271:
1410:
928:. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws, and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve. With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of
1344:). These types of tools were specifically made to catch the eye of many different craftsman who traveled to do their work. To these workers these types of tools were revolutionary because they were one tool or one device that could do several different things. With this new revolution of tools, the traveling craftsman would not have to carry so many tools with them to job sites, in that their space would be limited to the vehicle or to the beast of burden they were driving. Multi-use tools solve the problem of having to deal with many different tools.
37:
7772:
3571:
1275:
who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task, such as a carpenter who does not necessarily work in a shop all day and needs to do jobs in a customer's house. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design", or "multi-purpose", and substitution as makeshift. Substitution "by-design" would be tools that are designed specifically to accomplish multiple tasks using only that one tool.
7796:
1292:
7784:
3588:
3441:
1444:, is considered relatively common, though its full extent remains poorly documented, as many primates in the wild are mainly only observed distantly or briefly when in their natural environments and living without human influence. Some novel tool-use by primates may arise in a localized or isolated manner within certain unique
364:, since their teeth were not sharp enough to pierce many animals' skins. "Man the hunter" as the catalyst for Hominin change has been questioned. Based on marks on the bones at archaeological sites, it is now more evident that pre-humans were scavenging off of other predators' carcasses rather than killing their own food.
1287:
by incorporating a specially-shaped handle, that allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge, and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers". Nearly all tools can be used to
217:
The external employment of an unattached or manipulable attached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself, when the user holds and directly manipulates the tool during or prior to use and is responsible for
1274:
Often, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a makeshift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers
1591:
which support systematic or investigative thought are often referred to as "tools", for example
Vanessa Dye refers to "tools of reflection" and "tools to help sharpen your professional practice" for trainee teachers, illustrating the connection between physical and conceptual tools by quoting the
1278:
Substitution is "makeshift" when human ingenuity comes into play and a tool is used for an unintended purpose, such as using a long screwdriver to separate a cars control arm from a ball joint, instead of using a tuning fork. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely
923:
Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners, such as machine screws, bolts, and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery, interchangeability of parts, and standardization of threaded fasteners. The
919:
made wooden framing, and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the
Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames
1308:
would be considered the substitution "by-design", or "multi-purpose". This class of tools allows the use of one tool that has at least two different capabilities. "Multi-purpose" tools are basically multiple tools in one device/tool. Tools such as this are often power tools that come with many
1631:
A telephone is a communication tool that interfaces between two people engaged in conversation at one level. It also interfaces between each user and the communication network at another level. It is in the domain of media and communications technology that a counter-intuitive aspect of our
1240:
There is some debate on whether to consider protective gear items as tools, because they do not directly help perform work, just protect the worker like ordinary clothing. They do meet the general definition of tools and in many cases are necessary for the completion of the work.
340:
Up until recently, weapons found in digs were the only tools of "early man" that were studied and given importance. Now, more tools are recognized as culturally and historically relevant. As well as hunting, other activities required tools such as preparing food, "...nutting,
2056:
McPherron, Shannon P.; Zeresenay
Alemseged; Curtis W. Marean; Jonathan G. Wynn; Denne Reed; Denis Geraads; Rene Bobe; Hamdallah A. Bearat (2010). "Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia".
1236:
Some tools may be combinations of other tools. An alarm-clock is for example a combination of a measuring tool (the clock) and a perception tool (the alarm). This enables the alarm-clock to be a tool that falls outside of all the categories mentioned above.
1636:
famously said, "We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us". One set of scholars expanded on this to say: "Humans create inspiring and empowering technologies but also are influenced, augmented, manipulated, and even imprisoned by technology".
1378:, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about the definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered true examples of tool use. Observation has confirmed that
1299:
Tools are often used to substitute for many mechanical apparatuses, especially in older mechanical devices. In many cases a cheap tool could be used to occupy the place of a missing mechanical part. A window roller in a car could be replaced with
1481:
are known to create tools using their trunks and feet, mainly for swatting flies, scratching, plugging up waterholes that they have dug (to close them up again so the water does not evaporate), and reaching food that is out of reach. Many other
1339:
in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle. This would also be the category of "multi-purpose" tools, since they are also multiple tools in one (multi-use and multi-purpose can be used interchangeably – compare
1304:. A transmission shifter or ignition switch would be able to be replaced with a screwdriver. Again, these would be considered tools that are being used for their unintended purposes, substitution as makeshift. Tools such as a
1764:
2380:
Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006). "Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and
Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East".
1431:
are well known for using tools for hunting or gathering food and water, cover for rain, and self-defense. Chimpanzees have often been the object of study in regard to their usage of tools, most famously by
248:
An object that has been modified to fit a purpose ... An inanimate object that one uses or modifies in some way to cause a change in the environment, thereby facilitating one's achievement of a target
329:
with stone implements. This finding pushes back the earliest known use of stone tools among hominins to about 3.4 million years ago. Finds of actual tools date back at least 2.6 million years in
1947:
312:
species. These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable materials such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools.
287:
1571:
use tools to hunt and crack open shellfish, extract food that is out of reach, or clear an area for nesting. Among cephalopods (and perhaps uniquely or to an extent unobserved among
2402:
The Genius of
Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010
1560:
may use tools to wedge nuts so that they can crack open the outer shell of nuts without launching away the inner contents. Some birds take advantage of human activity, such as
2125:
3326:
Dye, V. (2011) "Reflection, Reflection, Reflection. I’m thinking all the time, why do I need a theory or model of reflection?", in McGregor, D. and
Cartwright, L. (eds.)
1748:
1880:
1612:
process "developed to help women and their partners make confident and informed decisions when planning where to give birth" is described as a "Birth Choice tool":
2176:
1552:, build complex nests utilizing a diverse array of objects and materials, many of which are specifically chosen by certain birds for their unique qualities.
1540:
are among the only animals that create their own tools. They mainly manufacture probes out of twigs and wood (and sometimes metal wire) to catch or impale
3017:
2906:
4992:
3339:
2866:
3631:
5389:
5130:
4726:
2726:
237:
The use of physical objects other than the animal's own body or appendages as a means to extend the physical influence realized by the animal.
5345:
4854:
1997:
1358:
Tool use by animals is a phenomenon in which an animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water,
5498:
3356:
2617:
2528:
2450:
5177:
4628:
1579:
are known to use tools relatively frequently, such as gathering coconut shells to create a shelter or using rocks to create barriers.
1327:
represents one of the earliest examples. Other tools have a primary purpose but also incorporate other functionality – for example,
3473:
3530:
3540:
191:
in the 19th and 20th centuries allowed tools to operate with minimal human supervision, further increasing the productivity of
1060:
than the material being cut or the blade will become dulled with repeated use. But even resilient tools will require periodic
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2255:
2209:
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function as a hammer, even though few tools are intentionally designed for it and even fewer work as well as the original.
3505:
2745:
From the
American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
210:
While a common-sense understanding of the meaning of tool is widespread, several formal definitions have been proposed.
3303:
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1758:
1226:
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2315:
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deliver a fluid to a surface via compression to activate the ink cartridge. Grabbing and twisting nuts and bolts with
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or in the early centuries of recorded history, but archaeological evidence can provide dates of development and use.
6356:
4962:
4849:
270:
7585:
5491:
5374:
4765:
3803:
3617:
3230:"Big brains, slow development and social complexity:The development and evolutionary origins of social cognition"
970:
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2748:
2898:
1309:
different attachments like a rotary tool does, so one could say that a power drill is a "multi-purpose" tool.
