Westernization - Knowledge

1035:, the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England's great "understanding" of Egypt's civilization and purporting that England's cultural strengths complemented and made them natural superiors to Egypt's racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, "Knowledge to Balfour means surveying a civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline – and of course, it means being able to...The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a 'fact' which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself... nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it." The act of claiming coherent knowledge of a society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as "almost everywhere nearly the same." Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different..." then "...the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." Thus, "the West" acts as a construction in the similar way as does "the Orient" – it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case, the colonization and rule of a foreign country. 1141:) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of "love". As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion. 2658:

scion of European civilization, it also incorporates more elements of indigenous American civilizations compared to those of Northern America and Europe. It also currently has a more corporatist and authoritarian culture. Both Europe and Northern America felt the effects of Reformation and the combination of Catholic and Protestant cultures. Historically, many countries in the Americas has been only Catholic, although this may be changing. the Americas could be considered, or a sub-set, within Western civilization, or can also be considered a separate civilization, intimately related to the West, but divided as to whether it belongs with it.

888:(Public Affairs), is very optimistic. It proposes that a new global civilization is being created. The majority of non-Western countries admire and adhere to Western living standards. It says this newly emerging global order has to be ruled through new policies and attitudes. He argues that policymakers all over the world must change their preconceptions and accept that we live in one world. The national interests must be balanced with global interests and the power must be shared. Mahbubani urges that only through these actions can we create a world that converges benignly. 1229: 1170: 1090: 6206: 5417: 1456: 1257: 171:, a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselves affected by this process and interaction with non-Western groups. 6217: 2049:

notion that physical activity was meaningful in and of itself, conducive to values such as learning and character-building. Modern athletics and competitive sports, avatars of this new body culture, elicited largely willing local receptions in North Asia, though there were no doubt isolated cases of coercive foisting better characterized as cultural imperialism.”

747:, including many unequal treaties with Western powers and forced concessions of territory; it nevertheless remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western colonization. The country became westernized by itself, the Siamese system of government was centralized and initially organized into a modern unitary absolute monarchy during the reign of 1157:, in the 17th century. Every year, the emperor dispatched a few envoy ambassadors to China and while they were staying in Beijing, the Western missionaries were there. Through the missionaries, Korean ambassadors were able to adopt Western technology. In the 19th century, Korea started to send ambassadors to the foreign countries, other than Japan and 930:…the 5.6 billion people who live outside the West no longer believe in the innate or inherent superiority of Western civilization. Instead, many are beginning to question whether the West remains the most civilized part of the world. What we are witnessing today…is the progressive unwrapping of these many layers of Western influences. 1431:

globalization that leads the world to be similar to Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast food, and American pop culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world.

612:: Most countries in Americas are considered Western countries, largely because most of its peoples are descended from Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese settlers and later immigration from other European nations), and their society operates in a highly Westernized way. Most countries in the Americas use either 3246: 2657:

The origin of western civilization is usually dated to 700 or 800 AD. In general, researchers consider that it has three main components, in Europe, North America and South america. However, South America has followed a quite different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a

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has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. Even in countries where large populations

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cultures. Specific to Westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community

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With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics, and even food or culture. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of

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The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to Westernization. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains “This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American

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As the biggest Eastern populations gain more power, they are moving away from the Western influences they sought after in the past. The "anti-Americanism" sentiment is not temporary, as Westerners like to believe – the change in the Eastern mindset has become far too significant for it to change

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began to change itself according to modern science, practice, and culture. The Empire took some innovations from the West. Also, with the contribution of foreign engineers, the Empire repaired its old arm systems. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential

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took on the first process of Westernization as it was heavily influenced by Greece and created a new culture based on the principles and values of the Ancient Greek society. The Romans emerged with a culture that grew into a new Western identity based on the

1442:. The comparison with Eastern societies, who decided to ban American social media platforms (such as Iran and China with Facebook and Twitter), marks a political desire to avoid the Westernization process of their own populations and ways to communicate. 703:, France promotes French culture and European-style education in Lebanon. At that time, Beirut was known as the "Little Paris of the Middle East". Currently, French language is still widely spoken and Lebanon is a member of the Organization of 913:

Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. They can develop economic, and military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and

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empires. Even though it was later ruled by the Caliphate, Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians in the Arab world, and Christians have dominated the country politically, economically and culturally. Since it was historically a

606:, the three countries have westernized themselves by adopting democratic forms of government, free market economic systems, major contributions to Western science and technology, and could be described as "hybrid", "semi-Western" states. 1002:, world politics had been moved into a new aspect in which non-Western civilizations were no more the exploited recipients of Western civilization but become another important actor joining the West to shape and move the world history. 299:, Armenia's culture has been increasingly influenced by the process of Westernization. Throughout its history, Armenia has been influenced by Western and Eastern civilizations. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt 1128:

but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by the introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain

198:. Acculturation is "the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members." After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within 1220:, "Westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. In contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has sustained a culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualization. 1161:. While Korea was being Westernized slowly in the late 19th century, Korea had the idea of "Eastern ways and Western frames (東道西器)", meaning that they accepted the Western "bowl", but used it with Eastern principles inside. 276:. Though it shares a similar historical background, the Western world is not a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economic differences exist between Western countries and populations. 1009:

had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.

