African theatre of World War I

2581: 905: 892: 878: 392: 375: 3347: 3203: 341: 815: 803: 1147: 1135: 693: 1869: 356: 182: 211: 1123: 1102: 1089: 1077: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1029: 269: 1010: 997: 772: 225: 617: 2669:

station at Wasimi and killed the British agent and Oba Osile was attacked. Hostilities between the rebels and colonial troops continued for about three weeks at Otite, Tappona, Mokoloki and Lalako but by 10 July, the rebellion had been put down, the leaders killed or arrested. About 600 people died, including the British agent and the Oba Osile, the African leader of the north-eastern Egba district, although this may have been due to a dispute over land and unconnected to the uprising. The incident led to the abrogation of Abeokutan independence in 1918 and the introduction of

588: 573: 558: 543: 523: 240: 9271: 297: 2835: 3959: 283: 422: 865: 853: 841: 828: 2516: 326: 941: 929: 917: 440: 455: 2972: 3576: 165: 3679: 197: 63: 2697: 1162: 711: 2034:, who retreated overnight. Siwa was entered on 4 February without opposition but a British ambush party at the Munassib Pass was foiled, when the escarpment was found to be too steep for the armoured cars. The light cars managed to descend the escarpment and captured a convoy on 4 February. Next day the Senussi from Girba were intercepted but managed to establish a post the cars were unable to reach and then warned the rest of the Senussi. The British force returned to 675: 660: 646: 633: 977: 965: 953: 311: 3765: 1208: 752: 1188: 1175: 724: 504: 490: 474: 3910:

Portuguese began to suppress the rebels by butchering thousands of people, enslaving women and plundering territory. The rebels held out into November and the rivals for the title of Makombe fled to Southern Rhodesia. During June the Portuguese had to divide their forces and send thousands of Portuguese and local troops to attack the Makonde living on the Mvua plateau, who had also rebelled. Another rebellion broke out early in 1918.

737: 3093: 255: 407: 1926:(Major-General A. Wallace) was created. On 11 December, a British column sent to Duwwar Hussein was attacked along the Matruh–Sollum track and in the Affair of Wadi Senba, drove the Senussi out of the wadi. The reconnaissance continued and on 13 December at Wadi Hasheifiat, the British were attacked again and held up until artillery came into action in the afternoon and forced the Senussi to retreat. 2072:) between 1915 and 1917. It was a war between an indigenous African army, a heterogeneous coalition of peoples against the French Army. At its height in 1916, the indigenous forces mustered from 15,000–20,000 men and fought on several fronts. After about a year and several setbacks, the French army defeated the insurgents and jailed or executed their leaders but resistance continued until 1917. 1930:

attacked on 23 January, in the Affair of Halazin. The Senussi fell back skilfully and then attempted to envelop the British flanks. The British were pushed back on the flanks as the centre advanced and defeated the main body of Senussi, who were again able to withdraw. In February 1916, the Western Frontier Force was reinforced and a British column was sent west along the coast to re-capture

2376:, where a new wireless station linked Berlin to Togoland, the Atlantic and South America. The main British and French force from the neighbouring colonies of Gold Coast and Dahomey advanced from the coast up the road and railway, as smaller forces converged on Kamina from the north. The German defenders were able to delay the invaders for several days at the battles of 2858:, a "crazed seer", believed that the outbreak of war foreshadowed the return of the republic but was persuaded by Botha and Smuts on 13 August not to rebel and on 15 August told his supporters to disperse. At a congress on 26 August, De la Rey claimed loyalty to South Africa, not Britain or Germany. The Commandant-General of the Union Defence Force, Brigadier-General 3299:) against colonial forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands on the population caused by the outbreak of World War I. Chilembwe rejected co-operation with Europeans in their war, when they withheld property and human rights from Africans. The revolt began in the evening of 23 January 1915, when rebels attacked a 2534:, eventually resulting in German withdrawal. In the far north British forces attempted to take the German fort at Mora but failed and began a siege which lasted until the end of the campaign. British forces in the south attacked Nsanakang and were defeated and almost completely destroyed by German counterattacks at the 2267: 4105:

A Colonial Office bureaucrat wrote that the East African campaign had not become a scandal only "....because the people who suffered most were the carriers - and after all, who cares about native carriers?" In the German colonies, no records of the number of people conscripted or casualties were kept

3900:

in March 1917, the population rebelled. Disgust at Portuguese depredations united many Peoples but the rivals for the title of Makombe of the Wabarue fought independent campaigns, attracting support from the bandits in the Zambesi valley. At the end of April, the rebels routed a Portuguese force sent

3755:

and Ujiji. Tabora was captured unopposed on 19 September. To forestall Belgian claims on the German colony, Smuts ordered Belgian forces back to Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi. The British were obliged to recall Belgian troops in 1917 and after this the Allies coordinated

2668:

chiefs and issued an ultimatum that resisters should lay down their arms, pay the taxes and obey the local leaders. On 11 June, a party of soldiers returned from East Africa were brought in and on 13 July, Egba rebels pulled up railway lines at Agbesi and derailed a train. Other rebels demolished the

2315:

When the Ottoman Empire entered the war in November 1914, the British colonial authorities in British East Africa became apprehensive of attacks from the Muslims of Ethiopia and Somaliland but none transpired until 1916, when trouble also broke out in some Muslim units of the Indian Army stationed in

2303:

and then had to return in February 1915 to take them again. The British adopted a policy of containment given their slender resources and tried to keep Sayyid and his 6,000 supporters penned in eastern Somaliland, to encourage desertion and ruthless killings of his own men by Sayyid, which succeeded.

1738:

to influence conditions in the French colonies by intriguing with the potentates who had been ousted by the French. Spanish authorities in the region informally tolerated the distribution of propaganda and money but thwarted a German plot to smuggle 5,000 rifles and 500,000 bullets through Spain. The

3661:

had been taken over by the British. As the German forces had been restricted to the southern part of German East Africa, Smuts began to replace South African, Rhodesian and Indian troops with the King's African Rifles and by 1917 more than half the British Army in East Africa was African. The King's

2999:

on 1 October 1914. After the loss of the wireless transmitter at Kamina in Togoland, German forces in South West Africa could not communicate easily and until July 1915 the Germans did not know if Germany and Portugal were at war (war was declared by Germany on 9 March 1916.). On 19 October 1914, an

2151:

men; Anglo-Egyptian outposts were pushed out from El Fasher to the west and southwest after the August rains. A skirmish took place at Dibbis on 13 October and Dinar opened negotiations but was again suspected of bad faith. Dinar fled southwest to Gyuba and a small force was sent in pursuit. At dawn

4303:

Colonialist fears of loss of prestige and the consequences of a re-militarisation of Africans were exaggerated. The war increased collaboration between European colonialists and Africans and eroded local social structures, leading to a much slower development of a class of urban, western-educated,

3860:

people were recruited on the promise of loot, women and children. Through terrorism and enslavement, the Portuguese quashed the rebellion by the end of the year. Repercussions of the rising continued as British administrators in Northern Rhodesia in 1918 struggled to compensate local civilians for

1845:

a day. Intermittent fighting continued between the Italians in fortified towns and the Senussi ranging through the desert. The British declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November and the leadership of the Ottoman Empire encouraged the Senussi to attack Egypt from the west. The Ottomans wanted

1836:

Italian forces occupied enclaves along the Libyan coast and the Senussi resisted from the interior, maintaining generally friendly relations with the British in Egypt. In 1913, the Italians had been defeated at the action of Etangi but in 1914 Italian reinforcements led to a revival and by January

3435:

several times, before the spotter aircraft returned to base. An observation party was seen in a tree and killed and when a second aircraft arrived both monitors resumed fire. German return fire diminished in quantity and accuracy and later in the afternoon the British ships withdrew. The monitors

2324:

and it was not for two years that the Aulihan were defeated. The complications caused by the Ottoman call to Jihad had put the British to considerable trouble in East Africa and elsewhere, to avoid the growth of a pan-Muslim movement. Even when the Ottoman call had little effect, the British were

2956:

and most of their horses on the 680 mi (1,100 km) journey, joined Maritz in German South West Africa and attacked across the Orange River on 22 December. Maritz advanced south again on 13 January 1915 and with German support attacked Upington on 24 January but was repulsed. Most of the

1660:

population. War was against the interest of the white colonialists because they were small in number, many of the European conquests were recent, unstable and operated through existing local structures of power; the organisation of African economic potential for European profit had only recently

1645:

if war broke out in Europe; in 1914 none of the European powers had plans to challenge their opponents for control of overseas colonies. When news of the outbreak of war reached European colonialists in Africa, it was met by little of the enthusiasm seen in the capital cities of the states which

4354:

This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the

3931:

and enlightenment but little evidence exists that they were seen as such by Africans. Many African soldiers fought on both sides, loyal to military professionalism, rather than nationalism and porters had mainly been attracted by pay or had been coerced. The war had been the final period of the

3909:

and the Rhodesian colonies to escape the violence but the disruption did little to alter British disdain for Portuguese methods and despite having received troops to help put down the Chilembwe rebellion, they refused to send troops, only allowing guns and ammunition over the border. In May the

1929:

The British returned to Matruh until 25 December and then made a night advance to surprise the Senussi. At the Affair of Wadi Majid, the Senussi were defeated but were able to withdraw to the west. Air reconnaissance found more Senussi encampments in the vicinity of Matruh at Halazin, which was

2325:

fearful of an African Jihad. To impress the Somali people, some elders were taken to Egypt in 1916 to view the military might of the British empire. The warships, railways and prison camps full of German and Ottoman soldiers made a great impression, which was increased by the outbreak of the

2143:

prevented a Darfurian withdrawal westwards. Dinar withdrew into the Marra Mountains 50 mi (80 km) south of El Fasher and sent envoys to discuss terms but the British believed he was prevaricating and ended the talks on 1 August. Internal dissension reduced the force with Dinar to

2529:

in the centre and towards Nsanakang in the south. British forces moving towards Garua under the command of Colonel MacLear were ordered to push to the German border post at Tepe near Garua. The first engagement between British and German troops in the campaign took place at the

3710:

yet expected to live off the land. The 1915 harvest had been exhausted and the 1916 harvest had not matured; Belgian requisitions alienated the local civilians. On 5 April, the Belgians offered an armistice to the Germans and then on 12 April commenced hostilities. The

2935:

pro-government troops. The government declared martial law on 12 October and loyalists under General Louis Botha and Jan Smuts repressed the uprising. Maritz was defeated on 24 October and took refuge with the Germans; the Beyers commando force was dispersed at

2421:(now Nigeria), the British policy of indirect rule through local proxies was extended after the outbreak of the First World War, when British colonial officers and troops were withdrawn for war service. The British became more dependent on local emirs but in 3879:

The colonial authorities in Portuguese Mozambique increased the brutality of their occupation during the war. "Revolting practices" criticised by the British, such as forced labour, were increasingly applied despite the abolition of slavery. Press gangs

2890:, at the head of a commando of Union forces on the border of German South West Africa, allied with the Germans on 7 October and issued a proclamation on behalf of a provisional government and declared war on the British on 9 October. Generals Beyers, 2874:

many of whom were thought to be sympathetic. The South African government believed it to be an attempt to instigate a rebellion. Beyers claimed that it was to discuss plans for a simultaneous resignation of leading army officers, similar to the

2779:

The Germans offered surrender terms, which were rejected by Botha and the war continued. On 12 May Botha declared martial law and divided his forces into four contingents, which cut off German forces in the interior from the coastal regions of

6834:

History of the Great War based on Official Documents, Medical Services General History: Medical Services in the United Kingdom; in British Garrisons Overseas and During Operations Against Tsingtau, in Togoland, the Cameroons and South West

2152:

on 6 November, the Anglo-Egyptians attacked in the Affair of Gyuba and Dinar's remaining followers scattered. The body of the Sultan was found 1 mi (1.6 km) from the camp. After the expedition, Darfur was incorporated into Sudan.

3412:

and arrived in June 1915. On 6 July, clad in extra armour and covered by a bombardment from the fleet, the monitors entered the river. The ships were engaged by shore-based weapons hidden among trees and undergrowth. Two aircraft based at

1907:

with its deck gun. On 14 November the Senussi attacked an Egyptian position at Sollum and on the night of 17 November, a party of Senussi fired into Sollum as another party cut the coast telegraph line. Next night a monastery at

6318:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. IV (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longmans. 3819:

Theodor Tafel, was forced to surrender after running out of food and ammunition when Lettow-Vorbeck and Tafel were unaware they were only one day’s march apart. The Germans returned to German East Africa and then crossed into

3808:

to plunder supplies from Portuguese garrisons. The Germans marched through Mozambique in caravans of troops, carriers, wives and children for nine months. Lettow-Vorbeck divided the force into three groups, one detachment of

3589:

was sent from England to take command of the operations in East Africa but he contracted pneumonia during the voyage and was replaced by General Smuts. Reinforcements and local recruitment had increased the British force to

3936:; control and annexation of territory had been the principal war aim of the Europeans and the main achievement of Lettow-Vorbeck, had been to thwart some of the ambitions of the South African colonialists. Under the 2441:

occupied Bussa, captured and killed half of the new native administration; the survivors fled the district. The rebellion caused panic because the British authorities were so short of troops. A small force from the

3319:. On 26 January government forces took Mbombwe unopposed and Chilembwe was later killed by a police patrol, near the border with Portuguese East African border. In the repression after the rebellion, more than 1998:

were withdrawn and the oasis was occupied by the Senussi until they withdrew without being attacked. The British reoccupied the oasis on 15 April and began to extend the light railway terminus at Kharga to the

4396:

travelled over 4,200 mi (6,800 km) in 95 hours but the airship was recalled when beyond Khartoum by the German admiralty, after the British broadcast a spoof signal reporting that Lettow-Vorbeck had

2886:; many Afrikaners believed that De la Rey had been assassinated. After the funeral, the rebels condemned the war but when Botha asked them to volunteer for military service in South West Africa they accepted. 6261:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 3198:

and regained command of Lake Victoria, when two of the British boats trapped the tug, which was then scuttled by the crew. The Germans later raised the tug, salvaged the gun and used the boat as a transport.