308:, it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two
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have been observed using tools, often to trap or break open the shells of prey, as well as for scratching.
1409:
1064:, which is the process of removing deformation wear from the edge. Other examples of cutting tools include
88:
to modify features of the surrounding environment or help them accomplish a particular task. Although many
3671:
3343:
1449:
7609:
3948:
799:
6606:
2960:
5484:
5250:
5051:
2436:
889:
321:
352:; by inventing tools, they were able to accomplish tasks that human bodies could not, such as using a
7743:
7602:
7543:
6725:
5056:
4871:
3545:
1908:
1902:
760:
827:(704–681 BC) claims to have invented automatic sluices and to have been the first to use water
7738:
7592:
7568:
7533:
7426:
5841:
5245:
4337:
3882:
4409:
4404:
3035:
7461:
7443:
7408:
7376:
7264:
7202:
7098:
6376:
6346:
5804:
5362:
5272:
4444:
4211:
4030:
3963:
3695:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3459:
2386:
1436:; these animals are closely related to humans. Wild tool-use in other primates, especially among
213:
In 1981, Benjamin Beck published a widely used definition of tool use. This has been modified to:
202:
that support systematic or investigative thought are often referred to as "tools" or "toolkits".
2146:
1323:
A multi-tool is a hand tool that incorporates several tools into a single, portable device; the
7526:
7493:
7384:
6265:
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5324:
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4809:
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3596:
3535:
3525:
3445:
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1092:
816:
764:
3229:
3018:"What are the best accessories and attachments to enhance the functionality of a power drill?"
2597:
2487:
2121:
1943:
775:, invented in what is now Iraq during the 5th millennium BC. This led to the invention of the
7787:
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2109:
1933:
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908:
315:
Stone artifacts date back to about 2.5 million years ago. However, a 2010 study suggests the
265:
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24:
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1080:
819:, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the
348:
Tools are the most important items that the ancient humans used to climb to the top of the
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291:
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8:
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2247:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
1537:
1379:
1371:
1353:
1328:
1178:
980:
831:, of up to 30 tons weight, which were cast using two-part clay molds rather than by the '
89:
2942:
2599:
Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures
2070:
1852:
183:, allowed increasingly complex tools to produce an even larger range of items, with the
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5201:
5014:
4196:
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3076:
Shumaker, Robert W.; Kristina R., Walkup; Beck, Benjamin; Burghardt, Gordon M. (2011).
2740:
2720:
2090:
1872:
1817:
1671:
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940:
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is made with stone arches and lined with waterproof concrete. The earliest evidence of
345:, grain harvesting and woodworking..." Included in this group are "flake stone tools".
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with tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make
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The tool encourages women to consider out-of-hospital settings where appropriate,
1609:
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81:
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marking an inflection point in the use of tools. The introduction of widespread
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Tools that enact chemical changes, including temperature and ignition, such as
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108:
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3203:
3146:
2943:"Different Types of Cutting Tools & Their Uses [Names & PDF]"
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61:
57:
40:
Carpentry tools recovered from the wreck of a 16th-century sailing ship, the
3850:
2851:
1448:, being transmitted and practiced among socially connected primates through
304:. Because tools are used extensively by both humans (Homo sapiens) and wild
36:
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297:
164:
53:
49:
5277:
3381:
Culkin, John (March 18, 1967). "A Schoolman's Guide to
Marshall McLuhan".
3183:
3126:
2692:
2478:
Ancient
Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
2338:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
2291:
2245:
2199:
1985:
1747:
Shumaker, Robert W.; Walkup, Kristina R.; Beck, Benjamin B. (2 May 2011).
1600:
we must change when they have served their purpose, as we change a blunt
1331:
incorporate a gripper and cutter and are often used as a hammer; and some
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relationships with our tools first began to gain popular recognition.
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41:
28:
3182:
Sanz, Crickette Marie; Call, Josep; Boesch, Cristophe, eds. (2013).
2809:
1544:. Tool use in some birds may be best exemplified in nest intricacy.
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4117:
1478:
1428:
1391:
1341:
1332:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1057:
893:
698:
447:
441:
334:
330:
152:
132:
2576:
Stronger than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel
1548:
manufacture 'pouches' to make their nests in. Some birds, such as
19:
This article is about the object. For the American rock band, see
7396:
6853:
6769:
6764:
6665:
6638:
6596:
6574:
6302:
6144:
6082:
6043:
6003:
5935:
5920:
5764:
5608:
5571:
5155:
4947:
4893:
4839:
4661:
4467:
4377:
4231:
4132:
4090:
3953:
3872:
3825:
3813:
3451:
3079:
Animal tool behavior: the use and manufacture of tools by animals
2899:"Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?"
2108:
Sahnouni, Mohamed; Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael (2013-07-04).
1750:
Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals
1704:
Animal tool behavior: the use and manufacture of tools by animals
1588:
1576:
1557:
1503:
1487:
1486:
particularly have been observed engaging in tool-use. A group of
1474:
1441:
1422:
1254:
1142:
1127:
1123:, etc. likewise move items by applying torque (rotational force).
1045:
1029:
990:
884:
with the systematic employment of new energy sources, especially
784:
731:
676:
654:
503:
467:
461:
435:
429:
418:
388:
316:
199:
148:
144:
124:
85:
3235:
International review of industrial and organizational psychology
3075:
2799:
2766:
391:) 2.5 million years ago (scrapers; to butcher dead animals)
7718:
7690:
7471:
7076:
6979:
6942:
6611:
6562:
6366:
6287:
6240:
6171:
6161:
5947:
5880:
5826:
5696:
5663:
5651:
5646:
5625:
5586:
5223:
4760:
4738:
4591:
4527:
4472:
3862:
3840:
3808:
3782:
3440:
2871:
1564:
in Japan, which drop nuts in front of cars to crack them open.
1517:
1502:
will use rocks or other hard objects to dislodge food (such as
1467:
1463:
1414:
1383:
1301:
1199:
1192:
1150:
1120:
1116:
1100:
1084:
1056:
along a narrow face. Ideally, the edge of the tool needs to be
1041:
1037:
985:
859:
809:
752:
632:
621:
599:
577:
128:
65:
45:
3328:
Developing Reflective Practice: A guide for beginning teachers
2867:"Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles - Forbes.com"
2017:
1624:
to describe a set of processes applicable to improving global
333:. One of the earliest distinguishable stone tool forms is the
7269:
7222:
7167:
7006:
6991:
6908:
6633:
6621:
6591:
6579:
6351:
6215:
6210:
6188:
6129:
6122:
5964:
5851:
5809:
5718:
5656:
5641:
5581:
5289:
5009:
4743:
4697:
4559:
4414:
4362:
3938:
3904:
1541:
1533:
1399:
1375:
1246:
1174:
1170:
1138:
1104:
1076:
1033:
858:
before 350 BC, in the regions of Mesopotamia (Iraq) and
780:
748:
687:
588:
561:
485:
353:
180:
140:
93:
69:
1556:
insert twigs into trees in order to catch or impale larvae.
1017:
expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.