1357:. This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to a cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as 898:

Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. He argues that the cost of this action is high and only a few states can pursue

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continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, because the Japanese had only opened their doors to Dutch merchants before US Navy

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at Haifa University, Israel is described as a "hybrid," a modern and developed "semi-Western" state. With time, he acknowledged, Israel will become "more and more Western." But as a result of the ongoing

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The West has become increasingly biased and close-minded in their perception of "non-Western" countries such as China, declaring it an "un-free" country for not following a democratic form of government.

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There is an increasing perception that Western countries will prioritize their domestic problems over international issues, despite their spoken and written promises of having global interests and needs.

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The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different

1206:. After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the 1365:, many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing, and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries. 1337:

took inspiration from Western ideas about democracy and human rights. India's ruling class after independence in 1947 remained somewhat Westernized; India's first Prime Minister,

214:. Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact. 835:

that the French government considered backward and hindered the spread of European ideas, and adopted Latin script (chữ Quốc ngữ). During French rule, a large number of

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agreement further strengthens economic and political ties. Armenia is also a member of various European organisations for sports, education, and cultural events such as

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posits a conflict between "the West and the Rest" and offers three forms of general action that non-Western civilizations can react toward Western countries.

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Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the

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Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of

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from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the

344: 4401: 2511: 348: 4777: 690:: Geographically located in Western Asia, Lebanon is the most Westernized country in the Arab world. In ancient history, Lebanon was ruled by the 4913: 4624: 1101: 4541: 3363: 2670: 1564:, the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as: 4566: 3315:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 2920: 4757: 4986: 3911: 1369: 1285:, the process of Westernization dates back to the country's attempt to westernize during the beginning of the 1930s, which was dictated by 3132: 1957: 4918: 4664: 4481: 2724:

Leventon, Melissa; Gluckman, Dale Carolyn (June 2013). "Modernity Through the Lens: The Westernization of Thai Women's Court Dress".

790: 45: 3755: 3086: 1341:, had such a substantial Britishness that he once described himself as "the last Englishman to rule India." In 2014, however, the 5390: 3395: 2699: 782: 934:

He explains the decline of Western influence, stating reasons as to the loss of Western credibility with the rest of the world.

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is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example is Ireland, where

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According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network: a new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium (

315:, Persian, Arab, Ottoman, and Russian empires. Current Armenia gained its independence in 1991, following the collapse of the 4421: 3339: 3320: 3207: 3061: 2976: 2903: 2855: 2828: 2762: 2646: 2576: 2527: 2351: 2324: 1520: 1077:

began. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were allowed autonomy. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western

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Gardels, Nathan (1997) 'Clash of civilizations: modernization without Westernization', The National Times, May/June: 8-10.

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Thong, Tezenlo (July 2012). "'To Raise the Savage to a Higher Level': The Westernization of Nagas and their Culture".

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spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period,

414: 332: 1506: 729:, the country is considered Westernized. Moreover, nearly 90% of the Filipino population practices Christianity. 272:

descendants. Typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from

6247: 4610: 3707: 3236: 1759: 1735: 1477: 1235: 410: 376: 17: 5780: 4874: 4659: 3860: 1877: 1210:. Since then, many Japanese politicians have encouraged the Westernization of Japan with the use of the term 1031:, an exercise of essentializing a "subject race" in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references 1699:

Due to colonization and immigration, the formerly prevalent languages in the Americas, Oceania, and part of

5481: 5122: 4471: 4456: 4351: 1488: 1334: 781:, Turkey is one of the most Westernized Turkic countries. The country has a similar economic system, has a 340: 5283: 2894:

Murden, Simon (2011). "Cultures in world affairs". In Baylis, John; Smith, Steve; Owens, Patricia (eds.).

1073:, Western leaders and academics sought to expand innate liberties and international equality. A period of 6252: 5899: 5471: 5446: 5383: 5320: 4862: 4708: 3877: 3388: 2019: 810: 434: 372: 284:

The following countries or regions experienced a significant influence by the process of Westernization:

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improvement for the Empire. As a result, Turkey is one of the most Westernized majority-Muslim nations.