2740:. The South Africans prevented the Germans from gaining control of the fords and crossing the river. By February 1915, the South Africans were ready to occupy German territory. South African Prime Minister 6196:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: 1676:

garrisons abroad were returned to Europe in an "Imperial Concentration". Attacks on German coaling stations and wireless stations were considered to be important to clear the seas of Imperial German Navy

3307:, several weapons were captured. News of the insurrection was received by the colonial government on 24 January, which mobilised the settler militia and two companies of the King's African Rifles from 3238:

on Neu-Moshi on 3 November, to the western terminus of the railway. After capturing Tanga, Force B would rapidly move north-west to join Force C and mop up the remaining Germans. Although outnumbered

2399:

of the colony, including the coast. The British received the smaller, less populated and less developed portion of Togoland to the west. The surrender of Togoland was the beginning of the end for the

1637:. Colonial military forces in Africa were relatively small, poorly equipped and had been created to maintain internal order, rather than conduct military operations against other colonial forces. The 1807:, the governor, reorganised his forces and pursued a forward policy rather than passive defence. The French regained most of the lost territory, despite intelligence and financial support from the 6299:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 4138:

deaths in Ruanda, Urundi and German East Africa. The conscription of farm labour in British East Africa, the failure of the rains at the end of 1917 and early 1918 led to famine and in September

2015:. Preparations to attack Bahariya Oasis were detected by the Senussi garrison, which withdrew to Siwa in early October. The Southern Force attacked the Senussi in the Affairs in the Dakhla Oasis 2569:

on 6 November and occupied several towns by the end of the year. In December, the forces of Cunliffe and Dobell made contact and made ready to conduct an assault on Jaunde. In this year most of

2368:. The colony was invaded on 6 August, by French forces from Dahomey to the east and on 9 August by British forces from Gold Coast to the west. German colonial forces withdrew from the capital 1672:

was to be ensured and that objectives were considered only if they could be attained with local forces and if the objective assisted the priority of maintaining British sea communications, as

3940:, Germany's colonies were divided between France, Britain, Belgium, Portugal and South Africa. The former German colonies had gained independence by the 1960s except for South West Africa ( 2320:

warriors from Somaliland captured a British fort at Serenli and killed 65 soldiers of the garrison and their British officer. The British retired from their main fort in the north-east at

6743:

Krömer/Krömer: Fotografische Erinnerungen an Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Volume III, Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Windhoek 2018, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-909-8-8

3856:

of Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique) and defeated the colonial regime. About 20,000 rebels besieged the Portuguese in Tete. The British refused to lend troops to the Portuguese but

4134:

Carriers impressed by the Germans were rarely paid and food and cattle were stolen from civilians; a famine caused by the consequent food shortage and poor rains in 1917, led to another

3649:) from the south-east. Lettow-Vorbeck evaded the British, whose troops suffered greatly from disease along the march. The 9th South African Infantry began the operation in February with 2618:

civilians had reached Spanish territory. On 18 February the Siege of Mora ended with the surrender of the garrison. Most Kamerunians remained in Muni but the Germans eventually moved to

6018:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (2nd rev. ed.). London: Longmans. 3027:

attacked Portuguese forces at Naulila. A German shell detonated the munitions magazine at Forte Roçadas and the Portuguese were forced to withdraw from the Ovambo region to Humbe, with

1829:

Before 1906, when the Senussi became involved in resistance against the French, they had been a "relatively peaceful religious sect of the Sahara Desert, opposed to fanaticism". In the

2489:

for supporting the Liberal position and led a successful vote against the party leadership on the issue. This began the downfall of Asquith's government and its replacement by a new

3884:) used the most brutal coercion to mobilise whole populations, young, old and infirm people not being exempted and women being raped. By the end of 1916, many young men had fled to 8647: 1918:

and on the night of 19 November, a coastguard was killed. An Egyptian post was attacked 30 mi (48 km) east of Sollum on 20 November. The British withdrew from Sollum to

8662: 6734:

Africanus Historicus: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume VI, Aufgabe der Zentralregionen, Windhoek 2017, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-909-5-7

2660:

The Adubi War was an uprising that occurred in June and July 1918 in the British Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, because of taxation introduced by the colonial government.

8846: 6737:

Africanus Historicus: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume VII, Der Ring schließt sich, Windhoek 2018, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-909-7-1

6728:

Africanus Historicus: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume IV, Der Süden ist verloren, Windhoek 2016, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-909-2-6

2549:. In the spring the German forces delayed or repulsed Allied attacks and a force under Captain von Crailsheim from Garua conducted an offensive into Nigeria and fought the 6740:

Africanus Historicus: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume VIII, Das Ende bei Khorab, Windhoek 2018, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-909-9-5

1520: 3054:, which distracted Portuguese forces from operations further south. Two days later German forces in South West Africa surrendered, ending the South West Africa Campaign. 3004:

and in a mêlée three Germans were killed by Portuguese troops. On 31 October, German troops armed with machine guns launched a surprise attack, which became known as the

2580: 2457:

The war in Nigeria played a role in British politics during the war. At the beginning of the war, the British government seized foreign expatriate firms in the lucrative

2197:

convinced the French that the Tuareg confederations remained loyal and Kaocen's forces besieged the garrison on 17 December 1916. Kaocen, his brother Mokhtar Kodogo and

38: 6731:

Africanus Historicus: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume V, Aufgabe der Küste, Windhoek 2016, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-909-4-0

6725:

Africanus Historicus: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume III, Kämpfe im Süden, Windhoek 2014, Glanz & Gloria Verlag, ISBN 978-99916-872-8-5

2425:, the re-organisation of local government in 1912 overthrew the authority of the traditional ruler. The hereditary Emir of Bussa, Kitoro Gani was moved aside and the 2124:, a railhead 200 mi (320 km) east of the Darfur frontier. On 16 March, the force crossed the frontier mounted in lorries from a forward base established at 1950:, the commander of the Senussi forces on the coast, was captured and Sollum was re-occupied by British forces on 14 March 1916, which concluded the coastal campaign. 8744: 3491:

The Germans had maintained control of the lake since the outbreak of the war, with three armed steamers and two unarmed motorboats. In 1915, two British motorboats,

8381: 8205: 7545: 1530: 2862:, opposed the war and with the other rebels, resigned his commission on 15 September. General Koos de la Rey joined Beyers and on 15 September they visited Major 8823: 3050:

reoccupied the Humbe region and conducted a reign of terror against the population. The Germans retired to the south with the northern border secure during the

8851: 7358: 1714: 1433: 6403:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (online ed.). London: 2756:(or Walvis Bay), a South African enclave about halfway along the coast of German South West Africa. In March Botha began an advance from Swakopmund along the 9039: 8766: 8458: 7416: 4168: 2937: 1515: 9146: 2812:

on 20 May. The South Africans linked with two columns which had advanced over the border from South Africa. Smuts advanced north along the railway line to

2718:. German fusiliers inflicted a serious defeat on the British troops and the survivors returned to British territory. The Germans began an invasion of the 9054: 8809: 17: 2042:. Negotiations between Sayed Idris and the Anglo-Italians which had begun in late January were galvanised by news of the Senussi defeat at Siwa. In the 9049: 8739: 8690: 8605: 2450:

moved into Bussa and skirmished with the rebels. No soldiers were killed and only 150 shots were fired. Sabukki, one of the ringleaders fled to nearby

2820:. The Germans in the south were forced to retreat northwards towards Windhuk and Botha's force. On 9 July the German forces in the south surrendered. 8893: 1254: 2557:

in June, which was a British victory. Allied units in northern Kamerun were freed to push into the interior, where the Germans were defeated at the

2291:, continued his campaign against Ethiopian and European encroachment. In March 1914, forty Dervishes had ridden 150 mi (240 km) to attack 3046:

Local civilians collected Portuguese weapons and rose against the colonial regime. On 7 July 1915, Portuguese forces under the command of General

8734: 8092: 3836:, Lettow-Vorbeck was handed a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice and he agreed to a cease-fire. Lettow-Vorbeck marched his army to 6973:

Gut und Blut für unsern Kaiser: Erlebnisse eines hessischen Unteroffiziers im Ersten Weltrkieg und im Kriegsgefangenenlager Aus in Südwestafrika

7523: 2664:

were introduced by the colonial government along with existing forced labour obligations and various fees. On 7 June, the British arrested 70

7585: 6977:

Good and Blood for our Emperor: Experiences of a Hessian Corporal in the First World War and in the Prisoner-of-War Camp in South West Africa

1947: 1525: 8794: 8724: 8363: 7575: 7486: 6607: 3657:

troops, mostly by disease. The Germans avoided battle and by September 1916, the German Central Railway from the coast at Dar es Salaam to

2132:. At the Affair of Beringia on 22 May, the Fur Army was defeated and the Anglo-Egyptian force captured the capital the next day. Dinar and 1505: 2228:

relieved the Agadez garrison and began to recapture the towns. Mass reprisals were taken against the town populations, especially against

8818: 7709: 7163: 4338: 864: 852: 840: 827: 170: 7077: 7386: 2380:, Agbeluvhoe and Chra but surrendered the colony on 26 August 1914. In 1916, Togoland was partitioned by the victors and in July 1922, 1476: 1942:

as they withdrew; the Yeomanry charged across open ground swept by machine-gun and rifle fire. The British lost half their horses and

7716: 1621:

German colonies in Africa had been acquired in the 1880s and were not well defended. They were enclosed by territories controlled by

3892:

to escape the Portuguese and to earn living wages. The condition of the populations left behind worsened to the point that when the

7368: 2128:, 90 mi (140 km) from the border, with the support of four aircraft. By May the force was close to the Darfur capital of 1459: 9044: 4285:

The Somali Dervish Revolt began before the war. The movement received symbolic support from the Turkish and Ethiopian governments.

9291: 8976: 8814: 8801: 8758: 8667: 8393: 8195: 8102: 8004: 7762: 7409: 7002: 3558:

made bombing attacks by floatplanes, loaned by the British, before Belgian colonial troops advancing on Kigoma could capture it;

1510: 3975:

The British official historian of the "History of the Great War" campaigns in "Togo and the Cameroons", F. J. Moberly, recorded

9168: 9158: 9026: 6526:

Fuglestad, F. (1973). "Les révoltes des Touaregs du Niger, 1916–1917" [The Revolts of the Tuareg of Niger, 1916–1917].

2895: 2634:, where they lived as visiting nobility on German funds. German forces ordered a scorched earth policy against the indigenous 8940: 8874: 8711: 8590: 8263: 7282: 7138: 6984: 6961: 6869: 6784: 6716: 6693: 6620: 6474: 6455: 6436: 6359: 6323: 6304: 6285: 6266: 6247: 6228: 6205: 6182: 6163: 6144: 6121: 6099: 6080: 6061: 6042: 6023: 6004: 5983: 3210:

The British command planned an operation to suppress German raiding and to capture the northern region of the German colony.

1357: 1340: 1247: 7107: 3825: 3346: 9115: 8535: 7320: 4334: 3778:

began an offensive in July 1917, which by early autumn had pushed the Germans 100 mi (160 km) to the south. From

1642: 1387: 444: 9296: 8886: 8210: 7838: 7343: 6921: 4154:

of the population died of famine and disease; in sub-Saharan Africa, 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 people died in the epidemic.

3068: 2030:

and three Light Car Patrols was dispatched to Siwa. On 3 February the armoured cars surprised and engaged the Senussi at

1653: 1428: 9100: 9085: 8375: 7777: 7535: 2727: 1745:

maintained several agents in North Africa but had only two in Morocco. The Zaian War was fought between France and the

1481: 7101: 8960: 8654: 8470: 7742: 7213: 5935: 2443: 6528: 3417:

observed the fall of shells, during an exchange of fire at a range of 11,000 yd (6.3 mi; 10 km) with

3202: 2882:

During the afternoon De la Rey was mistakenly shot and killed by a policeman, at a roadblock set up to look for the

8140: 7178: 6609:

Soldiers of their Own: Honor, Violence, Resistance and Conscription in Colonial Cameroon during the First World War

4273: 3725:

on 6 May. The Germans in Burundi were forced back and by 17 June the Belgians had occupied Burundi and Rwanda. The

2224:. Modern northern Niger came under rebel control for over three months. On 3 March 1917, a large French force from 2081: 1240: 3269:, Charles Hordern wrote that the operation was "... one the most notable failures in British military history". 9211: 9016: 8996: 8783: 8719: 8542: 8411: 7315: 7235: 7173: 2545:

In 1915 the German forces, except for those at Mora and Garua, withdrew to the mountains near the new capital of

2166: 1382: 1277: 7876: 3905:; by the end of May had overrun most of Zambezia Province. About 100,000 people crossed the border into British 3311:. The soldiers and militia attacked Mbombwe on 25 January and were repulsed. The rebels later attacked a nearby 9011: 9006: 9001: 8991: 8685: 7305: 7203: 2796:

junction and Manie Botha to Tsumeb and the terminus of the railway. German forces in the north-west fought the

2538:. MacLear then pushed his forces further inland towards the German stronghold of Garua but was repulsed in the 1352: 427: 8986: 8981: 8945: 8879: 8771: 8617: 8200: 8052: 7590: 7518: 7449: 7218: 7188: 7183: 6640:

Elite Identity and Power: A Study of Social Change and Leadership among the Egba of Western Nigeria 1860–1950

1701:, which were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces and in the Far East, which led to the 1665: 1014: 4017: 882: 8935: 8562: 8502: 8399: 8304: 8067: 7853: 7557: 7396: 7295: 3775: 3227: 2525:

By 25 August 1914, British forces in Nigeria had moved into Kamerun towards Mara in the far north, towards

1657: 1493: 1486: 1372: 3865:

banned the coercion of local civilians into British service in the colony, which stranded British troops.

9173: 8610: 8595: 8453: 8405: 8170: 7721: 7595: 7508: 7503: 7272: 7260: 7255: 7092:

Funkentelegrafie Und Deutsche Kolonien: Technik Als Mittel Imperialistischer Politik. Familie Friedenwald

2577:

had been fully occupied by Belgian and French troops, who also began to prepare for an attack on Jaunde.

1306: 1289: 1284: 216: 7782: 2991:

Portuguese forces in southern Angola were reinforced by a military expedition led by Lieutenant-Colonel

9261: 9153: 9110: 8387: 8145: 8130: 8032: 7901: 7469: 7381: 7338: 5994: 4355:

Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta.

4215: 3486: 3444:

and within ten minutes the German ship could only reply with three guns. A large explosion was seen at

3211: 3000:

incident occurred in which fifteen Germans entered Angola without permission and were arrested at fort

2859: 2691: 2478: 1811:

to the Zaian Confederation and raids which caused losses to the French when already short of manpower.