6984:
6920:
6792:
6670:
6455:
6383:
6339:
6247:
6230:
6100:
6008:
5875:
5821:
5769:
5752:
5728:
5596:
5576:
5235:
5196:
4676:
4532:
4462:
4382:
4254:
3767:
1568:
1521:
1025:
One can classify tools according to their basic functions:
665:
643:
497:
423:
406:
300:
believe that the use of tools was an important step in the
176:
120:
116:
112:
3395:
2812:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
911:. Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen—
7316:
7237:
7217:
7212:
7103:
6824:
6799:
5858:
5774:
5747:
5668:
4547:
4313:
4271:
1900:
1437:
1387:
1049:
924:
demand for metal parts led to the development of several
812:
date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC.
394:
309:
3000:"What to Use Instead of a Hammer: A Comprehensive Guide"
2011:
1786:
Finn, Julian K.; Tregenza, Tom; Norman, Mark D. (2009).
3398:"We Shape Our Tools, and Thereafter Our Tools Shape Us"
3238:. Robertson, Ivan T. John Wiley and Sons. p. 113.
2367:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
779:
in Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium BC. The
771:. The wheel and axle mechanism first appeared with the
367:
876:
devices experienced a major expansion in their use in
403:
stone technology 1.6 million years ago (hand axe)
104:, have been observed using tools to make other tools.
3340:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
3228:
Bjorklund, David F.; Bering, Jesse M. (5 June 1997).
2804:
Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1837:"Tool-making and tool-using in the northern blue jay"
1374:. Originally thought to be a skill possessed only by
2829:
2694:
The Industrial Revolution: a very short introduction
2379:
2197:
1137:
Guiding, measuring and perception tools include the
1083:. Examples of force-concentrating tools include the
167:
made additional types of tools possible. Harnessing
5506:
3221:
2833:
Houses of glass: a nineteenth-century building type
2107:
3128:Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are?
2510:
2399:
2019:
1788:"Defensive tool use in a coconut-carrying octopus"
1785:
1746:
1107:concentrates force on an object being hammered by
3346:, published March 2016, accessed 11 February 2023
2794:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
2018:Jones, S.; Martin, R.; Pilbeam, D., eds. (1994).
1221:Information and data manipulation tools, such as
1075:Moving tools move large and tiny items. Many are
907:occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the
218:the proper and effective orientation of the tool.
7815:
3131:(1st ed.). New York: Norton & Company.
1968:Whiten, David J.; Whiten, Phyllis (April 2009).
1938:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
3227:
2517:. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58.
1532:) are well known for their large brains (among
1091:which moves a stake. These operate by applying
226:An object carried or maintained for future use.
3181:
2733:
2469:
2467:
2198:Hollister-Short, Graham; James, Frank (2016).
1828:
222:Other, briefer definitions have been proposed:
5492:
3625:
3467:
3357:"The ILO Industrial Relations Global Toolkit"
2961:"The Dos And Don'ts Of Using A Torque Wrench"
2836:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
2830:Kohlmaier, Georg; von Santory, Barna (1990).
2639:"Waterwheel | History, Types & Uses"
2550:The Mystery of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2022:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
1052:, are wedge-shaped implements that produce a
107:Early human tools, made of such materials as
2979:"Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Safety"
2514:Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels
1967:
3330:, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, p. 217
3284:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
2464:
2400:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010).
1620:and the idea of a "toolkit" is used by the
854:in the 4th century BC, specifically in the
5499:
5485:
3639:
3632:
3618:
3474:
3460:
3185:Tool use in animals: cognition and ecology
2725:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2542:
2364:
1901:Tom L. Beauchamp; R.G. Frey, eds. (2011).
1834:
409:creation and manipulation, used since the
131:, and the working of materials to produce
3413:
3188:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2739:
2026:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1970:"Why Are Things Shaped the Way They Are?"
1803:
564:used for construction in the Middle East
2289:
1408:
1290:
285:
269:
35:
2994:
2992:
2781:
2428:
2122:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.013.0022
1944:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49387
1740:
1498:to protect their beaks while foraging.
1347:
823:period (911–609 BC). The Assyrian King
791:machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia
7816:
5520:
3380:
3322:
3320:
3082:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: JHU Press.
2928:"Great Gouges: the Essential Tool Kit"
2864:
2511:Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000).
2473:
2335:
2164:
1931:
1279:known. For example, many wood-cutting
7630:
7364:
5519:
5480:
4803:
4442:
3708:
3613:
3455:
3396:Hurme, Pertti; Jouhki, Jukka (2017).
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3120:
3118:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2604:Springer Science & Business Media
2595:
2504:
2406:Springer Science & Business Media
2243:
1925:
1582:
1099:, the force is rotational and called
866:constituted perhaps the first use of
7631:
4804:
3587:
3277:
3124:
2989:
2660:
1904:The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics
1700:
1510:. Many or most mammals of the order
1269:
368:Timeline of ancient tool development
16:Object can be used to achieve a goal
3317:
3252:from the original on 6 January 2017
2787:
2474:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
2336:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
2296:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2173:"Man's early hunting role in doubt"
1907:. Oxford University Press. p.
1835:Jones, T. B.; Kamil, A. C. (1973).
1767:from the original on 29 August 2022
1452:. Many famous researchers, such as
935:Examples of machine tools include:
119:, were used for the preparation of
13:
3481:
3264:
3164:
3115:
3054:
2791:English and American Tool Builders
2679:
2649:
2565:, Chicago University Press, (1935)
2250:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer.
2170:
2147:"Rethinking Concepts and Theories"
1312:
14:
7840:
7598:Social construction of technology
4756:Megalithic architectural elements
3433:
3344:The Birth Choice tool from Which?
2940:
2896:
2204:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
2179:from the original on 12 June 2015
1622:International Labour Organization
1398:. Now the unique relationship of
1380:a number of species can use tools
1111:it from moving away when struck.
1095:to a surface. In the case of the
888:. Their use expanded through the
231:Finn, Tregenza, and Norman, 2009.
147:, along with the construction of
7794:
7782:
7771:
7770:
7365:
4443:
3586:
3570:
3569:
3439:
2663:A Short History of Machine Tools
2563:Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan
899:
835:' process. The Jerwan Aqueduct (
787:water-lifting device, the first
278:over 10,000 years old, found in
84:that can extend an individual's
7783:
7586:Timeline of historic inventions
5375:Evolutionary origin of religion
3389:
3374:
3349:
3333:
3306:from the original on 2022-08-29
3281:Encyclopedia of animal behavior
3210:from the original on 2022-08-29
3153:from the original on 2022-08-29
3104:from the original on 2022-08-29
3028:
3010:
2971:
2953:
2934:
2920:
2909:from the original on 2021-02-24
2890:
2858:
2823:
2631:
2620:from the original on 2022-04-09
2589:
2568:
2555:
2552:, Oxford University Press(2013)
2531:from the original on 2020-01-04
2453:from the original on 2020-01-03
2422:
2393:
2373:
2358:
2329:
2318:from the original on 2022-08-29
2283:
2272:from the original on 2022-08-29
2237:
2226:from the original on 2022-08-29
2201:History of Technology Volume 12
2191:
2139:
2128:from the original on 2022-07-30
2101:
2000:from the original on 2022-07-30
1950:from the original on 2022-07-30
1883:from the original on 2022-05-10
1729:from the original on 2022-08-29
862:(Iran). This pioneering use of
2749:Johns Hopkins University Press
2049:
1961:
1894:
1779:
1707:. New York: Garland STPM Pub.
1694:
1604:that we have used long enough.