5924: 5773: 5270: 3748: 3471: 3285: 2684: 2617: 2519: 966: 752: 726: 695: 575:, which is due in large part to Israel's ouster from their respective Asian counterparts. According to 5619: 5582: 4396: 4356: 3797: 2934: 2419:"92% of the Armenian public considers relations with the EU as very good, FM says at EaP ministerial" 2127: 1869: 585: 3165: 3118: 6262: 5840: 5518: 5461: 5420: 5033: 4884: 4819: 4747: 4496: 4224: 3986: 3946: 3936: 3884: 3304: 2967:

Dore, Ronald (1984). "Unity and Diversity in World Culture". In Bull, Hedley; Watson, Adam (eds.).

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maintains positive relations with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and the

6242: 6144: 5696: 5540: 5488: 5015: 4966: 4274: 4182: 3481: 3476: 3261: 1466: 992: 814: 572: 455:, Cape Verde has influences of European culture (particularly Portuguese) and, together with the 438: 380: 241: 5159: 1368:

Westernization has been reversed in some countries following war or regime change. For example:

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The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860-1960

1435: 1342: 1097: 1063: 681: 2845: 2139: – Idea that all people have rights and responsibilities from being a member of the world 1093: 6024: 5862: 5594: 5523: 5102: 5065: 5021: 4633: 4556: 4531: 4461: 4144: 3872: 3645: 3603: 3573: 3152: 3105: 2752: 2638: 2632: 2566: 2267: 2095: 1811: 1290: 1138: 907: 673: 356: 320: 97: 1513: 1345:(BJP) won power on the back of perceptions of the ruling class being insufficiently Indian. 6257: 6149: 6054: 5867: 5835: 5825: 5810: 5711: 5706: 5649: 5337: 5305: 4551: 4306: 4219: 4197: 4120: 4116: 4045: 3961: 3906: 3901: 3724: 3568: 3457: 3290: 2872: 2234: 2107: 1979: 1423:, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including 1373: 972: 961: 891: 852: 677: 417:. Currently, the country participates in various European organizations including the EU's 207:

becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, Westernized.

168: 971:, consider what is "Western" based on religious affiliation, such as deeming the majority- 8: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5654: 5545: 5528: 5441: 5342: 5315: 4725: 4718: 4576: 4441: 4311: 4101: 4030: 3787: 3760: 3743: 3731: 3553: 3509: 3255: 3090: 2501: 2202: 1933: 1847: 1743: 975:

part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including

958: 817:. Relations between Turkey and Western countries have been deteriorating since the 2010s. 770: 625: 418: 406: 328: 260:. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close 5929: 3180: 567:. It is often a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as 479:. Due to this, the country has shared close diplomatic and cultural relations with both 5994: 5820: 5768: 5731: 5476: 4998: 4686: 4296: 4212: 4202: 4035: 3998: 3928: 3867: 3850: 3804: 3714: 3628: 3442: 3357: 3136: 3028: 2664: 2384: 2341: 2259: 2251: 2136: 2101: 2074: 2065: 1881: 1601: 1393: 1298: 1020: 923: 256:

also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former

153: 6182: 6049: 5934: 5815: 5721: 5587: 5493: 5332: 4951: 4426: 4328: 4316: 4301: 4281: 4192: 4139: 4111: 4093: 3896: 3772: 3765: 3578: 3526: 3504: 3432: 3345: 3335: 3316: 3300: 3232: 3203: 2972: 2899: 2851: 2824: 2758: 2642: 2618:"Early Westernization & Modernization in Japan 1868-1900 | Japan Experience" 2572: 2533: 2523: 2457:"The future of the Trio Plus Strategy 2030: building a future of Eastern Partnership" 2357: 2347: 2320: 2263: 2034:

is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language.

1919: 1377: 1228: 881: 848: 798: 514: 480: 422: 336: 273: 184: 113: 4571: 2737: 2027: 6089: 6069: 5984: 5909: 5738: 5609: 5508: 5310: 5243: 5175: 4971: 4187: 4177: 4003: 3951: 3855: 3719: 3608: 3558: 3536: 3531: 3462: 3278: 3036: 2816: 2791: 2733: 2652: 2399: 2243: 2187: 2003: 1967: 1941: 1911: 1905: 1803: 1791: 1731: 1707: 1385: 1338: 1203: 1199: 1169: 851:. Christianity (especially Catholicism) has a huge influence in Vietnam. After the 824: 621: 613: 265: 233: 133: 2376: 793:, and is a member of traditional European & Western organisations such as the 327:. The country participates in various organizations linked to the EU, such as the 303:

as its official religion in 301 AD. The traditional Armenian homeland composed of

6221: 6172: 6104: 6079: 6044: 5959: 5830: 5748: 5666: 5575: 5503: 5456: 5357: 5277: 5255: 5238: 5045: 5010: 4851: 4841: 4797: 4792: 4691: 4654: 4561: 4501: 4386: 4234: 4229: 4207: 4127: 4081: 3838: 3792: 3690: 3667: 3650: 3623: 3408: 3266: 2780:"The Vietnamese Values System: A Blend of Oriental, Western and Socialist Values" 2541: 2271: 2157: 2121: 1999: 1873: 1853: 1831: 1239: 1055: 864: 704: 700: 632:, there has also been considerable immigration to South America, particularly to 617: 540: 442: 352: 308: 304: 237: 69: 50: 31: 30:

This article is about the influence of Western culture. For the eye surgery, see

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Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb

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The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations

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Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry

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The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East

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The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East

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such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture.