1471: 1406: 6638: 2595:

on 23 December 1915 and with Allied forces pressing in on Jaunde from all sides, the German commander

2561:

on 29 June. Cunliffe advanced south to Jaunde but was held up by heavy rains and his force joined the

9095: 8863: 8447: 8435: 8190: 8175: 7896: 7787: 7481: 7459: 7208: 7198: 7131: 4445: 3739:, an administrative centre of central German East Africa. The Allies moved in three columns and took 2966: 2389: 1697:

in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the

1605: 976: 964: 952: 832: 756: 479: 8042: 6682:

Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15: Eine Chronik der Ereignisse seit dem 30 Juni 1914

6133:

Do intervencionismo ao sidonismo: os dois segmentos da política de guerra na 1a República, 1916–1918

2105:, which was believed to have been synchronised with a Senussi advance into Egypt from the west. The 1868: 896: 9301: 9070: 8557: 8547: 8476: 8429: 8417: 8357: 8165: 8160: 8082: 7491: 7464: 7168: 4211: 4174: 3265: 3118: 2707: 2596: 2309: 2027: 1573: 1212: 1081: 665: 412: 260: 245: 7091: 6493:"Review: West African Challenge to Empire: Culture and History in the Volta-Bani Anticolonial War" 3361: 1556:

instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and

9141: 9133: 9075: 8835: 8530: 8293: 8120: 8115: 8047: 7906: 7891: 7886: 7866: 7747: 7624: 6686:

The First World War in German South West Africa 1914/15: An Account of Events since June 30, 1914

6372:(1971). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered". In 4244: 3499: 3492: 3256: 3079: 2639: 2474: 2304:

British prestige depended on the protection of friendly Somali areas and the deterrence of those

2295:, the capital of British Somaliland, which caused considerable panic; in November, troops of the 2212:, defeated several French relief columns. The Tuareg seized the main towns of the Aïr, including 1959: 1630: 1179: 1045: 316: 8087: 3618:

were also available. During the previous 1915, Lettow-Vorbeck had increased the German force to

8908: 8632: 8567: 8423: 8150: 8077: 8027: 8012: 7994: 7967: 7881: 7848: 7513: 7474: 7454: 7265: 7158: 6567: 6240:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization: Collected Essays

4330: 4163: 3953: 3506: 3341: 3316: 2584: 2554: 2400: 2296: 2249: 1923: 1863: 1770: 1626: 1294: 1161: 1106: 1057: 715: 710: 288: 7096: 4016:

recruited civilians, no records were kept. Franco-Belgian troops under the command of General

2473:

favoured allowing international competition. Although the issue was insignificant, it allowed

981: 8898: 8552: 8441: 8217: 8180: 8110: 8057: 7979: 7947: 7921: 7871: 7802: 7704: 7657: 7441: 7310: 7193: 7074: 4268:

The Sultanate of Darfur aligned with the Central Powers and was invaded by British forces in

4243:. In 1915, the Senussi were courted by the Ottoman Empire and Germany and the Grand Senussi, 4195: 3924: 3805: 3246: 3083: 2719: 2711: 2539: 2490: 2349: 1593: 1557: 1367: 904: 891: 877: 814: 802: 509: 380: 187: 151: 7042: 6259:

Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine: From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917

5996:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

2599:

ordered the remaining German units and civilians to escape into Rio Muni. By mid-February,

2236:

in public in Agadez and Ingal. Kaocen fled north; in 1919 he was killed by local militia in

1795:

in Morocco but two-thirds were withdrawn from 1914 to 1915 for service in France and at the

1791:

formations of regular and irregular infantry, cavalry and artillery. By 1914 the French had

9248: 9163: 7843: 7817: 7767: 7124: 6492: 4269: 4236: 3937: 3889: 3667: 3586: 3555: 3368: 3171: 3163: 2748:

in command of the southern forces while he commanded the northern forces. Botha arrived at

2447: 2091: 2004: 1648: 548: 346: 131: 7792: 3542:, an unarmed motorboat, were the only German ships left on the lake. In February 1916 the 2090:. The Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition was conducted to forestall an imagined invasion of 1934:. Air reconnaissance discovered a Senussi encampment at Agagia, which was attacked in the 8: 9230: 8369: 8233: 8185: 8062: 8022: 8017: 7962: 7645: 7639: 7540: 6832: 6802: 3933: 3794:

casualties. After the news of the battle reached Germany, Lettow-Vorbeck was promoted to

3292: 3235: 3222:

on 2 November 1914 to capture the city and take control the Indian Ocean terminus of the

3122: 2855: 2788:

and fanned out into the north-east. Lukin went along the railway line from Swakopmund to

2627: 2565:. When the weather improved, Cunliffe moved further south, captured a German fort at the 2558: 2535: 2261: 2087: 2035: 1922:, 120 mi (190 km) further east, which had better facilities for a base and the 1885: 1746: 1445: 1187: 742: 127: 9183: 6054:

Revolt in Bussa: A Study of British 'Native Administration' in Nigerian Borgu, 1902–1935

3047: 9190: 9105: 8464: 8328: 8310: 8275: 8239: 8072: 8037: 7989: 7974: 7861: 7812: 7651: 7610: 7290: 7111: 4407: 4342: 4322: 4252: 3278: 3185: 3137: 3130: 2863: 2498: 2466: 2280: 2205: 2178: 2095: 2061: 2043: 2008: 1979: 1796: 1669: 1577: 1362: 680: 593: 397: 361: 331: 7018: 3471:

salvaged the 4.1 in (100 mm) main battery guns of their ship and joined the

2940:

on 28 October, after which Beyers joined forces with Kemp and then was drowned in the

2834: 2240:. Kaocen's brother was killed by the French in 1920 after a revolt he led amongst the 1656:

should not fight each other but instead collaborate to maintain the repression of the

9223: 9217: 9178: 9080: 8913: 8496: 8351: 8334: 8135: 7957: 7937: 7772: 7757: 7687: 7675: 7376: 7353: 7300: 7048: 7010: 6980: 6957: 6940: 6917: 6893: 6887: 6865: 6859: 6839: 6812: 6780: 6774: 6754: 6748: 6712: 6689: 6647: 6616: 6587: 6554: 6533: 6507: 6470: 6451: 6432: 6408: 6398: 6385: 6373: 6369: 6355: 6338: 6319: 6300: 6281: 6262: 6243: 6224: 6217: 6201: 6178: 6159: 6140: 6117: 6095: 6076: 6057: 6038: 6019: 6000: 5979: 5972: 5958: 5941: 5931: 4314: 4240: 4139: 3958: 3885: 3853: 3821: 3459:

was a mass of flames. The British salvaged six 4 in (100 mm) guns from the

3399: 3392: 3388: 3312: 3151: 2980: 2891: 2839: 2723: 2642:

by the German forces. Numerous killings were committed by German forces including in

2482: 2343: 1879: 1854:

in the east and wanted them to be distracted by attacks from the opposite direction.

1830: 1702: 1638: 1634: 1466: 1418: 1347: 1299: 563: 495: 3852:

achieved a measure of social unity, rebelled against the Portuguese colonialists in

3303:

and killed three colonists. In another attack early in the morning of 24 January in

2515: 2477:

dissatisfied with their party's exclusion from key posts and decision-making in the

2316:

East Africa, including desertions and self-inflicted wounds. In February, about 500

1781:

but managed to inflict many casualties on the French, who responded by establishing

8281: 8251: 8245: 8155: 7984: 7952: 7942: 7681: 7605: 7600: 7528: 7348: 7248: 6579: 4256: 4203: 3902: 3897: 3783: 3748: 3223: 2876: 2829: 2804:

on 9 July 1915. In the south, Smuts landed at the South West African naval base at

2646:

where a white commander reportedly gave the order to "kill every native they saw".

2510: 2494: 2418: 2381: 2352:

and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa (which became

2140: 1975: 1935: 1824: 1678: 1597: 1450: 1438: 1423: 1411: 1392: 1321: 1316: 1196: 1110: 1009: 1001: 996: 985: 869: 845: 777: 528: 230: 2992: 2194: 957: 945: 9090: 8930: 8269: 7822: 7797: 7496: 7404: 7243: 7086: 7081: 6811:] (in German) (Hurst and Blackett, London ed.). Leipzig: K. F. Koehler. 6568:"The expatriate firms and the Colonial economy of Nigeria in the First World War" 6137:

Interventionism to Sidonismo the two Segments of War Policy in the First Republic

6094:. Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Vol. 111. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 3862: 3718: 3514: 3513:, were transported 3,000 mi (4,800 km) by land to the British shore of 3219: 3192: 3097: 3087: 3051: 3009: 2949: 2817: 2797: 2674: 2566: 2550: 2412: 2385: 2365: 2300: 2284: 2136:

had left before their arrival and as they moved south, were bombed from the air.

1939: 1851: 1549: 1500: 1326: 1311: 1151: 1033: 933: 578: 54: 31: 6075:. Hutchinson University Library for Africa (rev. ed.). Sydney: Hutchinson. 3624:

The main attack was from the north from British East Africa, as troops from the

2971: 2372:

and the coastal province and then fought delaying actions on the route north to

2026:

In January 1917, a British column including the Light Armoured Car Brigade with

1757:

between 1914 and 1921. Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912 and the

1682: 8923: 8903: 8574: 8287: 8125: 7916: 7807: 7663: 7567: 7550: 6532:(in French) (49). Paris, Mouton: Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 5925: 4391: 3874: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3697: 3685: 3288: 3284: 3260: 3167: 2851: 2592: 2531: 2451: 2422: 2055: 2046:, Idris accepted the British terms on 12 April and those of Italy on 14 April. 1971: 1808: 1804: 1766: 1754: 1735: 1698: 1622: 1589: 1146: 1134: 1069: 909: 857: 697: 692: 604: 6583: 6545:

Quinn, F. (1973). "An African Reaction to World War I: The Beti of Cameroon".

3546:

was intercepted and run ashore by the crew and burned. Lettow-Vorbeck had the

2060:

The Volta-Bani War was an anti-colonial rebellion that took place in parts of

921: 9285: 9275: 9034: 8322: 8316: 7752: 7669: 7580: 7052: 7014: 6897: 6843: 6758: 6651: 6591: 6558: 6537: 6511: 6342: 6109: 4116:] make no overall count due to the absence of detailed sickness records. 3964: 3837: 3625: 3607: 3595: 3575: 3405: 3380: 3357: 3162:

and operations were conducted on Lake Victoria by a German boat armed with a

3147: 3126: 3024: 2867: 2805: 2781: 2562: 2470: 2438: 2426: 2288: 2272: 2209: 2174: 2161: 2110: 1983: 1788: 1750: 1731: 1694: 1561: 1333: 1139: 1127: 1122: 1101: 1093: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1040: 1028: 622: 460: 6412: 5962: 5945: 3678: 8484: 7911: 6944: 6816: 4329:, three new cavalry regiments formed from the rear details of Yeomanry and 3645:

and into the Rift Valley. Another contingent advanced over Lake Nyasa (now

3610:

of African civilians. Belgian troops and a larger but ineffective group of

3414: 3384: 3178: 2945: 2925: 2894:, Maritz, Kemp and Bezuidenhout were to be the first leaders of a restored 2887: 2809: 2757: 2737: 2732: 2670: 2635: 2357: 2065: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1919: 1909: 1846:

the Senussi to conduct operations against the rear of the defenders of the

1762: 1673: 1583: 1553: 1166: 969: 62: 6389: 3923:

The war marked the end of the German colonial empire; during the war, the

3387:

delta. After being cornered by warships of the British Cape Squadron, two

2696: 2086:

On 1 March 1916 hostilities began between the Sudanese government and the

1850:; the Ottomans had failed in previous attacks against British forces from 1232: 8695: 8600: 8298: 7726: 7147: 4318: 4031:

In 2001 Strachan recorded British losses in the East African campaign as

3646: 3628:

advanced from the west in two columns, over Lake Victoria on the British

3404:, armed with 6 in (150 mm) guns, were towed to the Rufiji from 2883: 2761: 2753: 2741: 2715: 2665: 2623: 2432: 2326: 2245: 2232:, though many were neither Tuareg or rebels. The French summarily killed 1758: 1377: 1265: 807: 202: 4969: 4603: 3782:

1917, Lettow-Vorbeck and the British fought a mutually costly battle at

3769:

Lettow surrendering his forces at Abercorn, as seen by an African artist

3528:

and accompanied by two Belgian ships, attacked and sank the German ship

2792:. The other two columns rapidly advanced on the right flank, Myburgh to 2638:

to repress an alleged "people's war". Duala women women were victims of

1841:

armed with modern rifles, with ammunition from a factory which produced

1778: 6861:

Beyond the Bend in the River: African Labor in Eastern Zaire, 1865–1940

6377: 4326: 3928: 3764: 3740: 3732: 3632: 3629: 3615: 3300: 2941: 2749: 2661: 2572: 2501:, with Asquith and the majority of the Liberals going into opposition. 2020: 1990:

on 27 February. The British responded by forming the Southern Force at

1847: 6711:] (in German). Vol. II. Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. 6219:

Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire

4046:

deaths among African porters. In South West Africa, Strachan recorded

2465:

wanted to establish a British monopoly over the trade, but the ruling

2299:, with 600 Somali and 650 Indian Army troops, captured three forts at 2266: 1938:

on 26 February. The Senussi were defeated and then intercepted by the

8490: 8257: 6646:(PhD). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University. pp. 218–232. 6073:

West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation

5955:

The Great Ride: The Diary of a Light Horse Brigade Scout, World War I

3906: 3534: 3510: 3143: 2903: 2843: 2785: 2769: 2745: 2655: 2486: 2462: 2129: 2102: 1991: 1967: 1725: 1192: 819: 728: 302: 274: 3995:

soldiers. Civilian porters were brought from Allied colonies and of

2437:(native administration). In June 1915, about 600 rebels, armed with 2217: 2204:

Tuareg raiders, armed with rifles and a field gun captured from the

8750: 7112:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

5029: 4210:

in 1914. The rebels allied with Germany and operated in and out of

3968: 3639: 3611: 3522: 3304: 2907: 2458: 2229: 2221: 2170: 2125: 2121: 1837:

the Senussi were in south-eastern Cyrenaica. The Senussi had about

1686: 1569: 638: 7003:"John Chilembwe: Brief Life of an Anti-colonial Rebel: 1871?–1915" 6864:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. 6335:

The Scramble in the Horn of Africa: History of Somalia (1827–1977)

6175:

Cross and Scalpel: Jean-Marie Coquard Among the Egba of Yorubaland

3092: 2626:

to go home. Some Kamerunians including the paramount chief of the

5209: 4365: 4228: 3941: 3409: 3308: 3013: 3001: 2910:, held up a train and captured government stores and ammunition. 2899: 2813: 2773: 2765: 2643: 2546: 2317: 2305: 2292: 2039: 1963: 1820: 1601: 1565: 940: 928: 916: 651: 439: 72: 6709:

The First World War in German South West Africa 1914/15: Naulila

5833: 5161: 3717:

advanced between Kigali and Nyanza under the command of General

2369: 6933:

Les guerres grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola, 1845–1941

5173: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4567: 4555: 4411: 4232: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3722: 3296: 3159: 2996: 2984: 2801: 2789: 2752:

on 11 February and continued to build up his invasion force at

2685: 2631: 2526: 2377: 2373: 2241: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2182: 2106: 2099: 1986:

was occupied at the same time and then the Senussi moved on to

1931: 1892: 1690: 97: 68: 30:

For the conflict also known as "Africa's First World War", see

7116: 4545: 4543: 4218:. The rebels were defeated by British imperial forces in 1915. 3861:

war service, particularly during the famine of 1917–1918. The

3804:

further south and on 23 November, Lettow-Vorbeck crossed into

8918: 6194:

Military Operations East Africa: August 1914 – September 1916

5845: 5773: 4248: 3901:

to suppress the rising and reached the provincial capital of

3658: 3441: 3155: 2906:

commando under General De Wet took possession of the town of

2793: 2619: 2361: 2321: 2190: 2186: 2031: 1912:, 48 mi (77 km) beyond Sollum, was occupied by 300 6467:

The European Powers in the First World War: an Encyclopaedia

5821: 5677: 5650: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5197: 4699: 4687: 4591: 3142:

bombarded Dar es Salaam. On 15 August, German forces in the

6937:

The Grey Wars: Resistance and Revolts in Angola, 1845-–1941

6404: 6197: 5667: 5665: 5551: 5407: 5395: 5306: 5267: 5255: 5089: 4945: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4747: 4735: 4711: 4540: 4516: 4463: 4199: 4106:

but in the German Official History, the writer referred to

2353: 2069: 2012: 1774: 1668:

was appointed on 5 August and established a principle that

1641:

of 1884 had provided for European colonies in Africa to be

39:

List of uprisings against Entente powers during World War I

6939:] (in French). Montamets/Orgeval: Éditions Pélissier. 6914:

Tip and Run: The untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa

6772: 6705:

Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15: Naulila

6615:(PhD). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. pp. 1–417. 6352:

Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa

6156:

Encyclopaedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

5797: 5491: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5296: 5294: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5077: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5017: 5005: 4981: 4909: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4426: 4012:

as they could be "more easily replaced than soldiers". Of

3121:

in East Africa. On 5 August 1914, British troops from the

88:(4 years, 3 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) 6688:]. Vol. I. Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. 6139:] (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra. 5896: 5857: 5785: 5563: 5279: 5221: 4921: 4897: 4112: 3550:

gun removed and sent by rail to the main fighting front.

