a combative victory speech, Buchanan denounced Republicans, calling them a "dangerous" and "geographical" party that had unfairly attacked the South. He also declared, "the object of my administration will be to destroy sectional party, North or South, and to restore harmony to the Union under a national and conservative government." He set about this initially by feigning a sectional balance in his cabinet appointments.
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2532:, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, Buchanan demanded that all Democrats support the administration's position of admitting Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution. On February 2, he transmitted the Lecompton Constitution to Congress. He also transmitted a message that attacked the "revolutionary government" in Topeka, conflating them with the Mormons in Utah. Buchanan made every effort to secure congressional approval, offering favors, patronage appointments, and even cash for votes. The Lecompton Constitution won the approval of the Senate in March, but a combination of Know-Nothings, Republicans, and Northern Democrats defeated the bill in the House.
1687:, which proposed the purchase of Cuba from Spain, then in the midst of revolution and near bankruptcy. The document declared the island "as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present ... family of states". Against Buchanan's recommendation, the final draft of the manifesto suggested that "wresting it from Spain", if Spain refused to sell, would be justified "by every law, human and Divine". The manifesto was met with a divided response and was never acted upon. It weakened the Pierce administration and reduced support for Manifest Destiny. In 1855, as Buchanan's desire to return home grew, Pierce asked him to hold the fort in
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government was without power to prevent them. He placed the blame for the crisis solely on "intemperate interference of the
Northern people with the question of slavery in the Southern States," and suggested that if they did not "repeal their unconstitutional and obnoxious enactments ... the injured States, after having first used all peaceful and constitutional means to obtain redress, would be justified in revolutionary resistance to the Government of the Union." Buchanan's only suggestion to solve the crisis was "an explanatory amendment" affirming the constitutionality of slavery in the states, the fugitive slave laws, and
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2342:. While the government was "without the power to extend relief", it would continue to pay its debts in specie, and while it would not curtail public works, none would be added. In hopes of reducing paper money supplies and inflation, he urged the states to restrict the banks to a credit level of $ 3 to $ 1 of specie and discouraged the use of federal or state bonds as security for bank note issues. The economy recovered in several years, though many Americans suffered as a result of the panic. Buchanan had hoped to reduce the deficit, but by the time he left office the federal budget grew by 15%.
2565:. Buchanan, working through federal patronage appointees in Illinois, ran candidates for the legislature in competition with both the Republicans and the Douglas Democrats. This could easily have thrown the election to the Republicans, and showed the depth of Buchanan's animosity toward Douglas. In the end, Douglas Democrats won the legislative election and Douglas was re-elected to the Senate. In that year's elections, Douglas forces took control throughout the North, except in Buchanan's home state of Pennsylvania. Buchanan's support was otherwise reduced to a narrow base of southerners.
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2817:, an opponent of Buchanan, warned him that Lincoln's election would likely cause at least seven states to secede from the union. He recommended that massive amounts of federal troops and artillery be deployed to those states to protect federal property, although he also warned that few reinforcements were available. Since 1857, Congress had failed to heed calls for a stronger militia and allowed the army to fall into deplorable condition. Buchanan distrusted Scott and ignored his recommendations. After Lincoln's election, Buchanan directed Secretary of War
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eye of local and sectional prejudice, they always appear to be conflicting ... and the jealousies that will perpetually arise can be repressed only by the mutual forbearance which pervades the constitution." Regarding slavery and the
Constitution, he stated: "Although in Pennsylvania we are all opposed to slavery in the abstract, we can never violate the constitutional compact we have with our sister states. Their rights will be held sacred by us. Under the constitution it is their own question; and there let it remain."
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3240:, also referred to King as "Aunt Fancy", as well as Buchanan's "better half", and "wife". King died of tuberculosis shortly after Pierce's inauguration, four years before Buchanan became president. Buchanan described him as "among the best, the purest and most consistent public men I have known". Biographer Baker opines that both men's nieces may have destroyed correspondence between the two men. However, she believes that their surviving letters illustrate only "the affection of a special friendship".
2894:, which federal forces remained in control of despite its location in Charleston, South Carolina. Buchanan saw Congress, not himself, as responsible for finding a solution to the secession crisis. As a compromise for the southern states, Buchanan envisioned the adoption of amendments to the United States Constitution that would guarantee the right to slavery in the southern states and territories and strengthen the right of slave owners to reclaim escaped slaves as property in the northern states.
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2505:, giving the Territory two different governments for a time, with two distinct constitutions, each claiming legitimacy. The admission of Kansas as a state required a constitution be submitted to Congress with the approval of a majority of its residents. Under President Pierce, a series of violent confrontations escalated over who had the right to vote in Kansas. The situation drew national attention, and some in Georgia and Mississippi advocated
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3190:, which took him away from Coleman for weeks at a time. Rumors abounded, as some suggested that he was involved with other (unidentified) women. Letters from Coleman revealed she was aware of several rumors, and she accused him of only being interested in her money. She broke off the engagement, and soon afterward, on December 9, 1819, inexplicably died of "hysterical convulsions" resulting from an overdose of
3356:. It was commissioned in 1916 but not approved by the U.S. Congress until 1918, and not completed and unveiled until June 26, 1930. The memorial features a statue of Buchanan, bookended by male and female classical figures representing law and diplomacy, with engraved text reading: "The incorruptible statesman whose walk was upon the mountain ranges of the law," a quote from a member of Buchanan's cabinet,
2540:, which offered Kansas immediate statehood and vast public lands in exchange for accepting the Lecompton Constitution. In August 1858, Kansans by referendum strongly rejected the Lecompton Constitution. The territory received an abolitionist constitution, which was bitterly opposed in Congress by representatives and senators from the southern states until Kansas was admitted to the Union in January 1861.
3194:, at the age of 23. It was never established if the drug was taken by instruction, by accident, or by intent. Buchanan wrote to her father for permission to attend the funeral, which was refused. At the time of her funeral, he said that, "I feel happiness has fled from me forever." Afterwards, Buchanan claimed that he remained unmarried out of devotion to his only love, who had died young.
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1523:, Buchanan initially advised against claiming territory south of the Rio Grande, fearing war with Britain and France. However, as the war came to an end, Buchanan changed his mind and argued for the annexation of further territory, arguing that Mexico was to blame for the war and that the compensation negotiated for the American losses was too low. Buchanan sought the nomination at the
2219:. His objective was to dominate the cabinet, and he chose men who would agree with his views. Buchanan had a troubled relationship with his vice president from the beginning, when he did not receive him during his inaugural visit but referred him to his niece and First Lady, which Breckinridge never forgave him for and saw as disrespectful. He left out the influential
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1090:, and later settled in the town in 1794. His father became the area's wealthiest resident, working as a merchant, farmer, and real estate investor. Buchanan attributed his early education primarily to his mother, whereas his father had a greater influence on his character. His mother had discussed politics with him as a child and had an interest in poetry, quoting
3030:. Although he recognized constitutional violations in some of the president's executive orders, he never criticized them in public. He also wrote a letter to his fellow Pennsylvania Democrats in Harrisburg, urging them and all young men to enlist in the Union army and "join the many thousands of brave & patriotic volunteers who are already in the field."
1212:, over alleged judicial misconduct. Impeachments were more common at the time because the line between abuse of office and a wrong legal decision was determined by the ruling parties' preferences and the popularity of the judge's decision. Buchanan persuaded the senators that only judicial crimes and clear violations of the law justified impeachment.
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the time, but he was seen conversing quietly with the Chief
Justice during his inauguration. When the decision was issued, Republicans began spreading the word that Taney had informed Buchanan of the impending outcome. Rather than destroying the Republican platform as Buchanan had hoped, the decision infuriated Northerners, who condemned it.
1817:. In his lengthy inaugural address, Buchanan committed himself to serving only one term, as his predecessor had done. He abhorred the growing divisions over slavery and its status in the territories, saying that Congress should play no role in determining the status of slavery in the states or territories. He proposed a solution based on the
1109:. In 1808, he was nearly expelled for disorderly conduct; he and his fellow students had attracted negative attention for drinking in local taverns, disturbing the peace at night and committing acts of vandalism, but he pleaded for a second chance and ultimately graduated with honors in 1809. Later that year, he moved to the state capital at
1251:, but switched to Andrew Jackson (with Clay as a second choice) when it became clear that the Pennsylvanian public overwhelmingly preferred Jackson. After Jackson lost the 1824 election, he joined his faction, but Jackson had contempt for Buchanan due to his misinterpretation of his efforts to mediate between the Clay and Jackson camps.
1235:. Shortly after his election victory, his father died in a carriage accident. As a young Representative, Buchanan was one of the most prominent leaders of the "Amalgamator party" faction of Pennsylvanian politics, named that because it was made up of both Democratic-Republicans and former Federalists, which transitioned from the
1492:, to compensate him for his support in the election campaign but also in order to eliminate him as an internal party rival. He accepted the State Department post and served for the duration of Polk's single term in office. During his tenure, the United States recorded its largest territorial gain in history through the
2584:. Buchanan argued that these acts were unconstitutional. In the western and northwestern United States, where the Homestead Act was very popular, even many Democrats condemned the president's policies, while many Americans who considered education an important asset resented Buchanan's veto of agricultural colleges.
3034:"TRAITOR" written across his forehead. The Senate proposed a resolution of condemnation which ultimately failed, and newspapers accused him of colluding with the Confederacy. His former cabinet members, five of whom had been given jobs in the Lincoln administration, refused to defend Buchanan publicly.
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to negotiate a compromise to stop secession, with
Buchanan's support. Failed attempts were also made by a group of governors meeting in New York. Buchanan secretly asked President-elect Lincoln to call for a national referendum on the issue of slavery, but Lincoln declined. In December 1860, when the
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With
Lincoln's victory, talk of secession and disunion reached a boiling point, putting the burden on Buchanan to address it in his final speech to Congress on December 10. In his message, which was anticipated by both factions, Buchanan denied the right of states to secede but maintained the federal
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power to exclude slavery in the territories. According to this decision, slaves were forever the property of their owners without rights and no
African American could ever be a full citizen of the United States, even if they had full civil rights in a state. Buchanan's letters were not made public at
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as
Secretary of State. Buchanan's appointment of Southerners and their allies alienated many in the North, and his failure to appoint any followers of Douglas divided the party. Outside of the cabinet, he left in place many of Pierce's appointments but removed a disproportionate number of Northerners
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in
Lancaster, and he served in this capacity until 1866. Buchanan did not completely leave politics. He intended to publish a collection of speeches and an autobiography, but his political comeback was thwarted by the 1852 presidential election. Buchanan traveled to Washington to discuss Pennsylvania
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was a kind of political exile, which was the intention of
Jackson, who considered Buchanan to be an "incompetent busybody" and untrustworthy, but he ultimately agreed. His work focused on concluding a trade and shipping treaty with Russia. While Buchanan was successful with the former, negotiating an
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Cleves, Rachel Hope (2021). "Bosom Friends: The Intimate World of James Buchanan and William Rufus King by Thomas J. Balcerski, and: The Worlds of James Buchanan and Thaddeus Stevens: Place, Personality, and Politics in the Civil War Era ed. by Michael J. Birkner, Randall M. Miller and John W. Quist
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Buchanan assumed leadership ... when an unprecedented wave of angry passion was sweeping over the nation. That he held the hostile sections in check during these revolutionary times was in itself a remarkable achievement. His weaknesses in the stormy years of his presidency were magnified by enraged
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The public was shocked by the extent of the bribery, which affected all levels and agencies of government. Buchanan claimed to have "passed triumphantly through this ordeal" with complete vindication. Republican operatives distributed thousands of copies of the Covode Committee report throughout the
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The dispute over Kansas became the battlefront for control of the Democratic Party. On one side were Buchanan, the majority of Southern Democrats, and the "doughfaces". On the other side were Douglas and the majority of northern Democrats, as well as a few Southerners. Douglas's faction continued to
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Buchanan responded: "It is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. May the Atlantic telegraph, under the blessing of Heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument
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Americans have conveniently misled themselves about the presidency of James Buchanan, preferring to classify him as indecisive and inactive ... In fact Buchanan's failing during the crisis over the Union was not inactivity, but rather his partiality for the South, a favoritism that bordered on
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Buchanan thought restraint was the essence of good self-government. He believed the constitution comprised "... restraints, imposed not by arbitrary authority, but by the people upon themselves and their representatives. ... In an enlarged view, the people's interests may seem identical, but to the
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to secure American citizens and investments, and most importantly, he hoped to achieve his long-term goal of acquiring Cuba. However, Buchanan's ambitions in Cuba and Mexico were largely blocked by the House of Representatives. After long negotiations with the British, he convinced them to cede the
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After leaving office, Buchanan retired to private life in Wheatland, where he spent most of his time in his study, reading books and writing letters. The Civil War erupted within two months of Buchanan's retirement. He supported the Union and the war effort, writing to former colleagues that, "the
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to provide covering fire for the ship, and it was forced to return North without delivering troops or supplies. Buchanan chose not to respond to this act of war, and instead sought to find a compromise to avoid secession. He received a March 3 message from Anderson, that supplies were running low,
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without exception place Buchanan among the least successful presidents. When scholars are surveyed, he ranks at or near the bottom in terms of vision/agenda-setting, domestic leadership, foreign policy leadership, moral authority, and positive historical significance of their legacy. According to
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Buchanan was dedicated to defending his actions prior to the Civil War, which was referred to by some as "Buchanan's War". He received hate mail and threatening letters daily, and stores in Lancaster displayed Buchanan's likeness with the eyes inked red, a noose drawn around his neck and the word
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of Kansas, and threatened their relatives with losing their posts if they did not vote in favor of the Lecompton Constitution. Witnesses also testified that the federal government used public funds to strengthen the intra-party faction of Douglas's opponents in Illinois. The Democrats pointed out
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that agreed to a referendum limited solely to the slavery question. However, the vote against slavery, as provided by the Lecompton Convention, would still permit existing slaves, and all their issue, to be enslaved, so there was no referendum that permitted the majority anti-slavery residents to
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announced its insolvency. The crisis spread rapidly, and by the fall, 1,400 state banks and 5,000 businesses had gone bankrupt. Unemployment and hunger became common in northern cities, but the agricultural south was more resilient. Buchanan agreed with the southerners who attributed the economic
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not to flow. We must fulfill our destiny." On the resulting spread of slavery, through unconditional expansion, he stated: "I feel a strong repugnance by any act of mine to extend the present limits of the Union over a new slave-holding territory." For instance, he hoped the acquisition of Texas
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in January 1857, inquiring about the outcome of the case and suggesting that a broader decision, beyond the specifics of the case, would be more prudent. Buchanan hoped that a broad decision protecting slavery in the territories could lay the issue to rest, allowing him to focus on other issues.
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nominee. The contrast between Buchanan and FrΓ©mont was particularly stark, with opposing caricaturists drawing the Democratic candidate as a fussy old man in drag. Buchanan did not actively campaign, but he wrote letters and pledged to uphold the Democratic platform. In the election, he carried
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became the new capital of Pennsylvania. Buchanan quickly established himself as a prominent legal representative in the city. His income rapidly rose after he established his practice, and by 1821 he was earning over $ 11,000 per year (equivalent to $ 250,000 in 2023). At this time, Buchanan
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after the latter was chosen as Mississippi's agent to discuss secession, and he refused to fire Secretary of War John B. Floyd despite an embezzlement scandal. Floyd ended up resigning, but not before sending numerous firearms to Southern states, where they eventually fell into the hands of the
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Buchanan already knew what the Court was going to decide. In a major breach of Court etiquette, Justice Grier, who, like Buchanan, was from Pennsylvania, had kept the President-elect fully informed about the progress of the case and the internal debates within the Court. When Buchanan urged the
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to investigate the Buchanan administration's patronage system for alleged impeachable offenses, such as bribery and extortion of representatives. Buchanan supporters accused the committee, consisting of three Republicans and two Democrats, of being blatantly partisan, and claimed its chairman,
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Buchanan never forgave Douglas, as the Northern Democrats' rejection was the deciding factor in the House's decision, and he removed all Douglas supporters from his patronage in Illinois and Washington, D.C., installing pro-administration Democrats, including postmasters. Rather than accepting
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on the outskirts of Lancaster and entertained various visitors while monitoring political events. During this period, Buchanan became the center of a family network consisting of 22 nieces, nephews and their descendants, seven of whom were orphans. He found public service jobs for some through
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The committee was unable to establish grounds for impeaching Buchanan; however, the majority report issued on June 17 alleged corruption and abuse of power among members of his cabinet. The committee gathered evidence that Buchanan had tried to bribe members of Congress in his favor through
2196:'s administration. The cabinet's composition had to do justice to the proportional representation within the party and between the regions of the country. Buchanan first worked on this task in Wheatland until he traveled to the capital in January 1857. There, like many other guests at the
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in December 1857 that a large amount of Mormons intended to emigrate to Russian Alaska. In the winter of 1859, an initial purchase offer of $ 5,000,000 (equivalent to $ 169,560,000 in 2023) was made. Although the project ultimately failed due to the reservations of Foreign Minister
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resigned, as his views had become irreconcilable with the President's. Even as the formation of the Confederacy by the secessionist states became increasingly apparent in the winter of 1860, the president continued to surround himself with Southerners and ignore the Republicans.
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on December 20, 1860. However, Unionist sentiment remained strong among many in the South, and Buchanan sought to appeal to the Southern moderates who might prevent secession in other states. He met with South Carolinian commissioners in an attempt to resolve the situation at
1262:. Buchanan's close proximity to his constituency allowed him to establish a Democratic coalition in Pennsylvania, consisting of former Federalist farmers, Philadelphia artisans, and Ulster-Scots-Americans. In the 1828 presidential election, he secured Pennsylvania, while the "
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Buchanan's lifelong bachelorhood after Anne Coleman's death has drawn interest and speculation. Some conjecture that Anne's death merely served to deflect questions about Buchanan's sexuality and bachelorhood. One of his biographers, Jean Baker, suggests that Buchanan was
3055:. He discussed his foreign policy successes and expressed satisfaction with his decisions, even during the secession crisis. He blamed Robert Anderson, Winfield Scott, and Congress for the unresolved issue. Two years after the publication of the memoir, Buchanan caught a
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Buchanan did not comment on the conflict again until his State of the Union Address in December 1857, leaving open the question of whether it was a rebellion in Utah. One of Buchanan's last official acts in March 1861 was to reduce the size of Utah Territory in favor of
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In 1833 and the 1840s, he spoke of plans to marry, but these came to nothing and may merely have been due to his ambitions for a seat in the federal Senate or the White House. In the latter case, the aspirant was 19-year-old Anna Payne, the niece of former First Lady
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assault upon Sumter was the commencement of war by the Confederate states, and no alternative was left but to prosecute it with vigor on our part." Buchanan supported Lincoln's introduction of universal conscription in the northern states, but was an opponent of his
3375:. Part of the original 18.5-acre (75,000 m) memorial site is a 250-ton pyramid structure that stands on the site of the original cabin where Buchanan was born. The monument was designed to show the original weathered surface of the native rubble and mortar.
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whose principles held no room for compromise. His experience in government had only rendered him too self-confident to consider other views. In his betrayal of the national trust, Buchanan came closer to committing treason than any other president in American
1648:, a position that represented a step backward in his career and that he had twice previously rejected. Buchanan sailed for England in the summer of 1853, and he remained abroad for the next three years. In 1850, the United States and Great Britain signed the
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Buchanan was also torn between his desire to expand the country for the general welfare of the nation, and to guarantee the rights of the people settling particular areas. On territorial expansion, he said, "What, sir? Prevent the people from crossing the
2715:, though the letter arrived after Buchanan's departure from office and Buchanan's successor Abraham Lincoln declined the offer stating that the U.S. had an unsuitable climate. Other presidential pets included a pair of bald eagles and a Newfoundland dog.
