Wood fuel - Knowledge

498: 1428:, Estonia, with an expected output of 110,000 tons of pellet / year. Different types of wood will be used in the process of pellet making (firewood, woodchips, shavings). The Warmeston OÜ plant started its activity by the end of 2014. In 2013, the main pellet consumers in Europe were the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium, as U.E.'s annual report on biofuels states. In Denmark and Sweden, pellets are used by power plants, households and medium scale consumers for district heating, compared to Austria and Italy, where pellets are mainly used as small - scale private residential and industrial boilers for heating. The UK is the single largest consuming market for industrial wood pellets, in large part due to its major biomass-fueled power stations such as 4221: 1478: 272: 691:

boilers emit more wood smoke and associated pollutants than other wood-burning appliances. This is due to design characteristics such as the water-filled jacket surrounding the firebox, which acts to cool the fire and leads to incomplete combustion. Outdoor wood boilers also typically have short stack heights in comparison to other wood-burning appliances, contributing to ambient levels of particulates at ground level. An increasingly popular alternative is the wood gasification boiler, which burns wood at very high efficiencies (85-91%) and can be placed indoors or in an outbuilding.

1295: 364: 915: 4249: 133: 1120:. However, in many countries, for example in Europe and Canada, the forest residues are being collected and turned into useful wood fuels with minimal impact on the environment. Consideration is given to soil nutrition as well as erosion. The environmental impact of using wood as a fuel depends on how it is burnt. Higher temperatures result in more complete combustion and less noxious gases as a result of pyrolysis. Some may regard the burning of wood from a sustainable source as 452:

designs to the edge, with cast ornaments, feet and doors. Wood or coal could be burnt in the stoves and thus they were popular for over one hundred years. The action of the fire, combined with the causticity of the ash, ensured that the stove would eventually disintegrate or crack over time. Thus a steady supply of stoves was needed. The maintenance of stoves, needing to be blacked, their smokiness, and the need to split wood meant that oil or electric heat found favour.

738:, 128 ft (3.62 m), corresponding to a woodpile 8 ft wide × 4 ft high of 4 ft-long logs. The cord is legally defined by statute in most U.S. states. A "thrown cord" is firewood that has not been stacked and is defined as 4 ft wide × 4 ft tall × 10 ft long. The additional volume is to make it equivalent to a standard stacked cord, where there is less void space. It is also common to see wood sold by the "face cord", which is usually 5035: 4289: 2853: 4207: 261: 708: 4299: 1055: 559: 36: 4277: 4235: 309:'s "Sylva, or a discourse on forest trees" (1664) advising landowners on the proper management of forest estates. H. L. Edlin, in "Woodland Crafts in Britain", 1949 outlines the extraordinary techniques employed, and range of wood products that have been produced from these managed forests since pre-Roman times. And throughout this time the preferred form of wood fuel was the branches of cut coppice stems bundled into 5057: 4193: 441: 660: 5045: 1347: 4263: 829: 1254: 903:, which can be an irritating (and potentially dangerous) by-product of partially burnt wood fuel. A major component of wood smoke is fine particles that may account for a large portion of particulate air pollution in some regions. During cooler months, wood heating accounts for as much as 60% of fine particles in 1147:. Thus, longer pieces - requiring less manual labor, and less chainsaw fuel - are less expensive and only limited by the size of their firebox. Prices also vary considerably with the distance from wood lots, and quality of the wood. Firewood usually relates to timber or trees unsuitable for building or 1076:

The technique of compressing wood pulp into pellets or artificial logs can reduce emissions. The combustion is cleaner, and the increased wood density and reduced water content can eliminate some of the transport bulk. The fossil energy consumed in transport is reduced and represents a small fraction

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Some European countries produce a significant fraction of their electricity needs from wood or wood wastes. In Scandinavian countries the costs of manual labor to process firewood is very high. Therefore, it is common to import firewood from countries with cheap labor and natural resources. The main

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produced per megawatt-hour (MWh) of delivered energy. Scenario 33 for example, which concerns the production of heat from wood chips produced from UK small roundwood produced from bringing neglected broadleaf forests back into production, shows that burning oil releases 377 kg (831 lb) of

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legally defined, and varies from one area to another. For example, in one state a pile of wood 8 feet wide × 4 feet high of 16 inch-long logs will often be sold as a "face cord", though its volume is only one-third of a cord. In another state, or even another area of the same state, the volume of a

