249:
365:(higher than 1 ton per cubic meter, thus they sink in water. (In contrast, the bulk density of a mass of pellets, including trapped air, is only about 0.6-0.7 ton per cubic meter). The pellets have good structural strength, and low dust and ash content. Because the wood fibres are broken down by the hammer mill, there is virtually no difference in the finished pellets between different wood types. Pellets can be made from nearly any wood variety; provided the pellet press is equipped with good instrumentation, the differences in feed material can be compensated for in the press regulation. In Europe, the main production areas are south
3425:
492:, where fuel, wood, or other biomass pellets, is stored in a storage bin called a hopper. The hopper can be located on the top of the appliance, the side of it or remotely. A mechanical auger automatically feeds pellets into a burn pot. From there, they burn at high temperatures with minimal emissions. Heat-exchange tubes send air heated by fire into room. Convection fans circulate air through heat-exchange tubes and into room. Pellet stoves have circuit boards inside that act like a thermostat and to regulate temperature.
3429:
321:(Consortium On Research on Renewable Industrial Material) for the Life-Cycle Inventory of Wood Pellet Manufacturing and Utilization estimates the energy required to dry, pelletize and transport pellets is less than 11% of the energy content of the pellets if using pre-dried industrial wood waste. If the pellets are made directly from forest material, it takes up to 18% of the energy to dry the wood and additional 8% for transportation and manufacturing energy. An
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stating that grasses produce 96% of the heat of wood and that "any mixture of grasses can be used, cut in mid- to late summer, left in the field to leach out minerals, then baled and pelleted. Drying of the hay is not required for pelleting, making the cost of processing less than with wood pelleting." In 2012, the
Department of Agriculture of
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Regulatory agencies in Europe and North
America are in the process of tightening the emissions standards for all forms of wood heat, including wood pellets and pellet stoves. These standards will become mandatory, with independently certified testing to ensure compliance. In the United States, the
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Some companies import
European-made boilers. As of 2009, about 800,000 Americans were using wood pellets for heat. It was estimated that 2.33 million tons of wood pellets would be used for heat in the US in 2013. The US wood pellet export to Europe grew from 1.24 million tons in 2006 to 7 million
916:
In 2014 in
Germany, the overall wood pellet consumption per year comprised 2,2 million tonnes. These pellets are consumed predominantly by residential small-scale heating sector. The co-firing plants which use pellet sector for energy production are not widespread in the country. The largest
654:
Until around 2008 it was commonly assumed, even in scientific papers, that biomass energy (including from wood pellets) is carbon neutral, largely because regrowth of vegetation was believed to recapture and store the carbon that is emitted to the air. Then, scientific papers studying the climate
506:
Pellet boilers are standalone central heating and hot water systems designed to replace traditional fossil fuel systems in residential, commercial and institutional applications. Automatic or auto-pellet boilers include silos for bulk storage of pellets, a fuel delivery system that moves the fuel
722:
Due to the rapid increase in popularity since 2005, pellet availability and cost may be an issue. This is an important consideration when buying a pellet stove, furnace, pellet baskets or other devices known in the industry as
Bradley Burners. However, current pellet production is increasing and
276:
News suggested that grass pellet production was more advanced in Europe than North
America. It suggested the benefits of grass as a feedstock included its short growing time (70 days), and ease of cultivation and processing. The story quoted Jerry Cherney, an agriculture professor at the school,
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was 300,000â500,000 tonnes in 2013. Recent construction of new wood pellet plants has given a huge increase in production capacity. Nature's Flame wood pellet processing plant, in Taupo, is due in late 2019 to double its annual production capacity to 85,000 tonnes. Azwood Energy operates a wood
912:
Pellets are widely used in Sweden, the main pellet producer in Europe, mainly as an alternative to oil-fired central heating. In
Austria, the leading market for pellet central heating furnaces (relative to its population), it is estimated that 2/3 of all new domestic heating furnaces are pellet
686:
Approximately one-third of all wood used for traditional heating and cooking in tropical areas is harvested unsustainably. Bioenergy feedstocks typically require significant amounts of energy to harvest, dry, and transport; the energy usage for these processes may emit greenhouse gases. In some
940:
to reduce the air pollution caused by the stubble/biomass burning in open fields to clear the fields for sowing next crop. Plans are made to use biomass pellets for power generation throughout the country to utilize nearly 145 million tonnes of agricultural residue to replace equal quantity of
675:
The climate impact of bioenergy varies considerably depending on where biomass feedstocks come from and how they are grown. For example, burning wood for energy releases carbon dioxide; those emissions can be significantly offset if the trees that were harvested are replaced by new trees in a
260:
to provide a uniform dough-like mass. This mass is fed to a press, where it is squeezed through a die having holes of the size required, normally 6 mm diameter, sometimes 8 mm or larger. The high pressure of the press causes the temperature of the wood to increase greatly, and the
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forms are not uncommon. It is much cheaper than similar energy-pellets and can be compacted/manufactured from the husk at the farm itself, using cheap machinery. They generally are more environment-friendly as compared to wood-pellets. In the regions of the world where
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into the air, creating a "carbon debt" that is not retired for 20â25 years and after which there is a net benefit. Others have disputed this conclusions, and scientists have pointed out oversights in the report, suggesting that climate impacts are worse than reported.
544:
High-efficiency wood pellet stoves and boilers have been developed in recent years, typically offering combustion efficiencies of over 85%. The newest generation of wood pellet boilers can work in condensing mode and therefore achieve 12% higher efficiency values.
892:(RHI) allowing non-domestic and domestic wood pellet boiler installations to receive payments over a period of between 7 and 20 years. It is the first such scheme in the world and aims to increase the amount of renewable energy generated in the UK, in line with
186:, wood pellet production more than doubled between 2006 and 2010 to over 14 million tons. In a 2012 report, the Biomass Energy Resource Center says that it expects wood pellet production in North America to double again in the next five years.