3126:, since either would benefit one section of the country to the detriment of the other. As a senator from Pennsylvania, he said: "I am viewed as the strongest advocate of protection in other states, whilst I am denounced as its enemy in Pennsylvania."
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argued that the year 1857 was, "the great pivot on the road to disunion...largely because of the Dred Scott case, which stoked the fear, distrust and conspiratorial hatred already common in both the North and the South to new levels of intensity."
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in 2020, the only one born in Pennsylvania. Buchanan was the second of eleven children with six sisters and four brothers, and the eldest son of James Buchanan Sr. (1761β1821) and his wife Elizabeth Speer (1767β1833). James Buchanan Sr., was an
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As he had promised in his inaugural address, Buchanan did not seek re-election. He went so far as to tell his ultimate successor, "If you are as happy in entering the White House as I shall feel on returning to Wheatland, you are a happy man."
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Report of the Joint Committee Appointed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade and the Atlantic Telegraph Company, to Inquire Into the Construction of Submarine Telegraph Cables: Together with the Minutes of Evidence and
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Douglas's Senate term was coming to an end in 1859, with the Illinois legislature, elected in 1858, determining whether Douglas would win re-election. The Senate seat was the primary issue of the legislative election, marked by the famous
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leaked the decision in the "Dred Scott" case early to Buchanan. In his inaugural address, Buchanan declared that the issue of slavery in the territories would be "speedily and finally settled" by the Supreme Court. According to historian
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partisans of the North and South. His many talents, which in a quieter era might have gained for him a place among the great presidents, were quickly overshadowed by the cataclysmic events of civil war and by the towering Abraham Lincoln.
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Catron replied on February 10, saying that the Supreme Court's Southern majority would decide against Scott, but would likely have to publish the decision on narrow grounds unless Buchanan could convince his fellow Pennsylvanian, Justice
3232:. Buchanan and King lived together in a Washington boardinghouse and attended social functions together from 1834 until 1844. Such a living arrangement was then common, though Buchanan once referred to the relationship as a "communion".
2732:, was acting on a personal grudge stemming from a disputed land grant designed to benefit Covode's railroad company. The Democratic committee members, as well as Democratic witnesses, were enthusiastic in their condemnation of Buchanan.
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2452:, expressing hope that the newly laid cable would prove "an additional link between the nations whose friendship is founded on their common interest and reciprocal esteem". Queen Victoria's message took 16 hours to send.
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Two days after Buchanan was sworn in as president, Chief Justice Taney delivered the Dred Scott decision, which denied the petitioner's request to be set free from slavery. The ruling broadly asserted that Congress had no
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was decisive, and Congress had no say in the matter. Buchanan recommended that a federal slave code be enacted to protect the rights of slaveowners in federal territories. He alluded to a then-pending Supreme Court case,
2397:. Complicating matters, Young's notice of his replacement was not delivered because the Pierce administration had annulled the Utah mail contract, and Young portrayed the approaching forces as an unauthorized overthrow.
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behavior of Young. With reports of violence against non-Mormons, Buchanan authorized a military expedition into Utah Territory in late March 1857 to replace Young as governor. The force consisted of 2,500 men, including
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in the territories. His address was sharply criticized both by the North, for its refusal to stop secession, and the South, for denying its right to secede. Five days after the address was delivered, Treasury Secretary
1508:("54Β°40β² or war") in the 1844 election campaign, Buchanan adopted this position, but later followed Polk's direction, leading to the Oregon Compromise of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary in the
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3989:" (U.S. Senator Buchanan discusses David Porter and the 1838 gubernatorial election in Pennsylvania). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College, Archives & Special Collections, retrieved online December 30, 2022.
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took advantage of the proximity to the president and spied for the Confederacy, which had already established a sophisticated network for gathering information from its eventual opponent before its formation.
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1243:. During this era, the Democratic-Republicans became the most influential party. Buchanan's Federalist convictions were weak, and he switched parties after opposing a nativist Federalist bill. During the
2703:. In May 1860, Buchanan received a Japanese delegation consisting of several princes who carried the Harris Treaty negotiated by Townsend Harris for mutual ratification. Buchanan was offered a herd of
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replaced him for organizational reasons. Young reacted to the military action by mustering a two-week expedition, destroying wagon trains, oxen, and other Army property. Buchanan then dispatched
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as a fanatical attitude and believed that slavery should be decided by state legislatures, not Congress. He disliked abolitionist Northerners due to his party affiliation, and became known as a "
2572:, and allowed them to block most of Buchanan's agenda. Buchanan, in turn, added to the hostility with his veto of six substantial pieces of Republican legislation. Among these measures were the
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period, before the American Civil War, has been widely criticized. He simultaneously angered the North by not stopping secession and the South by not yielding to their demands. He supported the
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as Territorial Governor, and there ensued conflicting referendums from Topeka and Lecompton, where election fraud occurred. In October 1857, the Lecompton government framed the pro-slavery
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then roiling the country in the slavery dispute. While he did not overtly seek the presidency, he assented to the movement on his behalf. While still in England, he campaigned by praising
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that would have suppressed anti-slavery petitions. He joined the majority in blocking the rule, with most senators of the belief that it would have the reverse effect of strengthening the
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lasted only three months, Buchanan continued practicing law at a profit by charging higher fees, and his service helped him acquire more clients. In 1815, Buchanan defended District Judge
1161:. Like his father, he supported their political program, which provided federal funds for building projects and import duties as well as the re-establishment of a central bank after the
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principles, which restricted paper money issuance, and froze federal funds for public works projects, causing resentment among some of the population due to his refusal to implement an
2223:, who had made Buchanan's nomination possible by resigning at the National Convention the previous year, when filling the post. Concentrating on foreign policy, he appointed the aging
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ended. The President granted amnesty to inhabitants affirming loyalty to the government, and placed the federal troops at a peaceable distance for the balance of his administration.
1369:. Buchanan served in the Senate until March 1845 and was twice confirmed in office. To unite Pennsylvania Democrats at the State Convention, he was chosen as their candidate for the
2301:, to join the majority of the court. Buchanan then wrote to Grier and prevailed upon him, providing the majority leverage to issue a broad-ranging decision sufficient to render the
1500:, which included territory that is now Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado. In negotiations with Britain over Oregon, Buchanan initially favored the
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in the U.S. Senate. Wilkins, in turn, replaced Buchanan as the ambassador to Russia. The Jacksonian Buchanan, who was re-elected in 1836 and 1842, opposed the re-chartering of the
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faith, had further emigrated in large numbers from Ulster to America from the early eighteenth century onwards. Shortly after Buchanan's birth, the family relocated to a farm near
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1652:, which committed both countries to joint control of any future canal that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America. Buchanan met repeatedly with
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941:, and angered not only Republicans but also Northern Democrats. Buchanan honored his pledge to serve only one term and supported Breckinridge's unsuccessful candidacy in the
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Though Buchanan predicted that "history will vindicate my memory," historians have criticized Buchanan for his unwillingness or inability to act in the face of secession.
2428:. While the Latter-day Saints had frequently defied federal authority, some historians consider Buchanan's action was an inappropriate response to uncorroborated reports.
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Buchanan became distraught by the vitriolic attacks levied against him, and fell sick and depressed. In October 1862, he defended himself in an exchange of letters with
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surveys taken by American scholars and political scientists between 1948 and 1982, Buchanan ranks every time among the worst presidents of the United States, alongside
8929:
3268:. Loewen indicated that Buchanan, late in life, wrote a letter acknowledging that he might marry a woman who could accept his "lack of ardent or romantic affection".
2204:, from which he did not fully recover until several months later. Dozens of those who fell ill died, including Buchanan's nephew and private secretary Eskridge Lane.
15577:
3186:, one of Buchanan's colleagues. By 1819, the two were engaged, but spent little time together. Buchanan was busy with his law firm and political projects during the
2679:, as whaling in the waters there had become of great economic importance to the United States. Buchanan fueled this by spreading the rumor to the Russian ambassador
1832:, which he said would permanently settle the issue of slavery. Dred Scott was a slave who was temporarily taken from a slave state to a free territory by his owner,
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1559:, Buchanan returned to private life. Buchanan was getting on in years and still dressed in the old-fashioned style of his adolescence, earning him the nickname "
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in the Western Hemisphere, which he thought limited U.S. influence in the region. He also sought to establish American protectorates over the Mexican states of
1443:. He said, "We have just as little right to interfere with slavery in the South, as we have to touch the right of petition." Buchanan thought that the issue of
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1177:. Although he did not himself serve in a militia during the War of 1812, during the British occupation he joined a group of young men who stole horses for the
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2802:. Lincoln's support in the North was enough to give him an Electoral College majority. Buchanan became the last Democrat to win a presidential election until
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was convened, The Committee of Thirty-Three was established by the House of Representatives to prevent further states from seceding. They proposed the
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Despite the protests of Walker and two former Kansas governors, Buchanan decided to accept the Lecompton Constitution. In a December 1857 meeting with
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Buchanan's personnel decision incited resistance from the Mormons around Young, as Harney was known for his volatility and brutality. In August 1857,
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Historians agree that the court decision was a major disaster because it dramatically inflamed tensions, leading to the Civil War. In 2022, historian
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Other historians, such as Robert May, argued that his politics were "anything but pro-slavery", nevertheless, a very negative view is to be found in
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mockingly called them "Miss Nancy" and "Aunt Fancy", the former being a 19th-century euphemism for an effeminate man. Buchanan's Postmaster General,
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as the boundary of Oregon Territory, while Polk called for a more northerly boundary line. When Northern Democrats rallied around the popular slogan
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as a private agent to negotiate peace. The mission was successful, a peaceful agreement to replace Governor Young with Cumming was reached, and the
1612:" due to his sympathy toward the South. Buchanan emerged as a promising candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, alongside Lewis Cass,
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1377:'s guidelines and sometimes voted against positions in Congress which he promoted in his own speeches, despite open ambitions for the White House.
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3051:, which was published in 1866, one year after the Civil War ended. Buchanan attributed secession to the "malign influence" of Republicans and the
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was considered the greatest political talent in the Cabinet, while the three department heads from the northern states were all considered to be
8497:
3856:"James Buchanan's 1832 Mission to the Tsar, the Plight of Poland, and the Limits of America's Revolutionary Legacy in Jacksonian Foreign Policy"
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of Kentucky in order to maintain regional proportional representation, placating supporters of Pierce and Douglas, also allies of Breckinridge.
1656:, the British foreign minister, in hopes of pressuring the British to withdraw from Central America. He was able to reduce British influence in
968:, but otherwise refrained from preparing the military. In his personal life, Buchanan never married and was the only U.S. president to remain a
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3217:, whom he had adopted, served as official White House hostess. There was an unfounded rumor that he had an affair with President Polk's widow,
1624:, he won the support of many southern delegates but failed to win the two-thirds support needed for the presidential nomination, which went to
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as soon as he heard about it. When Buchanan arrived home at the end of April 1856, he led on the first ballot, supported by powerful Senators
1563:" from the press. Slavery opponents in the North mocked him as a relic of prehistoric man because of his moral values. He bought the house of
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2962:, the new cabinet members threatened to resign, and Buchanan relented. On January 5, Buchanan decided to reinforce Fort Sumter, sending the
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nation to support the decision, he already knew what Taney would say. Republican suspicions of impropriety turned out to be fully justified.
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also loomed as a strong candidate. He won the nomination after seventeen ballots after Douglas' resignation. He was joined on the ticket by
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1113:, to train as a lawyer for two and a half years with the well-known James Hopkins. Following the fashion of the time, Buchanan studied the
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1753:, which required the return of escaped slaves. The platform also called for an end to anti-slavery agitation and U.S. "ascendancy in the
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Beginning in 1844, Buchanan became a regular contender for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He was nominated and won the
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8209:, producing two presidential candidates. Douglas was nominated by Northern Democrats; Breckinridge was nominated by Southern Democrats.
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disloyalty in an officer pledged to defend all the United States. He was that most dangerous of chief executives, a stubborn, mistaken
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prohibit slavery in Kansas. As a result, anti-slavery residents boycotted the referendum since it did not provide a meaningful choice.
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As his inauguration approached, Buchanan sought to establish an obedient, harmonious cabinet to avoid the in-fighting that had plagued
2372:, causing harassment and violence against non-Mormons. Young harassed federal officers and discouraged outsiders from settling in the
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patronage, and for those in his favor, he took on the role of surrogate father. He formed the strongest emotional bond with his niece
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to reinforce southern forts with such provisions, arms, and men as were available; however, Floyd persuaded him to revoke the order.
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1620:; however, the Pennsylvania convention did not vote unanimously in his favor, with over 30 delegates protesting against him. At the
1527:, as Polk had promised to serve only one term, but he only won the support of the Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations, so Senator
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as a despot merely a year prior during his tenure in Congress; many Americans had reacted negatively to Russia's reaction to the
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The cabinet selection was disastrous, with four Southern ministers being large-scale slaveholders who later became loyal to the
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while also raising the kingdom's awareness of American interests in the region. He also focused on the potential annexation of
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2604:, which had been under attack from the Spanish, French, and especially the British in the 1850s. He hoped to re-negotiate the
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Confederacy. Despite Floyd's resignation, Buchanan continued to seek the advice of counselors from the Deep South, including
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1428:, who was elected by fewer than 5,500 votes as Pennsylvania's first governor under the state's revised Constitution of 1838.
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William P. MacKinnon, "Prelude to Armageddon: James Buchanan, Brigham Young, and a Presidentβs Initiation to Bloodshed", in
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William P. MacKinnon, "Prelude to Armageddon: James Buchanan, Brigham Young, and a Presidentβs Initiation to Bloodshed", in
4812:
William P. MacKinnon, "Prelude to Armageddon: James Buchanan, Brigham Young, and a Presidentβs Initiation to Bloodshed", in
3159:. To cover this, he bent his head forward and leaned it to one side during social interactions. This led to ridicule, which
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2497:" period. The antislavery settlers, with the help of Northern abolitionists, organized their own territorial government in
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1836:. After Scott returned to the slave state, he filed a petition for his freedom based on his time in the free territory.
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Crouthamel, James L (July 1996). "Birkner, ed., 'James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s' (Book Review)".
3336:, he ranks among scholars "as either the worst president in history or as part of a lowest ranking failure category".
2384:, in which Young's militia attacked a wagon train and killed 125 settlers. Buchanan was offended by the militarism and
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was the domain of the states, and he faulted abolitionists for exciting passions over the issue. In the lead-up to the
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281:
1628:. Buchanan declined to serve as the vice presidential nominee, and the convention instead nominated his close friend,
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Emanuel Reigart, Joel Lightner, Jacob Grosh, John Graff, Henry Hambright, Robert Maxwell
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8547:
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3228:, which became a popular target of gossip. King was an Alabama politician who briefly served as vice president under
3079:
2501:. The more numerous proslavery settlers, many from the neighboring slave state Missouri, established a government in
1605:
1515:
In regards to Mexico, Buchanan maintained a dubious view that its attack on American troops on the other side of the
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1350:
1118:
828:
516:
Joel Lightner, Hugh Martin, John Forrey, Henry Hambright, Jasper Slaymaker, Jacob Grosh
13503:
6902:
Worst. President. Ever.: James Buchanan, the POTUS Rating Game, and the Legacy of the Least of the Lesser Presidents
2568:
The division between northern and southern Democrats allowed the Republicans to win a plurality of the House in the
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1934:
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1273:
Buchanan gained most attention during an impeachment trial where he acted as prosecutor for federal district judge
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842:
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595:
171:
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has been described as incompetence, and he spent his last years defending his reputation. Historians and scholars
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13641:
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8487:
8367:
8337:
8287:
7407:
6442:
1539:
1162:
20:
11989:
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The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
5146:
John M. Belohlavek, "In Defense of Doughface Diplomacy: A Reevaluation of Foreign Policy of James Buchanan", in
5133:
John M. Belohlavek, "In Defense of Doughface Diplomacy: A Reevaluation of Foreign Policy of James Buchanan", in
5093:
John M. Belohlavek, "In Defense of Doughface Diplomacy: A Reevaluation of Foreign Policy of James Buchanan", in
3371:
An earlier monument was constructed in 1907β1908 and dedicated in 1911, on the site of Buchanan's birthplace in
2440:
transmitted across the Atlantic. Following the dispatch of test and configuration telegrams, on August 16, 1858
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https://discoverulsterscots.com/emigration-influence/america/1718-migration-east-donegal/ulster-and-white-house
3171:
2576:, which would have given 160 acres of public land to settlers who remained on the land for five years, and the
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2008:
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1805:
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1133:
In 1812, Buchanan passed the bar exam and after being admitted to the bar, he remained in Lancaster, even when
897:
838:
483:
61:
1416:, Buchanan adopted the maximum demand of 54Β°40β² as the northern border and spoke out in favor of annexing the
1277:; however, the Senate rejected Buchanan's plea and acquitted Peck by a majority vote. He was appointed to the
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9920:
8627:
8607:
8577:
8437:
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7377:, spanning the entirety of his legal, political and diplomatic career, are available for research use at the
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2276:, to which Buchanan referred to in his inaugural address, dated back to 1846. Scott sued for his release in
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3402:, was also named after him. Several other communities are named after him: the unincorporated community of
2569:
2509:
should Kansas be admitted as a free state. Buchanan chose to endorse the pro-slavery Lecompton government.
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1444:
1405:
1294:
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858:
5267:
Michael A. Morrison, "President James Buchanan: Executive Leadership and the Crisis of the Democracy", in
4900:". October 13, 2011, BBC TV, Using Chief Engineer Bright's original notebook. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
4499:
William G. Shade, "In the Midst of a Great Revolutionβ: The Northern Response to the Secession Crisis, in
2288:. The case reached the Supreme Court and gained national attention by 1856. Buchanan consulted with Judge
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Michael A. Morrison, "President James Buchanan, Executive Leadership and the Crisis of the Democracy" in
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2932:
2456:
destined by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world."
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1151:
589:
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The Worlds of James Buchanan and Thaddeus Stevens: Place, Personality, and Politics in the Civil War Era
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8327:
7953:
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6679:
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2787:
1593:
972:, leading some historians and authors to question his sexual orientation. His failure to forestall the
8397:
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1858: Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant and the War They Failed to See
4984:
Nicole Etcheson, "General Jackson Is Dead: James Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, and Kansas Policy", in
3779:
Nicole Etcheson, "General Jackson Is Dead: James Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, and Kansas Policy", in
2489:
and allowed the settlers there to decide whether to allow slavery. This resulted in violence between "
1604:, which prohibited slavery in all territories gained in the Mexican-American War. Buchanan criticized
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335:
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10802:
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10265:
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8297:
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7354:
7195:
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the End of the Roosevelt Administration
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but the response became Lincoln's to make, as the latter succeeded to the presidency the next day.
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1432:
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1002:
317:
19:
This article is about the president of the United States. For other people with the same name, see
12349:
7374:
7119:
Meerse, David E. (1995). "Buchanan, the Patronage, and the Lecompton Constitution: A Case Study".
6405:. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 107.
2741:
that evidence was scarce, but did not refute the allegations; one of the Democratic members, Rep.
1749:
met in June 1856, producing a platform that reflected Buchanan's views, including support for the
1258:, and was close with many southern Congressmen, viewing some New England Congressmen as dangerous
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7512:
6597:
Flude, Anthony G. (March 2012). "Manuscript XXIII: A Raiatean Petition for American Protection".