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The mess of wood, bark, smoke, and ashes is kept outside and the risk of fire is reduced. The boilers are large enough to hold a fire all night and can burn larger pieces of wood, thus less cutting and splitting is required. There is no need to retrofit a chimney in the house. However, outdoor wood

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policy during that era. Demand for timber resources was on the rise not only for fuel, but also for construction of ships and buildings, and consequently deforestation was widespread. As a result, forest fires occurred, along with floods and soil erosion. Around 1666, the shōgun made it a policy to

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Wood has been used as fuel for millennia. Historically, it was limited in use only by the distribution of technology required to make a spark. Heat derived from wood is still common throughout much of the world. Early examples included a fire constructed inside a tent. Fires were constructed on the

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The 1800s became the high point of the cast iron stove. Each local foundry would make their own design, and stoves were built for myriads of purposes—parlour stoves, box stoves, camp stoves, railroad stoves, portable stoves, cooking stoves and so on. Elaborate nickel and chrome edged models took

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In contrast to civilizations in relatively arid regions (such as Mesopotamia and Egypt), the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Britons, and Gauls all had access to forests suitable for using as fuel. Over the centuries there was a partial deforestation of climax forests and the evolution of the remainder to

401:. Stoves were manufactured or constructed pieces of equipment that contained the fire on all sides and provided a means for controlling the draft—the amount of air allowed to reach the fire. Stoves have been made of a variety of materials. Cast iron is among the more common. Soapstone ( 1240:

Wood burning advocates claim that properly harvested wood is carbon-neutral, therefore off-setting the negative impact of by-product particles given off during the burning process. In the context of forest wildfires, wood removed from the forest setting for use as wood fuel can reduce overall

518:, a thermostatically controlled stove with an optional perforated steel enclosure that prevented accidental contact with hot surfaces. The decade also saw a number of dual-fuel furnaces and boilers made, which utilized ductwork and piping to deliver heat throughout a house or other building. 1236:

The environmental impact of burning wood fuel is debatable. Several cities have moved towards setting standards of use and/or bans of wood burning fireplaces. For example, the city of Montréal, Québec passed a resolution to ban wood fireplace installation in new construction.

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In some of the most efficient burners, the temperature of the smoke is hot enough to burn itself (e.g. 609 °C (1,128 °F) for igniting carbon monoxide gas). This may significantly reduce smoke hazards while also providing additional heat from the process. By using a

1737: 679:. Wood heat continues to be used in areas where firewood is abundant. For serious attempts at heating, rather than mere ambience (open fireplaces), stoves, fireplace inserts, and furnaces are most commonly used today. In rural, forested parts of the U.S., freestanding 1318:

Many lower- and middle-income countries rely on wood for energy purposes (notably cooking). The largest producers are all in these income groups and have large populations with a high reliance on wood for energy: in 2021, India ranked first with 300 million

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As with most of Europe, these managed woodlands continued to supply their markets right up to the end of World War Two. Since then much of these woodlands have been converted to broadscale agriculture. Total demand for fuel increased considerably with the

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and heat it before releasing it out the sides. The heat exchanger was never a popular feature and was omitted in later versions. So-called "Franklin" stoves today are made in a great variety of styles, though none resembles the original design.

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are both growing markets for industrial wood pellets, and as of 2017, were expected to become the second and third largest global markets for wood pellets due to government policies favoring the use of biomass in power generation.

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There are numerous ways to process wood fuel, and wood is still used today for cooking in many places, either in a stove or an open fire. It is also used as a fuel in many industrial processes, including smoking meat and making

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per MWh of delivered energy. However, in scenario 32 of that same reference, which concerns the production of heat from wood chips that would otherwise be made into particleboard, showed that only 239 kg (527 lb) of

1073:. The conditions in which wood is burnt will greatly influence the content of the emission. Particulate air pollution can contribute to human health problems and increased hospital admissions for asthma & heart diseases. 1931:

Ray, James, "Wood Usage in Rural Tanzania: An Investigation into the Sources and Accessibility of Fuelwood and Polewood for the Residents of Kizanda Village, West Usambara Mountains" (2011). ISP Collection. Paper 984.

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than biodegradation of wood in a forest (in a given period) because by the time the bark of a dead tree has rotted, the log has already been occupied by other plants and micro-organisms which continue to sequester the

1108:. The collection or harvesting of this wood can have serious environmental implications for the collection area. The concerns are often specific to the particular area, but can include all the problems that regular 513:

would become so expensive as to preclude their use. A period of innovation followed, with many small manufacturers producing stoves based on designs old and new. Notable innovations from that era include the

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K. (2021-02-25).