411:
and, as in Europe, are not mandatory. Still, many manufacturers comply, as warranties of US-manufactured or imported combustion equipment may not cover damage by pellets non-conformant with regulations. Prices for US pellets surged during the
462:
Wood pellets are typically stored in bulk in large silos. Pellets may self-heat, ignite and give rise to a deep-seated smoldering fire that is very difficult to extinguish. The smoldering fire produces toxic carbon monoxide and flammable
745:
of #2 Fuel Oil. This assumes that one ton of pellets produces 16,500,000 BTU and one gallon of #2 Fuel Oil produces 138,690 BTU. Thus if #2 Fuel Oil delivered costs $ 1.90/Gal, the breakeven price for pellets is $ 238.00/Ton delivered.
659:. According to the Biomass Energy Resource Center, the assumption of carbon neutrality "has shifted to a recognition that the carbon implications of biomass depend on how the fuel is harvested, from what forest types, what kinds of
954:
pellet processing plant in Nelson, utilising more than 1.2 million cubic metres of forestry residue each year to provide carbon neutral fuel for domestic use, hospitals, schools and industrial processes, including milk-processing.
304:
is about 4-4.2 kcal/kg and moisture content is typically less than 10%. The size of pellets is generally kept to be about 6 mm diameter and 25 mm length in the form of a cylinder; though larger cylinder or
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have separate but similar schemes. From Spring 2015, any biomass ownersâwhether domestic or commercialâmust buy their fuels from BSL (Biomass
Suppliers List) approved suppliers in order to receive RHI payments. The
980:
bedding. The ease of storage and transportation are additional benefits over traditional bedding. However, some species of wood, including walnut, can be toxic to horses and should never be used for bedding.
2447:
2391:
1548:
Missagia, Bruna; Guerrero, Cinthya; Narra, Satyanarayana; Sun, Yiling; Ay, Peter; Krautz, Hans
Joachim (15 December 2011). "Physicomechanical Properties of Rice Husk Pellets for Energy Generation".
2530:
2090:"Inherent hazards, poor reporting and limited learning in the solid biomass energy sector: A case study of a wheel loader igniting wood dust, leading to fatal explosion at wood pellet manufacturer"
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burners. In Italy, a large market for automatically fed pellet stoves has developed. Italy's main usage for pellets is small-scale private residential and industrial boilers for heating.
156:
conveying. Their high density permits compact storage and transport over long distance. They can be conveniently blown from a tanker to a storage bunker or silo on a customer's premises.
2706:
Magelli, Francesca; Boucher, Karl; Bi, Hsiaotao T.; Melin, Staffan; Bonoli, Alessandra (March 2009). "An environmental impact assessment of exported wood pellets from Canada to Europe".
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SelkimÀki M., Mola-Yudego, B., Röser D, Prinz R, Sikanen L. (2010). "Present and future trends in pellet markets, raw materials, and supply logistics in Sweden and
Finland".
909:
also referred to as the "cash for ash scandal", was a political scandal in Northern Ireland that centred on a failed renewable energy (wood pellet burning) incentive scheme.
507:
from the silo to the hopper, a logic controller to regulate temperature across multiple heating zones and an automated ash removal system for long-term automated operations.
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Wood pellet boilers have limited control over the rate and presence of combustion compared to liquid or gaseous-fired systems. For this reason, they are better suited for
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heating systems due to the hydronic system's greater ability to store heat. Pellet burners capable of being retrofitted to oil-burning boilers are also available.
2036:
Hedlund, Frank Huess; Hilduberg, Ăssur Jarleivson (2017). "Fatal Accidents During Marine Transport of Wood Pellets Due to Off-Gassing: Experiences from Denmark".
1707:
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Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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1600:
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The biomass pellets made from edible matter can also be used as cattle fodder by importing from far away fodder surplus places to overcome the fodder shortage.
861:, converted some of its units to pellet burners starting in 2012; by 2015 Drax had made the UK the largest recipient of exports of wood pellets from the US. In
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well-managed forest, as the new trees will absorb carbon dioxide from the air as they grow. However, the establishment and cultivation of bioenergy crops can
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amount of wood pellets is certified with DINplus, and these are the pellets of the highest quality. As a rule, the pellets of lower quality are exported.
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from pellet burning equipment are in general very low in comparison to other forms of combustion heating. A recognized problem is the emission of fine
2484:
2069:
Hedlund, Frank Huess (2021). "To sĂžfolk omkommer af kulilteforgiftning fra trĂŠpiller" [Two seamen die due to CO-poisoning from wood pellets].
639:, as well as how the impact on climate compares to the impact of using competing sources of heat. Factors in the uncertainty include the wood source,
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Pellets are extremely dense and can be produced with a low moisture content, below 10%, that allows them to be burned with a very high combustion
4033:
1948:
163:, central heating furnaces, and other heating appliances have been developed and marketed since the mid-1980s. With the surge in the price of
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2198:
1967:
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is the predominant food-crop, wheat husk can also be compacted to produce energy-pellets, with characteristics similar to rice-husk pellets.
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2131:
1804:
Mola-Yudego, B.; SelkimÀki M. & Gonzålez-Olabarria J. R. (2013). "Spatial analysis of the wood pellet production for energy in Europe".
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1314:"Massachusetts Biomass Sustainability and Carbon Policy Study: Report to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources"
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Pellets conforming to the European standards norms which contain recycled wood or outside contaminants are considered Class B pellets.
4038:
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988:, rice husk pellets are being produced for animal bedding. They have a high absorption rate which makes them ideal for the purpose.
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emissions from production and transport as well as from final combustion, and what time scale is appropriate for the consideration.