4931:
History of the United States: from the earliest period to the administration of President Johnson
4865:"Manipulation of the Atlantic Telegraph Line. From August 10th to the 1st of September inclusive"
4609:
4388:
Carrafiello, Michael L. (Spring 2010). "Diplomatic Failure: James Buchanan's Inaugural Address".
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seceded by the end of January 1861. Buchanan replaced the departed Southern cabinet members with
2911:
2659:, which successfully resulted in a Paraguayan apology and payment of an indemnity. The chiefs of
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2482:
1818:
1718:
1544:
1413:
1201:
1110:
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559:
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support the doctrine of popular sovereignty, while Buchanan insisted that Democrats respect the
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11086:
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8242:
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5662:
5371:"James Buchanan, Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 3, 1860"
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1982:
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1592:, which had led to the admission of California into the Union as a free state and a stricter
1196:, where he was the youngest member, and held this seat until 1816. Since the sessions in the
151:
6403:
Hatred of America's presidents: personal attacks on the White House from Washington to Trump
6326:
Slavery, race and conquest in the tropics: Lincoln, Douglas, and the future of Latin America
3617:
https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/news/article/39/the-buchanan-clan-gathering-in-co-donegal/
3568:
2958:, all of whom were committed to preserving the Union. When Buchanan considered surrendering
2655:, ordering 2,500 marines and 19 warships there. This costly expedition took months to reach
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10588:
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Fall from Grace: Sex, Scandal, and Corruption in American Politics from 1702 to the Present
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6313:(Pennsylvania State University ed.). Gettysburg: Pennsylvania State University. 1991.
1683:, to work out a plan for the acquisition of Cuba. A memorandum draft resulted, called the
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in May 1868, which quickly worsened due to his advanced age. He died on June 1, 1868, of
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2641:
2537:
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2285:
1597:
1588:. He quietly campaigned for the 1852 Democratic presidential nomination. In light of the
1519:
in April 1846 constituted a border violation and a legitimate reason for war. During the
1501:
1304:
1209:
1095:
1031:
1018:
725:
15703:
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
15668:
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
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5370:
3447:
1745:, who presented Buchanan as an experienced leader appealing to the North and South. The
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Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789β1900
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decision and its repudiation of federal interference with slavery in the territories.
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United States House Select Committee to Investigate Alleged Corruptions in Government
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Binder, Frederick Moore (September 1992). "James Buchanan: Jacksonian Expansionist".
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3170:, and the two began courting. Anne was the daughter of the wealthy iron manufacturer
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The balance of free and slave states and territories in 1858, after the admission of
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in the seventeenth century and, later, largely because of poverty and persecution by
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over Central America at the expense of Great Britain. Buchanan sought to revitalize
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in an effort to reconcile the country. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reinforce
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and continued in that position for 11 years. He was appointed to serve as President
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Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
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7203:
Rosenberger, Homer T. (1957). "Inauguration of President Buchanan a Century Ago".
6479:, p. 168. The University of Michigan Press & The Petoskey Publishing Company.
5907:
by Judith S. Neaman and Carole G. Silver (Wordsworth Editions Ltd., Hertfordshire)
4401:
3428:
is a small, rural high school located on the outskirts of his childhood hometown,
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Buchanan took office with an ambitious foreign policy, designed to establish U.S.
1729:, to a Catholic archbishop. The latter campaigned for Buchanan among high-ranking
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was designed by architect William Gorden Beecher and sculpted by Maryland artist
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1717:
Buchanan's service abroad allowed him to conveniently avoid the debate over the
1676:
1025:. He was the last president born in the 18th century and, until the election of
945:. He failed to reconcile the fractured Democratic Party amid the grudge against
872:
Buchanan was a lawyer in Pennsylvania and won his first election to the state's
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9031:
9018:
8703:
8583:
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8443:
8393:
8343:
7889:
7440:
7313:
7028:
6083:. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from
5490:
4706:
Paul Finkelman, "James Buchanan, Dred Scott, and the Whisper of Conspiracy" in
3394:, after the newly elected vice president of the Confederate States of America,
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1994:
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1814:
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ran as the candidate for the anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant American Party (or "
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1128:
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885:
408:
305:
200:
15155:
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14583:
14259:
7394:
6638:
Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed
6275:
Barney, William L. (1997). "Review of The Origins of the American Civil War".
4367:"Scott v. Sandford: The Court's most dreadful case and how it changed history"
3047:. He soon began writing his fullest public defense, in the form of his memoir
1408:
for its "surrender" of lands to the United Kingdom, as he demanded the entire
15501:
14736:
14516:
14303:
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14129:
14109:
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13801:
13751:
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12129:
12114:
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11844:
11776:
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States
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8673:
8643:
8383:
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6514:
5918:
James Buchanan: The American Presidents Series: The 15th President, 1857β1861
5799:
5762:
Presidential Confidential: Sex, Scandal, Murder and Mayhem in the Oval Office
4512:
Daniel W. Crofts, "Joseph Holt, James Buchanan, and the Secession Crisis" in
4409:
3952:
3295:
3197:
3187:
3135:
2923:
2818:
2517:
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2170:
2056:
2013:
1768:
Buchanan faced two candidates in the general election: former Whig President
1680:
1581:
1493:
1456:
1451:, Buchanan positioned himself as a potential alternative to former President
1274:
1170:
1143:
1063:
1055:
901:
850:
274:
195:
6224:
Murphy, Arthur B. (1984). "Evaluating the Presidents of the United States".
4897:
2688:, the talks formed the basis for the later negotiations to purchase Alaska.
2671:, unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a
988:
904:'s secretary of state in 1845, and eight years later was named as President
15329:
15079:
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15025:
14805:
14500:
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14189:
14064:
13876:
13861:
13806:
13776:
13766:
13711:
13701:
13395:
13308:
13303:
13231:
13081:
12999:
12984:
12747:
12717:
12687:
12645:
12550:
12531:
12312:
12293:
12029:
12024:
11919:
11894:
11849:
11675:
11591:
11571:
11531:
11511:
11396:
11371:
10643:
10548:
10533:
10478:
10347:
10305:
10240:
9809:
9789:
9773:
9729:
9709:
9649:
9629:
9344:
9295:
8723:
8713:
8693:
8663:
8323:
7863:
7809:
7148:
7007:
3725:
3353:
3333:
3265:
3214:
3084:
2943:
2692:
2672:
2449:
2178:
2156:
2118:
2099:
1773:
1738:
1734:
1569:
1440:
1365:
and sought to expunge a congressional censure of Jackson stemming from the
1147:
1022:
846:
612:
239:
7229:
7132:
7003:
6973:
Bosom Friends: The Intimate World of James Buchanan and William Rufus King
4599:
3139:
would "be the means of limiting, not enlarging, the dominion of slavery."
1810:
Buchanan was inaugurated on March 4, 1857, taking the oath of office from
1320:
After Jackson was re-elected in 1832, he offered Buchanan the position of
15309:
14194:
13836:
13826:
13756:
13467:
13384:
12525:
12475:
12438:
12069:
11745:
11641:
11621:
10695:
10658:
10419:
10407:
10210:
10198:
10156:
10062:
9134:
8653:
7247:
3056:
2959:
2955:
2891:
2836:
2745:, stated that he agreed with the Republicans, though he did not sign it.
2729:
2289:
2212:
2182:
2174:
2087:
2025:
1970:
1186:
1174:
1091:
965:
720:
15462:
7212:
6311:
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s: A Panel Discussion
6237:
3960:
3928:
2843:
2736:
intermediaries in the spring of 1858 in connection with the pro-slavery
2656:
1476:
15491:
15224:
14951:
14706:
14652:
14389:
14345:
14209:
14179:
13881:
13866:
13856:
13606:
13566:
12727:
12692:
12640:
12630:
12613:
Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's
12404:
12134:
11964:
11959:
11721:
11526:
11446:
11381:
10685:
10681:
10663:
10425:
10222:
9769:
9083:
8373:
8293:
7474:
James Buchanan Ill with Dysentery Before Inauguration: Original Letters
7279:
7154:
The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857β1859
6489:
6296:
4431:
Wallance, Gregory J. (2006). "The Lawsuit That Started the Civil War".
3253:
3249:
3160:
3119:
3106:
2927:
2224:
2166:
1939:
1709:
1528:
1516:
1248:
1231:
In the congressional elections of 1820, Buchanan ran for a seat in the
7011:
4000:"Governor David Rittenhouse Porter | PHMC > Pennsylvania Governors"
3314:
Biographer Jean Baker is less charitable to Buchanan, saying in 2004:
15598:
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
13871:
13851:
13841:
13831:
11606:
10710:
10700:
10672:
10648:
10228:
10068:
9849:
9833:
9813:
9793:
8733:
7636:
4355:
James Buchanan, "Inaugural Address," Washington, D.C., March 4, 1857.
3615:: News - The 'Buchanan Clan Gathering' in Co Donegal (30 June 2010).
3320:
3148:
3096:
2989:
2704:
2668:
2634:
2490:
2475:
2216:
2201:
1730:
1692:
1661:
1609:
1357:, but was appointed by the Pennsylvania state legislature to succeed
1182:
1139:
1079:
1026:
15486:
7449:
6288:
3711:
The Battle of Fort Sumter: The First Shots of the American Civil War
2493:" (antislavery) and pro-slavery settlers, which developed into the "
1580:
Democratic Party politics, which were divided into two camps led by
12844:
12379:
11521:
11312:
10186:
9873:
9384:
8907:
7710:
7453:
5838:
The Scarlet Thread of Scandal: Morality and the American Presidency
3245:
3191:
2712:
2645:
2626:
2593:
2470:
2437:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2351:
2281:
2277:
2148:
1657:
1366:
1035:
969:
12190:
4912:"Chapter IX. 1857β1858. Opening of Buchanan's Administration"
3363:
2749:
nation as campaign material in that year's presidential election.
2444:
sent a 98-word message to Buchanan at his summer residence in the
9749:
9733:
9713:
7671:
7504:
6107:"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: Total Scores/Overall Rankings"
5661:. The Miller Center at the University of Virginia. Archived from
5271:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 152β153.
5150:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 126β128.
5137:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 124β126.
5097:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 112β114.
4503:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 186β188.
4048:
2708:
2699:
succeeded in having the United States included as a party to the
2660:
1488:
in the Polk administration or, as the alternative, a seat on the
1157:
Buchanan also served as chairman of the Lancaster chapter of the
1051:
39:
6579:
Life of James Buchanan: Fifteenth President of the United States
4919:'THE QUEEN'S MESSAGE' and 'THE PRESIDENT'S REPLY' (full wording)
4735:
Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters
3519:
Life of James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United States
3301:
Buchanan biographer Philip S. Klein focused in 1962, during the
1101:
Buchanan attended the Old Stone Academy in Mercersburg and then
13432:
13427:
7421:
7413:
Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, Franklin County, Pennsylvania
4829:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 59β62.
4816:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 52β59.
3797:. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. pp. 135β136.
3783:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 88β90.
3597:
3179:
3166:
In 1818, Buchanan met Anne Caroline Coleman at a grand ball in
3163:, among others, used ruthlessly during a congressional debate.
3152:
3001:
2995:
2617:
2498:
2417:
1688:
1672:
1572:, who later became First Lady for Buchanan in the White House.
1534:
1071:
1043:
949:, leading to the election of Republican and former Congressman
7113:
President James Buchanan and the Crisis of National Leadership
7019:
Balcerski, Thomas J. (2016). "Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston".
6132:"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: Vision / Setting an Agenda"
4854:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 75β78
4710:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 28β32
3470:
List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
2675:
in June 1858. Buchanan also considered buying Alaska from the
2326:
began in the summer of that year, when the New York branch of
1404:. Buchanan was one of only a few senators to vote against the
1324:. Buchanan was reluctant to leave the country, as the distant
1270:, won an easy victory in the parallel congressional election.
5787:
https://www.americanheritage.com/lost-love-bachelor-president
4516:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 211.
4339:
4337:
3095:
Buchanan was often considered by anti-slavery northerners a "
2664:
2459:
1059:
884:
in 1820 and retained that post for five terms, aligning with
837:; April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th
802:
11814:
7389:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5437:
5435:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5327:
5325:
5105:
5103:
4988:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 103
4779:, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 151
3522:. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 10.
3505:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck. p. 214.
1575:
In 1852, he was named president of the Board of Trustees of
1281:
in his first year, and he eventually became chairman of the
1129:
Early law practice and Pennsylvania House of Representatives
980:
Buchanan as among the worst presidents in American history.
7205:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
6494:
6157:"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: International Relations"
4965:
4963:
4214:
4212:
4025:"Governor Joseph Ritner | PHMC > Pennsylvania Governors"
3480:
List of federal political sex scandals in the United States
2968:
with 250 men and supplies. However, he failed to ask Major
1757:". President Pierce hoped for re-nomination, while Senator
1665:
817:
15638:
Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election
15633:
Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election
14445:
5974:
5972:
5239:
5237:
5235:
4334:
2667:
in the South Pacific, refusing to accept the rule of King
2561:
between Douglas and his Republican opponent for the seat,
1644:, and six months later, Buchanan accepted the position of
1329:
agreement on free merchant shipping with Foreign Minister
1005:
family on April 23, 1791, in a log cabin on a farm called
15683:
Democratic Party United States senators from Pennsylvania
5624:
5597:
5585:
5562:
5471:
5459:
5447:
5432:
5415:
5337:
5322:
5310:
5274:
5249:
5220:
5115:
5100:
5027:
4548:
4546:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4278:
4241:
4239:
4187:
4185:
4172:
4170:
4131:
4109:
4107:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3679:
3677:
2380:, associated with the Latter-day Saints, perpetrated the
841:, serving from 1857 to 1861. Buchanan also served as the
811:
799:
7481:
Mr. Buchanans Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion
7330:
Mr Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion
6605:(1). Canberra: Australian National University: 111β121.
5718:
5716:
5641:
5639:
5614:
5612:
5063:
5039:
5003:
4960:
4782:
4623:
4305:
4251:
4224:
4209:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3182:. Anne was also the sister-in-law of Philadelphia judge
2228:
who had ties to Democratic opponents Pierce or Douglas.
1165:' license expired in 1811. He became a strong critic of
1066:, whose members had emigrated in large numbers from the
13055:
7115:(Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., 2011.
6419:
5969:
5405:"The Resignation of Secretary Cobb. The Correspondence"
5232:
5161:"Lincoln Rejects the King of Siam's Offer of Elephants"
5075:
5015:
4948:
4690:
4688:
4686:
3580:
3578:
1480:
Buchanan (second from the left) in Polk's cabinet, 1849
1424:, Buchanan chose to support the Democratic challenger,
464:
456:
15543:
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
15538:
Ambassadors of the United States to the Russian Empire
11288:
8226:
6457:
6065:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 342β45.
6033:
6021:
6005:
Lies across America: What our Historic Sites get Wrong
5689:
4991:
4936:
4794:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4713:
4635:
4543:
4317:
4290:
4275:
4236:
4197:
4182:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4119:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4068:
3967:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3878:
3876:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3689:
3674:
3475:
Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps
3460:
Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
3390:. Another in Texas was christened in 1858 but renamed
3283:
Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
2885:
South Carolina, long the most radical Southern state,
2261:
1396:
and chaired prestigious Senate committees such as the
709:
Shippen's Cavalry, 1st Brigade, 4th Division
15708:
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
15415:
6707:(1995 ed.). American Political Biography Press.
6256:
6244:
5713:
5701:
5677:
5636:
5609:
5385:
5286:
5208:
4872:. Eyre and Spottiswoode: Eyre. 1861. pp. 230β232
4659:
3650:
3633:
3049:
Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of Rebellion
2942:
Despite the efforts of Buchanan and others, six more
2580:, which would have granted public lands to establish
1691:
in light of the relocation of a British fleet to the
829:
820:
814:
808:
7360:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
7088:
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s
6351:
James Buchanan and the political crisis of the 1850s
5984:
5957:
5740:
5728:
5051:
4832:
4683:
3732:
3596:
Discover Ulster-Scots: Emigration & Influence -
3575:
3008:
2280:, claiming he lived in service to the proprietor in
1349:
Buchanan returned home and lost the election in the
796:
15713:
Jacksonian United States senators from Pennsylvania
13536:
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
8264:
7500:
Fourth Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1860
7274:. University of Texas Press. 1971. pp. 12β54.
6182:"C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021: Moral Authority"
4752:
4671:
4647:
4558:
4531:
4519:
4481:
4448:"Dred Scott: The Decision That Sparked a Civil War"
4263:
3888:
3873:
3756:
3744:
3662:
1254:In Washington, Buchanan became an avid defender of
1192:In 1814, he was elected for the Federalists to the
923:majority ruling in the pro-slavery decision in the
805:
15583:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
7701:List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan
7385:University of Virginia article: Buchanan biography
7222:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837β1861
6878:
6855:
6832:
6810:Quist, John W.; Birkner, Michael J., eds. (2013).
6787:
6635:
5835:
5298:
4909:
3621:
2238:List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan
1285:. In 1831, Buchanan declined a nomination for the
929:case. He acceded to Southern attempts to engineer
919:. As President, Buchanan intervened to assure the
8065:United States Senator (Class 3) from Pennsylvania
6660:Supreme Court justices: a biographical dictionary
6207:"The top US presidents: First poll of UK experts"
1635:
1266:", an independent party after splitting from the
480:Pennsylvania House of Representatives
15578:Democratic Party presidents of the United States
15499:
5765:. Cincinnati, Ohio: Clerisy Press. p. 101.
3542:
3440:Buchanan and his legacy are central to the film
3348:near the southeast corner of Washington, D.C.'s
2856: States that seceded before April 15, 1861
2436:Buchanan was the first recipient of an official
2431:
2368:had been challenging federal representatives in
1373:. Buchanan maintained a strict adherence to the
1226:
1185:area. He was the last president involved in the
16:President of the United States from 1857 to 1861
6722:Klein, Philip Shriver; Hoogenboom, Ari (1980).
6721:
5354:
5352:
3793:Klein, Philip Shriver; Hoogenboom, Ari (1980).
3792:
2976:
2862: States that seceded after April 15, 1861
13934:United States House Committee on the Judiciary
6813:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
5888:
5886:
5884:
5829:
5827:
5269:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
5148:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
5135:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
5095:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4986:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4852:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4827:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4814:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4777:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4708:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4514:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
4501:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
3781:James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War
15141:
14863:
14569:
14245:
13917:
13519:
13041:
12597:
12365:
12176:
11800:
11274:
8923:
8250:
7520:
6353:. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna Univ. Press
5930:Neaman, Judith S.; Silver, Carole G. (1995).
5785:The Lost Love Of A Bachelor President | URL:
4381:
3435:
2250:. He appointed seven other federal judges to
1870:
1146:No. 43 in Lancaster and as a District Deputy
15628:Union (American Civil War) political leaders
15533:19th-century presidents of the United States
8031:United States Minister to the United Kingdom
7868:
6809:
6328:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
5929:
5349:
4903:
3543:Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006).
3252:. Several writers have surmised that he was
3213:. During his presidency, an orphaned niece,
3204:, Buchanan's roommate and speculated partner
2393:and his staff, and was commanded by General
1646:United States Minister to the United Kingdom
1535:Civilian life and 1852 presidential election
11140:National Democratic Redistricting Committee
11115:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
7202:
6069:
5881:
5824:
5537:
5535:
5533:
4435:. Vol. 45, no. 2. pp. 47β50.