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for the purpose of burning wood is regarded as one of humanity's most important advances. The use of wood as a fuel source for heating is much older than civilization and is assumed to have been used by

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (2021-02-18).

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provided the consumption rate is controlled to sustainable levels. The shortage of suitable firewood in some places has seen local populations damaging huge tracts of bush possibly leading to further

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (2021-02-18).

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was not a major consumer of industrial wood pellets as of 2017, but has relatively aggressive de-carbonization policies and may become a significant consumer of industrial wood pellets by the 2020s.

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Smith, K.R.; Khalil, M.A.K.; Rasmussen, R.A.; Thorneloe, S.A.; Manegdeg, F.; Apte, M. (1993). "Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries: A Manila pilot study".

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About 1.5 million households in Australia use firewood as the main form of domestic heating. As of 1995, approximately 1.85 million cubic metres of firewood (1m³ equals approximately one car

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The growth in popularity of wood heat also led to the development and marketing of a greater variety of equipment for cutting, splitting and processing firewood. Consumer grade hydraulic

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The Sustainable Energy Development Office (SEDO), part of the Government of Western Australia states that the energy content of wood is 16.2 megajoules per kilogram (4.5 kWh/kg).

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emissions by decreasing the quantity of open burned wood and the severity of the burn while combusting the remaining material under regulated conditions. On March 7, 2018, the

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woodland as the primary source of wood fuel. These woodlands involved a continuous cycle of new stems harvested from old stumps, on rotations between seven and thirty years.

167:. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no 459:, originally made of steel, allowed greater control of combustion, being more tightly fitted than other stoves of the day. Airtight stoves became common in the 19th century. 294:

were constructed or established—surfaces of stone or another noncombustible material upon which a fire could be built. Smoke escaped through a smoke hole in the roof.

1046:, the temperature for obtaining cleaner smoke can be reduced. Some U.S. jurisdictions prohibit sale or installation of stoves that do not incorporate catalytic converters. 3836: 1913:

Manomet Center for Conservation Science. 2010. Biomass sustainability and Carbon Policy Study: Report to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources.

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as well as an important technique to improve soil conditions for agriculture, particularly in heavily forested regions. It forms the basis of the rich soils known as

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face cord may be considerably different. Hence, it is risky to buy wood sold in this manner, as the transaction is not based on a legally enforceable unit of measure.

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or stoves went a step further by capturing much of the heat of the fire and exhaust in a large thermal mass, becoming much more efficient than a fireplace alone.

1139:. Standing dead timber is considered better still, as it is both seasoned, and has less rot. Harvesting this form of timber reduces the speed and intensity of 3607: 1199:) has published a comprehensive model comparing the burning of wood (wood chip) and other fuels, based on 33 scenarios. The model's output is kilogram of CO 854:, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous. 812:, the energy content of wood is more closely related to its moisture content than its species. The energy content improves as moisture content decreases. 699:. As a sustainable energy source, wood fuel also remains viable for generating electricity in areas with easy access to forest products and by-products. 1759:"Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India" 545:

The magazine "Wood Burning Quarterly" was published for several years before changing its name to "Home Energy Digest" and, subsequently, disappearing.

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Use of wood heat declined in popularity with the growing availability of other, less labor-intensive fuels. Wood heat was gradually replaced by

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Depending on population density, topography, climatic conditions and combustion equipment used, wood heating may substantially contribute to

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passed a bill that would delay for three years the implementation of more stringent emission standards for new residential wood heaters.

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by integrating the hydrocarbons of the wood into their life cycle. Wood harvesting and transport operations produce varying degrees of

931: 1411:, in the Southwest of Western Australia. It generates a greater heat than most other available woods and is usually sold by the tonne. 3213: 2735: 1678:(includes a range of calculators, including one for calculating the energy content of wood, taking into account the moisture content) 2084: 1710: 1388:(the Mid-Murray Forest Management Area, including the Barmah and Gunbower forests, provides about 80% of Victoria's red gum timber). 1990: 1593: 627: 4335: 1196: 1217:

per MWh was released. Therefore, the relative greenhouse effects of biomass energy production are dependent on the usage model.

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A woman uses wood in a fireplace for heat. A newspaper headline before her tells of the community's lack of heating oil in 1973.