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is concerned that if large-scale use of wood energy is instituted, the supply of raw materials for construction and manufacturing (
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Lippke, . et al. 2011. Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns.
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When small amounts of water are added to wood pellets, they expand and revert to sawdust. This makes them suitable to use as a
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3569:
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1313:
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869:, pellets are used in large-scale power plants, medium-scale district heating systems, and small-scale residential heat. In
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The cost of the pellets can be affected by the building cycle leading to fluctuations in the supply of sawdust and offcuts.
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1604:
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148:. Their regular geometry and small size allow automatic feeding with very fine calibration. They can be fed to a burner by
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Because of the possible severe consequences of poisoning, stall bedding for horses should never contain black walnut wood.
3693:
2982:
691:, cultivation, and processing can result in higher overall carbon emissions for bioenergy compared to using fossil fuels.
1400:
2132:"Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires: Static electricity may cause silo explosion"
1714:
1485:"Don't let grass grow under your feet -- burn it as economical, environmentally friendly biofuel, Cornell expert urges"
681:
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Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children
2972:"Development and promotion of a transparent European Pellets Market Creation of a European real-time Pellets Atlas"
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481:
There are three general types of pellet heating appliances: free standing pellet stoves, pellet stove inserts and
4439:
3155:"NTPC's Co-Firing Of Agricultural Residues Based Fuel Could Be The Game Changer In The World Of Power Generation"
322:
3514:
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A report in 2010 concluded that burning biomass such as wood pellets or wood chips releases a large amount of CO
137:
content, and dimensions. They can be used as fuels for power generation, commercial or residential heating, and
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4906:
1999:
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emissions of older pellet stoves and boilers can be problematic in close quarters, especially in comparison to
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of 2007â2008, but later dropped markedly and are generally lower on a price per energy amount basis than most
1993:
Gauthier, Saskia; Grass, Hildegard; Lory, Martin; KrÀmer, Thomas; Thali, Michael; Bartsch, Christine (2012).
1750:
1748:
701:
2914:
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2448:"Review of the Manomet Biomass Sustainability and Carbon Policy Study. Report for the Clean Air Task Force"
396:-coated panels and the like are particularly unsuitable for use in pellets, since they may produce noxious
17:
3645:
3092:
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2416:
2392:"Buyer's guide to pellet- and wood-burning stoves The pros, cons and costs vs. natural gas, oil, and coal"
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delivered can be compared to the cost of Bulk Delivered Wood Fuel Pellets using their BTU equivalent: 1
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In 2019, India started co-firing biomass pellets in coal fired power stations around its capital city
4830:
4427:
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3819:
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2531:"Biomass Can Only Offer Major Emission Reductions if Best Practices Are Followed, New UK Report Says"
1995:"Lethal carbon monoxide poisoning in wood pellet storeroomsâtwo cases and a review of the literature"
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during storage. Fatal accidents have taken place in private storerooms and onboard marine vessels.
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1971:
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A pellet stove insert is a stove that is inserted into an existing masonry or prefabricated wood
489:
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Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; et al. (2019).
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3333:"Environmental Implications of Increased Reliance of the EU on Biomass from the South East US"
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74:
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Telmo, C.; Lousada, J. (July 2011). "Heating values of wood pellets from different species".
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326:
2804:"The EPA Declared That Burning Wood Is Carbon Neutral. It's Actually a Lot More Complicated"
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Office of Energy and Planning release on Fuel Prices updated on 5 Oct 2015, the cost of #2
337:, published in 2009, concluded that the energy consumed to ship Canadian wood pellets from
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292:-growing from the fields. It also has similar characteristics to the wood-pellets and more
265:
plasticizes slightly, forming a natural "glue" that holds the pellet together as it cools.
8:
4678:
4141:
857:, pellets are used mainly in large-scale power plants. The UK's largest power plant, the
606:
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regulatory review process, with final new rules issued for comment on June 24, 2014. The
3635:
3485:(2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.).
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Francesca Magellia; Karl Boucherb; Hsiaotao T. Bib; Staffan Melinc; Alessandra Bonolia.
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and other non-woody forms of biomass that do not contain lignin. A 2005 news story from
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implications of biomass began to appear which refuted the simplistic assumption of its
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Pellets are produced by compressing the wood material which has first passed through a
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Johnson, Eric (2009). "Goodbye to carbon neutral: Getting biomass footprints right".
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2018:
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3177:"New Bioenergy options for New Zealand â an evaluation of wood pellet opportunities"
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2008:
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1680:"An environmental impact assessment of exported wood pellets from Canada to Europe"
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901:
500:
58:
54:
50:
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3133:"Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers"
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2641:"Should we get our electricity by burning trees? Presentation at Williams College"
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Rice-husk fuel-pellets are made by compacting rice-husk obtained as by-product of
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there are plans to bring several new pellet mills online in the US in 2008â2009.
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of exported wood pellets by the Department of Chemical and Mineral Engineering,
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2522:
1880:"Revision of New Source Performance Standards for New Residential Wood Heaters"
1858:"Revision of New Source Performance Standards for New Residential Wood Heaters"
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are the most common type of pellet fuel and are generally made from compacted
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allow one to heat one's home using pellets in existing stoves or fireplaces.
482:
404:
397:
382:
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2013:
1994:
1601:"Rice Husk Pellets for Fuel, Fuel, Alternative Energy | DHgate Factory"
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3718:
3174:
3032:"UK's renewable energy targets drive increases in U.S. wood pellet exports"
2022:
1510:"Grass pellet heating system intended to provide new cash crop for farmers"
885:, pellets are used mostly for small-scale residential and industrial heat.
583:
476:
440:
will be the independent certification agency for the new pellet standards.
421:
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and uncontrolled variations in the burning characteristics of the pellets.