2726:

took place on 4 February 1915, between the South African

6979:] (in German). Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. 6297:

Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916

6278:

Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in East Africa

6090:

Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Woronoff, Jon (ed.).

5874: 5872: 5809: 5761: 5737: 5689: 5662: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5539: 5527: 5359: 5185: 5125: 4993: 4957: 4822: 4504: 2591:

German forces began to cross into the Spanish colony of

6354:(Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5467: 5383: 5347: 5335: 5318: 5291: 5238: 4873: 4861: 4810: 4723: 4528: 4487: 3944:) which gained independence from South Africa in 1990. 2960: 5749: 5713: 5701: 5575: 5503: 5479: 5455: 5149: 5137: 5113: 5101: 4764: 4762: 2481:

to stage a parliamentary revolt. On November 8, 1916,

2461:

trade owned by the Central Powers. Merchants based in

1715:

Military operations in North Africa during World War I

1227:

750,000 African civilians dead from famine and disease

123:

Termination of residual Ottoman rights in Tripolitania

9259: 5884: 5869: 5587: 5515: 5443: 4885: 4675: 4579: 4110:.... the loss of levies, carriers and boys [ 3662:

African Rifles was enlarged and by November 1918 had

3427:

was hit twice, six crew killed and its gun disabled;

2736:, a skirmish for control of two river fords over the 2193:

against the French colonialists in October 1914. The

2019:, after which the Senussi retreated to their base at 6889:

The War in Africa 1914–1917 and in the Far East 1914

6750:

The Gold Coast Regiment in the East African Campaign

5725: 5431: 5419: 5371: 4933: 4849: 4798: 4786: 4774: 1953: 4759: 4390:In early November 1917, the German naval dirigible 4368:

even prompted Sayyid to negotiate with the British.