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pollution. Inefficient and incomplete combustion of wood can result in elevated levels of greenhouse gases other than CO

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used wood as fuel for the first time. The EPA provided information on clean stoves, which burned much more efficiently.

100: 3308: 3266: 1914: 72: 3540: 3520: 1562: 840: 646: 613: 119: 1311:, there is a growing interest in using wood waste as fuel for home and industrial heating, in the form of compacted 3294: 1849:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India" 943: 1578: 4582: 3612: 3203: 1124:. A tree, over the course of its lifetime, absorbs as much carbon (or carbon dioxide) as it releases when burnt. 1023: 347:, could authorize the use of wood. By the 18th century, Japan had developed detailed scientific knowledge about 79: 595: 5060: 5049: 4197: 1220:

The intentional and controlled charring of wood and its incorporation into the soil is an effective method for

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Diamond, Jared. 2005 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin Books. New York. 294–304 pp.

1131:" managed for that purpose, but in heavily wooded areas it is more often harvested as a byproduct of natural 2487: 1896: 535: 417:, since the hottest part of a woodburning fire will burn away steel over the course of several years' use. 171:

in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools, although as in any industry, specialized tools, such as

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published a method for producing kiln dried firewood, on the basis that better heat output and increased

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to produce electricity or domestic heating, the United Kingdom Department of Energy and Climate Change (

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releases organic components over a wide volatility range. Here the organic components emitted from the

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are increasingly common. They are installed outdoors, some distance from the house, and connected to a

580: 313:. Larger, bent or deformed stems that were of no other use to the woodland craftsmen were converted to 53: 68: 4973: 4570: 3972: 3792: 3661: 3322: 2808: 2516: 1519: 1323:(15 percent of total production), followed by China with 156 million m3 and Brazil with 129 million m 1185: 951: 17: 2686: 2185: 1967: 4938: 4877: 4378: 4111: 3797: 3405: 3370: 2983: 2975: 2919: 2782: 2755: 1377: 3747: 341:

reduce logging and increase the planting of trees. This policy decreed that only the shōgun, or a

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Environment Protection Authority (2002) Wood heaters, open fires and air quality. Publication 851

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of Japan, wood was used for many purposes, and the consumption of wood led Japan to develop a

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In 2014, the construction of the biggest pellet plant in the Baltic region was started in

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ground, and a smoke hole in the top of the tent allowed the smoke to escape by convection.

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have all been used. Metal stoves are often lined with refractory materials such as

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components over a range of volatilities, over effective saturation concentrations,

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Simpson, William T.; Boone, R. Sidney; Chern, Joseph; Mace, Terry (August 1987).

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In an attempt to provide quantitative information about the relative output of CO

1156: 1135:. Deadfall that has not started to rot is preferred, since it is already partly 914: 4933: 4912: 4907: 4892: 4783: 4587: 4239: 4163: 4158: 4091: 3999: 3987: 3952: 3910: 3858: 3853: 3777: 3695: 3587: 3430: 3420: 3114: 1524: 1335: 1177: 1034:, emissions from fuel wood were around 20 times more toxic than emissions from 892: 684: 531: 456: 429: 421: 387: 367: 2305: 1077:

of the fossil fuel consumed in producing and distributing heating oil or gas.

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are measured with a range of state-of-the art analytical techniques including

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World production of roundwood by type, comparison of wood fuel to other types

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In 2008, wood for fuel cost $ 15.15 per 1 million BTUs (0.041 EUR per kWh).

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and hydraulic wood splitters, have been developed to mechanize production.

160: 2264:"Global pellet market outlook in 2017 | Wood Pellet Association of Canada" 2015: 1425: 428:. More a manufactured fireplace than a stove, it had an open front and a 305:

One of the earliest printed books on woodland management, in English, was

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NRE 2002 Forest Management Plan for the Mid-Murray Forest Management Area

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is principally driven by residential and commercial heating customers.

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EPA's Wood Stove / Wood Heater Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions

1421: 1143:. Harvesting timber for firewood is normally carried out by hand with 4846: 4841: 4721: 4716: 4670: 4560: 4483: 4428: 4418: 4413: 4004: 3905: 3847: 3463: 3329: 3228: 3223: 3177: 3162: 3157: 3137: 3089: 3036: 2798: 2615: 2440: 2399: 2302:

A comprehensive and fully referenced list of potentially toxic woods.