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are applied, and how biomass is used over time and across the landscape."
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3112:"Maine Energy Systems finalizes deal with Austrian pellet-boiler company"
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1619:"Rice Husk Pellets - NATURAL RESOURCES - Industrial Fuel - Agricultural"
1345:"Wood Pellet Central-Heating Solution for Homeowners and Small Industry"
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to the air, especially in urban areas that have a high concentration of
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62:
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2743:"Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems"
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with similar comfort level as oil and gas boilers became available in
455:
When handled, wood pellets give off fine dust which can cause serious
357:
Pellets conforming to the norms commonly used in Europe (DIN 51731 or
4703:
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3233:"Bioenergy bigwigs banking on future of sustainable fuel with Azwood"
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342:
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94:
3453:"Confluence Energy acquires Rocky Mountain Pellet Company in Walden"
3282:"Fonterra's Brightwater site burns wood biomass to reduce emissions"
3258:"Azwood lighting eco-friendly fire in the energy industry | REDnews"
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3208:"Norske Skog to invest in its wood pellets facility in New Zealand"
3175:
Nielsen, S; George A. Estcourt; Carolyn J. Hodgson (October 2004).
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Usage across Europe varies due to government regulations. In the
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378:
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349:), is about 14% of the total energy content of the wood pellets.
217:
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114:
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82:
53:. Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of
4170:
2922:
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can control particulates when properly maintained and operated.
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systems or coal or oil heating systems in close proximity. This
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announced as a demonstration project conversion of an oil-fired
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882:
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30:
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101:. Other industrial waste sources include empty fruit bunches,
4825:
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4537:
4355:
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4240:
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3814:
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1323:. Brunswick, Maine.: Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences
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878:
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635:
or electricity by burning wood pellets contributes to global
587:
538:
361:
M-7135) have less than 10% water content, and are uniform in
330:
311:
297:
269:
3671:
3308:"PFI conference: Continued growth expected in pellet market"
4260:
4201:
3896:
3866:
3482:
3405:"Fodder pellets out of paddy straw to tackle burning issue"
1949:"Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters"
425:
289:
232:
118:
90:
3046:"Forest Fuels Secures Biomass Suppliers List Registration"
684:, and consume water resources and synthetic fertilisers.
4615:
3876:
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3586:
3034:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. April 22, 2015.
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738:
534:
1547:
1312:
Cardellichio, P.; et al. (2010). Walker, T. (ed.).
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2843:
2740:
1992:
1824:
774:
179:, and a sizable industry is emerging. According to the
3052:. RuralEnergyNews.co.uk. June 30, 2014. Archived from
2828:
2734:
2705:
2038:
Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy
627:
Bioenergy § Carbon neutrality for forest biomass
121:
and were developed to be used in existing coal-fired
3527:
Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives
2840:
1394:"Global Wood Pellet Industry Market and Trade Study"
1015:
448:
Wood pellets can emit large quantities of poisonous
109:
shells, and tree tops and branches discarded during
2867:
2087:
1832:"Advancement of pellets-related European standards"
1427:"2012 VT Wood Chip & Pellet Heating Conference"
533:content of wood pellets is approximately 4.7 â 5.2
2218:"Get More Heat from Your Fireplace and Wood Stove"
252:A pellet truck being filled at a plant in Germany.
113:operations. So-called "black pellets" are made of
2351:2012 VT Wood Chip & Pellet Heating Conference
392:such as particle board, treated or painted wood,
4930:
3370:"Laminitis Caused by Black Walnut Wood Residues"
2035:
188:
27:Solid fuel made from compressed organic material
4034:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2088:Hedlund, F. H.; Astad, J.; Nichols, J. (2014).
1902:"Revised NSPS for New Residential Wood Heaters"
888:The UK has initiated a grant scheme called the
516:
432:new rules initiated in 2009 have completed the
4186:
3687:
1385:
1339:
1337:
1321:Natural Capital Initiative Report NCI-2010-03
333:and the Clean Energy Research Centre, at the
3305:
2296:
2270:"Pellet Fuel Quality, Delivery, and Storage"
2261:
1872:
1789:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1311:
2417:"BERC at 10 Years & 2011 Annual Report"
1267:
1265:
1263:
1223:Wood Pellets from PKS & Coconut Shell.
4193:
4179:
3694:
3680:
3558:Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options
3299:
3004:
3002:
2638:
2557:
2555:
2285:PFI min std is 8000 BTU/lb => 5.2 MWh/t
1968:"PFI Standards Program Major Developments"
1334:
963:tons in 2012, but forests grew even more.
555:
4039:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
3093:"The Industrial Pellet Market in Germany"
2528:
2411:
2409:
2386:
2384:
2012:
1347:. MY WOOD PELLET SOLUTION. Archived from
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1271:
1225:"Wood Pellets from PKS and Coconut Shell"
1176:"About the Densified Biomass Fuel Report"
616:
470:
285:to grass pellets at a research facility.
2748:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2441:
2439:
2437:
1970:. Pellet Fuels Institute. Archived from
1834:. WIP Renewable Energies. Archived from
1757:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1458:. University of Illinois. Archived from
1260:
920:As early as 1997 a fully automatic wood
520:
467:gases that can lead to silo explosions.
247:
29:
2999:
2699:
2561:
2552:
2445:
2267:
2215:
2129:
2068:
1122:. BIOMASS Energy Centre. Archived from
623:Biomass (energy) § Climate impacts
85:and related industrial wastes from the
14:
4931:
3555:
3450:
3367:
3109:
3099:. German Biofuel Portal. 3 March 2016.
2834:
2691:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2564:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
2514:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2406:
2381:
2165:
1737:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1391:
1292:
4174:
3675:
3521:
3517:from the original on 26 January 2017.