4387:
3987:Letter from James Buchanan to Reuel William
3853:
3174:; Robert, like Buchanan's father, was from
3114:One of the prominent issues of the day was
2794:won a four-way election that also included
15148:
15134:
14870:
14856:
14576:
14562:
14252:
14238:
13924:
13910:
13526:
13512:
13048:
13034:
12604:
12590:
12372:
12358:
12183:
12169:
11807:
11793:
11281:
11267:
8930:
8916:
8892:
8257:
8243:
7527:
7513:
7404:Essay on James Buchanan and his presidency
6373:
5934:. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
5659:"Third Annual Message (December 19, 1859)"
3498:
3378:Three counties are named in his honor, in
2868: Union states that permitted slavery
2691:Buchanan sought trade agreements with the
2551:
2460:Bleeding Kansas and constitutional dispute
1308:1834 portrait of Buchanan at age 42β43 by
996:
896:in 1832. He won the election in 1834 as a
38:
11125:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
7940:Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district
7903:Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district
7018:
6970:
6761:
5844:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
5758:
4884:
4857:
4445:
4364:
4218:
3929:"James Buchanan: Jacksonian Expansionist"
3502:History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
2897:He refused to dismiss Interior Secretary
1788:
1600:and welcomed Congress's rejection of the
1380:Buchanan was known for his commitment to
1142:, and served as the Worshipful Master of
380:U.S. House of Representatives
252:December 6, 1834 β March 5, 1845
133:August 23, 1853 β March 15, 1856
15613:Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
15162:1856 United States presidential election
14884:1852 United States presidential election
14590:1848 United States presidential election
14266:1844 United States presidential election
11816:United States senators from Pennsylvania
11135:National Conference of Democratic Mayors
11130:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
11110:Democratic Attorneys General Association
7652:1856 United States presidential election
7108:(Louisiana State University Press, 2019)
6768:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
6633:
6554:
6538:County Name Origins of the United States
5798:
5530:
5243:
5021:
4997:
4921:. Vol. 3. Johnson, Fry. p. 542
4605:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
4430:
3362:
3276:
3196:
3105:
3078:
3012:
2842:
2762:
2759:1860 United States presidential election
2469:
2231:
2147:
1708:
1705:1856 United States presidential election
1538:
1475:
1422:1838 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
1333:proved difficult. He had denounced Tsar
1303:
987:
15558:American people of Scotch-Irish descent
15070:
14380:
14294:
11166:National Federation of Democratic Women
6942:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
6899:
6680:"The Lost Love of a Bachelor President"
6678:Klein, Philip Shriver (December 1955).
6425:
6348:
5542:Birkner, Michael (September 20, 2005).
5541:
4893:Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity
4049:Secretary of the United States Senate.
3714:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 23.
3547:. Oxford University Press. p. 56.
3499:Ellis, Franklin; Evans, Samuel (1883).
3465:List of presidents of the United States
3224:Buchanan had a close relationship with
2874: Union states that banned slavery
2723:In March 1860, the House impaneled the
1671:At Pierce's prompting, Buchanan met in
1215:
297:June 11, 1832 β August 5, 1833
184:March 10, 1845 β March 7, 1849
15553:American militiamen in the War of 1812
15500:
7219:
7118:
7069:James Buchanan and the American Empire
7045:
6988:
6937:
6918:
6881:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
6876:
6785:
6582:. Vol. 2. Harper & Brothers.
6575:
6535:
6463:
6274:
6223:
6060:
6039:
6002:
5892:
5618:
5033:
4665:
4580:. The Supreme Court Historical Society
4469:Blight, David W. (December 21, 2022).
4468:
4230:
3926:
3738:
2254:. He also appointed two judges to the
395:March 4, 1821 β March 3, 1831
348:March 5, 1829 β March 3, 1831
74:March 4, 1857 β March 4, 1861
15678:19th-century Pennsylvania politicians
15603:People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
15129:
14851:
14557:
14444:
14233:
13905:
13507:
13029:
12585:
12353:
12164:
11788:
11262:
11243:2018 House Caucus leadership election
11238:2006 House Caucus leadership election
8911:
8238:
8225:
7867:
7508:
6853:
6705:President James Buchanan: A Biography
6702:
6677:
6596:
6513:
6262:
6250:
5990:
5978:
5963:
5746:
5734:
5722:
5707:
5683:
5645:
5630:
5603:
5591:
5579:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5426:
5391:
5343:
5331:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5255:
5226:
5214:
5186:"Top Ten Strangest Presidential Pets"
5121:
5109:
5081:
5069:
5057:
5045:
5009:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4954:
4942:
4838:
4800:
4788:
4763:
4731:
4719:
4694:
4677:
4641:
4629:
4564:
4552:
4537:
4525:
4487:
4343:
4328:
4311:
4299:
4284:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4203:
4191:
4176:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4098:
4086:
4074:
3973:
3914:
3897:
3882:
3854:O'Leary, Derek Kane (March 6, 2023).
3841:
3829:
3817:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3750:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3627:
3584:
3134:? You might just as well command the
2328:Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company
1821:, which stated that the principle of
1484:Buchanan was offered the position of
1471:
1315:
1194:Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1121:as well as legal authorities such as
15653:Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
8937:
6964:
6830:
6740:
6656:
6027:
5833:
5695:
4653:
4600:"Judges of the United States Courts"
1466:
1289:from his constituency consisting of
1054:, who emigrated to the newly formed
1038:, a small town in the north-east of
15618:Polk administration cabinet members
13057:United States Ambassadors to Russia
8172:for President of the United States
7657:1856 Democratic National Convention
7642:1852 Democratic National Convention
7627:1848 Democratic National Convention
7617:1844 Democratic National Convention
7612:Electoral history of James Buchanan
7427:American Presidents: Life Portraits
6400:
6323:
3367:Buchanan memorial, Washington, D.C.
2784:1860 Democratic National Convention
2772:Vice President of the United States
2752:
2718:
1747:1856 Democratic National Convention
1698:
1622:1852 Democratic National Convention
1525:1848 Democratic National Convention
1449:1844 Democratic National Convention
1222:Electoral history of James Buchanan
1074:in the north of Ireland during the
1001:James Buchanan Jr. was born into a
13:
15643:United States secretaries of state
11290:United States Secretaries of State
8227:Articles related to James Buchanan
7534:
7379:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
7314:Fourth Annual Message to Congress.
7305:
7060:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x
6958:
6439:"Buchanan's Birthplace State Park"
6077:"Buchanan's Birthplace State Park"
4975:
3945:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x
3768:
3305:, upon challenges Buchanan faced:
3074:
2918:Efforts were made in vain by Sen.
2334:Buchanan acted in accordance with
2248:Supreme Court of the United States
2153:President Buchanan and his Cabinet
1322:United States Ambassador to Russia
845:from 1845 to 1849 and represented
14:
15734:
15723:19th-century American legislators
15568:Burials at Woodward Hill Cemetery
8205:1. The Democratic Party split in
7418:"Life Portrait of James Buchanan"
7344:
7254:. Random House Publishing Group.
7176:The Democratic Machine, 1850β1854
7104:Birkner, Michael J., et al. eds.
7086:Birkner, Michael J., ed. (1996).
6349:Birkner, Michael J., ed. (1996).
5932:The Wordsworth Book of Euphemisms
5905:The Wordsworth Book of Euphemisms
5373:. The American Presidency Project
5358:
3545:Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation
3009:Final years and death (1861β1868)
2587:
2536:defeat, Buchanan backed the 1858
1668:, which had long interested him.
1119:Constitution of the United States
956:Buchanan's leadership during his
15548:19th-century American memoirists
15485:
15473:
15461:
15449:
15437:
15425:
14218:
13890:
13426:
13302:
13065:
12420:
12225:
11988:
11321:
11188:High School Democrats of America
11120:Democratic Governors Association
11077:Congressional Progressive Caucus
9846:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)
8891:
8882:
8881:
8108:United States Secretary of State
8004:United States Minister to Russia
7847:
7846:
7762:Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
7670:
7562:United States Secretary of State
7465:Works by or about James Buchanan
7457:
7368:James Buchanan: A Resource Guide
7090:. Susquehanna University Press.
7071:. Susquehanna University Press.
7067:Binder, Frederick Moore (1994).
6992:The Journal of the Civil War Era
6858:The Presidency of James Buchanan
6744:Tax Reform: A Reference Handbook
6482:
6469:
6431:
6394:
6367:
6342:
6317:
6303:
6268:
6217:
6199:
6174:
6149:
6124:
6099:
6054:
6045:
6007:. New York City: The New Press.
5996:
5948:
5923:
5910:
5898:
5859:
5792:
5779:
5752:
5651:
5508:
5483:
5397:
5363:
5261:
5178:
5153:
5140:
5127:
5087:
3927:Binder, Frederick Moore (1992).
3142:
3110:James Buchanan's home, Wheatland
3063:at the age of 77 at his home at
2809:As early as October, the army's
2317:
2242:Buchanan appointed one Justice,
1675:, with U.S. Ambassador to Spain
1547:at the National Portrait Gallery
1388:ideology. He rejected President
1363:Second Bank of the United States
1353:for a full six-year term in the
861:, and minimized the role of the
792:
664:
172:United States Secretary of State
15658:19th-century American diplomats
15623:Presidents of the United States
15573:Deaths from respiratory failure
11055:Steering and Outreach Committee
8266:Presidents of the United States
7408:Miller Center of Public Affairs
6816:. University Press of Florida.
6790:The Impending Crisis, 1848β1861
6726:. Penn State University Press.
6576:Curtis, George Ticknor (1883).
6277:The Journal of Southern History
4844:
4819:
4806:
4769:
4725:
4700:
4592:
4570:
4506:
4493:
4471:"Was the Civil War Inevitable?"
4462:
4439:
4424:
4358:
4349:
4042:
4017:
3992:
3979:
3920:
3847:
3786:
3701:
3516:Curtis, George Ticknor (1883).
2695:and Japan. In China, his envoy
1799:
1344:
1247:, Buchanan initially supported
1163:First Bank of the United States
892:. Buchanan served as Jackson's
21:James Buchanan (disambiguation)
8135:President of the United States
7689:Inauguration of James Buchanan
7570:U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
7551:President of the United States
7483:. President Buchanans memoirs.
7355:"James Buchanan (id: B001005)"
6862:. University Press of Kansas.
6599:The Journal of Pacific History
6506:
6226:Presidential Studies Quarterly
5806:. Vol. 1. New York City:
5804:Abraham Lincoln: The War Years
3606:
3590:
3561:
3536:
3509:
3492:
2985:while Buchanan was in office:
2640:In 1858, Buchanan ordered the
2331:collapse to over-speculation.
1806:Inauguration of James Buchanan
1679:and U.S. Ambassador to France
1636:Minister to the United Kingdom
1412:for the United States. In the
1402:Committee on Foreign Relations
1394:United States Attorney General
1375:Pennsylvania State Legislature
910:minister to the United Kingdom
898:U.S. senator from Pennsylvania
839:president of the United States
743:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
62:President of the United States
1:
7881:U.S. House of Representatives
7476:Shapell Manuscript Foundation
7220:Silbey, Joel H., ed. (2014).
6971:Balcerski, Thomas J. (2019).
6786:Potter, David Morris (1976).
6741:Jurinski, James John (2012).
5808:Harcourt, Brace & Company
4418:10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145
4402:10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145
3485:
3332:'s works about Buchanan. For
3118:. Buchanan was conflicted by
3018:
3017:Buchanan in his later years.
2432:Transatlantic telegraph cable
2376:area. In September 1857, the
2256:United States Court of Claims
2252:United States district courts
2209:Confederate States of America
1577:Franklin and Marshall College
1455:, but the nomination went to
1227:U.S. House of Representatives
1198:Pennsylvania General Assembly
983:
882:U.S. House of Representatives
45:
12672:Ministers Plenipotentiary to
12620:Ministers Plenipotentiary to
11298:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
11156:College Democrats of America
7726:1858 United States elections
7370:from the Library of Congress
6904:. Rowman & Littlefield.
6611:10.1080/00223344.2011.632982
5789:| American Heritage magazine
4578:"Nathan Clifford, 1858β1881"
4452:Northern Kentucky Law Review
3339:
2977:States admitted to the Union
2824:
2211:. Secretary of the Treasury
1865:
1795:Presidency of James Buchanan
1596:, Buchanan now rejected the
1058:in 1783, having sailed from
7:
9119:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)
7456:(public domain audiobooks)
7319:September 12, 2018, at the
7192:Rhodes, James Ford (1906).
7023:. Wiley. pp. 197β213.
7021:A Companion to First Ladies
6975:. Oxford University Press.
6919:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
6885:. Oxford University Press.
6877:Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990).
6771:. Oxford University Press.
6536:Beatty, Michael A. (2001).
6401:Han, Lori Cox, ed. (2018).
4910:Jesse Ames Spencer (1866).
4446:Alexander, Roberta (2007).
4433:Civil War Times Illustrated
3453:
3446:(2019). He is portrayed by
3416:Buchanan Township, Michigan
3151:. In addition, one eye was
2360:In the spring of 1857, the
2345:
2303:Missouri Compromise of 1820
1713:1856 Map of electoral votes
1640:Pierce won the election in
1531:of Michigan was nominated.
1498:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1287:22nd United States Congress
1152:Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
10:
15739:
15663:19th-century Presbyterians
15528:1860s in the United States
15523:1850s in the United States
11233:2017 chairmanship election
11228:2005 chairmanship election
11183:Young Democrats of America
7954:William Muhlenberg Hiester
7812:(niece, acting First Lady)
7787:James Buchanan High School
7270:"2. Douglas and Goliath".
7180:detailed narrative; online
7029:10.1002/9781118732250.ch12
6938:Watson, Robert P. (2012).
6684:American Heritage Magazine
6490:"Raising Buchanan on IMDB"
5491:"Today in History: May 11"
5165:American Battlefield Trust
3436:Popular culture depictions
3426:James Buchanan High School
3373:Stony Batter, Pennsylvania
2849:Status of the states, 1861
2800:Constitutional Union Party
2756:
2463:
2349:
2235:
1871:Cabinet and administration
1803:
1792:
1702:
1543:Bust of James Buchanan by
1398:Committee on the Judiciary
1245:1824 presidential election
1219:
943:1860 presidential election
933:entry into the Union as a
917:1856 presidential election
282:United States Minister to
118:United States Minister to
18:
15698:Buchanan County, Virginia
15693:Buchanan County, Missouri
15385:
15365:
15338:
15327:
15292:
15265:
15248:
15217:
15190:
15173:
15101:
15059:
15018:
14991:
14974:
14939:
14912:
14895:
14823:
14798:
14771:
14754:
14724:
14697:
14680:
14645:
14618:
14601:
14529:
14487:
14458:
14440:
14407:
14363:
14328:
14277:
14216:
13940:
13888:
13542:
13424:
13300:
13063:
12827:Ambassadors Extraordinary
12826:
12670:Envoys Extraordinary and
12669:
12619:
12562:Secretary of the Interior
12560:
12541:
12510:
12485:
12460:
12431:Secretary of the Treasury
12429:
12418:
12395:
12322:
12303:
12272:
12253:
12236:Secretary of the Treasury
12234:
12223:
12206:
12148:
11997:
11986:
11822:
11773:
11330:
11319:
11296:
11248:Weekly Democratic Address
11200:
11176:Stonewall Young Democrats
11148:
11102:
11037:
11026:
10724:
10441:
10256:
10007:
9889:
8987:
8947:
8877:
8749:
8272:
8232:
8203:
8194:
8179:
8164:
8156:
8151:
8141:
8132:
8124:
8114:
8105:
8097:
8092:
8082:
8062:
8054:
8047:
8037:
8028:
8020:
8010:
8001:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7972:House Judiciary Committee
7968:
7960:
7950:
7931:
7923:
7913:
7894:
7886:
7879:
7874:
7825:
7802:
7749:
7679:
7668:
7604:
7542:
7198:. Vol. 2. Macmillan.
6724:A History of Pennsylvania
6703:Klein, Philip S. (1962).
6657:Hall, Timothy L. (2001).
6475:Hoogterp, Edward (2006).
6003:Loewen, James W. (1999).
3795:A History of Pennsylvania
3569:"The Presidents Timeline"
3430:Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
3271:
3202:William Rufus DeVane King
3089:National Portrait Gallery
3083:James Buchanan (1859) by
3028:Emancipation Proclamation
2998: β February 14, 1859
2382:Mountain Meadows massacre
2356:Runaway Officials of 1851
2340:economic stimulus program
2133:Secretary of the Interior
2127:
2108:
2069:
2065:
2038:
2034:
2007:
2003:
1966:Secretary of the Treasury
1964:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1910:
1893:
1877:
1506:Fifty-Four Forty or Fight
1420:. During the contentious
1268:National Republican Party
1088:Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
857:, particularly regarding
853:. He was an advocate for
781:
777:
773:
765:
757:
749:
740:
736:
713:
705:
695:
687:
677:
672:
660:
643:
628:
605:
576:
566:
549:
529:
524:
520:
510:
500:
489:
476:
449:
424:
399:
388:
376:
364:
352:
341:
336:House Judiciary Committee
333:
323:
311:
301:
290:
280:
268:
256:
245:
233:
221:
209:
188:
177:
169:
157:
145:
137:
126:
116:
104:
92:
78:
67:
59:
55:
37:
30:
15588:Dickinson College alumni
12831:the Court of St. James's
12674:the Court of St. James's
12622:the Court of St. James's
11003:Northern Mariana Islands
8152:Party political offices
7935:House of Representatives
7898:House of Representatives
7869:Offices and distinctions
7353:United States Congress.
6900:Strauss, Robert (2016).
6555:Chadwick, Bruce (2008).
6081:Pennsylvania State Parks
5759:Boertlein, John (2010).
4365:Finkelman, Paul (2007).
3004: β January 29, 1861
2378:Utah Territorial Militia
1431:Buchanan also opposed a
1426:David Rittenhouse Porter
1406:WebsterβAshburton Treaty
1233:House of Representatives
880:. He was elected to the
874:House of Representatives
12829:and Plenipotentiary to
12153:Never officially seated
11213:Presidential candidates
7757:James Buchanan Memorial
7493:August 9, 2020, at the
7450:Works by James Buchanan
7441:Works by James Buchanan
6663:. Infobase Publishing.
6634:Grossman, Mark (2003).
6324:May, Robert E. (2013).
6051:Loewen 1999 pp. 367β370
4610:Federal Judicial Center
4371:Chicago-Kent Law Review
3414:, and the townships of
3398:, in 1861. The city of
3147:Buchanan suffered from
2926:, and former president
2552:1858 mid-term elections
2200:, he contracted severe
1414:Oregon Boundary Dispute
997:Childhood and education
560:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
15718:Pennsylvania Democrats
15648:People of the Utah War
15563:American Presbyterians
14398:Theodore Frelinghuysen
11092:Problem Solvers Caucus
11087:New Democrat Coalition
9941:(1885β1889; 1893β1897)
8364:William Henry Harrison
7721:Lecompton Constitution
7695:Dred Scott v. Sandford
7662:Woodward Hill Cemetery
7337:National Intelligencer
7252:Buchanan Dying: A Play
6854:Smith, Elbert (1975).
6831:Ross, Shelley (1988).
6061:Loewen, James (2009).
5834:Dunn, Charles (1999).
5544:"Buchanan's Civil War"
4732:Sobel, Robert (1999).
3708:Moody, Wesley (2016).