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while burning woodchips releases 1,501 kg (3,309 lb) of CO

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In the United States and Canada, firewood is usually sold by the

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but most of this increased demand was met by the new fuel source

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area of India were shown to be 30 times more reactive with the

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A brief resurgence in popularity occurred during and after the

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World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

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In the United States, wood fuel is the second-leading form of

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can be achieved with logs containing lower moisture content.

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wood is rarely used for firewood, as it is more valuable as

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were developed to be powered by electricity, gasoline, or

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McCarthy, James E.; Shouse, Kate C. (December 18, 2018).

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create. The heavy removal of wood from forests can cause

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proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry

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have been used for ages: fires are integral to humanity.

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World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

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heating except in rural areas with available forests.

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http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/984

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was a technological development concurrent with the

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allowed for more effective exhaustion of the smoke.

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are traditional in Northern Europe: an 18th-century

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A common hardwood, red oak, has an energy content (

432:in the back that was designed to draw air from the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1751: 1749: 723:, firewood is normally sold by the cubic metre or 5073: 2314: 2023:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 1327:(8 percent and 7 percent of global production). 877:(lye). Wood ash can also be used to manufacture 2731:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 2308:All about the health effects of biomass burning 1746: 746:In Australia, firewood is normally sold by the 183:also include various forms of lumber tailings. 2013: 1249:Potential use in renewable energy technologies 4329: 3260: 2883: 2384: 1373:Species used as sources of firewood include: 1231: 1050:Combustion by-product effects on human health 966:process, as well as organics formed from the 1481: This article incorporates text from a 1991:"Biomass Emission and Counterfactual Model" 4336: 4322: 3267: 3253: 2890: 2876: 2391: 2377: 1687: 1670:"Bioenergy Knowledge Centre's Calculators" 1575:"Clean Burning Wood Stoves and Fireplaces" 1405:that usually comes from small plantations. 869:), contributing minerals, but is strongly 702: 3214:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 2736:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 1966: 1872: 1823: 1774: 1733: 1731: 823: 802:recoverable if burned at 70% efficiency. 687:in the house using underground piping. 647:Learn how and when to remove this message 249: 230:. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace, 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1594:"Kiln-Drying Time of Split Oak Firewood" 1485:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 1345: 1293: 1264:: it can be pelletized and used at home. 1252: 1167:Wood burning creates more atmospheric CO 1080: 1053: 1006:*, from 10-10 μg m. The emissions from 913: 827: 818: 706: 658: 496: 439: 362: 358: 270: 259: 131: 2295:Himalayas. Unique way to store firewood 2144: 2105: 899:particulates, including caustic alkali 14: 5074: 2178: 1728: 1716:from the original on 28 September 2011 1366:annually, with half being consumed in 1269:Efficient stove for developing nations 1243:United States House of Representatives 768:-load or bag (roughly 15–20 kg). 675:is an appliance that burns compressed 424:was developed in the United States by 290:In permanent structures and in caves, 4317: 3248: 2871: 2372: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2126: 2110:. Clean Air Society of Kapiti Coast. 2099: 1307:(Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia). In 5044: 2804:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 1058:Wood-burning fireplace with burning 986:has also been shown to release many 585:adding citations to reliable sources 575:Relevant discussion may be found on 552: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 5056: 4192: 2247:from the original on 8 August 2014. 2229: 2200:from the original on 8 August 2014. 