1:
4988:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
4518:British megalith architecture
2432:The Technology of Mesopotamia
1974:Teaching Children Mathematics
1861:10.1126/science.180.4090.1076
1687:
1243:Personal protective equipment
836:
802:
792:
723:
712:
701:
690:
679:
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
565:
557: 9th millennium BC
553:
546: 9th millennium BC
542:
531:
518:
506:
205:
4983:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
4523:Nordic megalith architecture
3415:10.17011/ht/urn.201711104209
3232:. In Cooper, Cary L. (ed.).
3036:"The History of Multi-Tools"
2865:Whelan, David (2012-10-25).
2788:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916).
2290:Headrick, Daniel R. (2009).
2244:Selin, Helaine, ed. (2008).
1662:List of timber framing tools
1657:Human factors and ergonomics
1032:and edge tools, such as the
7:
7610:Technology acceptance model
2293:Technology: a world history
1640:
1264:
915:built water and windmills,
808:. The earliest evidence of
800:ancient Egyptian technology
739:Several of the six classic
734:first few centuries AD
450:possibly 170,000 years ago.
325:ate meat by carving animal
10:
7845:
5131:British Isles and Brittany
5052:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3125:Waal, F. B. M. de (2016).
2941:M, Saif (April 12, 2023).
2437:The Rosen Publishing Group
1701:Beck, Benjamin B. (1980).
1351:
1316:
1087:which moves a nail or the
476:, 70,000–60,000 years ago.
322:Australopithecus afarensis
263:
259:
18:
7765:
7744:Technological convergence
7709:
7641:
7637:
7626:
7603:Technological determinism
7559:
7544:Technological singularity
7512:
7454:
7417:
7375:
7371:
7360:
7193:
7032:
6894:
6778:
6686:
6553:
6436:
6256:
6091:
6024:
5889:
5795:
5679:
5530:
5526:
5515:
5333:
5146:
4973:
4820:
4816:
4799:
4685:
4649:
4498:
4455:
4451:
4438:
4245:
4076:
4049:
3974:
3900:
3891:
3796:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3647:
3565:
3490:
2691:Allen, Robert C. (2017).
1932:Miller, Terry E. (2001).
1805:10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.052
1198:Fastening tools, such as
7739:Research and development
7569:Diffusion of innovations
7534:Technological utopianism
7427:Environmental technology
3531:Machine and metalworking
2561:T Jacobsen and S Lloyd,
2429:Faiella, Graham (2006).
1477:, both wild and captive
1462:, mentioned tool-use in
1020:
372:Many tools were made in
90:animals use simple tools
7462:Government by algorithm
7444:Sustainable engineering
7409:Precautionary principle
7203:Artificial intelligence
5363:Evolutionary musicology
4766:Oldest extant buildings
4693:Archaeological features
4212:Prepared-core technique
3541:Measuring and alignment
2747:. Baltimore, Maryland:
2596:Selin, Helaine (2013).
2387:University of Groningen
2114:Oxford Handbooks Online
2110:"The African Acheulean"
1245:includes such items as
1183:Shaping tools, such as
522: 23,000 years ago
64:, possible handle of a
7527:Technology forecasting
7494:Strategy of Technology
7385:Appropriate technology
6266:Agricultural machinery
5325:Unchambered long cairn
5173:Mound Builders culture
4506:Neolithic architecture
3641:Prehistoric technology
1618:
1606:
1425:
1296:
1079:which give the user a
462:100,000 years ago
397:, 2 million years ago.
294:
283:
257:
245:
234:
220:
73:
23:. For other uses, see
7499:Technology assessment
7484:Persuasive technology
7467:Intellectual property
7455:Policy & politics
6071:Interchangeable parts
5000:List of Stone Age art
4202:Microblade technology
4150:Langdale axe industry
3748:Ard / plough
3278:Choe, Jae C. (2019).
3006:. September 19, 2023.
2661:Rolt, L.T.C. (1965).
1986:10.5951/tcm.15.8.0464
1667:Scientific instrument
1614:
1598:
1412:
1394:, several birds, and
1294:
930:interchangeable parts
909:Industrial Revolution
892:with the addition of
535: 15,000 BC
510: 25,000 BC
419:1.5 Million years ago
289:
273:
266:History of technology
246:
242:Jones and Kamil, 1973
235:
224:
215:
185:Industrial Revolution
163:. The development of
127:, the manufacture of
102:hundreds of millennia
39:
25:Tool (disambiguation)
7829:Industrial equipment
7749:Technology lifecycle
7539:Technocracy movement
7297:Programming language
6970:Particle accelerator
6844:Laboratory glassware
5510:and related concepts
5407:Prehistoric medicine
5402:Prehistoric counting
5385:Prehistoric religion
5380:Paleolithic religion
5358:Behavioral modernity
4715:Causewayed enclosure
4607:Abri de la Madeleine
3731:Neolithic Revolution
3506:Cutting and abrasive
3448:at Wikimedia Commons
2930:. September 4, 2017.
2175:. Newscientist.com.
2151:Gendered Innovations
1538:New Caledonian crows
1348:Use by other animals
1093:physical compression
1081:mechanical advantage
920:became more common.
482:, 60,000 – 50,000 BC
444:, 200,000 years ago.
438:, 400,000 years ago.
432:, 500,000 years ago.
426:, 900,000 years ago.
302:evolution of mankind
292:upholstery regulator
7574:Technology transfer
7265:Client–server model
6716:CRISPR gene editing
6711:Genetic engineering
6298:Internal combustion
5446:Prehistoric warfare
4192:Magdalenian culture
4155:Levallois technique
4086:Earliest toolmaking
3383:The Saturday Review
2741:Hounshell, David A.
2574:Terry S. Reynolds,
2365:D.T. Potts (2012).
2079:10.1038/nature09248
2071:2010Natur.466..857M
1853:1973Sci...180.1076J
1847:(4090): 1076–1078.
1798:(23): R1069–R1070.
1567:Several species of
1354:Tool use by animals
981:Shear (sheet metal)
840: 688 BC)
767:) were invented in
672: 1500 BC
661: 2000 BC
650: 2500 BC
639: 2500 BC
617: 3500 BC
606: 4000 BC
595: 4000 BC
584: 4000 BC
569: 6000 BC
500:, 40,000 years ago.
494:, 43,000 years ago.
488:, 43,000 years ago.
470:, 90,000 years ago.
7439:Sustainable design
7173:Integrated circuit
6997:Telecommunications
6953:Optical instrument
6049:Injection moulding
5736:Musical instrument
5521:Major technologies
5397:Origin of language
5390:Spiritual drug use
5300:Rectangular dolmen
5202:Dartmoor kistvaens
5015:Carved stone balls
4727:Circular enclosure
4686:Other architecture
4629:Alp pile dwellings
4217:Solutrean industry
4128:Gravettian culture
3778:Secondary products
3024:. August 20, 2023.
3022:PowerTools.reviews
2947:The Engineers Post
2897:Arabe, Katrina C.