3368:
3326:
3312:
3205:
3111:
3092:
3069:Woodward Hill Cemetery
3044:National Intelligencer
3022:
2981:Three new states were
2931:second session of the
2887:seceded from the Union
2882:
2775:
2738:Lecompton Constitution
2522:Lecompton Constitution
2478:
2273:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2189:
1855:
1829:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1789:Presidency (1857β1861)
1727:Archbishop of New York
1714:
1561:Old Public Functionary
1548:
1481:
1410:Aroostook River Valley
1312:
1125:during his education.
1107:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
993:
939:Lecompton Constitution
849:in both houses of the
571:Woodward Hill Cemetery
543:Cove Gap, Pennsylvania
15688:Buchanan County, Iowa
12543:Secretary of the Navy
12445:Philip Francis Thomas
12324:Secretary of the Navy
8594:Franklin D. Roosevelt
8024:Joseph Reed Ingersoll
7375:James Buchanan papers
7230:10.1002/9781118609330
7185:May 26, 2010, at the
7172:Nichols, Roy Franklin
7133:10.1353/cwh.1995.0017
7004:10.1353/cwe.2021.0008
6477:West Michigan Almanac
4346:, pp. 80β83, 85.
3600:and the White House.
3366:
3344:A bronze and granite
3316:
3307:
3303:Civil Rights movement
3277:Historical reputation
3200:
3109:
3082:
3067:. He was interred in
3053:abolitionist movement
3016:
2983:admitted to the Union
2908:William Henry Trescot
2846:
2766:
2697:William Bradford Reed
2606:ClaytonβBulwer Treaty
2473:
2446:Bedford Springs Hotel
2232:Judicial appointments
2151:
2114:Secretary of the Navy
1983:Philip Francis Thomas
1850:
1712:
1650:ClaytonβBulwer Treaty
1542:
1479:
1307:
1279:Agriculture Committee
1167:Democratic-Republican
1062:. He belonged to the
1042:in the north-west of
992:Buchanan's birthplace
991:
688:Years of service
590:Democratic-Republican
235:United States Senator
152:Joseph Reed Ingersoll
15608:Pennsylvania lawyers
15390:Other 1856 elections
15208:John C. Breckinridge
15106:Other 1852 elections
14828:Other 1848 elections
14534:Other 1844 elections
10993:District of Columbia
9666:1984 (San Francisco)
9561:1964 (Atlantic City)
9341:1920 (San Francisco)
8614:Dwight D. Eisenhower
8197:Notes and references
8188:John C. Breckinridge
7816:James Buchanan Henry
7111:Horrocks, Thomas A.
6839:. Ballantine Books.
6794:. Harper & Row.
6561:. Sourcebooks, Inc.
5842:. Lanham, Maryland:
5411:. December 14, 1860.
4898:The Age of Invention
4390:Pennsylvania History
4055:United States Senate
4029:www.phmc.state.pa.us
4004:www.phmc.state.pa.us
3219:Sarah Childress Polk
2992: β May 11, 1858
2912:Rose O'Neal Greenhow
2910:. Buchanan's friend
2768:John C. Breckinridge
2610:European imperialism
2485:of 1854 created the
2336:Jacksonian Democracy
2262:Intervention in the
2161:From left to right:
1921:John C. Breckinridge
1878:The Buchanan cabinet
1763:John C. Breckinridge
1521:Mexican-American War
1339:1830 Polish uprising
1264:Jacksonian Democrats
1241:Era of Good Feelings
1216:Congressional career
1076:Plantation of Ulster
726:Defense of Baltimore
682:Pennsylvania Militia
619:James Buchanan Henry
87:John C. Breckinridge
15593:American Freemasons
14415:for Vice President:
11171:Stonewall Democrats
9826:2016 (Philadelphia)
9481:1948 (Philadelphia)
9421:1936 (Philadelphia)
8967:Fourth Party System
8957:Second Party System
8544:William Howard Taft
8464:Rutherford B. Hayes
7731:Paraguay expedition
7590:U.S. Representative
7578:U.S. Representative
7324:(December 3, 1860).
6763:McPherson, James M.
6213:. January 17, 2011.
6063:Lies Across America
5606:, pp. 417β418.
5594:, pp. 408β413.
5582:, pp. 142β143.
5550:on October 19, 2011
5518:. A+E Networks Corp
5495:Library of Congress
5480:, pp. 135β140.
5456:, pp. 381β387.
5444:, pp. 123β134.
5346:, pp. 76, 133.
5334:, pp. 356β358.
5319:, pp. 118β120.
5283:, pp. 114β118.
5229:, pp. 338β339.
5196:on January 25, 2022
5124:, pp. 393β413.
5112:, pp. 107β112.
5048:, pp. 286β299.
5036:, pp. 297β327.
5012:, pp. 120β121.
4972:, pp. 100β105.
4791:, pp. 314β315.
4632:, pp. 271β272.
4314:, pp. 261β262.
4260:, pp. 248β252.
4140:, p. 210, 415.
3613:Ulster-Scots Agency
3412:Buchanan, Wisconsin
3124:prohibitive tariffs
3091:in Washington, D.C.
3061:respiratory failure
3041:, published in the
2832:popular sovereignty
2686:Alexander Gorchakov
2642:Paraguay expedition
2600:and to enforce the
2582:land-grant colleges
2512:Buchanan appointed
2483:KansasβNebraska Act
2299:Robert Cooper Grier
2286:Wisconsin Territory
1823:popular sovereignty
1819:Kansas-Nebraska Act
1719:KansasβNebraska Act
1598:Missouri Compromise
1392:'s offer to become
1371:National Convention
1283:Judiciary Committee
1210:Pennsylvania Senate
1096:William Shakespeare
1019:Allegheny Mountains
15444:American Civil War
15356:Andrew J. Donelson
15315:Robert F. Stockton
15300:Nathaniel P. Banks
15230:Stephen A. Douglas
15036:John J. Crittenden
14957:Stephen A. Douglas
14811:Joshua R. Giddings
14351:Richard M. Johnson
13433:Russian Federation
12512:Postmaster General
12397:Secretary of State
12305:Postmaster General
12208:Secretary of State
11335:1789–present
11332:Secretary of State
11072:Blue Dog Coalition
9746:2000 (Los Angeles)
9601:1972 (Miami Beach)
9541:1960 (Los Angeles)
9321:1916 (Saint Louis)
9275:1904 (Saint Louis)
9262:1900 (Kansas City)
9223:1888 (Saint Louis)
9184:1876 (Saint Louis)
8977:Sixth Party System
8972:Fifth Party System
8962:Third Party System
8534:Theodore Roosevelt
8183:Stephen A. Douglas
8093:Political offices
8071:Served alongside:
7782:Buchanan, Missouri
7767:Buchanan, Michigan
7280:10.7560/701182-005
5954:Loewen 1999 p. 367
5665:on January 6, 2012
5633:, p. 137β138.
5468:, p. 152β160.
5429:, p. 132β134.
5409:The New York Times
5258:, p. 114β117.
5072:, p. 117β118.
4957:, pp. 97β100.
4475:The New York Times
4233:, pp. 456β57.
3860:Age of Revolutions
3420:Buchanan, Missouri
3400:Buchanan, Michigan
3396:Alexander Stephens
3369:
3350:Meridian Hill Park
3226:William Rufus King
3206:
3112:
3093:
3023:
2920:John J. Crittenden
2883:
2880: Territories
2811:Commanding General
2776:
2648:for firing on the
2530:Stephen A. Douglas
2479:
2402:Albert S. Johnston
2305:unconstitutional.
2221:Stephen A. Douglas
2190:
2173:, James Buchanan,
2071:Postmaster General
1935:Secretary of State
1839:Associate Justice
1759:Stephen A. Douglas
1751:Fugitive Slave Law
1723:John Joseph Hughes
1715:
1594:Fugitive Slave Act
1590:Compromise of 1850
1549:
1486:Secretary of State
1482:
1472:Secretary of State
1316:Minister to Russia
1313:
1237:First Party System
1179:United States Army
1123:William Blackstone
1115:United States Code
1068:Scottish Highlands
1034:from just outside
994:
894:minister to Russia
863:federal government
843:secretary of state
788:James Buchanan Jr.
120:the United Kingdom
15413:
15412:
15407:
15406:
15381:
15380:
15323:
15322:
15283:William L. Dayton
15244:
15243:
15123:
15122:
15097:
15096:
15055:
15054:
15009:William A. Graham
14970:
14969:
14845:
14844:
14819:
14818:
14750:
14749:
14715:William O. Butler
14676:
14675:
14551:
14550:
14525:
14524:
14436:
14435:
14359:
14358:
14227:
14226:
13899:
13898:
13501:
13500:
13023:
13022:
12732:chargΓ© d'affaires
12707:chargΓ© d'affaires
12660:chargΓ© d'affaires
12579:
12578:
12495:Jeremiah S. Black
12411:Jeremiah S. Black
12347:
12346:
12158:
12157:
11782:
11781:
11256:
11255:
11196:
11195:
11082:Justice Democrats
10706:Wasserman Schultz
9197:1880 (Cincinnati)
9106:1856 (Cincinnati)
8905:
8904:
8684:George H. W. Bush
8634:Lyndon B. Johnson
8564:Warren G. Harding
8504:Benjamin Harrison
8484:Chester A. Arthur
8474:James A. Garfield
8334:John Quincy Adams
8284:George Washington
8219:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8199:
8180:Succeeded by
8142:Succeeded by
8115:Succeeded by
8083:Succeeded by
8069:1834β1845
8038:Succeeded by
8011:Succeeded by
7989:Diplomatic posts
7979:Succeeded by
7964:Philip P. Barbour
7951:Succeeded by
7927:James S. Mitchell
7914:Succeeded by
7861:
7860:
7838:Abraham Lincoln β
7831:β Franklin Pierce
7777:Buchanan, Georgia
7772:Buchanan, Indiana
7488:Inaugural Address
7445:Project Gutenberg
7399:Tulane University
7327:Buchanan, James.
7311:Buchanan, James.
7289:978-0-292-74198-0
7261:978-0-8129-8491-0
7239:978-1-4443-3912-3
7207:. 57/59: 96β122.
7164:978-0-684-10415-7
7121:Civil War History
7097:978-0-945636-89-2
7078:978-0-945636-64-9
7038:978-1-118-73225-0
7008:Project MUSE
6982:978-0-19-091460-8
6965:Secondary sources
6949:978-1-4422-1836-9
6930:978-1-85109-952-8
6911:978-1-4930-2484-1
6892:978-0-19-987947-2
6869:978-0-7006-0132-5
6846:978-0-345-35381-8
6823:978-0-8130-4426-2
6801:978-0-06-090524-8
6778:978-0-19-974390-2
6754:978-1-59884-322-4
6733:978-0-271-01934-5
6714:978-0-945707-11-0
6670:978-0-8153-1176-8
6649:978-1-57607-060-4
6589:978-0-8130-4426-2
6547:978-0-7864-1025-5
6528:978-0-8050-6946-4
6498:. April 12, 2019.
6445:on April 22, 2014
6412:978-1-4408-5436-1
6360:978-0-945636-89-2
6335:978-0-521-13252-7
6030:, pp. 86β91.
6014:978-0-684-87067-0
5981:, pp. 25β26.
5869:. The White House
5852:978-0-8476-9606-2
5817:978-1-299-11525-5
5772:978-1-57860-361-9
5698:, pp. 16β17.
5084:, pp. 69β70.
4945:, pp. 93β98.
4915:(Digitised eBook)
4803:, pp. 90β92.
4745:978-1-893122-46-8
4722:, pp. 85β86.
4644:, pp. 83β84.
4555:, pp. 86β88.
4331:, pp. 77β80.
4302:, pp. 70β73.
4287:, pp. 69β70.
4248:, pp. 67β68.
4206:, pp. 58β64.
4164:, pp. 52β56.
4152:, pp. 49β51.
4128:, pp. 43β46.
4101:, pp. 41β43.
4077:, pp. 38β40.
3917:, pp. 35β38.
3844:, pp. 30β31.
3832:, pp. 28β30.
3804:978-0-271-01934-5
3721:978-1-3176-6718-6
3686:, pp. 17β18.
3647:, pp. 13β16.
3529:978-1-62376-821-8
3408:Buchanan, Georgia
3404:Buchanan, Indiana
3358:Jeremiah S. Black
2701:Treaty of Tianjin
2681:Eduard de Stoeckl
2395:William S. Harney
2364:and their leader
2362:Latter-day Saints
2187:Jeremiah S. Black
2146:
2145:
2045:Jeremiah S. Black
1952:Jeremiah S. Black
1510:Pacific Northwest
1467:Diplomatic career
1418:Republic of Texas
1351:State Legislature
1206:impeachment trial
1103:Dickinson College
970:lifelong bachelor
785:
784:
633:Dickinson College
415:James S. Mitchell
384:from Pennsylvania
359:Philip P. Barbour
15730:
15490:
15489:
15478:
15477:
15476:
15466:
15465:
15454:
15453:
15452:
15442:
15441:
15440:
15430:
15429:
15428:
15421:
15366:Other candidates
15354:Vice President:
15348:Millard Fillmore
15336:
15335:
15293:Other candidates
15281:Vice President:
15263:
15262:
15251:Republican Party
15218:Other candidates
15206:Vice President:
15188:
15187:
15176:Democratic Party
15150:
15143:
15136:
15127:
15126:
15088:George W. Julian
15086:Vice President:
15068:
15067:
15041:Millard Fillmore
15019:Other candidates
15007:Vice President:
14989:
14988:
14962:William L. Marcy
14940:Other candidates
14928:Vice President:
14910:
14909:
14898:Democratic Party
14872:
14865:
14858:
14849:
14848:
14799:Other candidates
14789:Charles F. Adams
14787:Vice President:
14781:Martin Van Buren
14769:
14768:
14742:Martin Van Buren
14725:Other candidates
14713:Vice President:
14695:
14694:
14683:Democratic Party
14646:Other candidates
14636:Millard Fillmore
14634:Vice President:
14616:
14615:
14578:
14571:
14564:
14555:
14554:
14476:Vice President:
14442:
14441:
14423:Millard Fillmore
14408:Other candidates
14396:Vice President:
14378:
14377:
14336:Martin Van Buren
14329:Other candidates
14319:George M. Dallas
14317:Vice President:
14292:
14291:
14280:Democratic Party
14254:
14247:
14240:
14231:
14230:
14222:
13926:
13919:
13912:
13903:
13902:
13894:
13528:
13521:
13514:
13505:
13504:
13431:
13430:
13307:
13306:
13070:
13069:
13050:
13043:
13036:
13027:
13026:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12583:
12582:
12487:Attorney General
12462:Secretary of War
12424:
12423:
12374:
12367:
12360:
12351:
12350:
12274:Attorney General
12263:William L. Marcy
12255:Secretary of War
12244:Robert J. Walker
12229:
12228:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12162:
12161:
11992:
11809:
11802:
11795:
11786:
11785:
11325:
11324:
11283:
11276:
11269:
11260:
11259:
11161:Democrats Abroad
11050:Policy Committee
11035:
11034:
11018:Democrats Abroad
9806:2012 (Charlotte)
9301:1912 (Baltimore)
9171:1872 (Baltimore)
9093:1852 (Baltimore)
9080:1848 (Baltimore)
9067:1844 (Baltimore)
9054:1840 (Baltimore)
9041:1835 (Baltimore)
9028:1832 (Baltimore)
8941:
8940:Democratic Party
8932:
8925:
8918:
8909:
8908:
8895:
8894:
8885:
8884:
8524:William McKinley
8514:Grover Cleveland
8494:Grover Cleveland
8454:Ulysses S. Grant
8404:Millard Fillmore
8354:Martin Van Buren
8304:Thomas Jefferson
8259:
8252:
8245:
8236:
8235:
8223:
8222:
8204:
8195:
8157:Preceded by
8125:Preceded by
8098:Preceded by
8055:Preceded by
8041:George M. Dallas
8021:Preceded by
7994:Preceded by
7961:Preceded by
7945:
7924:Preceded by
7917:Daniel H. Miller
7908:
7887:Preceded by
7877:
7876:
7865:
7864:
7850:
7849:
7793:Raising Buchanan
7741:Corwin Amendment
7674:
7647:Ostend Manifesto
7597:
7585:
7573:
7565:
7554:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7506:
7505:
7469:Internet Archive
7461:
7460:
7364:
7301:
7265:
7243:
7216:
7199:
7168:
7144:
7101:
7082:
7063:
7042:
7015:
6986:
6953:
6934:
6915:
6896:
6884:
6873:
6861:
6850:
6838:
6827:
6805:
6793:
6782:
6758:
6737:
6718:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6674:
6653:
6641:
6630:
6593:
6572:
6551:
6532:
6500:
6499:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6441:. Archived from
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6376:New York History
6371:
6365:
6364:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5927:
5921:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5841:
5831:
5822:
5821:
5796:
5790:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5546:. Archived from
5539:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5430:
5424:
5413:
5412:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5192:. Archived from
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5157:
5151:
5144:
5138:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4982:
4973:
4967:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4916:
4907:
4901:
4890:Jim Al-Khalili.
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4861:
4855:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4332:
4326:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4194:, p. 65β67.
4189:
4180:
4179:, p. 57β59.
4174:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4116:, p. 46β48.
4111:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4089:, p. 40β41.
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3977:
3976:, p. 33β34.
3971:
3965:
3964:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3901:
3895:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3820:, p. 24β27.
3815:
3809:
3808:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3705:
3699:
3698:, p. 17β18.
3693:
3687:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3659:, pp. 9β12.
3654:
3648:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3594:
3588:
3587:, pp. 9β12.
3582:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3448:RenΓ© Auberjonois
3443:Raising Buchanan
3262:Robert P. Watson
3020:
2965:Star of the West
2952:Edwin M. Stanton
2937:Corwin Amendment
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2804:Grover Cleveland
2753:Election of 1860
2728:Republican Rep.