2087:from the original on 8 January 2012 1690:Homeowners seek cheaper winter heat 1350:A pile of firewood logged from the 1162: 24: 2251: 2035: 1763:Environmental Science: Atmospheres 1640:"Electric Fireplace Costs Secrets" 940:two-dimensional gas chromatography 936:two-dimensional gas chromatography 857:One by-product of wood burning is 25: 5098: 4343: 3541:Global Forest Information Service 2283: 2237:"Main pellet consumers in Europe" 1853:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 1804:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 1637: 1303:exporters to Scandinavia are the 1022:. Furthermore, when comparing 21 861:, which in moderate amounts is a 771: 5055: 5043: 5034: 5033: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4261: 4247: 4233: 4219: 4205: 4191: 2897: 2852: 2851: 2243:. Fordaq S.A. 3 September 2013. 2196:. Fordaq S.A. 13 February 2014. 2140:from the original on 2012-12-31. 2114:from the original on 1 July 2011 1903:from the original on 2015-05-04. 1676:from the original on 2009-07-11. 1581:from the original on 2008-05-15. 1476: 1455: 1024:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 944:time-of-flight mass spectrometry 557: 179:waste and construction industry 34: 27:Wood used as fuel for combustion 4583:Oriented structural straw board 4298: 3204:Control of fire by early humans 2204: 2153: 2069: 2007: 1983: 1938: 1925: 1907: 1889: 1840: 1791: 1650:from the original on 7 May 2018 1127:Some firewood is harvested in " 568:needs additional citations for 218:, and occasionally for fueling 45:needs additional citations for 2077:"Renewables and CO2 Emissions" 1696: 1681: 1662: 1631: 1617: 1585: 1567: 1551: 810:The Bioenergy Knowledge Centre 534:of farm tractors. In 1987 the 374:stove at Łańcut Castle, Poland 199:of wood is the largest use of 13: 1: 2398: 1545: 760:of a 1 m bucket of a typical 186:The discovery of how to make 3274: 2106:Matthew (26 December 2009). 1977:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90440-g 1897:"Fuel Ignition Temperatures" 1688:Ryan, Matt (June 20, 2008). 1487:license statement/permission 1460:Demand for wood fuel in the 1341: 1018:radical than emissions from 536:US Department of Agriculture 210:. Wood fuel can be used for 7: 2834:Issues relating to biofuels 2824:Energy return on investment 1644:electricfireplaceheater.org 1498: 1010:samples collected from the 10: 5103: 4974:Non-timber forest products 4598:Structural insulated panel 3652:Growth and yield modelling 1471: 1232:Regulation and Legislation 1085:Much wood fuel comes from 998:has been shown to release 952:volatile organic compounds 950:Significant quantities of 509:, when some believed that 253: 238:, or outdoors in furnace, 5029: 4921: 4855: 4802: 4709: 4661: 4618: 4512: 4351: 4226:Earth sciences portal 4212:Climate change portal 4187: 4064: 3896: 3793:Great Green Wall (Africa) 3738: 3429: 3339: 3282: 3191: 3125: 3082: 3012: 2974: 2928: 2905: 2847: 2809:Energy content of biofuel 2791: 2723: 2639: 2530: 2406: 2081:Short-Term Energy Outlook 1415: 1186:Carbon dioxide equivalent 4939:Destructive distillation 3798:Great Green Wall (China) 3371:Close to nature forestry 2984:Autoignition temperature 2783:Thermal depolymerization 2756:Industrial biotechnology 1874:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021 1825:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021 1709:. Pergamon Press. 1993. 1692:. Burlington Free Press. 1395:, in southern Australia. 1289: 895:and other chemicals and 548: 521: 492: 4959:Green building and wood 3832:Million Tree Initiative 2999:Minimum ignition energy 2751:Fischer–Tropsch process 2741:Biomass heating systems 1899:. Engineering Toolbox. 1625:"Wood heat value (BTU)" 1439: 1036:liquefied petroleum gas 1020:liquefied petroleum gas 703:Measurement of firewood 677:wood or biomass pellets 378:The development of the 4603:Wood–plastic composite 4529:Glued laminated timber 4524:Cross-laminated timber 4254:Environment portal 3686:Sustainable management 3581:Trillion Tree Campaign 2136:. birdsaustralia.com. 1355: 1299: 1265: 1062: 1026:emitted from the same 994:phase. The burning of 954:are released from the 947: 847: 824:Combustion by-products 716: 668: 502: 448: 444:Potbelly stove at the 375: 300:coppice with standards 283: 268: 250:Historical development 137: 4676:Corrugated fiberboard 4578:Oriented strand board 4179:Wood process engineer 3883:Urban forest inequity 2083:. US Dept of Energy. 1349: 1297: 1256: 1081:Harvesting operations 1057: 917: 831: 819:Environmental impacts 795:per pound), and 10.4 710: 662: 596:"sustainble forestry" 540:combustion efficiency 500: 485:, many people in the 443: 399:Industrial Revolution 366: 359:Fireplaces and stoves 323:Industrial Revolution 274: 263: 254:Further information: 135: 5061:WikiProject Forestry 3842:Shifting cultivation 3783:Forest fragmentation 3753:Carbon sequestration 3623:Woodland Carbon Code 3588:Forest certification 3496:Even-aged management 3411:Sustainable forestry 1627:. daviddarling.info. 1520:Outdoor wood furnace 1393:Messmate Stringybark 1222:carbon sequestration 581:improve this article 446:Museum of Appalachia 228:generate electricity 147:) is a fuel such as 54:improve this article 4822:Ramial chipped wood 3647:Formally designated 3491:Ecological thinning 3401:Plantation forestry 3309:Research institutes 3025:Solar Spark Lighter 2839:Sustainable biofuel 2165:www.regional.org.au 2047:. FAO. 2023-11-29. 