2578:, JHU Press, 2002
1672:Tool and die maker
1583:Non-material usage
1554:Woodpecker finches
1459:The Descent of Man
1426:
1297:
1295:Bicycle multi-tool
1113:Writing implements
1103:. By contrast, an
727: 300 BC
716: 400 BC
705: 400 BC
694: 500 BC
683: 800 BC
295:
284:
74:
44:. From the top, a
7811:
7810:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7734:Mature technology
7622:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7322:Graphics software
6701:Blood transfusion
6362:Epicyclic gearing
6194:Archimedes' screw
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5419:Prehistoric music
5368:music archaeology
5025:Cup and ring mark
4850:Clothing/textiles
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4237:Yubetsu technique
4222:Striking platform
4187:Lithic technology
4072:
4071:
4057:Game drive system
3976:Projectile points
3868:Mortar and pestle
3607:
3606:
3444:Media related to
3291:978-0-12-813252-4
3245:978-0-471-96111-6
3195:978-1-107-33647-6
3138:978-0-393-24619-3
3089:978-1-4214-0128-7
2967:. April 27, 2023.
2903:www.thomasnet.com
2818:978-0-917914-73-7
2758:978-0-8018-2975-8
2704:978-0-19-178545-0
2303:978-0-19-971366-0
2257:978-1-4020-4425-0
2211:978-1-350-01858-7
2033:978-0-521-32370-3
1592:French scientist
1506:) and break open
1450:cultural learning
1270:Tool substitution
1007:Grinding machines
941:Broaching machine
868:mechanical energy
852:ancient Near East
850:date back to the
458:Homo floresiensis
7836:
7798:
7786:
7785:
7774:
7773:
7639:
7638:
7632:Related concepts
7628:
7627:
7432:Clean technology
7373:
7372:
7362:
7361:
7327:Operating system
6933:Magnetic storage
6896:Electromagnetism
6526:Air conditioning
6475:Geothermal power
6221:Block and tackle
6167:Four-bar linkage
6054:Lost-wax casting
5931:Horseback riding
5528:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5478:
5477:
5434:Divje Babe flute
5341:Archaeoastronomy
5084:Petrosomatoglyph
4818:
4817:
4801:
4800:
4650:Water management
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4343:Denticulate tool
4165:Lithic reduction
3898:
3897:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3590:
3589:
3573:
3572:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3443:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3402:Human Technology
3393:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3179:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3073:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3042:. 11 August 2016
3032:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2875:. Archived from
2862:
2856:
2855:
2827:
2821:
2803:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2658:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2481:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2065:(7308): 857–60.
2053:
2047:
2037:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1918:978-0195-3719-63
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1807:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1698:
1626:labour relations
1536:) and tool use.
1446:primate cultures
1329:lineman's pliers
1325:Swiss Army knife
1001:Stewart platform
841:
838:
807:
804:
797:
794:
783:was used in the
728:
725:
717:
714:
706:
703:
695:
692:
684:
681:
673:
670:
662:
659:
651:
648:
640:
637:
629:
626:
618:
615:
607:
604:
596:
593:
585:
582:
570:
567:
558:
555:
547:
544:
536:
533:
523:
520:
511:
508:
385:stone technology
255:
243:
232:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7806:
7753:
7705:
7643:Applied science
7633:
7614:
7555:
7522:Futures studies
7508:
7450:
7413:
7367:
7348:
7189:
7062:Electrical grid
7052:Circuit breaker
7028:
6890:
6774:
6738:Medical imaging
6721:Genetic testing
6682:
6549:
6432:
6320:Heavy equipment
6281:Washing machine
6252:
6177:Rack and pinion
6087:
6061:Mass production
6020:
5885:
5791:
5675:
5522:
5511:
5505:
5475:
5462:
5329:
5315:Stone box grave
5285:Megalithic tomb
5190:Cotswold-Severn
5142:
5047:Guardian stones
4975:Prehistoric art
4969:
4812:
4787:
4776:Timber trackway
4681:
4645:
4641:Wattle and daub
4494:
4473:Standing stones
4447:
4426:
4241:
4068:
4045:
3970:
3887:
3797:Food processing
3792:
3741:New World crops
3713:
3700:
3643:
3638:
3608:
3603:
3561:
3560:
3486:
3480:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3394:
3390:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3276:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3180:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3123:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3074:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2985:. July 5, 2018.
2977:
2976:
2972:
2965:My Auto Machine
2959:
2958:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2863:
2859:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2786:
2782:
2759:
2738:
2734:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2689:
2680:
2673:
2659:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2606:. p. 282.
2594:
2590:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:. p. 416.
2398:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2106:
2102:
2054:
2050:
2034:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1833:
1829:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1643:
1610:decision-making
1585:
1356:
1350:
1321:
1315:
1313:Multi-use tools
1272:
1267:
1204:soldering irons
1023:
1011:
976:Milling machine
956:Hobbing machine
902:
839:
805:
795:
777:wheeled vehicle
741:simple machines
737:
726:
715:
704:
693:
682:
671:
660:
649:
638:
627:
616:
611:Writing systems
605:
594:
583:
568:
556:
545:
534:
521:
509:
370:
298:Anthropologists
280:Les Combarelles
268:
262:
256:
253:
244:
241:
233:
230:
208:
96:, whose use of
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7842:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7792:
7780:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7635:
7634:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7565:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7518:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7489:Science policy
7486:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7423:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7390:Low technology
7381:
7379:
7369:
7368:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7342:Word processor
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7290:World Wide Web
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7185:Superconductor
7182:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7089:Electric light
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7038:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6994:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6985:Motion picture
6982:
6972:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6938:Microwave oven
6935:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6864:Chromatography
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6784:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6676:Spinning wheel
6673:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6480:Heat exchanger
6477:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6463:Energy storage
6460:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6293:Electric motor
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6268:
6262:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6236:Potter's wheel
6233:
6228:
6223:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6093:Simple machine
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5801:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5780:Printing press
5777:
5772:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:Sewing machine
5557:
5556:
5555:
5553:Working animal
5550:
5545:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:Alligator drum
5416:
5415:
5414:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5351:lunar calendar
5348:
5337:
5335:
5334:Other cultural
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5138:Venus figurine
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Megalithic art
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5022:
5020:Cave paintings
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4822:Material goods
4814:
4813:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4538:Cliff dwelling
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Fire hardening
4120:
4115:
4113:Clovis culture
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4036:Manis Mastodon
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:throwing stick
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Types of tools
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3434:External links
3432:
3429:
3428:
3388:
3373:
3348:
3332:
3316:
3290:
3263:
3244:
3220:
3194:
3163:
3137:
3114:
3088:
3053:
3027:
3009:
2988:
2970:
2952:
2933:
2919:
2889:
2857:
2842:
2822:
2780:
2757:
2732:
2703:
2678:
2671:
2648:
2630:
2612:
2588:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2523:
2503:
2496:
2463:
2445:
2439:. p. 27.
2421:
2414:
2392:
2383:Palaeohistoria
2372:
2369:. p. 285.
2357:
2350:
2328:
2302:
2282:
2256:
2236:
2210:
2190:
2163:
2138:
2100:
2048:
2032:
2010:
1980:(8): 464–472.