2725:Covode Committee
2719:Covode Committee
2598:Manifest Destiny
2514:Robert J. Walker
2487:Kansas Territory
2155:, photograph by
2040:Attorney General
2009:Secretary of War
1875:
1874:
1770:Millard Fillmore
1743:Thomas F. Bayard
1699:Election of 1856
1685:Ostend Manifesto
1618:William L. Marcy
1453:Martin Van Buren
1390:Martin Van Buren
1386:Manifest Destiny
1159:Federalist Party
962:Corwin Amendment
890:Democratic Party
833:
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
673:Military service
668:
556:
539:
537:
525:Personal details
513:
503:
494:
484:Lancaster County
482:
468:
460:
434:Daniel H. Miller
427:
402:
393:
382:
367:
355:
346:
334:Chairman of the
326:
314:
295:
285:
271:
259:
250:
224:
212:
182:
164:George M. Dallas
160:
148:
131:
121:
107:
95:
83:
72:
50:
49: 1850β1868
47:
42:
28:
27:
15738:
15737:
15733:
15732:
15731:
15729:
15728:
15727:
15498:
15497:
15496:
15484:
15474:
15472:
15460:
15450:
15448:
15438:
15436:
15426:
15424:
15416:
15414:
15409:
15408:
15403:
15377:
15361:
15319:
15305:Abraham Lincoln
15288:
15275:John C. FrΓ©mont
15254:
15240:
15235:Franklin Pierce
15213:
15179:
15169:
15154:
15124:
15119:
15093:
15062:Free Soil Party
15051:
15014:
14980:
14966:
14935:
14930:William R. King
14922:Franklin Pierce
14901:
14891:
14876:
14846:
14841:
14815:
14794:
14760:
14757:Free Soil Party
14746:
14720:
14686:
14672:
14658:John M. Clayton
14641:
14607:
14597:
14582:
14552:
14547:
14521:
14514:Vice President:
14483:
14470:James G. Birney
14454:
14432:
14403:
14369:
14355:
14324:
14283:
14273:
14258:
14228:
14223:
14214:
13936:
13930:
13900:
13895:
13886:
13538:
13532:
13502:
13497:
13435:
13425:
13420:
13311:
13301:
13296:
13074:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13024:
13019:
12832:
12830:
12828:
12822:
12675:
12673:
12671:
12665:
12623:
12621:
12615:
12610:
12580:
12575:
12556:
12537:
12506:
12481:
12456:
12425:
12421:
12416:
12391:
12378:
12348:
12343:
12332:George Bancroft
12318:
12299:
12288:Nathan Clifford
12268:
12249:
12230:
12226:
12221:
12202:
12189:
12159:
12154:
12144:
11993:
11984:
11818:
11813:
11783:
11778:
11769:
11334:
11326:
11322:
11317:
11301:1781–1789
11300:
11292:
11287:
11257:
11252:
11192:
11144:
11098:
11029:
11022:
10729:
10727:
10720:
10443:
10437:
10330:C. A. Culberson
10276:J. W. Stevenson
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10252:
10139:D. B. Culberson
10024:
10021:
10019:
10014:
10010:
10003:
9895:administrations
9893:
9885:
9706:1992 (New York)
9646:1980 (New York)
9626:1976 (New York)
9361:1924 (New York)
9158:1868 (New York)
9006:
9003:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8906:
8901:
8873:
8799:F. D. Roosevelt
8751:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8624:John F. Kennedy
8604:Harry S. Truman
8574:Calvin Coolidge
8434:Abraham Lincoln
8414:Franklin Pierce
8274:
8268:
8263:
8228:
8220:
8215:
8190:
8186:
8174:
8162:
8160:Franklin Pierce
8147:
8145:Abraham Lincoln
8138:
8130:
8128:Franklin Pierce
8120:
8118:John M. Clayton
8111:
8103:
8101:John C. Calhoun
8088:
8078:Daniel Sturgeon
8070:
8068:
8060:
8058:William Wilkins
8043:
8034:
8026:
8016:
8014:William Wilkins
8007:
7999:
7984:
7982:Warren R. Davis
7975:
7966:
7956:
7947:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7919:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7892:
7870:
7862:
7857:
7821:
7798:
7745:
7716:Bleeding Kansas
7675:
7666:
7600:
7588:
7576:
7568:
7557:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7495:Wayback Machine
7458:
7435:Primary sources
7430:, June 21, 1999
7352:
7347:
7342:
7321:Wayback Machine
7308:
7306:Primary sources
7290:
7272:Stephen Douglas
7269:
7262:
7246:
7240:
7191:
7187:Wayback Machine
7165:
7147:
7098:
7085:
7079:
7066:
7039:
6983:
6967:
6961:
6959:Further reading
6956:
6950:
6931:
6912:
6893:
6870:
6847:
6824:
6806:Pulitzer prize.
6802:
6779:
6755:
6734:
6715:
6693:
6691:
6671:
6650:
6590:
6569:
6548:
6529:
6521:. Times Books.
6509:
6504:
6503:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6424:
6420:
6413:
6399:
6395:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6322:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6289:10.2307/2211745
6273:
6269:
6265:, pp. 141.
6261:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6222:
6218:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5928:
5924:
5920:, 2004, page 75
5916:Jean H. Baker,
5915:
5911:
5903:
5899:
5891:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5797:
5793:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5757:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5540:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5416:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5359:Buchanan (1860)
5357:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5145:
5141:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4753:
4746:
4738:. Beard Books.
4730:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4467:
4463:
4444:
4440:
4429:
4425:
4386:
4382:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3611:
3607:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3456:
3438:
3392:Stephens County
3342:
3330:Michael Birkner
3279:
3274:
3258:James W. Loewen
3230:Franklin Pierce
3184:Joseph Hemphill
3145:
3132:Rocky Mountains
3087:as seen in the
3077:
3075:Political views
3011:
2979:
2970:Robert Anderson
2904:Jefferson Davis
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2827:
2792:Abraham Lincoln
2761:
2755:
2721:
2602:Monroe Doctrine
2590:
2563:Abraham Lincoln
2554:
2495:Bleeding Kansas
2468:
2466:Bleeding Kansas
2462:
2434:
2358:
2350:Main articles:
2348:
2320:
2268:
2244:Nathan Clifford
2240:
2234:
2160:
2142:1857–1861
2123:1857–1861
2092:1859–1860
2080:1857–1859
2061:1860–1861
2049:1857–1860
2018:1857–1860
1987:1860–1861
1975:1857–1860
1956:1860–1861
1944:1857–1860
1925:1857–1861
1906:1857–1861
1873:
1868:
1859:David W. Blight
1841:Robert C. Grier
1808:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1778:John C. FrΓ©mont
1707:
1701:
1673:Ostend, Belgium
1638:
1630:William R. King
1626:Franklin Pierce
1614:Stephen Douglas
1537:
1474:
1469:
1437:John C. Calhoun
1359:William Wilkins
1347:
1331:Karl Nesselrode
1318:
1310:Jacob Eichholtz
1229:
1224:
1218:
1202:Walter Franklin
1131:
1046:, the northern
1015:Peters Township
999:
986:
951:Abraham Lincoln
947:Stephen Douglas
921:Supreme Court's
906:Franklin Pierce
831:
795:
791:
745:
732:
656:
624:
601:
577:Political party
558:
554:
541:
535:
533:
511:
501:
495:
490:
478:
472:
445:
440:William Hiester
425:
420:
400:
394:
389:
383:
378:
371:Warren R. Davis
365:
353:
347:
342:
329:William Wilkins
324:
312:
296:
291:
283:
269:
263:William Wilkins
257:
251:
246:
237:
228:John M. Clayton
222:
216:John C. Calhoun
210:
205:
183:
178:
158:
146:
141:Franklin Pierce
132:
127:
119:
111:Abraham Lincoln
105:
99:Franklin Pierce
93:
79:
73:
68:
51:
48:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15736:
15726:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15508:James Buchanan
15495:
15494:
15482:
15470:
15458:
15446:
15434:
15411:
15410:
15405:
15404:
15402:
15401:
15396:
15386:
15383:
15382:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15375:
15369:
15367:
15363:
15362:
15360:
15359:
15351:
15342:
15340:
15333:
15330:American Party
15325:
15324:
15321:
15320:
15318:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15296:
15294:
15290:
15289:
15287:
15286:
15278:
15269:
15267:
15260:
15246:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15239:
15238:
15232:
15227:
15221:
15219:
15215:
15214:
15212:
15211:
15203:
15200:James Buchanan
15194:
15192:
15185:
15171:
15170:
15153:
15152:
15145:
15138:
15130:
15121:
15120:
15118:
15117:
15112:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15095:
15094:
15092:
15091:
15083:
15074:
15072:
15065:
15057:
15056:
15053:
15052:
15050:
15049:
15047:Daniel Webster
15044:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15022:
15020:
15016:
15015:
15013:
15012:
15004:
15001:Winfield Scott
14995:
14993:
14986:
14972:
14971:
14968:
14967:
14965:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14949:
14947:James Buchanan
14943:
14941:
14937:
14936:
14934:
14933:
14925:
14916:
14914:
14907:
14893:
14892:
14875:
14874:
14867:
14860:
14852:
14843:
14842:
14840:
14839:
14834:
14824:
14821:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14813:
14808:
14802:
14800:
14796:
14795:
14793:
14792:
14784:
14775:
14773:
14766:
14752:
14751:
14748:
14747:
14745:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14732:James Buchanan
14728:
14726:
14722:
14721:
14719:
14718:
14710:
14701:
14699:
14692:
14678:
14677:
14674:
14673:
14671:
14670:
14668:Daniel Webster
14665:
14663:Winfield Scott
14660:
14655:
14649:
14647:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14639:
14631:
14628:Zachary Taylor
14622:
14620:
14613:
14599:
14598:
14581:
14580:
14573:
14566:
14558:
14549:
14548:
14546:
14545:
14540:
14530:
14527:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14520:
14519:
14511:
14510:
14509:
14493:
14491:
14485:
14484:
14482:
14481:
14473:
14464:
14462:
14456:
14455:
14438:
14437:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14411:
14409:
14405:
14404:
14402:
14401:
14393:
14384:
14382:
14375:
14361:
14360:
14357:
14356:
14354:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14341:James Buchanan
14338:
14332:
14330:
14326:
14325:
14323:
14322:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14298:
14296:
14289:
14275:
14274:
14257:
14256:
14249:
14242:
14234:
14225:
14224:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13941:
13938:
13937:
13932:Chairs of the
13929:
13928:
13921:
13914:
13906:
13897:
13896:
13889:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13534:Chairs of the
13531:
13530:
13523:
13516:
13508:
13499:
13498:
13496:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13439:
13437:
13436:(1991βpresent)
13422:
13421:
13419:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13315:
13313:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13078:
13076:
13072:Russian Empire
13061:
13060:
13053:
13052:
13045:
13038:
13030:
13021:
13020:
13018:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12836:
12834:
12833:(1893βpresent)
12824:
12823:
12821:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12679:
12677:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12663:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12627:
12625:
12617:
12616:
12609:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12586:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12570:Jacob Thompson
12566:
12564:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12554:
12547:
12545:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12535:
12529:
12523:
12520:Aaron V. Brown
12516:
12514:
12508:
12507:
12505:
12504:
12498:
12491:
12489:
12483:
12482:
12480:
12479:
12473:
12466:
12464:
12458:
12457:
12455:
12454:
12451:John Adams Dix
12448:
12442:
12435:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12419:
12417:
12415:
12414:
12408:
12401:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12388:James Buchanan
12377:
12376:
12369:
12362:
12354:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12335:
12328:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12309:
12307:
12301:
12300:
12298:
12297:
12291:
12285:
12278:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12266:
12259:
12257:
12251:
12250:
12248:
12247:
12240:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12224:
12222:
12220:
12219:
12216:James Buchanan
12212:
12210:
12204:
12203:
12188:
12187:
12180:
12173:
12165:
12156:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12001:
11999:
11995:
11994:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11812:
11811:
11804:
11797:
11789:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11766:
11765:
11755:
11754:
11753:
11743:
11742:
11741:
11731:
11730:
11729:
11719:
11718:
11717:
11712:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11695:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11661:
11660:
11659:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11338:
11336:
11328:
11327:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11315:
11310:
11304:
11302:
11294:
11293:
11286:
11285:
11278:
11271:
11263:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11198:
11197:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11179:
11178:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11064:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11052:
11041:
11039:
11032:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11013:Virgin Islands
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10988:American Samoa
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10933:South Carolina
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10898:North Carolina
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10734:
10732:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10679:
10670:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10429:
10423:
10417:
10411:
10405:
10399:
10393:
10387:
10381:
10375:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10285:
10279:
10272:
10270:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10250:
10244:
10238:
10232:
10226:
10220:
10214:
10208:
10202:
10196:
10190:
10184:
10178:
10172:
10166:
10160:
10154:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10118:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10090:
10084:
10078:
10072:
10066:
10060:
10054:
10048:
10042:
10036:
10029:
10027:
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9983:
9977:
9971:
9965:
9959:
9948:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9912:
9906:
9899:
9897:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9866:2024 (Chicago)
9863:
9862:
9861:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9726:1996 (Chicago)
9723:
9722:
9721:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9686:1988 (Atlanta)
9683:
9682:
9681:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9581:1968 (Chicago)
9578:
9577:
9576:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9521:1956 (Chicago)
9518:
9517:
9516:
9501:1952 (Chicago)
9498:
9497:
9496:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9461:1944 (Chicago)
9458:
9457:
9456:
9441:1940 (Chicago)
9438:
9437:
9436:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9401:1932 (Chicago)
9398:
9397:
9396:
9381:1928 (Houston)
9378:
9377:
9376:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9298:
9285:
9272:
9259:
9249:1896 (Chicago)
9246:
9236:1892 (Chicago)
9233:
9220:
9210:1884 (Chicago)
9207:
9194:
9181:
9168:
9155:
9145:1864 (Chicago)
9142:
9116:
9103:
9090:
9077:
9064:
9051:
9038:
9025:
9011:
9009:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8935:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8912:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8889:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8731:
8721:
8711:
8704:George W. Bush
8701:
8691:
8681:
8671:
8661:
8651:
8641:
8631:
8621:
8611:
8601:
8591:
8584:Herbert Hoover
8581:
8571:
8561:
8554:Woodrow Wilson
8551:
8541:
8531:
8521:
8511:
8501:
8491:
8481:
8471:
8461:
8451:
8444:Andrew Johnson
8441:
8431:
8424:James Buchanan
8421:
8411:
8401:
8394:Zachary Taylor
8391:
8381:
8371:
8361:
8351:
8344:Andrew Jackson
8341:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8301:
8291:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8273:Presidents and
8270:
8269:
8262:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8239:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8201:
8200:
8192:
8191:
8181:
8178:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8140:
8131:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8113:
8104:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8081:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8036:
8027:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8009:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7977:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7949:
7933:Member of the
7930:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7912:
7896:Member of the
7893:
7890:Jacob Hibshman
7888:
7884:
7883:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7842:
7841:
7834:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7586:
7574:
7566:
7555:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7536:James Buchanan
7532:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7485:
7477:
7471:
7462:
7447:
7432:
7431:
7415:
7410:
7401:
7395:James Buchanan
7392:
7387:
7382:
7371:
7365:
7350:
7346:
7345:External links
7343:
7341:
7340:
7334:
7325:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7288:
7267:
7260:
7244:
7238:
7217:
7200:
7189:
7169:
7163:
7145:
7127:(4): 291β312.
7116:
7109:
7102:
7096:
7083:
7077:
7064:
7043:
7037:
7016:
6998:(1): 108β111.
6981:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6948:
6935:
6929:
6916:
6910:
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6800:
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6700:
6675:
6669:
6654:
6648:
6631:
6594:
6588:
6573:
6568:978-1402209413
6567:
6552:
6546:
6533:
6527:
6519:James Buchanan
6515:Baker, Jean H.
6510:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6481:
6468:
6466:, p. 310.
6456:
6430:
6428:, p. 213.
6418:
6411:
6393:
6366:
6359:
6341:
6334:
6316:
6302:
6283:(4): 880β882.
6267:
6255:
6253:, p. 429.
6243:
6232:(1): 117β126.
6216:
6198:
6173:
6148:
6123:
6098:
6087:on May 6, 2011
6068:
6053:
6044:
6042:, p. 233.
6032:
6020:
6013:
5995:
5983:
5968:
5956:
5947:
5940:
5922:
5909:
5897:
5880:
5867:"Harriet Lane"
5858:
5851:
5823:
5816:
5810:. p. 22.
5800:Sandburg, Carl
5791:
5778:
5771:
5751:
5739:
5727:
5725:, p. 147.
5712:
5710:, p. 144.
5700:
5688:
5686:, p. 143.
5676:
5650:
5648:, p. 150.
5635:
5623:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5561:
5529:
5507:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5431:
5414:
5396:
5394:, p. 363.
5384:
5362:
5348:
5336:
5321:
5309:
5297:
5295:, p. 339.
5285:
5273:
5260:
5248:
5231:
5219:
5217:, p. 338.
5207:
5177:
5152:
5139:
5126:
5114:
5099:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5060:, p. 312.
5050:
5038:
5026:
5024:, p. 117.
5014:
5002:
4990:
4974:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4902:
4896:, Ep. 2 "
4883:
4856:
4843:
4841:, p. 317.
4831:
4818:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4768:
4751:
4744:
4724:
4712:
4699:
4697:, p. 316.
4682:
4670:
4668:, p. 287.
4658:
4656:, p. 566.
4646:
4634:
4622:
4591:
4569:
4557:
4542:
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4505:
4492:
4480:
4461:
4438:
4423:
4396:(2): 145β165.
4380:
4357:
4348:
4333:
4316:
4304:
4289:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4235:
4223:
4221:, p. 110.
4219:McPherson 1988
4208:
4196:
4181:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4041:
4016:
3991:
3978:
3966:
3919:
3902:
3887:
3872:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3803:
3785:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3720:
3700:
3688:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3632:
3630:, pp. 12.
3620:
3605:
3589:
3574:
3560:
3553:
3535:
3528:
3508:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3437:
3434:
3410:, the town of
3406:, the city of
3341:
3338:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3238:Aaron V. Brown
3234:Andrew Jackson
3211:Dolley Madison
3176:County Donegal
3172:Robert Coleman
3155:and the other
3144:
3141:
3076:
3073:
3071:in Lancaster.