1959:1993Chmsp..26..479S 1865:2021ACP....21.2407S 1816:2021ACP....21.2383S 1489:). Text taken from 1401:, a wood with high 1114:habitat destruction 1044:catalytic converter 990:compounds into the 978:and furanones. The 974:such as phenolics, 875:potassium hydroxide 282:and other processes 4739:Cellulosic ethanol 4240:Ecology portal 3773:Forest degradation 3768:Ecosystem services 3376:Community forestry 1919:2018-01-08 at the 1776:10.1039/D0EA00009D 1403:thermal efficiency 1362:load) was used in 1356: 1300: 1266: 1153:renewable resource 1092:around the world. 1063: 948: 848: 839:after a wildfire, 717: 669: 507:1973 energy crisis 503: 449: 376: 284: 269: 138: 5069: 5068: 5004:Wood preservation 4949:Engineered bamboo 4769:Pyroligneous acid 4311: 4310: 4268:Plants portal 4054:green woodworking 3242: 3241: 2865: 2864: 2778:Sabatier reaction 2367: 2366: 2319:Fuels for heating 2190:] in Estonia" 2062:978-92-5-138262-2 1280:can be pelletized 657: 656: 649: 631: 426:Benjamin Franklin 338:forest management 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5094: 5059: 5058: 5047: 5046: 5037: 5036: 4994:Timber recycling 4989:Reclaimed lumber 4979:Natural building 4944:Dry distillation 4898:Split-rail fence 4338: 4331: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4301: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4282:Trees portal 4280: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4195: 4194: 3916:Forest gardening 3873:Timber recycling 3820:Invasive species 3708:Tree measurement 3269: 3262: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3192:Related articles 2892: 2885: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2855: 2854: 2699:Pongamia pinnata 2393: 2386: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2315: 2300:Toxic Woods List 2278: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2260: 2249: 2248: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2216:www.warmeston.ee 2208: 2202: 2201: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2053:10.4060/cc8166en 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1953:(1–4): 479–505. 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1876: 1859:(4): 2407–2426. 1844: 1838: 1837: 1827: 1810:(4): 2383–2406. 1795: 1789: 1788: 1778: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1638:Weihe, Wilfred. 1635: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1599:. Archived from 1598: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1480: 1332:renewable energy 1305:Baltic countries 1260:create and burn 1163:Greenhouse gases 1151:. Firewood is a 968:depolymerisation 759: 758: 754: 652: 645: 641: 638: 632: 630: 589: 561: 553: 483:1967 Oil Embargo 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5025: 5009:Wood processing 4917: 4851: 4798: 4705: 4657: 4614: 4544:parallel strand 4515: 4508: 4356: 4347: 4342: 4312: 4307: 4274: 4260: 4246: 4234: 4232: 4220: 4218: 4206: 4204: 4183: 4060: 4037:spruce-pine-fir 4010:Christmas trees 3892: 3808:Illegal logging 3740: 3734: 3449:Controlled burn 3434: 3425: 3406:Social forestry 3386:Energy forestry 3366:Bamboo forestry 3361:Analog forestry 3335: 3278: 3273: 3243: 3238: 3234:Survival skills 3219:Outdoor cooking 3187: 3126:Other equipment 3121: 3083:Modern starters 3078: 3008: 2970: 2924: 2901: 2896: 2866: 2861: 2843: 2819:Energy forestry 2787: 2719: 2681:Jatropha curcas 2642: 2635: 2543:Camelina sativa 2533: 2526: 2402: 2397: 2363: 2286: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2252: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2210: 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28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5041: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4934:Certified wood 4931: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4908:Timber framing 4905: 4900: 4895: 4893:Sawdust brandy 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:Sandalwood oil 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4588:Particle board 4585: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 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3050: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3016: 3014: 3013:Early starters 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2670:Chinese tallow 2667: 2660: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2517:Water hyacinth 2514: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2290:Firewood Facts 2285: 2284:External links 2282: 2280: 2279: 2268:www.pellet.org 2250: 2228: 2203: 2177: 2152: 2143: 2125: 2098: 2068: 2061: 2034: 2006: 1982: 1937: 1924: 1906: 1888: 1839: 1790: 1769:(2): 104–117. 