1960:
1924:
1917:
1893:
1827:
1778:
1760:978-0801898532
1759:
1739:
1713:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:John M. Culkin
1594:Claude Bernaud
1587:By extension,
1584:
1581:
1484:social mammals
1454:Charles Darwin
1421:"fishing" for
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1335:incorporate a
1317:Main article:
1314:
1311:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1251:safety glasses
1234:
1233:
1219:
1196:
1181:
1135:
1124:
1073:
1054:shearing force
1022:
1019:
1015:nanotechnology
1010:
1009:
1004:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Screw machines
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
901:
898:
878:Ancient Greece
856:Persian Empire
806: 2000 BC
798:, and then in
796: 3000 BC
773:potter's wheel
757:inclined plane
745:wheel and axle
736:
735:
729:
718:
707:
696:
685:
674:
663:
652:
641:
630:
628: 3200 BC
619:
608:
597:
586:
571:
559:
548:
540:Sling (weapon)
537:
525:
512:
501:
495:
489:
483:
480:Sewing needles
477:
474:Bow and arrows
471:
465:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
413:, possibly by
404:
398:
392:
378:
369:
366:
343:leatherworking
264:Main article:
261:
258:
251:
239:
228:
207:
204:
198:By extension,
169:energy sources
161:transportation
157:infrastructure
60:, handle of a
56:, handle of a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7841:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7625:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7549:Transhumanism
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7514:Progressivism
7511:
7505:
7504:Technorealism
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7419:Ecotechnology
7416:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7363:
7359:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7163:Semiconductor
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Lightning rod
7146:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7126:Circuit board
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:Optical fiber
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:Electromagnet
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6837:Haber process
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:Birth control
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6688:Biotechnology
6685:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6659:Vulcanization
6657:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:Nanomaterials
6627:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:Chipped stone
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6543:Photovoltaics
6541:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6521:Refrigeration
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:Assembly line
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6026:Manufacturing
6023:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Space station
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Motor vehicle
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Fortification
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Domestication
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Simple dolmen
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Passage grave
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5241:Gallery grave
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5156:Burial mounds
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Statue menhir
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5104:Stone carving
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:Sewing needle
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Timber circle
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4720:Tor enclosure
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4708:fulacht fiadh
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
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3944:spear-thrower
3942:
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3922:Bow and arrow
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3831:Grinding slab
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3763:Domestication
3761:
3759:
3758:Digging stick
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Founder crops
3734:
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3707:
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3678:
3677:New Stone Age
3675:
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3023:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3004:toolstale.com
3001:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:SafetyCulture
2980:
2974:
2966:
2962:
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2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2879:on 2012-10-25
2878:
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2868:
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2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:0-262-61070-1
2839:
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2683:
2674:
2672:9780262180139
2668:
2665:. MIT Press.
2664:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2619:
2615:
2613:9789401714167
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2584:0-8018-7248-0
2581:
2577:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2524:0-8225-2994-7
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2497:9781575060422
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2446:9781404205604
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2415:9789048190911
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2389:: 10–28 (11).
2388:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:9781575060422
2347:
2343:
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2240:
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2217:
2213:
2207:
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2194:
2178:
2174:
2171:Holmes, Bob.
2167:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2119:
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2111:
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2052:
2045:
2044:0-521-46786-1
2041:
2035:
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2014:
1999:
1995:
1991:
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1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:. JHU Press.
1752:
1751:
1743:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1714:0-8240-7168-9
1710:
1706:
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1613:
1611:
1608:Similarly, a
1605:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:invertebrates
1570:
1565:
1563:
1562:carrion crows
1559:
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1419:San Diego Zoo
1416:
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1397:
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1364:communication
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1255:ear defenders
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1125:
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1119:, a glove, a
1118:
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1039:
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1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1013:Advocates of
1008:
1005:
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999:
997:
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992:
989:
987:
984:
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979:
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974:
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949:
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938:
936:
933:
931:
927:
926:machine tools
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Machine tools
900:Machine tools
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
869:
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579:
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560:
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549:
541:
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528:Domestication
526:
516:
515:Fishing hooks
513:
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496:
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478:
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87:
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71:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
7800:
7788:
7776:
7661:Construction
7656:Architecture
7477:Trade secret
7366:Perspectives
7285:Social media
7280:Peer-to-peer
7158:Oscilloscope
7099:Incandescent
7002:Mobile phone
6914:Optical disc
6881:Spectrometer
6869:Distillation
6644:Rammed earth
6531:Refrigerator
6509:Oil drilling
6357:Differential
6111:Ball bearing
6076:Machine tool
5871:Stonemasonry
5797:Construction
5714:Lock and key
5709:Cryptography
5632:
5604:Food storage
5251:wedge-shaped
5236:Funeral pyre
5229:Great dolmen
5185:Chamber tomb
5166:Round barrow
5121:Stone circle
4993:Blombos Cave
4921:Grooved ware
4845:Chalcolithic
4749:Thornborough
4667:Flush toilet
4602:Blombos Cave
4597:Rock shelter
4553:Quiggly hole
4445:Architecture
4420:illustration
4062:Buffalo jump
3883:Storage pits
3846:Aşıklı Höyük
3836:Ground stone
3672:Subdivisions
3591:
3574:
3483:
3419:. Retrieved
3405:
3401:
3391:
3382:
3376:
3365:. Retrieved
3363:. 2022-05-06
3360:
3351:
3335:
3327:
3308:. Retrieved
3280:
3254:. Retrieved
3234:
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3184:
3155:. Retrieved
3127:
3106:. Retrieved
3078:
3044:. Retrieved
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2936:
2922:
2911:. Retrieved
2902:
2892:
2881:. Retrieved
2877:the original
2870:
2860:
2832:
2825:
2790:
2783:
2744:
2735:
2693:
2662:
2642:
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2598:
2591:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2477:
2455:. Retrieved
2431:
2424:
2401:
2395:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2337:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2292:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2246:
2239:
2228:. Retrieved
2200:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2113:
2103:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2021:
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1977:
1973:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1935:Sam, Sam-Ang
1934:
1927:
1903:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1844:
1840:
1830:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1749:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1703:
1696:
1682:ToolBank USA
1677:Tool library
1647:Antique tool
1630:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1586:
1566:
1550:weaver birds
1516:
1473:Among other
1472:
1457:
1456:in his book
1434:Jane Goodall
1427:
1403:
1372:construction
1357:
1322:
1298:
1283:integrate a
1277:
1273:
1239:
1235:
1231:spreadsheets
1155:straightedge
1108:
1024:
1012:
934:
922:
903:
882:Ancient Rome
872:
844:water wheels
821:Neo-Assyrian
814:
738:
530:of animals,
492:Fishing nets
417:as early as
415:Homo erectus
371:
347:
339:
320:
314:
296:
282:cave, France
274:Prehistoric
254:Hauser, 2000
247:
236:
225:
221:
216:
212:
209:
197:
173:animal power
165:metalworking
106:
94:human beings
77:
75:
33:
7666:Engineering
7402:Neo-Luddism
7337:Web browser
7332:Spreadsheet
7253:Touchscreen
7228:Motherboard
7141:Vacuum tube
7116:Electronics
7094:Fluorescent
7082:Transformer
7034:Electricity
6975:Photography
6617:Ironworking
6538:Solar power
6409:Vacuum pump
6377:Whippletree
6034:3D printing
5847:Scaffolding
5692:Calculation
5538:Agriculture
5531:Necessities
5273:unchambered
5268:Long barrow
5258:Grave goods
5214:Court cairn
5209:Clava cairn
5161:Bowl barrow
5099:Rock cupule
5042:Golden hats
5035:Hill figure
4936:Unstan ware
4916:Cord-marked
4781:Sweet Track
4703:Burnt mound
4624:Stilt house
4612:Sibudu Cave
4405:Tally stick
4373:Quern-stone
4358:Hammerstone
4348:Fire plough
4319:Pesse canoe
4277:Bannerstone
4247:Other tools
4160:Lithic core
4108:Aurignacian
3996:Bare Island
3878:Quern-stone
3556:Woodworking
3361:www.ilo.org
2484:Eisenbrauns
2342:Eisenbrauns
2183:12 November
2046:(paperback)
1546:Tailorbirds
1496:sea sponges
1362:, defense,
1306:rotary tool
1132:blowtorches
1097:screwdriver
951:Gear shaper
946:Drill press
913:millwrights
886:waterwheels
864:water power
829:screw pumps
825:Sennacherib
769:Mesopotamia
574:Agriculture
460:, possibly
454:Stone tools
411:Paleolithic
306:chimpanzees
276:stone tools
193:human labor
135:and useful
100:dates back
98:stone tools
21:Tool (band)
7818:Categories
7711:Innovation
7696:Navigation
7593:Philosophy
7260:Networking
7178:Transistor
7153:Multimeter
7022:Television
6958:Microscope
6926:Eyeglasses
6874:Filtration
6859:Separation
6832:Fertilizer
6760:Prosthesis
6753:Antibiotic
6748:Anesthesia
6743:Medication
6602:Metallurgy
6399:Jackhammer
6394:Compressor
6389:Pneumatics
6325:Hydraulics
6308:Waterwheel
6276:Dishwasher
5999:Watercraft
5992:Space suit
5977:Spacecraft
5943:Jet engine
5842:Foundation
5815:Irrigation
5785:Typewriter
5758:Video game
5741:Phonograph
5687:Accounting
5616:Sanitation
5508:Technology
5412:trepanning
5305:Ring cairn
5263:Jar burial
5246:transepted
5178:U.S. sites
5079:Petroglyph
5005:Bird stone
4963:wine press
4636:Stone roof
4619:Roundhouse
4511:long house
4488:Stonehenge
4456:Ceremonial
4400:Stone tool
4227:Tool stone
4197:Metallurgy
4101:Mousterian
4078:Toolmaking
4016:Cumberland
3989:Transverse
3959:Schöningen
3851:Qesem cave
3819:Earth oven
3773:Irrigation
3684:Technology
3652:Prehistory
3575:Categories
3421:20 January
3408:(2): 145.