4142:reached sub-Saharan Africa. In British East Africa 3673: 3565: 3480: 3335: 3062: 656: 403: 6431:. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. 6216: 5971: 3824:in August 1918. On 13 November two days after the 3421:, which had assistance from shore-based spotters. 3096:Contemporary painting of the Allied defeat at the 2714:(25 September 1914), close to the border with the 1946:men but prevented the Senussi from slipping away. 6154:Gorman, A.; Newman, A. (2009). Stokes, J. (ed.). 4313:The Western Frontier Force was composed of three 4294:Liberia declared war on Germany on 4 August 1917. 4235:(Sufi order) and clan in Libya, previously under 4073:casualties in the East African campaign, of whom 3759: 3721:, Colonel Molitor and Colonel Olsen and captured 3371:, was in the Indian Ocean when war was declared. 3073: 2816:and on 26 May, after two days' fighting captured 2255: 9283: 6572:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4438: 4091:as carriers, had depopulated many districts and 4054:of disease or accidents. German casualties were 3206:German colonial volunteer mounted patrol in 1914 2622:and some were allowed by Spain to travel to the 2139:French troops in Chad who had returned from the 1761:extended French influence eastwards through the 418: 161: 120:Annexation of the German colonies by the Entente 8093:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 6177:. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books. 5930:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 4279: 3896:tried to raise another 5,000 carriers from the 3295:, in the Chiradzulu district of Nyasaland (now 3154:. In September, the Germans raided deeper into 2800:on 1 July but were defeated and surrendered at 2348:The Togoland Campaign (9–26 August 1914) was a 1588:, local resistance movements and forces of the 6800: 3840:and formally surrendered on 23 November 1918. 3602:and African troops, from a ration strength of 3330: 2913:By the end of the week, De Wet had a force of 2823: 2722:to forestall another invasion attempt and the 2504: 1857: 1814: 1664:In Britain, an Offensive sub-committee of the 539: 178: 7132: 6445: 6396: 4693: 4597: 4469: 4432: 4198:, which had joined the war, several thousand 4102:of the British Carrier Corps in East Africa. 4084:in the campaign. By 1917 the conscription of 1740: 1248: 671: 388: 307: 236: 6838:. Vol. I (1st ed.). London: HMSO. 6256: 6153: 6089: 5179: 4843: 4741: 4717: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4573: 4561: 4549: 3814: 3799: 3726: 3712: 3695: 3683: 3570: 3472: 3250: 3108: 2686:German South West Africa campaign, 1914–1915 2606: 2570: 2553:. General Frederick Hugh Cunliffe began the 2430: 2049: 1913: 1782: 1581: 584: 500: 352: 8583: 6885: 5969: 5285: 4381:, plying the lake under the Tanzanian flag. 4339:1/1st Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery 4333:units who fought at Gallipoli as infantry, 3828:was signed in France, the German Army took 3272: 2948:on 2 December and Kemp, having crossed the 2155: 2038:on 8 February and Sayyid Ahmed withdrew to 1262: 554: 7139: 7125: 6892:(1919 ed.). London: Longmans, Green. 6830: 6464: 6397:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. FitzM. (1922). 5232: 3315:and during the night fled from Mbombwe to 3016:and killed eight soldiers and a civilian. 2337: 2308:inspired by Sayyid from crossing into the 2181:from 1909. The Sanusiya leadership in the 2075: 1255: 1241: 768: 470: 251: 61: 6930: 6702: 6679: 6525: 6469:(Illus. ed.). Taylor & Francis. 5978:. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky. 4753: 3843: 3509:), each armed with a 3-pounder gun and a 2870:, who had a large armoury and a force of 1646:maintained colonies. An editorial in the 613: 569: 221: 8382:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 7108:Colonial Warfare and Occupation (Africa) 7040: 6951: 6857: 6746: 6703:Africanus, Historicus (pseud.) (2012). 6680:Africanus, Historicus (pseud.) (2011). 6565: 6426: 6032: 5992: 5851: 5827: 5815: 5779: 5767: 5743: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5473: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5312: 5300: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5215: 5203: 5095: 4951: 4927: 4879: 4867: 4816: 4729: 4705: 4534: 4522: 4498: 4481: 3957: 3763: 3677: 3574: 3562:was refloated and used by the British. 3345: 3201: 3091: 2970: 2833: 2695: 2579: 2514: 2265: 1867: 371: 279: 27:Theatre of operations during World War I 8759:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 7000: 6970: 6636: 6368: 6313: 6294: 6191: 6108: 6070: 6051: 6013: 5952: 5839: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5461: 5167: 5155: 5119: 5107: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4831: 4585: 4510: 4364:The intrigues of the Ethiopian emperor 4251:and attacked the Italians in Libya and 4066:taken prisoner. In 2007 Paice recorded 3868: 3666:Smuts left in January 1917 to join the 3517:. The British captured the German ship 3259:defeated the British offensive. In the 2957:rebels then surrendered on 30 January. 2406: 1719: 519: 451: 337: 322: 193: 14: 9284: 6553:(52). Paris: Éditions EHESS (France). 6490: 6275: 5755: 5719: 5707: 5581: 5449: 5437: 5425: 4681: 4221: 2975:Portuguese troops embarking for Angola 2944:on 8 December. De Wet was captured in 2392:. The French acquisition consisted of 1899:surfaced, sank the coastguard gunboat 1580:. The campaigns were fought by German 8712:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 8048:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 7120: 7087:Togoland 1914 Harry's Africa Web 2012 7044:World War I in East Africa, 1916–1918 6956:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6911: 6605: 6544: 6384:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6349: 6237: 6172: 6130: 5923: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5863: 5803: 5791: 5596: 5377: 5365: 5191: 5143: 5131: 4939: 4855: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4262: 4126:Paice referred to a 1989 estimate of 2011:cars to cut off the Senussi from the 1978:, which was then attacked by British 1834:(29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912) 1236: 9116:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 6448:World War I: A Student Encyclopaedia 6332: 6214: 5970:Burg, D. F.; Purcell, L. E. (1998). 5731: 4768: 4377:The ship is still in service as the 2961:German invasion of Angola, 1914–1915 2808:, then advanced inland and captured 2768:, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal and 2680: 1878:On 6 November, the German submarine 1616: 9045:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 7839:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7001:Rotberg, R. I. (March–April 2005). 6916:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 6779:. London: H. F. & G. Witherby. 6566:Yearwood, Peter J. (January 1998). 6446:Tucker, S.; Roberts, P. M. (2006). 3580:East African Theatre in World War I 3554:was scuttled in mid-July after the 3234:in one brigade, would advance from 3069:East African campaign (World War I) 2760:with its railway line and captured 2485:attacked Conservative Party Leader 24: 18:West African campaign (World War I) 7778:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 6667: 6337:. Mogadishu: Somali Publications. 4188: 3383:harbour and then retired into the 2649: 2520:British artillery in Kamerun, 1915 2454:and the rebellion was suppressed. 2429:was divided, each area ruled by a 2419:Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria 2312:(British East Africa, now Kenya). 25: 9313: 7068: 6382:Protest and Power in Black Africa 6114:The Great War in Africa 1914-1918 4978:, pp. 170–173, 228–230, 421. 4231:was a Muslim political-religious 4146:died, in South Africa there were 3653:and by October it was reduced to 3038:taken prisoner. The Germans lost 3019:On 18 December a German force of 2673:in the region; imposition of the 2007:patrolled on camels and in light 1954:Band of Oases campaign, 1916–1917 9269: 8141:Second Battle of the Piave River 7763:Russian invasion of East Prussia 6804:Meine Erinnerungen aus Ostafrika 6776:The East African Force 1915–1919 6465:Tucker, S.; Wood, L. M. (1996). 6257:Macmunn, G.; Falls, C. (1996) . 6092:Historical Dictionary of Nigeria 4400: 4384: 4371: 4341:and two aircraft of 17 Squadron 4274:Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition 3674:Belgian-Congolese campaign, 1916 3566:East African campaign, 1916–1918 3481:Lake Tanganyika expedition, 1915 3336:Battle of the Rufiji Delta, 1915 3063:East African campaign, 1914–1915 2082:Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition 1206: 1186: 1173: 1160: 1145: 1133: 1121: 1100: 1087: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1039: 1027: 1008: 995: 975: 963: 951: 939: 927: 915: 903: 890: 876: 863: 851: 839: 826: 813: 801: 770: 750: 735: 722: 709: 691: 673: 658: 644: 631: 615: 586: 571: 556: 541: 521: 502: 488: 472: 453: 438: 420: 405: 390: 373: 354: 339: 324: 309: 295: 281: 267: 253: 238: 223: 209: 195: 180: 163: 86:3 August 1914 – 25 November 1918 9212:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 8412:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7146: 7029:– via Archive Foundation. 6907:– via Archive Foundation. 6881:– via Archive Foundation. 6853:– via Archive Foundation. 6826:– via Archive Foundation. 6809:My Reminiscences of East Africa 6796:– via Archive Foundation. 6768:– via Archive Foundation. 6637:Oduntan, Oluwatoyin B. (2010). 6606:Njung, George Ndakwena (2016). 6071:Crowder, Michael, ed. (1978) . 4358: 4348: 4307: 4297: 4169:African theatre of World War II 3832:unopposed. The next day at the 3706:formed three groups, each with 2364:after independence) during the 2167:Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen 1708: 9292:African theatre of World War I 9035:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 8894:Deportations from East Prussia 8691:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 7047:(PhD). University of Glasgow. 6801:Lettow-Vorbeck, P. E. (1920). 4288: 4050:Africans killed in action and 4005:killed or died of disease and 3760:Military operations, 1917–1918 3452:seven explosions occurred. By 3218:in two brigades would land at 3125:attacked German outposts near 3074:Military operations, 1914–1915 3057: 2701:German South West Africa, 1915 2332: 2256:Somaliland campaign, 1914–1918 1884:torpedoed and sank a steamer, 48:African theatre of World War I 13: 1: 8946:Ukrainian Canadian internment 7009:. Vol. 107, no. 4. 6954:The First World War in Africa 6037:(repr. ed.). Kessinger. 5911: 4450:1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia 4092: 4085: 4067: 4040: 3996: 3947: 3690:troops in East Africa in 1918 3104:On the outbreak of war there 2929: 2918: 2710:from the south failed at the 2612: 2600: 2393: 2198: 2145: 2114: 1799:(13 November 1914) more than 1666:Committee of Imperial Defence 1611: 9101:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 8400:Estonian War of Independence 8068:Southern Palestine offensive 6429:The First World War: To Arms 5038:, pp. 300–301, 322–323. 4612:, pp. 110–112, 113–118. 4420: 3913: 3463:, which became known as the 3436:returned on 11 June and hit 3228:Indian Expeditionary Force C 3212:Indian Expeditionary Force B 2271:Diagram of the lands of the 2177:confederation, had attacked 7: 9055:USA against Austria-Hungary 8454:Turkish War of Independence 8406:Latvian War of Independence 8131:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 7722:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 6547:Cahiers d'études africaines 6529:Cahiers d'études africaines 6484: 6450:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 6158:. New York: Facts on File. 6056:. London: Faber and Faber. 4317:infantry battalions (1/6th 4304:politically aware Africans. 4157: 3993:1,322 out of 11,596 African 3918: 3798:. British units forced the 3521:on 26 December, renamed it 3331:Naval operations, 1914–1916 3166:gun. The British armed the 3023:under the command of Major 2824:Maritz rebellion, 1914–1915 2505:Kamerun campaign, 1914–1916 2444:West African Frontier Force 1858:Coastal campaign, 1915–1916 1815:Senussi campaign, 1915–1917 10: 9318: 9297:Military history of Africa 9138:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 8686:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 8146:Second Battle of the Marne 8033:Second battle of the Aisne 7902:Second Battle of Champagne 7743:German invasion of Belgium 6831:MacPherson, W. G. (1921). 6400:Principal Events 1914–1918 6116:. New York: W. W. Norton. 4337:(RNAS) armoured cars, the 4216:South West Africa Campaign 4150:and in German East Africa 3951: 3872: 3487:Battle for Lake Tanganyika 3484: 3339: 3276: 3077: 3066: 2964: 2928:. General Louis Botha had 2902:in the Upington area. The 2860:Christian Frederick Beyers 2827: 2692:South West Africa campaign 2689: 2677:was postponed until 1925. 2653: 2508: 2479:Asquith coalition ministry 2410: 2390:League of Nations mandates 2341: 2259: 2159: 2079: 2053: 1861: 1818: 1773:quickly lost the towns of 1730:Attempts were made by the 1723: 1712: 36: 29: 9244: 9203: 9124: 9063: 9025: 8969: 8958: 8919:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 8862: 8834: 8782: 8704: 8678: 8630: 8523: 8516: 8448:Irish War of Independence 8344: 8226: 8191:Armistice of Villa Giusti 8176:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 8101: 8003: 7930: 7831: 7788:First Battle of the Marne 7735: 7697: 7632: 7623: 7566: 7440: 7429: 7395: 7367: 7329: 7281: 7234: 7227: 7154: 6599: 6584:10.1080/03086539808583015 6500:African Studies Quarterly 6173:Hogan, Edmund M. (2013). 6052:Crowder, Michael (1973). 6033:Crafford, F. S. (2005) . 5218:, pp. 550, 552, 554. 5170:, pp. 219, 231, 220. 4694:Skinner & Stacke 1922 4598:Skinner & Stacke 1922 4470:Skinner & Stacke 1922 4433:Tucker & Roberts 2006 4212:German colonial territory 4089: 1,000,000 Africans 3571:Military operations, 1916 2989:October 1914 – July 1915. 2979:The campaign in southern 2967:German campaign in Angola 2854:, under the influence of 2173:(Chief) of the Ikazkazan 2098:by the Darfurian leader, 2050:Volta-Bani War, 1915–1917 2028:Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars 1873:Western Desert, 1914–1918 1681:. The objectives were at 1652:on 22 August argued that 1273: 1226: 1221: 791: 143: 78: 60: 52: 47: 9071:Constantinople Agreement 8364:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 8227:Co-belligerent conflicts 8196:Second Romanian campaign 8166:Third Transjordan attack 7877:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 7783:Battle of Grand Couronné 7102:German Colonial Uniforms 6773:Fendall, C. P. (1992) . 6747:Clifford, H. C. (1920). 6295:Moberly, F. J. (1995) . 6242:. London: I. B. Tauris. 6014:Corbett, J. S. (2003) . 5957:. Perth: Artlook Books. 5924:Adams, R. J. Q. (1999). 5917: 5842:, pp. 424, 426–427. 5180:Falola & Genova 2009 4844:Gorman & Newman 2009 4742:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4718:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4670:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4658:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4646:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4634:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4622:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4610:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4574:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4562:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4550:Macmunn & Falls 1996 4253:British controlled Egypt 4182: 4175:Black and White in Color 3963:Upanga Road Cemetery in 3614:military units based in 3283:The uprising was led by 3273:Chilembwe uprising, 1915 3266:History of the Great War 2917:and Beyers had gathered 2708:German South West Africa 2310:East Africa Protectorate 2156:Kaocen revolt, 1916–1917 2003:. The mainly Australian 1994:. Egyptian officials at 1574:German South West Africa 1531:Indian and Pacific Ocean 1213:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 9134:Modus vivendi of Acroma 9086:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 8394:Greater Poland Uprising 8294:National Protection War 8171:Meuse–Argonne offensive 8121:German spring offensive 8116:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 7892:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 7867:Second Battle of Artois 7748:Battle of the Frontiers 6886:O'Neill, H. C. (1918). 6280:. New York: MacMillan. 6223:. New York: MacMillan. 5993:Campbell, John (2010). 5953:Bostock, H. P. (1982). 