3426:"Introducing pellet as animal fodder"
2849:
2801:
2434:
2240:"Fuel prices per kWh (excluding VAT)"
2199:"Wood Pellet Central Heating Systems"
2130:Hedlund, Frank Huess (January 2018).
1850:
1424:
1004:Wood pellets are also used to absorb
4901:
4107:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
3481:
2944:"North America's Wood Pellet Sector"
2873:
1272:Alakangas, Eija (18 November 2009).
1204:. Biofuel Resource. 18 December 2012
1202:"Use EFB Pellet as Renewable Energy"
631:There is uncertainty to what degree
4913:
3375:. Purdue University. Archived from
3306:Retka Schill, Sue (July 31, 2013).
3085:
3067:
1919:
949:The total sales of wood pellets in
941:imported coal in power generation.
714:) will be significantly curtailed.
352:
125:. Pellets are categorized by their
24:
3616:from the original on 13 June 2021.
1965:
1450:
1392:Cocchi, Maurizio (December 2011).
1371:"Biography of Dr. Jerry Whitfield"
749:
438:American Lumber Standard Committee
25:
4955:
4200:
3621:
3182:. Forest Research. Archived from
3075:"Main pellet consumers in Europe"
3010:"Main pellet consumers in Europe"
2816:from the original on 30 June 2021
2783:from the original on 17 July 2021
2529:McDermott, Matthew (2009-04-14).
2268:Sherman, Adam (16 January 2012).
2216:Donegan, Fran J. (6 March 2002).
1246:"Pretty weird and awfully clever"
695:
601:), though on large installations
541:(~7450 BTU/lb), 14.4-20.3 MJ/kg.
4912:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4155:
4154:
3628:
2422:. Biomass Energy Resource Center
2364:"Okofen condesing pellet boiler"
2275:. Biomass Energy Resource Center
1432:. Biomass Energy Resource Center
1032:
1018:
1008:when drilling oil or gas wells.
991:
971:
957:
907:Renewable Heat Incentive scandal
667:This section is an excerpt from
407:are different, developed by the
4440:Oriented structural straw board
3451:Tulley, Reid (March 19, 2013).
3444:
3418:
3397:
3368:Hooser, Stephen B. (Jan 2005).
3361:
3325:
3274:
3250:
3225:
3200:
3168:
3147:
3125:
3103:
3081:. Fordaq S.A. 3 September 2013.
3038:
3024:
2964:
2936:
2907:
2889:
2879:
2795:
2654:
2632:
2611:
2590:
2476:
2394:. Consumer Reports. August 2009
2356:
2325:
2290:
2232:
2209:
2191:
2123:
2081:
2062:
2029:
1986:
1959:
1941:
1894:
1797:
1700:
1671:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1593:
1568:
1541:
1531:
1502:
1477:
1444:
1418:
1363:
488:Pellet stoves work like modern
323:environmental impact assessment
2862:World Health Organization 2016
2802:Daley, Jason (24 April 2018).
2728:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.016
2319:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.043
2159:10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.11.009
2117:10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.039
2000:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1238:
1216:
1194:
1168:
1138:
1112:
1090:
944:
669:Sustainable energy § Bioenergy
335:University of British Columbia
13:
1:
3701:
3455:. Sky-Hi News. Archived from
2897:"Wood Pellet Fuel Production"
1399:. IEA Task 40. Archived from
1083:
999:
966:
702:Sustainable forest management
243:
3657:European Biomass Association
1818:10.1016/j.renene.2013.08.034
760:EU pellet use (tons) in 2013
517:Energy output and efficiency
7:
4137:Issues relating to biofuels
4127:Energy return on investment
3110:Turkel, Tux (7 July 2012).
2648:Sustainability.williams.edu
1274:"European pellet standards"
1011:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
778:
678:displace natural ecosystems
603:electrostatic precipitators
296:, as the raw material is a
181:International Energy Agency
167:since 2005, the demand for
117:, refined to resemble hard
10:
4960:
4831:Non-timber forest products
4455:Structural insulated panel
3556:Tester, Jefferson (2012).
3493:Cambridge University Press
3475:
2979:Liverpoolwoodpellets.co.uk
2761:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005
2584:10.1016/j.eiar.2008.11.002
2244:Biomassenergycentre.org.uk
1777:10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.009
699:
666:
620:
576:volatile organic compounds
474:
443:
89:of lumber, manufacture of
4886:
4778:
4712:
4659:
4566:
4518:
4475:
4369:
4208:
4150:
4112:Energy content of biofuel
4094:
4026:
3942:
3833:
3709:
3588:World Health Organization
2173:"All About Pellet Stoves"
754:
611:baghouse particle filters
268:Pellets can be made from
4796:Destructive distillation
4086:Thermal depolymerization
4059:Industrial biotechnology
3012:. IHB. September 2, 2013
1929:. Pellet Fuels Institute
931:
890:Renewable Heat Incentive
345:(15,500 km via the
4816:Green building and wood
4054:FischerâTropsch process
4044:Biomass heating systems
1927:"PFI Standards Program"
1040:Renewable energy portal
717:
556:Air pollution emissions
4460:Woodâplastic composite
4386:Glued laminated timber
4381:Cross-laminated timber
3662:Pellet Fuels Institute
2333:"The Case for Pellets"
1248:. News from Vattenfall
708:wood products industry
687:cases, the impacts of
617:Climate change aspects
526:
471:Pellet stove operation
409:Pellet Fuels Institute
403:Standards used in the
253:
35:
4533:Corrugated fiberboard
4435:Oriented strand board
2708:Biomass and Bioenergy
2299:Biomass and Bioenergy
2139:Biomass and Bioenergy
2097:Biomass and Bioenergy
2014:10.1093/annhyg/mes047
700:Further information:
621:Further information:
524:
327:University of Bologna
251:
67:agricultural residues
49:made from compressed
33:
4918:WikiProject Forestry
3056:on December 29, 2014
2915:"The Bradley Burner"
2809:Smithsonian Magazine
1860:. US EPA. 2011-10-26
1576:"Wheat bran pellets"
1146:"Organic Energy Ltd"
1120:"Sources of biomass"
294:environment-friendly
4679:Ramial chipped wood
4142:Sustainable biofuel
3135:. 21 September 2017
2720:2009BmBe...33..434M
2639:Moomaw, W. (2011).