3039:Winfield Scott
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2978:
2975:
2948:John Adams Dix
2899:Jacob Thompson
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2826:
2823:
2815:Winfield Scott
2774:under Buchanan
2757:Main article:
2754:
2751:
2743:James Robinson
2720:
2717:
2677:Russian Empire
2631:Mosquito Coast
2589:
2588:Foreign policy
2586:
2570:1858 elections
2553:
2550:
2464:Main article:
2461:
2458:
2442:Queen Victoria
2433:
2430:
2406:Thomas L. Kane
2391:Alfred Cumming
2374:Salt Lake City
2370:Utah Territory
2347:
2344:
2319:
2316:
2311:constitutional
2267:
2260:
2236:Main article:
2233:
2230:
2198:National Hotel
2194:Andrew Jackson
2163:Jacob Thompson
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:Jacob Thompson
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:Aaron V. Brown
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
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2059:
2053:
2051:
2050:
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2032:
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2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:John Adams Dix
1991:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1916:Vice President
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:James Buchanan
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1846:Paul Finkelman
1815:Roger B. Taney
1804:Main article:
1801:
1798:
1793:Main article:
1790:
1787:
1755:Gulf of Mexico
1703:Main article:
1700:
1697:
1654:Lord Clarendon
1637:
1634:
1602:Wilmot Proviso
1557:Zachary Taylor
1536:
1533:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1459:, who won the
1382:states' rights
1346:
1343:
1326:St. Petersburg
1317:
1314:
1256:states' rights
1228:
1225:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1130:
1127:
1040:County Donegal
1003:Scottish-Irish
998:
995:
985:
982:
886:Andrew Jackson
865:preceding the
855:states' rights
783:
782:
779:
778:
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774:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
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753:James Buchanan
751:
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738:
737:
734:
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711:
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678:Branch/service
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557:(aged 77)
551:
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540:April 23, 1791
531:
527:
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522:
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517:
514:
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507:
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477:Member of the
474:
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442:(4th district)
437:
436:(3rd district)
430:
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418:
417:(4th district)
412:
411:(3rd district)
409:Jacob Hibshman
405:
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397:
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386:
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377:Member of the
374:
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201:Zachary Taylor
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32:James Buchanan
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14737:Levi Woodbury
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14528:
14518:
14517:Sidney Rigdon
14515:
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14508:
14505:
14504:
14503:
14502:
14498:
14495:
14494:
14492:
14490:
14486:
14480:
14479:
14478:Thomas Morris
14474:
14472:
14471:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14460:Liberty Party
14457:
14452:
14448:
14443:
14439:
14429:
14428:John Sargeant
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14410:
14406:
14400:
14399:
14394:
14392:
14391:
14386:
14385:
14383:
14379:
14376:
14373:
14368:
14367:
14362:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14327:
14321:
14320:
14315:
14311:
14308:
14307:
14306:
14305:
14304:James K. Polk
14300:
14299:
14297:
14293:
14290:
14287:
14282:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14267:
14263:
14255:
14250:
14248:
14243:
14241:
14236:
14235:
14232:
14221:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14185:Sensenbrenner
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
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14143:
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14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
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14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13942:
13939:
13935:
13927:
13922:
13920:
13915:
13913:
13908:
13907:
13904:
13893:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
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13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
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13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
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13550:
13548:
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13537:
13529:
13524:
13522:
13517:
13515:
13510:
13509:
13506:
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13471:
13469:
13466:
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13440:
13438:
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13429:
13423:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
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13402:
13399:
13397:
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13389:
13387:
13386:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
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13352:
13350:
13347:
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13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13310:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
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13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
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13200:
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13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
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13130:
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13125:
13123:
13120:
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13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
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13083:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13073:
13068:
13062:
13058:
13051:
13046:
13044:
13039:
13037:
13032:
13031:
13028:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12837:
12835:
12825:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12733:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12708:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12668:
12661:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12626:
12618:
12614:
12607:
12602:
12600:
12595:
12593:
12588:
12587:
12584:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12563:
12559:
12552:
12549:
12548:
12546:
12544:
12540:
12533:
12530:
12527:
12524:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12509:
12502:
12501:Edwin Stanton
12499:
12496:
12493:
12492:
12490:
12488:
12484:
12477:
12474:
12471:
12470:John B. Floyd
12468:
12467:
12465:
12463:
12459:
12452:
12449:
12446:
12443:
12440:
12437:
12436:
12434:
12432:
12428:
12412:
12409:
12406:
12403:
12402:
12400:
12398:
12394:
12389:
12386:
12382:
12375:
12370:
12368:
12363:
12361:
12356:
12355:
12352:
12339:
12338:John Y. Mason
12336:
12333:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12325:
12321:
12314:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12306:
12302:
12295:
12292:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12282:John Y. Mason
12280:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12271:
12264:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12252:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12233:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12205:
12200:
12199:James K. Polk
12197:
12193:
12186:
12181:
12179:
12174:
12172:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12151:
12147:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11991:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11810:
11805:
11803:
11798:
11796:
11791:
11790:
11787:
11777:
11772:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11759:
11756:
11752:
11749:
11748:
11747:
11744:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11723:
11720:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11686:
11682:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11674:
11670:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11658:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11482:Frelinghuysen
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11392:E. Livingston
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11308:R. Livingston
11306:
11305:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11284:
11279:
11277:
11272:
11270:
11265:
11264:
11261:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11223:Superdelegate
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11199:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11045:Senate Caucus
11043:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11025:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10973:West Virginia
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10878:New Hampshire
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10838:Massachusetts
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10723:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10440:
10433:
10430:
10427:
10424:
10421:
10418:
10415:
10412:
10409:
10406:
10403:
10400:
10397:
10394:
10391:
10388:
10385:
10382:
10379:
10376:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10364:
10361:
10358:
10355:
10352:
10349:
10346:
10343:
10340:
10337:
10334:
10331:
10328:
10325:
10322:
10319:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10307:
10304:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10269:
10261:
10255:
10248:
10245:
10242:
10239:
10236:
10233:
10230:
10227:
10224:
10221:
10218:
10215:
10212:
10209:
10206:
10203:
10200:
10197:
10194:
10191:
10188:
10185:
10182:
10179:
10176:
10173:
10170:
10167:
10164:
10161:
10158:
10155:
10152:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10119:
10116:
10113:
10110:
10107:
10104:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10088:
10085:
10082:
10079:
10076:
10073:
10070:
10067:
10064:
10061:
10058:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10017:
10012:
10006:
9999:
9996:
9993:
9990:
9987:
9984:
9981:
9978:
9975:
9974:L. B. Johnson
9972:
9969:
9966:
9963:
9960:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9937:
9934:
9931:
9928:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9916:
9913:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9844:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9824:
9820:
9817:
9816:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9786:2008 (Denver)
9784:
9780:
9777:
9776:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9766:2004 (Boston)
9764:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9644:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9599:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9579:
9575:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9519:
9515:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9419:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9288:1908 (Denver)
9286:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
8999:
8992:
8986:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8942:
8933:
8928:
8926:
8921:
8919:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8898:
8890:
8888:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8844:G. H. W. Bush
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8819:L. B. Johnson
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8748:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8675:
8674:Ronald Reagan
8672:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8644:Richard Nixon
8642:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8384:James K. Polk
8382:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8314:James Madison
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8255:
8253:
8248:
8246:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8231:
8224:
8208:
8202:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8184:
8177:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8161:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8137:
8136:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8086:Simon Cameron
8080:
8079:
8075:
8074:Samuel McKean
8067:
8066:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8033:
8032:
8025:
8019:
8015:
8006:
8005:
7998:
7997:John Randolph
7992:
7987:
7983:
7974:
7973:
7970:Chair of the
7965:
7959:
7955:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7866:
7854:
7853:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7706:Panic of 1857
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7673:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7622:Oregon Treaty
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7525:
7523:
7518:
7516:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7310:
7309:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7149:Nevins, Allan
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7048:The Historian
7044:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6984:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6951:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6808:
6803:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:. McFarland.
6539:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6485:
6478:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6427:
6422:
6414:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6252:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6064:
6057:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6016:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5993:, p. 26.
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5966:, p. 75.
5965:
5960:
5951:
5943:
5941:9781853263392
5937:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5901:
5895:, p. 247
5894:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5868:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5830:
5828:
5819:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5788:
5782:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5749:, p. 28.
5748:
5743:
5737:, p. 19.
5736:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5632:
5627:
5621:, p. 48.
5620:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5517:
5511:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5345:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5246:, p. 78.
5245:
5244:Grossman 2003
5240:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5090:
5083:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5022:Chadwick 2008
5018:
5011:
5006:
5000:, p. 91.
4999:
4998:Chadwick 2008
4994:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4925:September 10,
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4815:
4809:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4766:, p. 90.
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4680:, p. 85.
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4579:
4573:
4567:, p. 80.
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4540:, p. 79.
4539:
4534:
4528:, p. 78.
4527:
4522:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4490:, p. 77.
4489:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4458:(4): 643β662.
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4272:, p. 69.
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:The Historian
3930:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3900:, p. 32.
3899:
3894:
3892:
3885:, p. 30.
3884:
3879:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3765:, p. 22.
3764:
3759:
3753:, p. 18.
3752:
3747:
3741:, p. 22.
3740:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3671:, p. 27.
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3554:0-19-280710-2
3550:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:Panic of 1819
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:short-sighted
3150:
3143:Personal life
3140:
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2967:
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2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
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2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:36th Congress
2929:
2925:
2924:Thomas Corwin
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2850:
2845:
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2819:John B. Floyd
2816:
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2574:Homestead Act
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2549:
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2541:
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2533:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:John W. Geary
2515:
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2500:
2496:
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2367:
2366:Brigham Young
2363:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:Panic of 1857
2318:Panic of 1857
2315:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:John B. Floyd
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
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2126:
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2103:
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2098:
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2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:Edwin Stanton
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:John B. Floyd
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
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1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
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1842:
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1831:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:Chief Justice
1807:
1796:
1786:
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1779:
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1587:
1586:George Dallas
1583:
1582:Simon Cameron
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:1848 election
1546:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:49th parallel
1499:
1495:
1494:Oregon Treaty
1491:
1490:Supreme Court
1487:
1478:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:James K. Polk
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:abolitionists
1438:
1435:sponsored by
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
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1378:
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1368:
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1355:23rd Congress
1352:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:1832 election
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:James H. Peck
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:James Madison
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Masonic Lodge
1141:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:to Buchanan.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:due to their
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Clan Buchanan
1061:
1057:
1056:United States
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
990:
981:
979:
975:
971:
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952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:James K. Polk
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:U.S. Congress
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
825:
789:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
750:Official name
748:
744:
739:
735:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
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631:
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614:
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610:
608:
604:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
579:
575:
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569:
567:Resting place
565:
561:
552:
548:
544:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
509:
505:
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381:
375:
372:
369:
363:
360:
357:
351:
345:
340:
337:
332:
328:
322:
319:
318:John Randolph
316:
310:
307:
304:
300:
294:
289:
286:
279:
276:
275:Simon Cameron
273:
267:
264:
261:
255:
249:
244:
241:
236:
232:
229:
226:
220:
217:
214:
208:
202:
199:
197:
196:James K. Polk
194:
193:
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187:
181:
176:
173:
168:
165:
162:
156:
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150:
144:
140:
136:
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125:
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97:
91:
88:
85:
82:
77:
71:
66:
63:
58:
54:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
15480:Pennsylvania
15389:
15353:
15345:
15328:
15280:
15272:
15249:
15205:
15199:
15197:
15174:
15166:1860 →
15158:← 1852
15105:
15085:
15080:John P. Hale
15077:
15060:
15031:Rufus Choate
15026:Edward Bates
15006:
14998:
14975:
14946:
14927:
14919:
14896:
14888:1856 →
14880:← 1848
14827:
14806:John P. Hale
14786:
14778:
14755:
14731:
14712:
14704:
14681:
14633:
14625:
14602:
14594:1852 →
14586:← 1844
14533:
14513:
14501:Joseph Smith
14499:
14496:
14489:Reform Party
14475:
14467:
14414:
14395:
14387:
14364:
14340:
14316:
14301:
14278:
14270:1848 →
14262:← 1840
14025:J. Ingersoll
13974:
13945:C. Ingersoll
13611:
13383:
13309:Soviet Union
13247:Breckinridge
13111:
12767:
12731:
12706:
12659:
12551:Isaac Toucey
12532:Horatio King
12387:
12313:Cave Johnson
12294:Isaac Toucey
12215:
12049:
11421:
11062:House Caucus
10938:South Dakota
10928:Rhode Island
10923:Pennsylvania
10903:North Dakota
10033:A. Stevenson
9891:Presidential
9525:Stevenson II
9505:Stevenson II
9131:Breckinridge
9114:Breckinridge
9109:
9061:
9005:presidential
8996:presidential
8769:T. Roosevelt
8738:2021βpresent
8724:Donald Trump
8714:Barack Obama
8694:Bill Clinton
8664:Jimmy Carter
8423:
8324:James Monroe
8275:presidencies
8196:
8165:
8133:
8106:
8072:
8063:
8029:
8002:
7969:
7932:
7895:
7845:
7836:
7829:
7810:Harriet Lane
7791:
7750:Public image
7693:
7535:
7480:
7434:
7433:
7425:
7358:
7336:
7328:
7312:
7271:
7266:, fictional.
7251:
7248:Updike, John
7221:
7204:
7194:
7175:
7157:. Scribner.
7153:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7105:
7087:
7068:
7054:(1): 69β84.
7051:
7047:
7020:
6995:
6991:
6972:
6939:
6923:. ABC-CLIO.
6920:
6901:
6880:
6857:
6834:
6812:
6789:
6767:
6747:. ABC-CLIO.
6743:
6723:
6704:
6694:November 29,
6692:. Retrieved
6687:
6683:
6659:
6642:. ABC-CLIO.
6637:
6602:
6598:
6578:
6557:
6537:
6518:
6493:
6484:
6476:
6471:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6443:the original
6433:
6426:Strauss 2016
6421:
6402:
6396:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6350:
6344:
6325:
6319:
6310:
6305:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6258:
6246:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6191:September 5,
6189:. Retrieved
6185:
6176:
6166:September 5,
6164:. Retrieved
6160:
6151:
6141:September 5,
6139:. Retrieved
6135:
6126:
6116:September 5,
6114:. Retrieved
6110:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6085:the original
6080:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6004:
5998:
5986:
5959:
5950:
5931:
5925:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5871:. Retrieved
5861:
5837:
5803:
5794:
5781:
5761:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5703:
5691:
5679:
5667:. Retrieved
5663:the original
5653:
5626:
5599:
5587:
5554:December 22,
5552:. Retrieved
5548:the original
5522:February 16,
5520:. Retrieved
5510:
5498:. Retrieved
5494:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5408:
5399:
5387:
5375:. Retrieved
5365:
5339:
5312:
5300:
5288:
5276:
5268:
5263:
5251:
5222:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5194:the original
5189:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5164:
5155:
5147:
5142:
5134:
5129:
5117:
5094:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5053:
5041:
5029:
5017:
5005:
4993:
4985:
4950:
4938:
4930:
4923:. Retrieved
4918:
4905:
4891:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4868:
4859:
4851:
4846:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4813:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4734:
4727:
4715:
4707:
4702:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4603:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4572:
4560:
4533:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4483:
4474:
4464:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4432:
4426:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4351:
4307:
4265:
4253:
4226:
4199:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:
3994:
3981:
3969:
3939:(1): 69β84.
3936:
3932:
3922:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3726:Google Books
3724:– via
3710:
3703:
3691:
3664:
3652:
3623:
3608:
3592:
3563:
3544:
3538:
3518:
3511:
3501:
3494:
3441:
3439:
3424:
3377:
3370:
3354:Hans Schuler
3343:
3334:Lori Cox Han
3327:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3280:
3266:Shelley Ross
3256:, including
3242:
3223:
3215:Harriet Lane
3207:
3165:
3146:
3128:
3113:
3101:
3094:
3085:George Healy
3048:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3024:
2980:
2963:
2944:slave states
2941:
2917:
2896:
2884:
2848:
2828:
2808:
2781:
2777:
2747:
2734:
2722:
2693:Qing Dynasty
2690:
2673:protectorate
2651:
2639:
2591:
2567:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2538:English Bill
2534:
2527:
2511:
2480:
2454:
2450:Pennsylvania
2435:
2414:
2399:
2359:
2333:
2321:
2307:
2295:
2271:
2270:The case of
2269:
2263:
2241:
2206:
2191:
2179:Isaac Toucey
2157:Mathew Brady
2152:
2119:Isaac Toucey
2100:Horatio King
1856:
1851:
1838:
1834:John Sanford
1827:
1809:
1800:Inauguration
1774:Know-Nothing
1767:
1739:Jesse Bright
1735:John Slidell
1716:
1677:Pierre SoulΓ©
1670:
1639:
1606:abolitionism
1574:
1570:Harriet Lane
1550:
1545:Henry Dexter
1514:
1483:
1430:
1379:
1348:
1345:U.S. Senator
1319:
1272:
1253:
1230:
1191:
1156:
1148:Grand Master
1132:
1100:
1084:Presbyterian
1023:Pennsylvania
1021:of southern
1007:Stony Batter
1000:
955:
925:
914:
871:
847:Pennsylvania
787:
786:
769:January 1955
714:Battles/wars
613:Harriet Lane
555:(1868-06-01)
553:June 1, 1868
512:Succeeded by
491:
466:4th district
458:3rd district
450:Constituency
426:Succeeded by
390:
366:Succeeded by
343:
325:Succeeded by
292:
270:Succeeded by
247:
240:Pennsylvania
223:Succeeded by
179:
159:Succeeded by
128:
106:Succeeded by
69:
25:
15518:1868 deaths
15513:1791 births
15346:President:
15310:John McLean
15273:President:
15237:(incumbent)
15198:President:
15078:President:
15043:(incumbent)
14999:President:
14920:President:
14779:President:
14705:President:
14626:President:
14468:President:
14451:independent
14447:Third-party
14388:President:
14302:President:
13312:(1933β1991)
13075:(1780β1917)
12683:J. Q. Adams
12676:(1815β1893)
12624:(1785β1811)
12572:(1857β1861)
12553:(1857β1861)
12528:(1859β1860)
12526:Joseph Holt
12522:(1857β1859)
12503:(1860β1861)
12497:(1857β1860)
12478:(1860β1861)
12476:Joseph Holt
12472:(1857β1860)
12447:(1860β1861)
12441:(1857β1860)
12439:Howell Cobb
12413:(1860β1861)
12407:(1857β1860)
12390:(1857β1861)
12340:(1846β1849)
12334:(1845β1846)
12315:(1845β1849)
12296:(1848β1849)
12290:(1846β1848)
12284:(1845β1846)
12265:(1845β1849)
12246:(1845β1849)
12218:(1845β1849)
12201:(1845β1849)
11652:Christopher
11647:Eagleburger
11587:G. Marshall
11357:J. Marshall
11103:Fundraising
11008:Puerto Rico
10853:Mississippi
10768:Connecticut
10728:territorial
10428:(2005β2017)
10422:(1995β2005)
10416:(1989β1995)
10410:(1977β1989)
10404:(1961β1977)
10398:(1953β1961)
10392:(1951β1953)
10386:(1949β1951)
10380:(1937β1949)
10374:(1923β1937)
10368:(1920β1923)
10362:(1919β1920)
10356:(1917β1919)
10350:(1913β1917)
10344:(1911β1913)
10338:(1909β1911)
10332:(1907β1909)
10326:(1906β1907)
10320:(1903β1906)
10314:(1899β1903)
10312:J. K. Jones
10308:(1898β1899)
10302:(1890β1898)
10296:(1885β1890)
10290:(1881β1885)
10284:(1877β1881)
10278:(1873β1877)
10258:U.S. Senate
10243:(2003β2023)
10237:(1995β2003)
10231:(1989β1995)
10225:(1987β1989)
10219:(1977β1987)
10213:(1971β1977)
10207:(1962β1971)
10201:(1940β1961)
10195:(1936β1940)
10189:(1935β1936)
10183:(1933β1934)
10177:(1929β1933)
10171:(1923β1929)
10165:(1921β1923)
10159:(1909β1921)
10153:(1903β1909)
10147:(1897β1903)
10141:(1895β1897)
10135:(1891β1895)
10129:(1889β1891)
10123:(1883β1889)
10117:(1876β1881)
10111:(1875β1876)
10105:(1873β1875)
10099:(1869β1871)
10089:(1859β1861)
10083:(1857β1859)
10077:(1855β1857)
10075:G. W. Jones
10071:(1851β1855)
10065:(1849β1851)
10059:(1845β1847)
10053:(1843β1845)
10051:J. W. Jones
10047:(1835β1839)
10041:(1834β1835)
10035:(1827β1834)
9994:(2009β2017)
9988:(1993β2001)
9982:(1977β1981)
9976:(1963β1969)
9970:(1961β1963)
9964:(1945β1953)
9950:Roosevelt (
9947:(1913β1921)
9935:(1868β1869)
9929:(1857β1861)
9923:(1853β1857)
9917:(1845β1849)
9911:(1837β1841)
9905:(1829β1837)
9270:Stevenson I
9244:Stevenson I
9015:1828 (None)
8991:conventions
8654:Gerald Ford
8049:U.S. Senate
7596:(1821β1823)
7584:(1823β1831)
7572:(1834β1845)
7564:(1845β1849)
7553:(1857β1861)
6990:(review)".