3367:2023-03-11
3310:2022-08-28
3300:1088561040
3214:2022-08-28
3157:2022-08-28
3108:2022-08-28
3098:1269071005
2913:2021-01-27
2883:2021-01-27
2775:1104810110
2643:Britannica
2624:2022-08-29
2548:S Dalley,
2535:2022-08-29
2486:. p.
2457:2022-08-29
2322:2022-08-29
2276:2022-08-29
2230:2022-08-29
2156:19 January
2132:2021-01-27
2004:2021-01-27
1954:2021-01-27
1887:2022-08-28
1792:Curr. Biol
1733:2022-08-28
1688:References
1500:Sea otters
1396:sea otters
1382:including
1368:recreation
1319:Multi-tool
1208:rivet guns
1163:microscope
1159:theodolite
1109:preventing
1070:drill bits
1062:sharpening
917:carpenters
874:Mechanical
848:watermills
551:Microliths
456:, used by
374:prehistory
350:food chain
206:Definition
189:automation
171:, such as
153:businesses
7729:Invention
7724:High tech
7701:Surveying
7681:Logistics
7671:Forensics
7377:Criticism
7121:Capacitor
7072:Generator
7017:Telephone
7012:Telegraph
6963:Telescope
6886:Synthesis
6849:Pesticide
6820:Gunpowder
6815:Fireworks
6805:Explosive
6788:Detergent
6706:Dentistry
6649:Recycling
6485:Heat pump
6404:Rivet gun
6372:Gyroscope
6347:Mechanism
6271:Appliance
6258:Machinery
6199:Propeller
6039:Carpentry
6014:Submarine
5982:Satellite
5972:Scuba set
5891:Transport
5637:Equipment
5456:symbolism
5320:Tor cairn
5278:Grønsalen
5219:Cremation
5111:Sculpture
5089:Pictogram
5074:Petroform
4894:amber use
4862:Cosmetics
4672:Reservoir
4657:Check dam
4587:Pueblitos
4582:Pit-house
4565:Longhouse
4499:Dwellings
4368:Microlith
4299:Bow drill
4294:Bone tool
4287:prismatic
4096:Acheulean
4011:Cresswell
3984:Arrowhead
3910:Boomerang
3826:Granaries
3788:Terracing
3667:Stone Age
3482:Types of
3204:828424636
3147:947844682
3046:31 August
3040:Gallantry
2721:cite book
2713:981387269
2385:. 47/48.
2312:320625444
2266:261324840
2220:957126707
1994:1073-5836
1771:28 August
1652:Equipment
1577:octopuses
1520:(such as
1512:Carnivora
1508:shellfish
1492:Shark Bay
1479:elephants
1466:(such as
1392:elephants
1333:hand saws
1281:hand saws
1259:biohazard
1223:computers
1216:glue guns
1212:nail guns
894:windmills
890:Dark Ages
721:Horseshoe
710:Cast iron
401:Acheulean
327:carcasses
137:artifacts
42:Mary Rose
29:Equipment
7777:Category
7686:Medicine
7676:Forestry
7651:Agronomy
7312:Database
7307:Compiler
7302:Software
7275:Internet
7208:Hardware
7195:Computer
7136:Inductor
7131:Resistor
6810:Dynamite
6780:Chemical
6733:Hospital
6607:Aluminum
6568:Concrete
6555:Material
6514:Fracking
6451:Charcoal
6416:Robotics
6335:Manifold
6330:Cylinder
6313:Windmill
6226:Flywheel
6184:Pendulum
6135:Catapult
5960:Railroad
5926:Elevator
5914:Seaplane
5909:Airplane
5904:Aerostat
5899:Aircraft
5832:Building
5805:Aqueduct
5724:Banknote
5702:Calendar
5621:Plumbing
5560:Clothing
5548:Grafting
5094:Rock art
5057:painting
5030:Geoglyph
4855:timeline
4835:Beadwork
4575:Mehrgarh
4570:Mudbrick
4478:megalith
4353:Fire-saw
4175:debitage
4170:analysis
4138:Hand axe
4118:Cupstone
3696:Glossary
3657:Timeline
3511:Forestry
3501:Cleaning
3385:: 51–53.
3304:Archived
3250:Archived
3208:Archived
3151:Archived
3102:Archived
2907:Archived
2852:27334646
2810:27-24075
2800:16011753
2767:83016269
2743:(1984).