2576:2009EIARv..29..165J
2311:2011BmBe...35.2634T
2151:2018BmBe..108..113H
2109:2014BmBe...66..450H
1769:2010RSERv..14.3068S
1453:"Pelleting Process"
1150:Organicenergy.co.uk
762:
607:cyclonic separators
4596:Cellulosic ethanol
3531:Praeger Publishing
3432:on 30 January 2019
3349:on 10 January 2019
3288:. 20 November 2018
1974:on 13 January 2012
1550:Energy & Fuels
1351:on 23 January 2012
1182:. October 17, 2018
1100:. Alternate Energy
1058:Biomass briquettes
1006:contaminated water
859:Drax power station
759:
580:particulate matter
560:Emissions such as
527:
525:Wood-pellet heater
390:Recycled materials
274:Cornell University
254:
36:
4926:
4925:
4861:Wood preservation
4806:Engineered bamboo
4626:Pyroligneous acid
4168:
4167:
4081:Sabatier reaction
3606:978-92-4-156523-3
3571:978-0-262-01747-3
3540:978-1-4408-5324-1
3502:978-1-107-05821-7
3262:www.westpac.co.nz
3239:. 7 November 2016
3214:. 5 December 2018
2919:Bradleyburner.com
2626:Futuremetrics.net
2605:Futuremetrics.net
2340:Biomasscenter.org
2179:. 7 December 2012
2055:978-953-51-2937-0
1838:on April 26, 2012
1562:10.1021/ef201271b
1556:(12): 5786â5790.
1425:Frederick, Paul.
1280:on 8 October 2016
1156:on 3 January 2017
843:
842:
741:pellets = 118.97
661:forest management
657:carbon neutrality
241:
240:
193:Fuels for heating
171:has increased in
159:A broad range of
61:and co-products,
16:(Redirected from
4951:
4916:
4915:
4904:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4851:Timber recycling
4846:Reclaimed lumber
4836:Natural building
4801:Dry distillation
4755:Split-rail fence
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4157:
4002:Pongamia pinnata
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3632:
3631:
3617:
3615:
3598:
3583:
3552:
3518:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3428:. Archived from
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3342:. Archived from
3337:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3312:Biomass Magazine
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
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3220:
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3181:
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3064:
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3036:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2981:. Archived from
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2921:. Archived from
2911:
2905:
2904:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2832:
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2823:
2821:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2667:. Archived from
2666:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2537:. Archived from
2526:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2490:. Archived from
2489:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:on 6 August 2016
2463:
2457:. Archived from
2452:
2446:Booth M (2010).
2443:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2305:(7): 2634â2639.
2294:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:. This Old House
2213:
2207:
2206:
2201:. Archived from
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2177:Thisoldhouse.com
2169:
2163:
2162:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1806:Renewable Energy
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1763:(9): 3068â3075.
1752:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1713:. Archived from
1712:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:Forgreenheat.org
1684:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1646:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1621:. Archived from
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:. Archived from
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1516:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1487:. Archived from
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:on 25 April 2012
1405:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:. Archived from
1269:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1152:. Archived from
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1098:"Biomass Energy"
1094:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1022:
902:Northern Ireland
763:
758:
501:fireplace insert
353:Pellet standards
189:
75:untreated lumber
59:industrial waste
51:organic material
45:) are a type of
21:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4882:
4866:Wood processing
4774:
4708:
4655:
4562:
4514:
4471:
4401:parallel strand
4372:
4365:
4213:
4204:
4199:
4169:
4164:
4146:
4122:Energy forestry
4090:
4022:
3984:Jatropha curcas
3945:
3938:
3846:Camelina sativa
3836:
3829:
3705:
3700:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3633:
3629:
3624:
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3607:
3596:
3572:
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3503:
3478:
3473:
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3462:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3383:
3382:on 14 June 2010
3379:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3212:www.lesprom.com
3206:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3173:
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3091:
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3086:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3059:
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3043:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2989:
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2974:
2970:
2969:
2965:
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2942:
2941:
2937:
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2926:
2913:
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2894:
2890:
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2872:
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2860:
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2841:
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2829:
2819:
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2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2739:
2735:
2704:
2700:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:"Archived copy"
2660:
2659:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2619:"FutureMetrics"
2617:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2598:"FutureMetrics"
2596:
2595:
2591:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:"Archived copy"
2483:
2481:
2477:
2467:
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2461:
2450:
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2435:
2425:
2423:
2419:
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2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2103:(66): 450â459.
2092:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2034:
2030:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:Jacobs, Scott.
1964:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1906:Regulations.gov
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1802:
1798:
1782:
1781:
1753:
1746:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:"Archived copy"
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:on 8 July 2012.