1745: 1727: 1695: 1680: 1661: 1630: 1616: 1584: 1566: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525:Renewable heat 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1497: 1473: 1470: 1457: 1454: 1441: 1438: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1396: 1389: 1343: 1340: 1336:hydro-electric 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1250: 1247: 1233: 1230: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1192: 1181: 1178:greenhouse gas 1173: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1122:carbon-neutral 1082: 1079: 1051: 1048: 893:carbon dioxide 825: 822: 820: 817: 773: 772:Energy content 770: 704: 701: 685:heat exchanger 655: 654: 579:. Please help 577:Talk:Wood fuel 565: 563: 556: 550: 547: 523: 520: 494: 491: 457:airtight stove 430:heat exchanger 422:Franklin stove 368:Ceramic stoves 360: 357: 251: 248: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5099: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:List of woods 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4873:Billet (wood) 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Hemicellulose 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Railroad ties 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:Wood products 4339: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4304: 4296: 4294: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4159:Rubber tapper 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:Choker setter 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926:Manufacturing 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3763:Deforestation 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3739:Environmental 3737: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640:reforestation 3638: 3636: 3635:afforestation 3633: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3444:Arboriculture 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3396:Permaforestry 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143:Feather stick 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020:Burning glass 3018: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994:Friction fire 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2941:Fire triangle 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2858: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2829:Food vs. fuel 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 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2050: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2019: 2018: 2010: 1994:(spreadsheet) 1992: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1691: 1684: 1675: 1672:. bkc.co.nz. 1671: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1620: 1606:on 2014-12-22 1602: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1563:0-14-303655-6 1560: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1462:United States 1456:North America 1453: 1450: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1352:Barmah Forest 1348: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1316: 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582: 578: 572: 571: 566:This section 564: 560: 555: 554: 546: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528:log splitters 519: 517: 516:Ashley heater 512: 508: 499: 490: 488: 487:United States 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 466:and later by 465: 460: 458: 453: 447: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 373: 369: 365: 356: 354: 350: 346: 345: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 318: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 295: 293: 288: 281: 277: 273: 266: 262: 257: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 220:steam engines 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 134: 124: 121: 113: 110:December 2021 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 5048: 5018: 4913:Wooden masts 4883:Dugout canoe 4868:Bavin (wood) 4817:Black liquor 4754:Liquid smoke 4652: 4504:Utility pole 4489:Timber truss 4409:Log building 4273: 4259: 4245: 4231: 4217: 4203: 4196: 4174:Tree planter 4154:Resin tapper 4134:Truck driver 4129:River driver 4026: 3878:Tree hugging 3863: 3846: 3813:timber mafia 3803:High grading 3788:Ghost forest 3758:Clearcutting 3681:Silviculture 3657:Horticulture 3501:Fire ecology 3416:Urban forest 3391:Mycoforestry 3351: 3347:Agroforestry 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3295:Forest areas 3293: 3286: 3209:Firem'n Chit 3069:Fire striker 2965: 2899:Firelighting 2714: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2662: 2658:Big bluestem 2650: 2643:energy crops 2598: 2541: 2353: 2318: 2271:. 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Today, 141:Wood fuel 18:Wood pile 5087:Firewood 5039:Category 5020:Yakisugi 4954:Forestry 4922:See also 4863:Axe ties 4832:Tall oil 4812:Barkdust 4794:Wood gas 4774:Pine tar 4764:Methanol 4696:Pulpwood 4643:Firewood 4626:Charcoal 4619:Fuelwood 4566:Masonite 4494:Treenail 4394:Flooring 4293:Category 4107:handcrew 4077:Arborist 4072:Forester 4032:mahogany 3978:palm oil 3968:charcoal 3953:Products 3888:Wildfire 3701:breeding 3662:GM trees 3511:dynamics 3323:Journals 3316:Colleges 3276:Forestry 3168:Matchbox 3153:Fire pit 3148:Fire pan 3115:Electric 3064:Fire-saw 2961:Wood ash 2946:Firewood 2920:Glossary 2910:Campfire 2857:Category 2792:Concepts 2675:Duckweed 2664:Camelina 2641:Non-food 2589:Rapeseed 2579:Palm oil 2522:Wood gas 2495:Methanol 2488:mixtures 2408:Biofuels 2339:Kerosene 2245:Archived 2198:Archived 2138:Archived 2112:Archived 2085:Archived 1999:25 March 1917:Archived 1901:Archived 1711:Archived 1674:Archived 1648:Archived 1579:Archived 1540:Wood gas 1515:Forestry 1499:See also 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