1070: 1028: 903: 856: 778: 576: 532: 394: 316: 300: 261: 257: 179: 161: 6177: 6059: 6014: 6004: 5954: 5944: 5894: 5701: 5352: 5180: 4976: 4681: 4521: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4241: 4066: 3971: 3782: 3618: 3583: 3563: 3543: 3521: 3486: 2796: 2779: 2211: 2193: 2190: – Existence of multiple cultural traditions within a single country 2163: 2089: – Establishment and development of settlements by people or animals 2080: 1927: 1815: 1807: 1715: 1670: 1573: 1212: 1194: 1059: 1049: 1024: 774: 763:. Currently, Thailand continues to have strong ties to Western countries. 710: 665: 595: 476: 452: 249: 211: 157: 105: 4602: 2921:"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal…" 2488:"Afrol News - EU, Cape Verde display different interests in integration" 2255: 922:. This time, he argues that Western influence is now "unraveling", with 759:, and played a key anti-communist role in the region as a member of the 6119: 6114: 5979: 5904: 5763: 5681: 5661: 4052: 4040: 4010: 3976: 3916: 3598: 2068: – Worldwide political movement against multinational corporations 1945: 1901: 1889: 1739: 1593: 1480: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1400: 1294: 1178: 944:

The West uses a double standard when dealing with international issues.

860: 448: 386: 129: 77: 2487: 5790: 5614: 5513: 4701: 4696: 4486: 4323: 4058: 4020: 3613: 3427: 3251: 2596: 2515: 2181: – Explanation for the process of modernization within societies 2007: 1985: 1835: 1827: 1775: 1711: 1682: 1654: 1634: 1581: 1565: 1408: 1358: 1353:

Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of

1247: 1216:, which means the argument for "leaving Asia" or "Good-bye Asia". In 1207: 980: 633: 603: 580: 506: 502: 494: 296: 125: 117: 93: 85: 2700:"Philippines' Shallow Capitalism: Westernization Without Prosperity" 2196: – Set of norms or trends dominant in a society at a given time 2077: – Internalized attitude of ethnic or very cultural inferiority 1703:, are now usually Indo-European languages or creoles based on them: 1455: 4476: 4172: 3993: 3821: 3736: 3675: 3638: 2505: 1971: 1787: 1755: 1751: 1662: 1650: 1642: 1622: 1553: 1420: 1314: 1078: 1006: 999: 823::Geographically located in Southeast Asia, due to the influence of 805:. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as 732: 653: 609: 522: 464: 429:. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as 390: 292: 253: 149: 141: 137: 89: 60: 2537: 2118: – Study of Islamic and western views on clothing and culture 1605:

of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (

1407:. Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of 957:

In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American

363:. In 2017, Armenia signed an extensive agreement with the EU; the 4391: 4246: 4158: 2754:

The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power

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The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World

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when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the

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del Giudice, Marguerite (2008). "Persia: ancient soul of Iran".

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masses of the country which was partly responsible for the 1979

401:). Azerbaijan borrowed Western traditions mainly as a result of 6216: 4411: 1937: 1857: 1843: 1771: 1727: 1723: 1666: 1638: 1618: 1610: 1585: 1569: 1561: 1310: 1173:

An example of 19th-century Westernization of Japanese society:

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and has even tried to approach Western organizations, like the

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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "The Clash of Civilizations?".

2172: – Historical period and socio-cultural norm or attitude 1975: 1949: 1893: 1839: 1823: 1799: 1795: 1779: 1658: 1589: 1438:), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by 1190: 1182: 1158: 1150: 1121: 1117: 988: 844: 718: 661: 649: 641: 591: 535:, many Western cultural influences were brought in Israel by 498: 472: 109: 1313:, the synchronization process with the West is known as the 4506: 1763: 1678: 1614: 1389: 1381: 1282: 806: 802: 794: 568: 488: 430: 368: 3062:"How Hindu Nationalists Redefined Decolonization in India" 2285:

Hayford, Charles. "Westernization". In Pong, David (ed.).

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during the Cold War and agitated the largely conservative

2214: – Political ideology in 19th-century Russian Empire 1953: 755:. In the late 1950s, Thailand became a major ally of the 101: 3231:. Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 863:. Currently, Vietnam is a member of the Organization of 445:

with considerable human rights and press freedom issues.

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