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1465:on 18 July 2010
1462:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1373:. 27 March 2014
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1126:on 11 June 2016
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1002:
994:
974:
969:
960:
947:
934:
761:
757:
752:
750:Usage by region
720:
704:
698:
693:
692:
689:land-use change
672:
649:
629:
619:
591:
572:
565:
558:
519:
499:, similar to a
479:
473:
457:dust explosions
450:carbon monoxide
446:
355:
246:
237:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4957:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4898:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Certified wood
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4765:Timber framing
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Sawdust brandy
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:Sandalwood oil
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Particle board
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3973:Chinese tallow
3970:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3820:Water hyacinth
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:Biomass Energy
3664:
3659:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:External links
3620:
3619:
3618:
3605:
3584:
3570:
3553:
3539:
3519:
3501:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3459:on 4 June 2016
3443:
3417:
3396:
3360:
3324:
3298:
3273:
3249:
3224:
3199:
3167:
3146:
3124:
3102:
3084:
3066:
3037:
3023:
2998:
2963:
2935:
2906:
2888:
2878:
2876:, p. 616.
2866:
2854:
2852:, p. 162.
2839:
2837:, p. 512.
2827:
2794:
2733:
2714:(3): 434â441.
2698:
2653:
2631:
2610:
2589:
2570:(3): 165â168.
2551:
2535:Treehugger.com
2521:
2475:
2433:
2405:
2380:
2355:
2324:
2289:
2260:
2231:
2208:
2205:on 2015-02-17.
2190:
2164:
2122:
2080:
2061:
2054:
2028:
2007:(7): 755â763.
1985:
1958:
1940:
1918:
1893:
1871:
1849:
1823:
1796:
1744:
1699:
1670:
1660:
1635:
1610:
1592:
1567:
1540:
1530:
1514:Trurodaily.com
1501:
1476:
1443:
1417:
1384:
1362:
1333:
1291:
1259:
1237:
1215:
1193:
1167:
1137:
1111:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:Renewable heat
1050:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1013:
1010:
1001:
998:
993:
990:
973:
970:
968:
965:
959:
956:
946:
943:
933:
930:
922:pellet boilers
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
756:
753:
751:
748:
719:
716:
697:
696:Sustainability
694:
673:
665:
647:
641:carbon dioxide
637:climate change
618:
615:
597:(or renewable
589:
584:pellet heating
570:
563:
557:
554:
518:
515:
511:Pellet baskets
483:pellet boilers
475:Main article:
472:
469:
445:
442:
394:melamine resin
375:Central Europe
354:
351:
302:energy content
245:
242:
239:
238:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
199:
196:
195:
169:pellet heating
152:feeding or by
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4956:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:List of woods
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Billet (wood)
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Hemicellulose
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Railroad ties
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:Wood products
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Food vs. fuel
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3774:vegetable oil
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3189:on 2008-10-14
3185:
3178:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3128:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2988:on 2015-06-27
2984:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2952:
2951:Fpl.fs.fed.us
2945:
2939:
2925:on 2018-04-13
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2864:, p. 73.
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2674:on 2011-08-20
2670:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2541:on 2009-05-19
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2497:on 2011-11-10
2493:
2486:
2479:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2271:
2264:
2250:on 2013-12-03
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2073:(in Danish).
2072:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:10.5772/66334
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1720:on 2014-02-22
1716:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1650:on 2012-03-27
1649:
1645:
1639:
1625:on 2012-03-20
1624:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1520:on 2016-03-04
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1491:on 2012-08-19
1490:
1486:
1480:
1461:
1454:
1451:Fuller, Ron.
1447:
1428:
1421:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1279:
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4346:Timber truss
4266:Log building
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422:fossil fuels
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347:Panama Canal
317:A report by
316:
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165:fossil fuels
158:
143:
123:power plants
99:construction
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71:energy crops
42:
39:Pellet fuels
38:
37:
34:Wood pellets
18:Wood pellets
4871:Woodworking
4856:Wood drying
4841:Papermaking
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4567:Derivatives
4505:Pellet fuel
4246:Flitch beam
4117:Energy crop
4064:Pellet fuel
4049:Biorefinery
4013:Switchgrass
3857:Coconut oil
3835:Energy from
3769:Cooking oil
3754:Biogasoline
3729:Babassu oil
3646:Pellet fuel
3050:OilFired Up
2835:Tester 2012
2755:: 250â263.
2145:: 113â119.
2077:(8): 21â25.
1933:21 December
1842:11 December
1644:"Rice husk"
1377:16 February
1355:30 December
1284:16 February
1208:16 February
1186:October 23,
1160:25 November
1130:16 February
1104:16 February
1063:Pellet mill
951:New Zealand
945:New Zealand
847:Netherlands
805:Netherlands
633:making heat
595:natural gas
414:fossil fuel
385:countries.
367:Scandinavia
279:Nova Scotia
258:hammer mill
223:Natural gas
208:Wood pellet
203:Heating oil
103:palm kernel
4933:Categories
4713:Historical
4694:Wood flour
4543:Paperboard
4413:Fiberboard
4371:Engineered
4231:Bressummer
4027:Technology
4008:Salicornia
3991:Miscanthus
3914:Sugar beet
3786:cellulosic
3759:Bioliquids
3739:Biobutanol
3463:4 February
3436:29 January
3410:24 January
3386:20 October
3353:10 January
3340:Aebiom.org
3292:2019-09-15
3267:2019-09-15
3243:2019-09-15
3218:2019-09-15
3193:2008-10-17
3160:25 January
3060:2014-12-28
2992:2015-06-26
2956:10 January
2929:2011-12-03
2901:Nef.org.uk
2850:Smil 2017a
2787:7 February
2678:2011-08-20
2545:2009-05-16
2501:2011-08-20
2468:10 January
2426:23 January
2398:8 December
2373:10 January
2345:23 January
2279:23 January
2254:2008-10-20
2224:29 October
2183:10 January
2071:Dansk Kemi
1911:11 October
1886:2 February
1724:2014-02-17
1692:10 January
1654:2012-03-10
1629:2012-03-10
1585:10 January
1580:Tis-gdv.de
1524:2013-01-18
1495:2015-06-14
1469:8 December
1436:23 January
1327:2014-03-14
1230:13 January
1084:References
1048:Solid fuel
1000:Absorbents
967:Other uses
853:, and the
839:1 320 000
829:1 600 000
819:1 650 000
809:2 000 000
799:2 500 000
789:3 300 000
779:4 540 000
381:, and the
244:Production
146:efficiency
63:food waste
47:solid fuel
4944:Bioenergy
4939:Wood fuel
4735:Clapboard
4704:Woodchips
4699:Wood wool
4579:Cellulose
4574:Birch-tar
4528:Cardboard
4510:Wood fuel
4418:hardboard
4321:Reclaimed
4286:Panelling
4276:Log house
4271:Log cabin
4102:Agflation
3995:giganteus
3924:Sunflower
3919:Sugarcane
3837:foodstock
3744:Biodiesel
3703:Bioenergy
3580:892554374
3562:MIT Press
3549:955778608
3525:(2017a).