2618:Archived
2529:Archived
2451:Archived
2316:Archived
2270:Archived
2224:Archived
2177:Archived
2126:Archived
2087:20703305
1998:Archived
1948:Archived
1881:Archived
1877:22011846
1869:17806587
1822:26835945
1814:20064403
1765:Archived
1727:Archived
1641:See also
1589:concepts
1488:dolphins
1429:Primates
1423:termites
1360:grooming
1342:hand axe
1265:Function
1128:lighters
833:lost wax
699:Catapult
504:Ceramics
468:Harpoons
448:Clothing
436:Javelins
360:to kill
335:hand axe
331:Ethiopia
319:species
252:—
240:—
229:—
200:concepts
143:such as
133:clothing
7789:Outline
7581:History
7561:Studies
7397:Luddite
7248:Storage
7042:Circuit
6854:Pigment
6770:Vaccine
6765:Surgery
6666:Textile
6639:Plastic
6597:Masonry
6575:Ceramic
6492:Nuclear
6468:Battery
6303:Turbine
6152:Linkage
6145:Shadoof
6106:Bearing
6083:Welding
6044:Casting
6004:Sailing
5936:Stirrup
5921:Compass
5864:Caisson
5765:Writing
5609:Pottery
5592:Milling
5572:Cooking
5451:Symbols
5062:pigment
4948:Weaving
4911:Cardium
4906:Pottery
4901:Mirrors
4889:Jewelry
4830:Baskets
4810:culture
4662:Cistern
4468:Pyramid
4410:Weapons
4388:Scraper
4378:Racloir
4338:Cleaver
4326:Chopper
4232:Uniface
4143:Grooves
4133:Hafting
4091:Oldowan
4050:Systems
4001:Cascade
3964:woomera
3954:harpoon
3927:history
3893:Hunting
3873:Pottery
3814:Cooking
3723:Farming
3689:history
3662:Outline
3592:Commons
3536:Masonry
3526:Kitchen
3256:10 July
2586:, p. 14
2095:4356816
2067:Bibcode
1849:Bibcode
1841:Science
1723:5607368
1558:Parrots
1518:Corvids
1504:abalone
1475:mammals
1468:baboons
1464:monkeys
1442:monkeys
1417:at the
1406:tools.
1384:monkeys
1261:suits.
1200:welders
1193:trowels
1179:printer
1167:monitor
1151:sensors
1143:glasses
1046:hatchet
1030:Cutting
991:Bandsaw
810:pulleys
785:shadoof
732:Stirrup
677:Sundial
655:Chariot
430:Cooking
389:Oldowan
382:Olduvai
317:hominin
260:History
149:housing
145:pottery
129:weapons
125:hunting
92:, only
86:ability
58:T-auger
7801:Portal
7719:Design
7691:Mining
7472:Patent
7243:Router
7077:Switch
6980:Camera
6943:Mirror
6654:Rubber
6612:Bronze
6563:Cement
6502:Weapon
6438:Energy
6367:Gimbal
6288:Engine
6241:Pulley
6206:Spring
6172:Piston
6162:Clutch
5948:Rocket
5881:Tunnel
5827:Bridge
5697:Abacus
5680:Social
5664:Weapon
5652:Plough
5647:Hammer
5626:Toilet
5587:Cheese
5429:flutes
5224:Dolmen
5148:Burial
4958:winery
4931:Linear
4761:Midden
4739:Cursus
4732:Goseck
4592:Pueblo
4543:Dugout
4528:Burdei
4207:Mining
4031:Lamoka
4026:Folsom
4006:Clovis
3863:Metate
3841:Hearth
3809:Basket
3783:Sickle
3546:Mining
3516:Garden
3298:
3288:
3242:
3202:
3192:
3145:
3135:
3096:
3086:
2872:Forbes
2850:
2840:
2816:
2808:
2798:
2773:
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2669:
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2059:Nature
2042:
2030:
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1915:
1875:
1867:
1820:
1812:
1757:
1721:
1711:
1602:lancet
1542:larvae
1526:ravens
1415:Bonobo
1400:humans
1376:humans
1337:square
1302:pliers
1285:square
1247:gloves
1147:square
1121:wrench
1117:pliers
1101:torque
1085:hammer
1077:levers
1066:gouges
1058:harder
1048:, and
1042:scythe
1038:sickle
996:Planer
986:Shaper
860:Persia
763:, and
753:pulley
633:Bronze
622:Copper
600:Gnomon
578:Plough
486:Flutes
159:, and
141:crafts
115:, and
82:object
80:is an
68:, and
66:hammer
62:gimlet
46:mallet
7824:Tools
7270:Email
7233:Mouse
7223:Modem
7168:Diode
7007:Radio
6992:Radar
6909:Laser
6634:Paper
6622:Steel
6592:Glass
6580:Brick
6497:Power
6352:Clock
6216:Wheel
6211:Valve
6189:Screw
6140:Crane
6130:Lever
6123:Chain
5965:Train
5852:Tower
5810:Canal
5719:Money
5657:Wedge
5642:Blade
5582:Bread
5346:sites
5290:Mummy
5010:Cairn
4926:JĹŤmon
4877:shoes
4872:Hides
4744:Henge
4698:Broch
4560:Jacal
4415:Wheel
4363:Knife
4309:Canoe
4304:Burin
4282:Blade
4180:flake
4041:Plano
3949:baton
3939:Spear
3905:Arrow
3858:Manos
3711:Tools
3597:Tools
3580:Tools
3551:Power
3484:tools
3446:Tools
2091:S2CID
2038:Also
1873:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1534:birds
1530:rooks
1522:crows
1494:uses
1404:other
1214:, or
1185:molds
1175:phone
1171:clock
1139:ruler
1105:anvil
1034:knife
1021:Types
1003:mills
966:Lathe
817:screw
789:crane
781:lever
765:screw
761:wedge
749:lever
688:Glass
589:Wheel
562:Brick
498:Ropes
424:Boats
354:spear
249:goal.
181:steam
179:, or
109:stone
54:plane
50:brace
7109:Neon
7067:Fuse
6921:Lens
6793:Soap
6671:Loom
6456:Oven
6446:Fire
6384:MEMS
6340:Pump
6248:Wing
6231:Gear
6118:Belt
6101:Axle
6009:Ship
5876:Road
5822:Arch
5770:Book
5753:Game
5729:Coin
5633:Tool
5597:Wine
5577:Beer
5439:gudi
5197:Cist
5126:list
4953:Wine
4882:Ă–tzi
4867:Glue
4840:Beds
4808:and
4806:Arts
4677:Well
4533:Cave
4463:Kiva
4393:side
4383:Rope
4331:tool
4265:bone
4255:Adze
4021:Eden
3934:Nets
3804:Fire
3768:Goad
3753:Celt
3521:Hand
3423:2023
3296:OCLC
3286:ISBN
3258:2011
3240:ISBN
3200:OCLC
3190:ISBN
3143:OCLC
3133:ISBN
3094:OCLC
3084:ISBN
3048:2023
2848:OCLC
2838:ISBN
2814:ISBN
2806:LCCN
2796:LCCN
2771:OCLC
2763:LCCN
2753:ISBN
2727:link
2709:OCLC
2699:ISBN
2697:. .
2667:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2308:OCLC
2298:ISBN
2262:OCLC
2252:ISBN
2216:OCLC
2206:ISBN
2185:2012
2158:2023
2083:PMID
2040:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1990:ISSN
1913:ISBN
1865:PMID
1810:PMID
1773:2022
1755:ISBN
1719:OCLC
1709:ISBN
1569:fish
1528:and
1440:and
1438:apes
1388:apes
1257:and
1189:jigs
1130:and
1089:maul
1068:and
961:Hone
880:and
846:and
815:The
666:Iron
644:Salt
576:and
442:Glue
407:Fire
395:Huts
362:prey
177:wind
139:and
121:food
117:wood
113:bone
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70:rule
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7317:GUI
7238:RAM
7218:GPU
7213:CPU
7104:LED
6825:TNT
6800:Dye
6726:PCR
6426:Leg
6421:Arm
6157:Cam
5859:Dam
5775:Map
5748:Toy
5669:Gun
4548:Hut
4483:row
4314:Oar
4272:Axe
4260:Awl
3410:doi
2118:doi
2075:doi
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