6507:Works cited
6464:Beatty 2001
6040:Watson 2012
5893:Watson 2012
5619:Stampp 1990
5034:Potter 1976
4666:Potter 1976
4231:Tucker 2009
4034:February 3,
4009:February 3,
3739:Curtis 1883
3157:far-sighted
3122:as well as
2960:Fort Sumter
2956:Joseph Holt
2892:Fort Sumter
2837:Howell Cobb
2730:John Covode
2652:Water Witch
2623:Bay Islands
2608:to counter
2578:Morrill Act
2516:to replace
2290:John Catron
2213:Howell Cobb
2183:Joseph Holt
2175:Howell Cobb
2088:Joseph Holt
2026:Joseph Holt
1971:Howell Cobb
1780:ran as the
1208:before the
1187:War of 1812
1175:War of 1812
1173:during the
1092:John Milton
1032:Ulster-Scot
966:Fort Sumter
935:slave state
721:War of 1812
598:(from 1828)
592:(1824β1828)
586:(1814β1824)
502:Preceded by
469:(1823β1831)
461:(1821β1823)
401:Preceded by
354:Preceded by
313:Preceded by
258:Preceded by
211:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
94:Preceded by
15502:Categories
15373:George Law
15257:Convention
15225:Lewis Cass
15182:Convention
14983:Convention
14977:Whig Party
14952:Lewis Cass
14904:Convention
14763:Convention
14707:Lewis Cass
14689:Convention
14653:Henry Clay
14610:Convention
14604:Whig Party
14497:President:
14453:candidates
14418:John Davis
14390:Henry Clay
14372:Convention
14366:Whig Party
14346:Lewis Cass
14286:Convention
13772:Vandenberg
13329:Steinhardt
13132:Cambreleng
13010:W. Johnson
12945:Richardson
12798:Pierrepont
12783:R. Johnson
12405:Lewis Cass
12080:J. Cameron
12075:S. Cameron
12055:S. Cameron
12015:Muhlenberg
11890:S. Cameron
11577:Stettinius
11028:Affiliated
10968:Washington
10888:New Mexico
10883:New Jersey
10758:California
10145:Richardson
10009:U.S. House
9933:A. Johnson
9830:H. Clinton
9730:B. Clinton
9710:B. Clinton
9565:L. Johnson
9549:L. Johnson
9127:H. Johnson
9049:R. Johnson
8854:G. W. Bush
8809:Eisenhower
8759:Washington
8750:Presidency
8374:John Tyler
8294:John Adams
8167:Democratic
8139:1857β1861
8112:1845β1849
8035:1853β1856
8008:1832β1833
7976:1829β1831
7948:1823β1831
7911:1821β1823
7681:Presidency
6388:1297186054
6382:(3): 350.
6263:Baker 2004
6251:Klein 1962
5991:Baker 2004
5979:Baker 2004
5964:Baker 2004
5747:Baker 2004
5735:Baker 2004
5723:Klein 1962
5708:Klein 1962
5684:Klein 1962
5646:Klein 1962
5631:Baker 2004
5604:Klein 1962
5592:Klein 1962
5580:Baker 2004
5500:January 9,
5478:Baker 2004
5466:Smith 1975
5454:Klein 1962
5442:Baker 2004
5427:Baker 2004
5392:Klein 1962
5344:Baker 2004
5332:Klein 1962
5317:Baker 2004
5305:Klein 1962
5293:Klein 1962
5281:Baker 2004
5256:Baker 2004
5227:Klein 1962
5215:Klein 1962
5122:Flude 2012
5110:Baker 2004
5082:Smith 1975
5070:Baker 2004
5058:Klein 1962
5046:Klein 1962
5010:Baker 2004
4970:Baker 2004
4955:Baker 2004
4943:Baker 2004
4839:Klein 1962
4801:Baker 2004
4789:Klein 1962
4764:Baker 2004
4720:Baker 2004
4695:Klein 1962
4678:Baker 2004
4642:Baker 2004
4630:Klein 1962
4584:August 21,
4565:Baker 2004
4553:Baker 2004
4538:Baker 2004
4526:Baker 2004
4488:Baker 2004
4344:Baker 2004
4329:Baker 2004
4312:Klein 1962
4300:Baker 2004
4285:Baker 2004
4270:Baker 2004
4258:Klein 1962
4246:Baker 2004
4204:Baker 2004
4192:Baker 2004
4177:Baker 2004
4162:Baker 2004
4150:Baker 2004
4138:Klein 1962
4126:Baker 2004
4114:Baker 2004
4099:Baker 2004
4087:Baker 2004
4075:Baker 2004
4060:January 9,
4051:"Gag rule"
3974:Baker 2004
3915:Baker 2004
3898:Baker 2004
3883:Baker 2004
3842:Baker 2004
3830:Baker 2004
3818:Baker 2004
3763:Baker 2004
3751:Baker 2004
3696:Klein 1962
3684:Baker 2004
3669:Klein 1962
3657:Klein 1962
3645:Baker 2004
3628:Baker 2004
3585:Baker 2004
3486:References
3254:homosexual
3161:Henry Clay
3120:free trade
2928:John Tyler
2788:Charleston
2644:to punish
2546:Dred Scott
2386:polygamous
2264:Dred Scott
2225:Lewis Cass
2217:doughfaces
2167:Lewis Cass
2159:(c. 1859).
1940:Lewis Cass
1782:Republican
1776:"), while
1725:, who was
1681:John Mason
1529:Lewis Cass
1517:Rio Grande
1335:Nicholas I
1249:Henry Clay
1169:President
1135:Harrisburg
984:Early life
937:under the
926:Dred Scott
878:Federalist
766:Designated
650:Politician
644:Occupation
596:Democratic
584:Federalist
536:1791-04-23
15432:Biography
14200:Goodlatte
14105:Henderson
14100:Culberson
14090:Culberson
14035:McLanahan
13990:Beardsley
13797:Fulbright
13742:Hitchcock
13448:Pickering
13262:McCormick
13252:Hitchcock
13207:Stoughton
13142:Ingersoll
13102:Middleton
12950:Armstrong
12940:Annenberg
12763:Ingersoll
12738:Stevenson
12723:Van Buren
12385:President
12196:President
12140:Fetterman
12125:Schweiker
11845:S. Maclay
11830:W. Maclay
11734:Tillerson
11617:Kissinger
11462:Washburne
11387:Van Buren
11352:Pickering
11342:Jefferson
11208:Primaries
11149:Sectional
10978:Wisconsin
10943:Tennessee
10848:Minnesota
10823:Louisiana
10726:State and
10691:McAuliffe
10519:McCormick
10442:Chairs of
10402:Mansfield
10390:McFarland
10366:Underwood
10360:Hitchcock
10324:Blackburn
10288:Pendleton
10205:McCormack
9956:1941β1945
9952:1933β1941
9939:Cleveland
9909:Van Buren
9879:primaries
9859:primaries
9839:primaries
9819:primaries
9799:primaries
9779:primaries
9759:primaries
9754:Lieberman
9739:primaries
9719:primaries
9699:primaries
9679:primaries
9659:primaries
9639:primaries
9619:primaries
9594:primaries
9574:primaries
9554:primaries
9534:primaries
9514:primaries
9494:primaries
9474:primaries
9465:Roosevelt
9454:primaries
9445:Roosevelt
9434:primaries
9425:Roosevelt
9414:primaries
9405:Roosevelt
9394:primaries
9374:primaries
9354:primaries
9349:Roosevelt
9334:primaries
9314:primaries
9240:Cleveland
9227:Cleveland
9218:Hendricks
9214:Cleveland
9192:Hendricks
9153:Pendleton
9149:McClellan
9058:Van Buren
9045:Van Buren
9036:Van Buren
9007:primaries
8752:timelines
8734:Joe Biden
8728:2017β2021
8718:2009β2017
8708:2001β2009
8698:1993β2001
8688:1989β1993
8678:1981β1989
8668:1977β1981
8658:1974β1977
8648:1969β1974
8638:1963β1969
8628:1961β1963
8618:1953β1961
8608:1945β1953
8598:1933β1945
8588:1929β1933
8578:1923β1929
8568:1921β1923
8558:1913β1921
8548:1909β1913
8538:1901β1909
8528:1897β1901
8518:1893β1897
8508:1889β1893
8498:1885β1889
8488:1881β1885
8468:1877β1881
8458:1869β1877
8448:1865β1869
8438:1861β1865
8428:1857β1861
8418:1853β1857
8408:1850β1853
8398:1849β1850
8388:1845β1849
8378:1841β1845
8358:1837β1841
8348:1829β1837
8338:1825β1829
8328:1817β1825
8318:1809β1817
8308:1801β1809
8298:1797β1801
8288:1789β1797
7637:Doughface
7632:Wheatland
7406:from the
7390:Wheatland
7298:243794146
7250:(2013) .
7224:. Wiley.
7141:143955378
6627:159847026
6619:785915823
6091:March 28,
6028:Ross 1988
5669:April 28,
5377:April 28,
5200:March 22,
4654:Hall 2001
4410:0031-4528
3953:0018-2370
3340:Memorials
3321:ideologue
3248:, if not
3168:Lancaster
3149:esotropia
3097:doughface
3065:Wheatland
3021:mid-1860s
2990:Minnesota
2825:Secession
2806:in 1884.
2796:John Bell
2705:elephants
2669:Tamatoa V
2650:USS
2635:Nicaragua
2614:Chihuahua
2507:secession
2503:Lecompton
2491:Free-Soil
2476:Minnesota
2246:, to the
2202:dysentery
1899:President
1866:Personnel
1731:Catholics
1693:Caribbean
1662:Nicaragua
1610:doughface
1565:Wheatland
1551:With the
1183:Baltimore
1140:Freemason
1138:became a
1111:Lancaster
1080:the Crown
1027:Joe Biden
1017:, in the
974:Civil War
958:lame duck
867:Civil War
661:Signature
629:Education
606:Relatives
496:1814β1816
492:In office
391:In office
344:In office
302:President
293:In office
248:In office
189:President
180:In office
170:17th
138:President
129:In office
70:In office
60:15th
44:Portrait
15468:Politics
15339:Nominees
15266:Nominees
15191:Nominees
15071:Nominees
14992:Nominees
14913:Nominees
14772:Nominees
14698:Nominees
14619:Nominees
14507:campaign
14381:Nominees
14310:campaign
14295:Nominees
14150:Michener
14135:Volstead
14030:Thompson
14015:Saunders
14000:Sergeant
13975:Buchanan
13955:Sergeant
13877:Menendez
13862:Menendez
13802:Sparkman
13777:Connally
13767:Connally
13682:Burnside
13637:Hannegan
13612:Buchanan
13592:Tazewell
13488:Sullivan
13483:Huntsman
13458:Vershbow
13391:Stoessel
13374:Thompson
13364:Thompson
13344:W. Smith
13339:Harriman
13334:Standley
13277:Rockhill
13237:C. Smith
13167:Appleton
13112:Buchanan
13107:Randolph
13097:Campbell
12955:Brewster
12910:Harriman
12880:Houghton
12778:C. Adams
12768:Buchanan
12758:Lawrence
12753:Bancroft
12703:Lawrence
12698:Gallatin
12631:J. Adams
12050:Buchanan
11975:Santorum
11960:H. Scott
11915:Mitchell
11905:J. Scott
11900:Buckalew
11885:Brodhead
11880:Sturgeon
11835:Gallatin
11664:Albright
11422:Buchanan
11347:Randolph
11067:Factions
11038:Congress
10963:Virginia
10913:Oklahoma
10893:New York
10868:Nebraska
10858:Missouri
10843:Michigan
10833:Maryland
10818:Kentucky
10798:Illinois
10773:Delaware
10763:Colorado
10753:Arkansas
10716:Harrison
10677:Grossman
10619:Westwood
10584:Mitchell
10579:McKinney
10564:Hannegan
10524:Cummings
10414:Mitchell
10372:Robinson
10247:Jeffries
10235:Gephardt
10193:Bankhead
10151:Williams
10121:Carlisle
10016:Speakers
9927:Buchanan
9609:Eagleton
9605:McGovern
9585:Humphrey
9569:Humphrey
9529:Kefauver
9509:Sparkman
9389:Robinson
9369:C. Bryan
9365:J. Davis
9329:Marshall
9309:Marshall
9292:W. Bryan
9283:H. Davis
9266:W. Bryan
9253:W. Bryan
9110:Buchanan
8989:National
8887:Category
8789:Coolidge
8764:McKinley
7852:Category
7818:(nephew)
7711:Utah War
7491:Archived
7454:LibriVox
7317:Archived
7213:40067189
7183:Archived
7178:(1923),
7151:(1950).
6987:Review:
6765:(1988).
6517:(2004).
6384:ProQuest
6238:27550039
6211:BBC News
5802:(1939).
5696:Jurinski
5516:"Oregon"
5170:July 19,
4876:March 1,
4870:Appendix
3961:24448261
3865:June 11,
3454:See also
3388:Virginia
3384:Missouri
3346:memorial
3324:history.
3292:Fillmore
3246:celibate
3192:Laudanum
2707:by King
2657:AsunciΓ³n
2646:Paraguay
2629:and the
2627:Honduras
2594:hegemony
2438:telegram
2426:Nebraska
2422:Colorado
2410:Utah War
2352:Utah War
2346:Utah War
2282:Illinois
2278:Missouri
1658:Honduras
1555:of Whig
1496:and the
1461:election
1433:gag rule
1400:and the
1384:and the
1367:Bank War
1260:radicals
1117:and the
1048:province
1036:Ramelton
1011:Cove Gap
761:Roadside
621:(nephew)
15418:Portals
14190:Conyers
14160:C. Reed
14145:Sumners
14125:Clayton
14115:Jenkins
14080:T. Reed
14065:Bingham
14055:Hickman
14050:Houston
14045:Simmons
14040:Stanton
14020:Rathbun
14010:Wilkins
14005:Barnard
13970:Barbour
13965:Webster
13757:Pittman
13712:Sherman
13702:Sherman
13687:Edmunds
13667:Cameron
13647:W. King
13602:Wilkins
13597:Forsyth
13582:Sanford
13572:Barbour
13567:R. King
13562:Barbour
13547:Barbour
13453:Collins
13443:Strauss
13416:Strauss
13411:Matlock
13406:Hartman
13319:Bullitt
13292:Francis
13227:Lothrop
13182:C. Clay
13177:Cameron
13172:C. Clay
13162:Pickens
13157:Seymour
13122:J. Clay
13117:Wilkins
13092:Pinkney
13015:Hartley
12930:Whitney
12925:Aldrich
12920:Gifford
12915:Douglas
12900:Kennedy
12895:Bingham
12875:Kellogg
12818:Lincoln
12793:Schenck
12743:Everett
12713:Barbour
12656:Russell
12651:Pinkney
12636:Pickney
12381:Cabinet
12192:Cabinet
12130:Specter
12085:Penrose
12045:Wilkins
12010:Bingham
11998:Class 3
11970:Wofford
11910:Wallace
11865:Barnard
11860:Findlay
11855:Roberts
11823:Class 1
11758:Blinken
11705:Clinton
11592:Acheson
11567:Stimson
11562:Kellogg
11547:Lansing
11512:Sherman
11502:Gresham
11437:Everett
11432:Webster
11427:Clayton
11417:Calhoun
11407:Webster
11402:Forsyth
11362:Madison
11218:Debates
11201:Related
10983:Wyoming
10958:Vermont
10863:Montana
10803:Indiana
10783:Georgia
10778:Florida
10748:Arizona
10738:Alabama
10730:parties
10682:Rendell
10654:Wilhelm
10624:Strauss
10614:O'Brien
10604:O'Brien
10594:Jackson
10569:McGrath
10514:McCombs
10504:Taggart
10494:Harrity
10469:Belmont
10464:Smalley
10454:Hallett
10434:(2017β)
10432:Schumer
10420:Daschle
10396:Johnson
10378:Barkley
10282:Wallace
10260:leaders
10249:(2023β)
10217:O'Neill
10199:Rayburn
10169:Garrett
10163:Kitchin
10115:Randall
10103:Niblack
10097:Randall
10093:Niblack
10087:Houston
10011:leaders
10000:(2021β)
9986:Clinton
9968:Kennedy
9903:Jackson
9774:Edwards
9694:Bentsen
9690:Dukakis
9674:Ferraro
9670:Mondale
9654:Mondale
9634:Mondale
9613:Shriver
9545:Kennedy
9489:Barkley
9449:Wallace
9231:Thurman
9205:English
9201:Hancock
9175:Greeley
9162:Seymour
9123:Douglas
9032:Jackson
9023:Calhoun
9019:Jackson
8998:tickets
8952:History
8849:Clinton
8814:Kennedy
8784:Harding
8170:nominee
7467:at the
7420:, from
6449:June 4,
6297:2211745
5873:May 11,
4615:May 30,
4377:: 3β48.
3288:Harding
3250:asexual
3136:Niagara
3116:tariffs
2922:, Rep.
2798:of the
2782:At the
2709:Rama IV
2661:Raiatea
2559:debates
1445:slavery
1295:Lebanon
1291:Dauphin
1239:to the
1181:in the
1150:of the
1052:Ireland
1009:, near
931:Kansas'
859:slavery
700:Private
615:(niece)
15399:Senate
15115:Senate
14837:Senate
14543:Senate
14210:Jordan
14205:Nadler
14175:Brooks
14170:Rodino
14165:Celler
14155:Celler
14140:Graham
14120:Parker
14095:Taylor
14085:Tucker
14070:Butler
14060:Wilson
13995:Thomas
13985:Foster
13960:Nelson
13950:Nelson
13882:Cardin
13867:Corker
13807:Church
13787:George
13762:George
13727:Cullom
13707:Morgan
13697:Miller
13692:Windom
13672:Hamlin
13662:Sumner
13642:Benton
13632:Sevier
13622:Archer
13473:McFaul
13468:Beyrle
13401:Watson
13369:Kohler
13359:Bohlen
13354:Kennan
13324:Davies
13272:Riddle
13212:Foster
13197:Jewell
13187:Curtin
13127:Dallas
13005:Barzun
13000:Susman
12995:Tuttle
12990:Farish
12905:Winant
12890:Mellon
12870:Harvey
12850:Choate
12840:Bayard
12813:Phelps
12808:Lowell
12788:Motley
12773:Dallas
12748:McLane
12718:McLane
12646:Monroe
12534:(1861)
12453:(1861)
12135:Toomey
12100:Grundy
12090:Pepper
12065:Bigler
12060:Cooper
12035:Lowrie
12030:Lacock
12005:Morris
11955:Martin
11950:Guffey
11930:Oliver
11895:Wilmot
11875:McKean
11870:Dallas
11746:Pompeo
11710:tenure
11693:tenure
11676:Powell
11637:Shultz
11627:Muskie
11612:Rogers
11602:Herter
11597:Dulles
11582:Byrnes
11557:Hughes
11497:Foster
11492:Blaine
11487:Bayard
11477:Blaine
11472:Evarts
11457:Seward
11412:Upshur
11397:McLane
11372:Monroe
11030:groups
10918:Oregon
10873:Nevada
10813:Kansas
10788:Hawaii
10743:Alaska
10686:Andrew
10668:Fowler
10639:Manatt
10629:Curtis
10609:Harris
10599:Bailey
10589:Butler
10559:Walker
10549:Farley
10544:Raskob
10539:Shaver
10484:Barnum
10479:Hewitt
10474:Schell
10459:McLane
10354:Martin
10342:Martin
10318:Gorman
10306:Turpie
10300:Gorman
10268:chairs
10266:Caucus
10241:Pelosi
10223:Wright
10211:Albert
10181:Rainey
10175:Garner
10127:Holman
10025:chairs
10023:Caucus
9980:Carter
9962:Truman
9945:Wilson
9921:Pierce
9870:Harris
9854:Harris
9650:Carter
9630:Carter
9589:Muskie
9485:Truman
9469:Truman
9429:Garner
9409:Garner
9325:Wilson
9305:Wilson
9279:Parker
9257:Sewall
9188:Tilden
9097:Pierce
9088:Butler
9075:Dallas
8839:Reagan
8834:Carter
8804:Truman
8794:Hoover
8779:Wilson
7944:Seat 1
7907:Seat 1
7803:Family
7422:C-SPAN
7339:(1859)
7333:(1866)
7296:
7286:
7258:
7236:
7211:
7161:
7139:
7094:
7075:
7035:
7012:783011
7010:
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