3511:892580682
2874:IPCC 2014
2777:117472901
2769:1364-0321
1978:2 January
1864:2 January
1812:: 76â83.
1068:Woodchips
497:fireplace
465:pyrolysis
418:inflation
398:emissions
343:Stockholm
339:Vancouver
307:briquette
154:pneumatic
95:furniture
4896:Category
4877:Yakisugi
4811:Forestry
4779:See also
4720:Axe ties
4689:Tall oil
4669:Barkdust
4651:Wood gas
4631:Pine tar
4621:Methanol
4553:Pulpwood
4500:Firewood
4483:Charcoal
4476:Fuelwood
4423:Masonite
4351:Treenail
4251:Flooring
4160:Category
4095:Concepts
3978:Duckweed
3967:Camelina
3944:Non-food
3892:Rapeseed
3882:Palm oil
3825:Wood gas
3798:Methanol
3791:mixtures
3711:Biofuels
3611:Archived
3590:(2016).
3515:Archived
3117:31 March
2814:Archived
2781:Archived
2687:cite web
2510:cite web
2023:22879445
1882:. US EPA
1733:cite web
1180:U.S. EIA
1012:See also
986:Thailand
898:Scotland
766:Country
735:fuel oil
729:Per the
550:hydronic
490:furnaces
213:Kerosene
131:moisture
105:shells,
4907:Commons
4786:Biomass
4760:Tanbark
4684:Sawdust
4495:Firelog
4488:biochar
4450:Plywood
4408:I-joist
4326:Shingle
4281:Molding
3909:Soybean
3903:Sorghum
3852:Cassava
3781:Ethanol
3764:Biomass
3734:Bagasse
3719:Alcohol
3636:Scholia
3476:Sources
2716:Bibcode
2572:Bibcode
2455:Catf.us
2307:Bibcode
2147:Bibcode
2105:Bibcode
1953:Epa.gov
1765:Bibcode
1078:Biochar
1073:Firelog
926:Austria
875:Austria
871:Germany
863:Denmark
851:Belgium
835:Belgium
825:Germany
795:Denmark
769:Amount
444:Hazards
379:Austria
371:Finland
363:density
218:Propane
184:Task 40
139:cooking
115:biomass
111:logging
107:coconut
87:milling
83:sawdust
55:biomass
43:pellets
4745:Potash
4646:Tannin
4606:Lignin
4520:Fibers
4465:lumber
4391:veneer
4331:Siding
4311:Rafter
4306:Purlin
4221:Batten
4214:timber
4210:Lumber
3955:Arundo
3887:Potato
3803:Stover
3749:Biogas
3638:has a
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1252:1 June
883:France
881:, and
867:Sweden
815:Sweden
755:Europe
743:gallon
712:lumber
625:, and
599:biogas
531:energy
416:price
383:Baltic
359:Ă-Norm
319:CORRIM
300:. The
283:boiler
263:lignin
173:Europe
97:, and
73:, and
4826:Mulch
4636:Pitch
4558:Rayon
4538:Paper
4356:Truss
4296:Plate
4291:Plank
4256:Joist
4241:Cruck
4074:stove
3929:Wheat
3872:Maize
3862:Grape
3815:Straw
3724:Algae
3640:topic
3614:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3373:(PDF)
3347:(PDF)
3336:(PDF)
3286:Stuff
3237:Stuff
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3180:(PDF)
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2975:(PDF)
2947:(PDF)
2773:S2CID
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1317:(PDF)
978:horse
938:Delhi
932:India
879:Italy
785:Italy
609:, or
539:tonne
331:Italy
312:wheat
270:grass
150:auger
4601:Dyes
4584:nano
4548:Pulp
4373:wood
4341:Stud
4336:Sill
4301:Post
4261:Lath
4226:Beam
4069:mill
4018:Wood
3897:Rice
3867:Hemp
3808:corn
3601:ISBN
3576:OCLC
3566:ISBN
3545:OCLC
3535:ISBN
3507:OCLC
3497:ISBN
3483:IPCC
3465:2015
3438:2019
3412:2019
3388:2012
3355:2019
3319:2013
3162:2019
3141:2017
3119:2014
3018:2013
2958:2019
2822:2021
2789:2021
2765:ISSN
2693:link
2516:link
2470:2019
2428:2012
2400:2011
2375:2019
2347:2012
2281:2012
2226:2012
2185:2019
2050:ISBN
2019:PMID
1980:2012
1935:2014
1913:2014
1888:2014
1866:2012
1844:2011
1791:link
1739:link
1694:2019
1587:2019
1471:2011
1438:2012
1412:2012
1379:2015
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1286:2015
1254:2015
1232:2013
1210:2015
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1132:2015
1106:2015
900:and
865:and
718:Cost
706:The
574:and
529:The
426:coal
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228:Wood
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4236:CLS
3934:Yam
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3097:GBP
3079:IHB
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2009:doi
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