5286:Burg & Purcell 1998 4408:Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial 4335:Royal Naval Air Service 4245:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 4000: 20,000 carriers, 3927:posed as crusaders for 3257:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 3150:on the British side of 3080:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2640:wartime sexual violence 2338:Togoland campaign, 1914 2076:Darfur Expedition, 1916 1960:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 1552:comprises campaigns in 1180:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 1046:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 9159:Paris Peace Conference 9147:Ukraine–Central Powers 8941:Massacres of Albanians 8909:Late Ottoman genocides 8716:Bulgarian occupations 8424:Third Anglo-Afghan War 8388:Hungarian–Romanian War 8206:Naval Victory Bulletin 8201:Armistice with Germany 8151:Hundred Days Offensive 8078:Battle of La Malmaison 8028:Second battle of Arras 7995:Battle of Transylvania 7849:Second Battle of Ypres 7717:Sarajevo assassination 7606:South African Republic 7097:Schutzpolizei uniforms 7075:Liberia from 1912–1920 6931:Pélissier, R. (1977). 6912:Paice, Edward (2007). 6333:Omar, Mohamed (2001). 6035:Jan Smuts: A Biography 5974:Almanac of World War I 5233:Tucker & Wood 1996 4331:Australian Light Horse 4208:South African Republic 4164:German Colonial Empire 4148:250,000–350,000 deaths 4144:160,000–200,000 people 4124: 3972: 3954:World War I casualties 3844:Makonbe uprising, 1917 3815: 3800: 3771: 3735:then advanced towards 3727: 3713: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3582: 3507:Geoffrey Spicer-Simson 3473: 3431:was straddled but hit 3353: 3342:Battle of Rufiji Delta 3317:Portuguese East Africa 3251: 3207: 3109: 3101: 2981:Portuguese West Africa 2976: 2896:South African Republic 2847: 2703: 2607: 2588: 2585:Senegalese Tirailleurs 2571: 2555:Second Battle of Garua 2522: 2431: 2401:German colonial empire 2297:Somaliland Camel Corps 2276: 2250:Sultanate of Damagaram 2179:French colonial forces 1924:Western Frontier Force 1914: 1875: 1864:Western Frontier Force 1803:soldiers were killed. 1783: 1771:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 1741: 1582: 1560:campaigns against the 1107:Joachim von Heydebreck 1058:Hans Georg von Doering 792:Commanders and leaders 716:South African Republic 9169:Treaty of St. Germain 9142:Russia–Central Powers 9096:Sykes–Picot Agreement 8924:Pontic Greek genocide 8899:Destruction of Kalisz 8875:Eastern Mediterranean 8436:Polish–Lithuanian War 8218:Armistice of Belgrade 8181:Armistice of Salonica 8111:Operation Faustschlag 8058:Third Battle of Oituz 7980:Baranovichi offensive 7948:Lake Naroch offensive 7922:Battle of Robat Karim 7897:Vistula–Bug offensive 7872:Battles of the Isonzo 7803:First Battle of Ypres 7041:Anderson, R. (2001). 6952:Strachan, H. (2004). 6858:Northrup, D. (1988). 6491:Chafer, Tony (2005). 6427:Strachan, H. (2001). 6314:Newbolt, H. (2003) . 6238:Louis, W. R. (2006). 6192:Hordern, C. (1990) . 6131:Fraga, L. A. (2010). 4446:"War Losses (Africa)" 4241:lost to Italy in 1912 4196:Union of South Africa 4194:In opposition to the 4108: 4098:had died, among them 4096: 95,000 porters 4071: 22,000 British 4014:10,000–15,000 locally 3961: 3806:Portuguese Mozambique 3767: 3681: 3594:Africans British and 3578: 3375:sank the cruiser HMS 3349: 3289:millenarian Christian 3205: 3119:King's African Rifles 3095: 3084:Battle of Kilimanjaro 2974: 2840:1st Rhodesia Regiment 2837: 2720:Union of South Africa 2712:Battle of Sandfontein 2699: 2583: 2540:First Battle of Garua 2518: 2493:of Conservatives and 2469:under Prime Minister 2269: 2113:organised a force of 1871: 1769:. The Zaians, led by 1649:East African Standard 1373:Sinai & Palestine 1222:Casualties and losses 9164:Treaty of Versailles 8880:Mount Lebanon famine 8795:in the United States 8763:Russian occupations 8477:Turkish–Armenian War 8418:Polish–Ukrainian War 8358:Ukrainian–Soviet War 8305:Central Asian Revolt 8088:Armistice of Focșani 7818:Battle of Sarikamish 7768:Battle of Tannenberg 7164:Military engagements 6971:Waldeck, K. (2010). 6215:Hoyt, E. P. (1981). 5854:, pp. 641, 568. 5806:, pp. 368, 375. 5782:, pp. 636, 640. 5206:, pp. 550, 555. 4708:, pp. 749, 747. 3938:Treaty of Versailles 3869:Barue uprising, 1917 3708:7,000–8,000 porters, 3668:Imperial War Cabinet 3587:Horace Smith-Dorrien 3556:Belgian Armed Forces 3369:Imperial German Navy 3226:. Near Kilimanjaro, 3164:QF 1 pounder pom-pom 2491:coalition government 2407:Bussa uprising, 1915 2092:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 2005:Imperial Camel Corps 1958:On 11 February 1916 1720:Zaian War, 1914–1921 132:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 9231:They shall not pass 9154:Treaty of Bucharest 9111:Treaty of Bucharest 9050:USA against Germany 9027:Declarations of war 8731:German occupations 8644:British casualties 8503:Soviet–Georgian War 8430:Egyptian Revolution 8370:Armeno-Georgian War 8234:Somaliland campaign 8186:Armistice of Mudros 8063:Battle of Caporetto 8053:Battle of Mărășești 8023:Zimmermann telegram 8018:February Revolution 7963:Battle of the Somme 7887:Bug-Narew Offensive 7862:Battle of Gallipoli 7854:Sinking of the RMS 7646:Scramble for Africa 7640:Franco-Prussian War 7296:Sinai and Palestine 7021:on 12 November 2006 6350:Paice, E. (2009) . 6276:Miller, C. (1974). 5999:. London: Vintage. 5905:, pp. 393–398. 5866:, pp. 392–393. 5830:, pp. 642–643. 5794:, pp. 320–321. 5686:, pp. 617–619. 5659:, pp. 627–628. 5500:, pp. 179–180. 5416:, pp. 577–579. 5404:, pp. 558–559. 5368:, pp. 127–128. 5315:, pp. 551–552. 5276:, pp. 559–565. 5264:, pp. 556–557. 5194:, pp. 299–313. 5182:, pp. 110–111. 5134:, pp. 722–731. 5098:, pp. 538–539. 5086:, pp. 405–419. 5074:, pp. 383–384. 5062:, pp. 388–293. 5050:, pp. 346–350. 5026:, pp. 294–299. 5014:, pp. 268–270. 4990:, pp. 106–109. 4954:, pp. 166–167. 4918:, pp. 120–122. 4672:, pp. 140–144. 4660:, pp. 135–140. 4648:, pp. 123–129. 4636:, pp. 119–123. 4624:, pp. 113–118. 4576:, pp. 106–107. 4564:, pp. 103–106. 4525:, pp. 756–757. 4484:, pp. 495–505. 4206:and re-founded the 4202:rebels rose in the 3934:Scramble for Africa 3858:10,000–15,000 Ngoni 3606:which included the 3530:Hedwig von Wissmann 3293:Watch-Tower Society 3236:British East Africa 3156:British East Africa 3123:Uganda Protectorate 2995:, which arrived at 2938:Commissioners Drift 2856:Siener van Rensburg 2728:Union Defence Force 2559:Battle of Ngaundere 2536:Battle of Nsanakong 2262:Somaliland campaign 2109:(commander) of the 2088:Sultanate of Darfur 1747:Zaian confederation 1670:command of the seas 1654:Europeans in Africa 1482:North-West Frontier 743:Sultanate of Darfur 128:Sultanate of Darfur 67:German trenches in 9191:Treaty of Lausanne 9106:Paris Economy Pact 9040:UK against Germany 8970:Entry into the war 8936:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 8655:Ottoman casualties 8465:Franco-Turkish War 8345:Post-War conflicts 8329:Russian Revolution 8311:Invasion of Darfur 8276:Kelantan rebellion 8264:Kurdish rebellions 8240:Mexican Revolution 8073:October Revolution 8038:Kerensky offensive 8013:Capture of Baghdad 7990:Monastir offensive 7975:Brusilov offensive 7813:Battle of Kolubara 7652:Russo-Japanese War 7080:2020-02-26 at the 6753:. London: Murray. 5560:, p. 45, 162. 4906:, pp. 17, 16. 4756:, pp. 82–121. 4410:marks the spot in 4343:Royal Flying Corps 4323:Middlesex Regiment 4321:, 2/7th and 2/8th 4128:350,000 casualties 3973: 3848:In March 1917 the 3776:Jacob van Deventer 3772: 3692: 3583: 3467:, and the crew of 3354: 3279:Chilembwe uprising 3208: 3102: 2987:) took place from 2977: 2898:. Maritz occupied 2848: 2704: 2589: 2523: 2499:David Lloyd George 2495:Coalition Liberals 2397: 60 per cent 2281:British Somaliland 2277: 2206:Royal Italian Army 2096:Sultanate of Egypt 2062:French West Africa 2044:accords of Akramah 2009:Ford Motor Company 1980:Royal Flying Corps 1903:and badly damaged 1876: 1797:Battle of El Herri 1765:mountains towards 1742:Teskilat-i Mahsusa 1578:German East Africa 1378:Hejaz & Levant 1015:Giacomo De Martino 126:Annexation of the 9257: 9256: 9240: 9239: 9224:The Golden Virgin 9218:Mutilated victory 9199: 9198: 9179:Treaty of Trianon 9174:Treaty of Neuilly 9081:Damascus Protocol 8954: 8953: 8914:Armenian genocide 8871:Allied blockades 8843:Belgian refugees 8626: 8625: 8536:Strategic bombing 8512: 8511: 8497:Franco-Syrian War 8471:Greco-Turkish War 8459:Anglo-Turkish War 8442:Polish–Soviet War 8376:German Revolution 8352:Russian Civil War 8335:Finnish Civil War 8161:Battle of Megiddo 8136:Battle of Goychay 8083:Battle of Cambrai 8043:Battle of Mărăști 7958:Battle of Jutland 7938:Erzurum offensive 7793:Siege of Przemyśl 7773:Siege of Tsingtao 7758:Battle of Galicia 7688:Second Balkan War 7676:Italo-Turkish War 7633:Pre-War conflicts 7619: 7618: 7509:Portuguese Empire 7425: 7424: 7387:German New Guinea 7369:Asian and Pacific 6986:978-99945-71-55-0 6963:978-0-19-925728-7 6871:978-0-89680-151-6 6786:978-0-89839-174-9 6718:978-99916-872-3-0 6695:978-99916-872-1-6 6622:978-1-369-58934-4 6476:978-0-8153-0399-2 6457:978-1-8510-9879-8 6438:978-0-19-926191-8 6361:978-0-7538-2349-1 6325:978-1-84342-492-5 6306:978-0-89839-235-7 6287:978-0-02-584930-3 6268:978-0-89839-241-8 6249:978-1-84511-309-4 6230:978-0-02-555210-4 6207:978-0-89839-158-9 6184:978-978-081-287-4 6165:978-0-8160-7158-6 6146:978-9-89260-034-5 6123:978-0-3930-2369-5 6101:978-0-8108-5615-8 6082:978-0-09-134031-5 6063:978-0-571-09395-3 6044:978-1-4179-9290-4 6025:978-1-84342-491-8 6006:978-1-84595-091-0 5985:978-0-8131-2072-0 5572:, pp. 80–85. 5548:, pp. 65–67. 5536:, pp. 64–65. 5146:, pp. 1–417. 5002:, pp. 93–97. 4966:, pp. 73–93. 4834:, pp. 17–40. 4513:, pp. 12–13. 4130:and a death rate 4028:died of disease. 3886:Southern Rhodesia 3854:Zambezia province 3822:Northern Rhodesia 3327:were imprisoned. 3313:Christian mission 3174:William Mackinnon 3152:Mount Kilimanjaro 2772:and then entered 2724:Battle of Kakamas 2681:South West Africa 2344:Togoland campaign 2169:(1880–1919), the 1831:Italo-Turkish War 1703:Siege of Tsingtao 1639:Berlin Conference 1617:Strategic context 1539: 1538: 1407:South West Africa 1231: 1230: 666:South West Africa 413:Equatorial Africa 139: 138: 16:(Redirected from 9309: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9265: 9184:Treaty of Sèvres 9076:Treaty of London 8967: 8966: 8745:Northeast France 8676: 8675: 8648:Parliamentarians 8581: 8580: 8543:Chemical weapons 8521: 8520: 8282:Senussi campaign 8252:Muscat rebellion 8246:Maritz rebellion 8214: 8156:Vardar offensive 7985:Battle of Romani 7953:Battle of Asiago 7943:Battle of Verdun 7907:Kosovo offensive 7682:First Balkan War 7630: 7629: 7529:Russian Republic 7438: 7437: 7232: 7231: 7174:Economic history 7141: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7117: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7017:. Archived from 7007:Harvard Magazine 6990: 6967: 6948: 6927: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6722: 6699: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6645: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6614: 6595: 6562: 6541: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6497: 6480: 6461: 6442: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6393: 6365: 6346: 6329: 6316:Naval Operations 6310: 6291: 6272: 6253: 6234: 6222: 6211: 6188: 6169: 6150: 6127: 6105: 6086: 6067: 6048: 6029: 6016:Naval Operations 6010: 5989: 5977: 5966: 5949: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5236: 5230: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4930:, p. 49–71. 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4404: 4398: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4257:Senussi Campaign 4225: 4219: 4204:Maritz Rebellion 4192: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4136:300,000 civilian 4133: 4129: 4122: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983:casualties, the 3982: 3978: 3898:Kingdom of Barue 3859: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3756:campaign plans. 3731:and the British 3730: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3689: 3665: 3656: 3652: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3476: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440:with the eighth 3326: 3323:were killed and 3322: 3291:minister of the 3254: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3224:Usambara Railway 3217: 3146:region captured 3129:and on 8 August 3116: 3112: 3107: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3022: 3006:Cuangar Massacre 2990: 2955: 2934: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2877:Curragh incident 2873: 2830:Maritz rebellion 2617: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2587:in Kamerun, 1916 2576: 2511:Kamerun campaign 2436: 2398: 2395: 2388:were created as 2382:British Togoland 2287:, sultan of the 2235: 2203: 2200: 2195:Sultan of Agadez 2150: 2147: 2141:Kamerun campaign 2135: 2119: 2116: 2018: 1962:, leader of the 1945: 1936:action of Agagia 1917: 1891:, in the Bay of 1844: 1840: 1835: 1825:Senussi campaign 1802: 1794: 1786: 1744: 1679:commerce raiders 1587: 1268: 1257: 1250: 1243: 1234: 1233: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1191: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1150: 1149: 1138: 1137: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1092: 1091: 1080: 1079: 1068: 1067: 1056: 1055: 1044: 1043: 1032: 1031: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1002:Giovanni Ameglio 1000: 999: 990: 980: 979: 968: 967: 956: 955: 944: 943: 932: 931: 920: 919: 908: 907: 899: 895: 894: 885: 881: 880: 870:Reginald Wingate 868: 867: 856: 855: 846:Reginald Hoskins 844: 843: 835: 831: 830: 818: 817: 806: 805: 784: 783: 780: 776: 774: 773: 759: 757:Dervish Movement 755: 754: 753: 745: 741: 739: 738: 727: 726: 725: 718: 714: 713: 703:Co-belligerents: 696: 695: 683: 679: 677: 676: 668: 664: 662: 661: 650: 648: 647: 637: 635: 634: 625: 621: 619: 618: 596: 592: 590: 589: 581: 577: 575: 574: 566: 562: 560: 559: 551: 547: 545: 544: 534: 531: 527: 525: 524: 512: 508: 506: 505: 494: 492: 491: 482: 478: 476: 475: 463: 459: 457: 456: 443: 442: 430: 426: 424: 423: 415: 411: 409: 408: 400: 396: 394: 393: 383: 379: 377: 376: 364: 360: 358: 357: 349: 345: 343: 342: 334: 330: 328: 327: 319: 315: 313: 312: 301: 299: 298: 291: 287: 285: 284: 273: 271: 270: 263: 259: 257: 256: 248: 244: 242: 241: 233: 229: 227: 226: 215: 213: 212: 205: 201: 199: 198: 190: 186: 184: 183: 173: 169: 167: 166: 80: 79: 65: 45: 44: 21: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9302:1910s in Africa 9282: 9281: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9260: 9258: 9253: 9236: 9195: 9127: 9120: 9091:Treaty of Darin 9059: 9021: 8977:Austria-Hungary 8963: 8950: 8931:Rape of Belgium 8858: 8830: 8778: 8772:Western Armenia 8767:Eastern Galicia 8700: 8674: 8638: 8637:Civilian impact 8636: 8622: 8579: 8508: 8340: 8270:Ovambo Uprising 8222: 8208: 8097: 7999: 7926: 7844:Battle of Łomża 7827: 7823:Christmas truce 7798:Race to the Sea 7731: 7693: 7615: 7586:Austria-Hungary 7562: 7497:Empire of Japan 7434: 7432: 7421: 7405:U-boat campaign 7391: 7363: 7325: 7277: 7223: 7204:Popular culture 7150: 7145: 7082:Wayback Machine 7071: 7066: 7057: 7055: 7024: 7022: 6987: 6964: 6924: 6923:9-780297-847090 6902: 6900: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6848: 6846: 6821: 6819: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6763: 6761: 6719: 6696: 6670: 6668:Further reading 6665: 6656: 6654: 6643: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6602: 6516: 6514: 6495: 6487: 6477: 6458: 6439: 6417: 6415: 6362: 6326: 6307: 6288: 6269: 6250: 6231: 6208: 6185: 6166: 6147: 6124: 6102: 6083: 6064: 6045: 6026: 6007: 5986: 5938: 5920: 5914: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5231: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684:, pp. 1–2. 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4405: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4237:Ottoman control 4226: 4222: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039:of disease and 4036: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4018:Joseph Aymerich 4013: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3956: 3950: 3921: 3916: 3877: 3871: 3863:Colonial Office 3857: 3846: 3810: 3791: 3790:casualties and 3787: 3779: 3770: 3762: 3719:Charles Tombeur 3707: 3703: 3676: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3560:Graf von Götzen 3552:Graf von Götzen 3515:Lake Tanganyika 3489: 3483: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3352: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3281: 3275: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3215: 3114: 3105: 3098:Battle of Tanga 3090: 3088:Battle of Tanga 3078:Main articles: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3060: 3052:Ovambo Uprising 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3010:Portuguese Army 3008:, on the small 2988: 2969: 2963: 2953: 2950:Kalahari desert 2932: 2921: 2914: 2871: 2846:, December 1914 2832: 2826: 2798:Battle of Otavi 2776:on 5 May 1915. 2706:An invasion of 2702: 2694: 2688: 2683: 2658: 2652: 2650:Adubi War, 1918 2615: 2603: 2597:Carl Zimmermann 2567:Battle of Banjo 2551:Battle of Gurin 2521: 2513: 2507: 2446:(WAFF) and the 2439:bows and arrows 2415: 2413:Bussa rebellion 2409: 2396: 2386:French Togoland 2366:First World War 2346: 2340: 2335: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2233: 2201: 2164: 2158: 2148: 2134:2,000 followers 2133: 2117: 2084: 2078: 2058: 2052: 2017:(17–22 October) 2016: 1956: 1943: 1940:Dorset Yeomanry 1874: 1866: 1860: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1827: 1819:Main articles: 1817: 1800: 1792: 1784:groupes mobiles 1728: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1619: 1614: 1550:First World War 1546:African theatre 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1197: 1185: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1159: 1156: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1111: 1099: 1098: 1086: 1082:Carl Zimmermann 1074: 1062: 1050: 1038: 1034:Heinrich Schnee 1026: 1020: 1007: 1006: 994: 986: 974: 962: 950: 938: 934:Charles Tombeur 926: 914: 902: 897:François Clozel 889: 888: 883:Joseph Aymerich 875: 874: 862: 850: 838: 825: 824: 812: 800: 787: 781: 771: 769: 767: 751: 749: 748: 736: 734: 733: 723: 721: 708: 707: 690: 686: 674: 672: 659: 657: 645: 643: 632: 630: 627: 626: 616: 614: 599: 587: 585: 572: 570: 557: 555: 542: 540: 536: 535: 532: 522: 520: 515: 503: 501: 489: 487: 484: 483: 473: 471: 466: 454: 452: 448: 447: 437: 433: 421: 419: 406: 404: 391: 389: 385: 384: 374: 372: 367: 355: 353: 340: 338: 325: 323: 310: 308: 296: 294: 282: 280: 268: 266: 254: 252: 239: 237: 224: 222: 210: 208: 196: 194: 181: 179: 175: 174: 164: 162: 156: 114: 100: 87: 73:German Cameroon 66: 55:First World War 41: 35: 32:First Congo War 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9315: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9279: 9278: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9156: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9126:Peace treaties 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9031: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9012:United Kingdom 9009: 9004: 9002:Ottoman Empire 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8964: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8906: 8904:Sack of Dinant 8901: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8868: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8852:United Kingdom 8849: 8840: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8812: 8806:POW locations 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8682: 8680: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8641: 8639: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8606:United Kingdom 8603: 8601:Ottoman Empire 8598: 8593: 8587: 8585: 8578: 8577: 8575:Trench warfare 8572: 8571: 8570: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8527: 8525: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8291: 8288:Volta-Bani War 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8126:Zeebrugge Raid 8123: 8118: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7917:Battle of Loos 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7808:Black Sea raid 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7710:Historiography 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7664:Bosnian Crisis 7661: 7658:Tangier Crisis 7655: 7649: 7643: 7636: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7591:Ottoman Empire 7588: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7568:Central Powers 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7551:British Empire 7546:United Kingdom 7543: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7524:Russian Empire 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7442:Entente Powers 7435: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7410:North Atlantic 7401: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7321:Central Arabia 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7283:Middle Eastern 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7240: 7238: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7184:Historiography 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7070: 7069:External links 7067: 7065: 7064: 7032: 7031: 6992: 6991: 6985: 6968: 6962: 6949: 6928: 6922: 6909: 6883: 6870: 6855: 6828: 6798: 6785: 6770: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6717: 6700: 6694: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6634: 6621: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6563: 6542: 6523: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6462: 6456: 6443: 6437: 6424: 6394: 6374:Rotberg, R. I. 6370:Rotberg, R. I. 6366: 6360: 6347: 6330: 6324: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6273: 6267: 6254: 6248: 6235: 6229: 6212: 6206: 6189: 6183: 6170: 6164: 6151: 6145: 6128: 6122: 6110:Farwell, Byron 6106: 6100: 6087: 6081: 6068: 6062: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6011: 6005: 5990: 5984: 5967: 5950: 5936: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5895: 5893:, p. 398. 5883: 5881:, p. 393. 5868: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5818:, p. 643. 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5770:, p. 641. 5760: 5758:, p. 297. 5748: 5746:, p. 590. 5736: 5734:, p. 175. 5724: 5722:, p. 287. 5712: 5710:, p. 281. 5700: 5698:, p. 630. 5688: 5676: 5674:, p. 617. 5661: 5649: 5647:, p. 618. 5637: 5635:, p. 614. 5625: 5623:, p. 599. 5613: 5611:, p. 602. 5601: 5599:, p. 230. 5586: 5584:, p. 211. 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5512:, p. 137. 5502: 5490: 5488:, p. 135. 5478: 5476:, p. 600. 5466: 5464:, p. 101. 5454: 5452:, p. 195. 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5392:, p. 559. 5382: 5380:, p. 128. 5370: 5358: 5356:, p. 554. 5346: 5344:, p. 552. 5334: 5332:, p. 553. 5317: 5305: 5303:, p. 551. 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5252:, p. 102. 5237: 5235:, p. 654. 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5158:, p. 218. 5148: 5136: 5124: 5122:, p. 412. 5112: 5110:, p. 421. 5100: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4942:, p. 222. 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4882:, p. 542. 4872: 4870:, p. 642. 4860: 4858:, p. 217. 4848: 4846:, p. 629. 4836: 4821: 4819:, p. 747. 4809: 4807:, p. 222. 4797: 4795:, p. 158. 4785: 4783:, p. 217. 4773: 4771:, p. 402. 4758: 4754:Fuglestad 1973 4746: 4744:, p. 153. 4734: 4732:, p. 749. 4722: 4720:, p. 151. 4710: 4698: 4696:, p. 211. 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4600:, p. 210. 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4552:, p. 411. 4539: 4537:, p. 767. 4527: 4515: 4503: 4501:, p. 496. 4486: 4474: 4472:, p. 331. 4462: 4437: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4399: 4383: 4370: 4357: 4347: 4306: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4261: 4220: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4152:10–20 per cent 4132:of 1:7 people. 4118: 4082:126,972 troops 3991:Europeans and 3962: 3952:Main article: 3949: 3946: 3925:Entente powers 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3875:Barue uprising 3873:Main article: 3870: 3867: 3850:Makonbe people 3845: 3842: 3834:Chambezi River 3774:Major-General 3768: 3761: 3758: 3728:Force Publique 3714:Force Publique 3698:Force Publique 3686:Force Publique 3675: 3672: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3485:Main article: 3482: 3479: 3351:SMS Königsberg 3350: 3340:Main article: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3285:John Chilembwe 3277:Main article: 3274: 3271: 3261:United Kingdom 3170:lake steamers 3168:Uganda Railway 3075: 3072: 3067:Main article: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 2965:Main article: 2962: 2959: 2954:300 of 800 men 2852:Koos de la Rey 2828:Main article: 2825: 2822: 2700: 2690:Main article: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2654:Main article: 2651: 2648: 2542:on 31 August. 2532:Battle of Tepe 2519: 2509:Main article: 2506: 2503: 2452:French Dahomey 2448:Nigeria police 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2342:Main article: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2306:Somali peoples 2301:Shimber Berris 2270: 2260:Main article: 2257: 2254: 2252:was defeated. 2185:oasis town of 2160:Main article: 2157: 2154: 2080:Main article: 2077: 2074: 2056:Volta-Bani War 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 1972:Bahariya Oasis 1955: 1952: 1872: 1859: 1856: 1816: 1813: 1809:Central Powers 1805:Hubert Lyautey 1767:French Algeria 1755:French Morocco 1736:Ottoman Empire 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1699:Gulf of Guinea 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1590:British Empire 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1494:Naval theatres 1490: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1388:Central Arabia 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1203: 1183: 1169: 1155: 1154: 1142: 1130: 1118: 1096: 1084: 1072: 1070:Karl Ebermaier 1060: 1048: 1036: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1004: 992: 972: 960: 948: 936: 924: 912: 910:Hubert Lyautey 900: 886: 872: 860: 858:William Peyton 848: 836: 833:Charles Dobell 822: 810: 797: 794: 793: 789: 788: 786: 785: 765: 760: 746: 731: 719: 705: 700: 698:Ottoman Empire 687: 685: 684: 669: 654: 641: 612: 611: 610: 605:Central Powers 600: 598: 597: 582: 567: 552: 518: 517: 516: 514: 513: 498: 469: 468: 467: 465: 464: 436: 435: 434: 432: 431: 416: 401: 370: 369: 368: 366: 365: 350: 335: 320: 305: 292: 277: 264: 249: 234: 219: 206: 191: 171:United Kingdom 160: 159: 158: 152:Entente Powers 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 135: 134: 124: 121: 116: 110: 109: 108:Allied victory 106: 102: 101: 96: 94: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 58: 57: 50: 49: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9314: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9277: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9017:United States 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8957: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8634: 8629: 8619: 8618:United States 8616: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8568:Convoy system 8566: 8565: 8564: 8563:Naval warfare 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8323:Kaocen revolt 8321: 8318: 8317:Easter Rising 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:Great Retreat 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753:Battle of Cer 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7670:Agadir Crisis 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7558:United States 7556: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475:French Empire 7473: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7428: 7418: 7417:Mediterranean 7415: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7397:Naval warfare 7394: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7273:Italian Front 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7261:Eastern Front 7259: 7257: 7256:Western Front 7254: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Puppet states 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7106:Brian Digre: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6884: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6829: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6624: 6618: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378:Mazrui, A. A. 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5937:0-8047-3716-9 5933: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5852:Strachan 2003 5848: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5828:Strachan 2003 5824: 5817: 5816:Strachan 2003 5812: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5780:Strachan 2003 5776: 5769: 5768:Strachan 2003 5764: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5744:Strachan 2003 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5696:Strachan 2003 5692: 5685: 5684:Strachan 2003 5680: 5673: 5672:Strachan 2003 5668: 5666: 5658: 5657:Strachan 2003 5653: 5646: 5645:Strachan 2003 5641: 5634: 5633:Strachan 2003 5629: 5622: 5621:Strachan 2003 5617: 5610: 5609:Strachan 2003 5605: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5524:, p. 45. 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5474:Strachan 2003 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5440:, p. 43. 5439: 5434: 5428:, p. 42. 5427: 5422: 5415: 5414:Strachan 2003 5410: 5403: 5402:Strachan 2003 5398: 5391: 5390:Strachan 2003 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5354:Strachan 2003 5350: 5343: 5342:Strachan 2003 5338: 5331: 5330:Strachan 2003 5326: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5313:Strachan 2003 5309: 5302: 5301:Strachan 2003 5297: 5295: 5288:, p. 59. 5287: 5282: 5275: 5274:Strachan 2003 5270: 5263: 5262:Strachan 2003 5258: 5251: 5250:Crafford 2005 5246: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5217: 5216:Strachan 2003 5212: 5205: 5204:Strachan 2003 5200: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5096:Strachan 2003 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4952:Campbell 2010 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4928:Yearwood 1998 4924: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4894:, p. 93. 4893: 4888: 4881: 4880:Strachan 2003 4876: 4869: 4868:Strachan 2003 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4817:Strachan 2003 4813: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4730:Strachan 2003 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4706:Strachan 2003 4702: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4588:, p. 28. 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4535:Strachan 2003 4531: 4524: 4523:Strachan 2003 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4499:Strachan 2003 4495: 4493: 4491: 4483: 4482:Strachan 2003 4478: 4471: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4435:, p. 43. 4434: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229:Senussi Order 4224: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4141: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4044: 90,000 4029: 4019: 4011: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3965:Dar es Salaam 3960: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792:2,700 British 3785: 3780:15–19 October 3777: 3766: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3626:Belgian Congo 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608:Carrier Corps 3597: 3588: 3577: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:Zanzibar City 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3358:light cruiser 3348: 3343: 3328: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3127:Lake Victoria 3124: 3120: 3111: 3110:Schutztruppen 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3070: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048:Pereira d'Eça 3026: 3025:Victor Franke 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2993:Alves Roçadas 2986: 2982: 2973: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2933: 30,000 2927: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868:Potchefstroom 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Luderitzbucht 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Swakop valley 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2698: 2693: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2609: 2608:Schutztruppen 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2563:Siege of Mora 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2517: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:Edward Carson 2480: 2476: 2475:Conservatives 2472: 2471:H. H. Asquith 2468: 2467:Liberal Party 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2427:Borgu Emirate 2424: 2420: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:Dervish state 2286: 2285:Diiriye Guure 2282: 2274: 2273:Dervish State 2268: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2162:Kaocen revolt 2153: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2111:Egyptian Army 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Moghara Oasis 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Farafra Oasis 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1870: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1793:80,000 troops 1790: 1789:combined arms 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Berber people 1748: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1732:German Empire 1727: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Dar-es-Salaam 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516:Mediterranean 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290:Eastern Front 1288: 1286: 1285:Western Front 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1128:Victor Franke 1124: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1094:Theodor Seitz 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1003: 998: 993: 991: 989: 983: 978: 973: 971: 966: 961: 959: 958:Alves Roçadas 954: 949: 947: 946:Armand Huyghé 942: 937: 935: 930: 925: 923: 918: 913: 911: 906: 901: 898: 893: 887: 884: 879: 873: 871: 866: 861: 859: 854: 849: 847: 842: 837: 834: 829: 823: 821: 816: 811: 809: 804: 799: 798: 796: 795: 790: 779: 766: 764: 763:Supported by: 761: 758: 747: 744: 732: 730: 729:Senussi Order 720: 717: 712: 706: 704: 701: 699: 694: 689: 688: 682: 670: 667: 655: 653: 642: 640: 629: 628: 624: 609: 607: 606: 601: 595: 583: 580: 568: 565: 553: 550: 538: 537: 530: 511: 499: 497: 486: 485: 481: 462: 450: 449: 446: 441: 429: 417: 414: 402: 399: 387: 386: 382: 363: 351: 348: 336: 333: 321: 318: 306: 304: 293: 290: 278: 276: 265: 262: 250: 247: 235: 232: 220: 218: 207: 204: 192: 189: 177: 176: 172: 157: 154: 153: 148: 147: 142: 133: 129: 125: 122: 119: 118: 117: 112: 111: 107: 104: 103: 99: 95: 92: 91: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 9229: 9222: 9210: 8817: / 8749: 8584:Conscription 8548:Cryptography 8485:Iraqi Revolt 7912:Siege of Kut 7855: 7433:participants 7382:German Samoa 7330: 7316:South Arabia 7056:. Retrieved 7043: 7034: 7033: 7023:. Retrieved 7019:the original 7006: 6994: 6993: 6976: 6972: 6953: 6936: 6932: 6913: 6901:. Retrieved 6888: 6875:. Retrieved 6860: 6847:. Retrieved 6833: 6820:. Retrieved 6808: 6803: 6790:. Retrieved 6775: 6762:. Retrieved 6749: 6708: 6704: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6655:. Retrieved 6639: 6626:. Retrieved 6608: 6578:(1): 49–71. 6575: 6571: 6550: 6546: 6527: 6515:. Retrieved 6503: 6499: 6466: 6447: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6399: 6381: 6351: 6334: 6315: 6296: 6277: 6258: 6239: 6218: 6193: 6174: 6155: 6136: 6132: 6113: 6091: 6072: 6053: 6034: 6015: 5995: 5973: 5954: 5926: 5898: 5886: 5859: 5847: 5840:Moberly 1995 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5763: 5751: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5577: 5570:Newbolt 2003 5565: 5558:Hordern 1990 5553: 5546:Corbett 2003 5541: 5534:Corbett 2003 5529: 5522:Hordern 1990 5517: 5510:Rotberg 1971 5505: 5498:Hordern 1990 5493: 5486:Rotberg 1971 5481: 5469: 5462:Hordern 1990 5457: 5445: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5308: 5281: 5269: 5257: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5175: 5168:Oduntan 2010 5163: 5156:Oduntan 2010 5151: 5139: 5127: 5120:Moberly 1995 5115: 5108:Moberly 1995 5103: 5091: 5084:Moberly 1995 5079: 5072:Moberly 1995 5067: 5060:Moberly 1995 5055: 5048:Moberly 1995 5043: 5036:Moberly 1995 5031: 5024:Moberly 1995 5019: 5012:Moberly 1995 5007: 5000:Moberly 1995 4995: 4988:Moberly 1995 4983: 4976:Moberly 1995 4971: 4964:Moberly 1995 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4916:Crowder 1973 4911: 4904:Crowder 1978 4899: 4892:Crowder 1973 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4832:Moberly 1995 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4586:Bostock 1982 4581: 4569: 4557: 4530: 4518: 4511:Moberly 1995 4506: 4477: 4465: 4453:. Retrieved 4449: 4440: 4428: 4402: 4397:surrendered. 4392: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4360: 4350: 4309: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4264: 4223: 4207: 4190: 4173: 4125: 4121:Ludwig Boell 4111: 4109: 4104: 4075:11,189 died, 4033:3,443 killed 4030: 4026:117 soldiers 4022:1,685 killed 4009: 3984: 3979:casualties, 3974: 3922: 3893: 3881: 3878: 3847: 3801:Schutztruppe 3796:Generalmajor 3795: 3773: 3694:The Belgian 3693: 3641: 3634: 3623: 3600:7,000 Indian 3592:13,000 South 3584: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3474:Schutztruppe 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3415:Mafia Island 3400: 3394: 3385:Rufiji River 3376: 3372: 3363: 3355: 3282: 3264: 3263:'s official 3252:Schutztruppe 3240:8:1 at Tanga 3216:8,000 troops 3209: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3138: 3132: 3103: 3018: 3005: 2983:(modern-day 2978: 2946:Bechuanaland 2926:Magaliesberg 2924:more in the 2922: 7,000 2912: 2888:Manie Maritz 2881: 2879:in Ireland. 2849: 2810:Keetmanshoop 2778: 2738:Orange River 2733:Schutztruppe 2731: 2705: 2675:direct taxes 2671:forced labor 2662:Direct taxes 2659: 2636:Duala people 2616: 7,000 2604: 7,000 2590: 2544: 2524: 2456: 2416: 2358:Volta Region 2347: 2314: 2278: 2202: 1,000 2165: 2149: 1,000 2138: 2118: 2,000 2085: 2066:Burkina Faso 2059: 2025: 1996:Kharga Oasis 1988:Dakhla Oasis 1957: 1928: 1920:Mersa Matruh 1910:Sidi Barrani 1904: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1843:1,000 rounds 1828: 1763:Middle Atlas 1729: 1709:North Africa 1683:Luderitz Bay 1674:British Army 1663: 1647: 1620: 1584:Schutztruppe 1564:colonies of 1554:North Africa 1545: 1543: 1487:Central Asia 1460:Asia-Pacific 1434:North Africa 1412:South Africa 1399: 1383:South Arabia 1264:Theatres of 1198: 1167:Manie Maritz 1112: 987: 970:Ferreira Gil 762: 702: 603: 602: 549:Tripolitania 188:South Africa 150: 149: 144:Belligerents 53:Part of the 8847:Netherlands 8824:Switzerland 8705:Occupations 8696:Spanish flu 8473:(1919–1922) 8467:(1918–1921) 8461:(1918–1923) 8450:(1919–1921) 8444:(1919–1921) 8438:(1919–1920) 8414:(1918–1920) 8408:(1918–1920) 8402:(1918–1920) 8384:(1918–1920) 8366:(1918–1920) 8360:(1917–1921) 8354:(1917–1921) 8301:(1916-1918) 8299:Arab Revolt 8290:(1915–1917) 8284:(1915–1917) 8272:(1914-1917) 8266:(1914–1917) 8260:(1914–1921) 8254:(1913–1920) 8242:(1910–1920) 8236:(1900–1920) 8209: [ 7727:July Crisis 7648:(1880–1914) 7311:Mesopotamia 7189:Home fronts 7148:World War I 6903:25 February 6849:27 February 6822:25 February 6792:25 February 6657:12 November 6517:12 November 5756:Miller 1974 5720:Miller 1974 5708:Miller 1974 5582:Miller 1974 5450:Miller 1974 5438:Miller 1974 5426:Miller 1974 4682:Chafer 2005 4319:Royal Scots 4315:Territorial 4247:, declared 4214:during the 4140:Spanish flu 4100:20 per cent 4062:killed and 4035:in action, 3977:927 British 3670:at London. 3664:35,424 men. 3647:Lake Malawi 3630:troop ships 3620:13,800 men. 3505:(Commander 3058:East Africa 3044:30 wounded. 3042:killed and 3040:12 soldiers 3032:76 wounded, 3012:outpost at 2884:Foster gang 2838:Men of the 2762:Otjimbingwe 2754:Walfish Bay 2742:Louis Botha 2730:and German 2716:Cape Colony 2628:Beti people 2624:Netherlands 2620:Fernando Po 2433:Beit-el-mal 2403:in Africa. 2333:West Africa 2327:Arab Revolt 2013:Nile Valley 1970:, occupied 1948:Jafar Pasha 1905:Nur el Bahr 1759:French Army 1429:East Africa 1368:Mesopotamia 1341:Middle East 1266:World War I 1152:Jafar Pasha 922:Félix Fuchs 808:Louis Botha 782:(1915–1916) 681:East Africa 398:West Africa 317:New Zealand 246:East Africa 113:Territorial 9286:Categories 9064:Agreements 8864:War crimes 8740:Luxembourg 8633:Casualties 7504:Montenegro 7339:South West 7219:Technology 7209:Propaganda 7199:Opposition 6418:7 February 5912:References 5903:Paice 2009 5891:Paice 2009 5879:Paice 2009 5864:Paice 2009 5804:Paice 2009 5792:Paice 2009 5597:Paice 2009 5378:Fraga 2010 5366:Fraga 2010 5192:Hogan 2013 5144:Njung 2016 5132:Quinn 1973 4940:Adams 1999 4856:Louis 2006 4805:Paice 2009 4793:Paice 2009 4781:Paice 2009 4327:15th Sikhs 4078:9 per cent 4037:6,558 died 4007:8,219 were 3989:494 of 807 3985:invaliding 3981:906 French 3948:Casualties 3929:liberalism 3788:519 German 3741:Biharamulo 3733:Lake Force 3704:12,417 men 3616:Mozambique 3612:Portuguese 3604:73,300 men 3596:Rhodesians 3548:Königsberg 3469:Königsberg 3465:Peggy guns 3457:Königsberg 3446:12:52 p.m. 3438:Königsberg 3433:Königsberg 3419:Königsberg 3373:Königsberg 3364:Königsberg 3325:300 people 3301:plantation 3106:were 2,760 2942:Vaal River 2872:2,000 men, 2750:Swakopmund 2573:Neukamerun 2234:130 people 1862:See also: 1848:Suez Canal 1839:10,000 men 1801:600 French 1658:indigenous 1612:Background 1526:Baltic Sea 1477:New Guinea 1446:Somaliland 1140:Nuri Pasha 982:João Pinto 594:Somaliland 510:Mozambique 362:Somaliland 217:Gold Coast 37:See also: 8961:Diplomacy 8668:Olympians 8591:Australia 8558:Logistics 8491:Vlora War 8420:(1918–19) 8396:(1918–19) 8390:(1918–19) 8378:(1918–19) 8325:(1916–17) 8307:(1916–17) 8258:Zaian War 8248:(1914–15) 7968:first day 7856:Lusitania 7684:(1912–13) 7678:(1911–12) 7666:(1908–09) 7660:(1905–06) 7642:(1870–71) 7431:Principal 7291:Gallipoli 7194:Memorials 7179:Geography 7169:Aftermath 7053:498854094 7015:0095-2427 6898:786365389 6844:769752656 6759:276295181 6652:812072776 6592:0308-6534 6559:1777-5353 6538:0008-0055 6512:2152-2448 6343:769997657 5927:Bonar Law 5732:Hoyt 1981 4769:Omar 2001 4421:Footnotes 4048:113 South 4020:suffered 4010:invalided 3914:Aftermath 3907:Nyasaland 3890:Transvaal 3826:Armistice 3816:Hauptmann 3811:1,000 men 3651:1,135 men 3535:MV Liemba 3523:HMS 3511:Maxim gun 3500:HMS 3493:HMS 3454:2:20 p.m. 3450:1:46 p.m. 3393:HMS 3362:SMS 3321:40 rebels 3232:4,000 men 3181:Kavirondo 3144:Neu Moshi 3131:HMS 3115:2,319 men 3036:79 troops 2997:Moçâmedes 2952:and lost 2915:3,000 men 2904:Lydenburg 2844:Cape Town 2786:Kaokoveld 2770:Okahandja 2746:Jan Smuts 2656:Adubi War 2630:moved to 2487:Bonar Law 2463:Liverpool 2329:in June. 2230:marabouts 2189:declared 2130:El Fasher 2103:Ali Dinar 1992:Beni Suef 1982:bombers. 1968:Cyrenaica 1966:order in 1944:58 of 184 1915:Muhafizia 1886:HMS 1726:Zaian War 1521:Black Sea 1506:North Sea 1363:Gallipoli 1358:Kurdistan 1322:Macedonia 1193:Ali Dinar 820:Jan Smuts 564:Cyrenaica 533:(1915–18) 303:Australia 275:Nyasaland 9249:Category 8836:Refugees 8802:Italians 8791:Germans 8751:Ober Ost 8531:Aviation 7625:Timeline 7596:Bulgaria 7377:Tsingtao 7354:Togoland 7301:Caucasus 7236:European 7228:Theatres 7078:Archived 6995:Journals 6628:12 March 6485:Journals 6413:17673086 6380:(eds.). 6112:(1986). 5963:12024100 5946:42077786 4366:Lij Yasu 4276:of 1916. 4158:See also 4119:— 4064:890 were 4060:103 were 4056:1,188 of 4052:153 died 4003:574 were 3969:Tanzania 3919:Analysis 3838:Abercorn 3682:Belgian 3640:SS 3633:SS 3585:General 3389:monitors 3305:Blantyre 3193:SS 3188:Winifred 3186:SS 3179:SS 3172:SS 3029:69 dead, 2908:Heilbron 2864:Jan Kemp 2850:General 2593:Rio Muni 2459:palm oil 2356:and the 2238:Mourzouk 2222:Aouderas 2171:Amenokal 2094:and the 1779:Khénifra 1734:and the 1687:Windhoek 1635:Portugal 1606:Portugal 1570:Togoland 1511:Atlantic 1467:Tsingtao 1451:Ethiopia 1424:Cameroon 1419:Togoland 1348:Caucasus 778:Ethiopia 639:Togoland 480:Portugal 261:Rhodesia 93:Location 8987:Germany 8887:Germany 8815:Germany 8735:Belgium 8720:Albania 8679:Disease 8659:Sports 8611:Ireland 8524:Warfare 8517:Aspects 7705:Origins 7698:Prelude 7601:Senussi 7581:Germany 7576:Leaders 7514:Romania 7455:Belgium 7450:Leaders 7349:Kamerun 7331:African 7266:Romania 7244:Balkans 7159:Outline 7025:2 March 6945:4265731 6877:3 March 6817:2961551 6764:8 March 4325:), the 4272:in the 4255:in the 4080:of the 3942:Namibia 3786:, with 3655:116 fit 3635:Rusinga 3519:Kingani 3461:Pegasus 3410:Red Sea 3408:by the 3377:Pegasus 3367:of the 3309:Karonga 3247:Longido 3139:Pegasus 3133:Astraea 3117:in the 3100:in 1914 3021:500 men 3014:Cuangar 3002:Naulila 2900:Keimoes 2814:Berseba 2774:Windhuk 2766:Karibib 2644:Jabassi 2497:led by 2417:In the 2318:Aulihan 2293:Berbera 2248:in the 2120:men at 2040:Jaghbub 1964:Senussi 1821:Senussi 1661:begun. 1643:neutral 1631:Belgium 1623:Britain 1602:Belgium 1566:Kamerun 1548:of the 1334:Ireland 1312:Balkans 1300:Finland 1295:Romania 1199:† 1113:† 988:† 652:Kamerun 623:Germany 579:Eritrea 445:Belgium 428:Morocco 231:Nigeria 115:changes 9276:Africa 9262:Portal 9007:Russia 8982:France 8810:Canada 8725:Serbia 8596:Canada 8553:Horses 8505:(1921) 8499:(1920) 8493:(1920) 8487:(1920) 8479:(1920) 8432:(1919) 8426:(1919) 8372:(1918) 8337:(1918) 8331:(1917) 8319:(1916) 8313:(1916) 8278:(1915) 7690:(1913) 7672:(1911) 7654:(1905) 7611:Darfur 7536:Serbia 7519:Russia 7482:Greece 7470:France 7460:Brazil 7306:Persia 7249:Serbia 7110:, in: 7058:2 July 7051: 7035:Theses 7013: 6983: 6960: 6943: 6920: 6896: 6868: 6842: 6835:Africa 6815: 6783: 6757: 6715: 6692: 6650: 6619: 6600:Theses 6590: 6557: 6536: 6510: 6473: 6454: 6435: 6411: 6390:139250 6388: 6358: 6341: 6322: 6303: 6284: 6265: 6246: 6227: 6204: 6181: 6162: 6143: 6120: 6098: 6079: 6060: 6041: 6022: 6003: 5982: 5961: 5944: 5934: 4455:23 May 4412:Zambia 4379:Liemba 4345:(RFC). 4233:tariqa 4178:(1976) 3894:cipais 3882:cipais 3830:Kasama 3813:under 3784:Mahiwa 3753:Kigoma 3749:Karema 3745:Mwanza 3737:Tabora 3723:Kigali 3502:Toutou 3429:Severn 3425:Mersey 3401:Severn 3395:Mersey 3297:Malawi 3255:under 3249:, the 3244:4:1 at 3160:Uganda 3148:Taveta 3086:, and 2985:Angola 2892:De Wet 2818:Gibeon 2802:Khorab 2790:Tsumeb 2782:Kunene 2632:Madrid 2547:Jaunde 2527:Garoua 2378:Bafilo 2374:Kamina 2350:French 2242:Toubou 2226:Zinder 2218:Assodé 2214:Ingall 2183:Fezzan 2175:Tuareg 2107:Sirdar 2100:Sultan 2036:Matruh 1932:Sollum 1893:Sollum 1627:France 1604:, and 1594:France 1576:, and 1562:German 1558:Allied 1501:U-boat 1400:Africa 1353:Persia 1327:Greece 1317:Serbia 1278:Europe 1195: 1109: 984: 775: 740: 678: 663: 649: 636: 620: 591: 576: 561: 546: 526: 507: 496:Angola 493: 477: 458: 425: 410: 395: 381:France 378: 359: 344: 329: 314: 300: 289:Uganda 286: 272: 258: 243: 228: 214: 200: 185: 168: 105:Result 98:Africa 69:Garoua 9204:Other 8997:Japan 8992:Italy 8819:camps 8663:Rugby 8213:] 7492:Japan 7487:Italy 7465:China 7359:North 6975:[ 6935:[ 6807:[ 6707:[ 6684:[ 6674:Books 6644:(PDF) 6613:(PDF) 6506:(2). 6496:(PDF) 6135:[ 5918:Books 4270:Sudan 4249:jihad 4183:Notes 4058:whom 3659:Ujiji 3642:Usoga 3442:salvo 3406:Malta 3220:Tanga 3195:Sybil 2794:Otavi 2423:Bussa 2362:Ghana 2322:Wajir 2210:Libya 2191:Jihad 2187:Kufra 2126:Nahud 2122:Rahad 2064:(now 2032:Girba 1901:Abbas 1852:Sinai 1691:Duala 1598:Italy 1472:Samoa 1439:Libya 1307:Italy 529:Italy 461:Congo 347:Sudan 332:Egypt 203:India 8784:POWs 8103:1918 8005:1917 7931:1916 7832:1915 7736:1914 7541:Siam 7344:East 7060:2014 7049:OCLC 7027:2014 7011:ISSN 6981:ISBN 6958:ISBN 6941:OCLC 6918:ISBN 6905:2014 6894:OCLC 6879:2014 6866:ISBN 6851:2014 6840:OCLC 6824:2014 6813:OCLC 6794:2014 6781:ISBN 6766:2014 6755:OCLC 6713:ISBN 6690:ISBN 6659:2017 6648:OCLC 6630:2024 6617:ISBN 6588:ISSN 6555:ISSN 6551:XIII 6534:ISSN 6519:2017 6508:ISSN 6504:VIII 6471:ISBN 6452:ISBN 6433:ISBN 6420:2014 6409:OCLC 6405:HMSO 6386:OCLC 6356:ISBN 6339:OCLC 6320:ISBN 6301:ISBN 6282:ISBN 6263:ISBN 6244:ISBN 6225:ISBN 6202:ISBN 6198:HMSO 6179:ISBN 6160:ISBN 6141:ISBN 6118:ISBN 6096:ISBN 6077:ISBN 6058:ISBN 6039:ISBN 6020:ISBN 6001:ISBN 5980:ISBN 5959:OCLC 5942:OCLC 5932:ISBN 4457:2016 4406:The 4393:L.59 4239:but 4227:The 4200:Boer 4024:and 3903:Tete 3888:and 3638:and 3598:and 3544:Wami 3540:Wami 3538:and 3525:Fifi 3498:and 3495:Mimi 3398:and 3287:, a 3242:and 3191:and 3158:and 3136:and 3113:and 3034:and 2784:and 2744:put 2666:Egba 2611:and 2384:and 2370:Lomé 2354:Togo 2246:Fula 2244:and 2220:and 2070:Mali 2068:and 2021:Siwa 1976:Giza 1897:U-35 1888:Tara 1881:U–35 1823:and 1777:and 1775:Taza 1693:and 1633:and 1544:The 1393:Oman 83:Date 6580:doi 4113:sic 3987:of 3702:of 3448:At 3379:in 3230:of 3214:of 2866:in 2842:in 2360:of 2279:In 2208:in 1974:in 1753:in 1749:of 130:by 9288:: 8211:It 7005:. 6586:. 6576:26 6574:. 6570:. 6549:. 6502:. 6498:. 6407:. 6376:; 6200:. 5940:. 5871:^ 5664:^ 5589:^ 5320:^ 5293:^ 5240:^ 5223:^ 4824:^ 4761:^ 4542:^ 4489:^ 4448:. 4093:c. 4086:c. 4068:c. 4041:c. 3997:c. 3967:, 3751:, 3747:, 3743:, 3532:. 3477:. 3391:, 3360:, 3356:A 3184:, 3177:, 3082:, 2930:c. 2919:c. 2764:, 2613:c. 2601:c. 2394:c. 2283:, 2216:, 2199:c. 2146:c. 2115:c. 2023:. 1895:. 1787:, 1705:. 1689:, 1685:, 1629:, 1625:, 1608:. 1600:, 1596:, 1592:, 1572:, 1568:, 608:: 71:, 9264:: 8635:/ 7140:e 7133:t 7126:v 7062:. 6989:. 6966:. 6947:. 6926:. 6721:. 6698:. 6661:. 6632:. 6594:. 6582:: 6561:. 6540:. 6521:. 6479:. 6460:. 6441:. 6422:. 6392:. 6364:. 6345:. 6328:. 6309:. 6290:. 6271:. 6252:. 6233:. 6210:. 6187:. 6168:. 6149:. 6126:. 6104:. 6085:. 6066:. 6047:. 6028:. 6009:. 5988:. 5965:. 5948:. 4459:. 4414:. 4259:. 3880:( 1256:e 1249:t 1242:v 155:: 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

African theatre of World War I

Index