4295:(1984), p. xxiii. "After the Abolition Act in 1807 made the trade in African slaves illegal for British subjects, Britain did not stop there: For the next quarter of a century successive British Governments embarked on a kind of aggressive diplomacy, bullying and bribing other European nations, especially Spain and Portugal, to toe the anti-slavery line with England. / On the West African Coast itself British anti-slavery policy became very evident. Freed slaves were resettled at Freetown, thus becoming British subjects. A detachment of the all-powerful British Navy, the West African naval squadron, was stationed in West African waters to patrol along the coastline and to intercept any slave ships or vessels equipped for the slave trade, and to bring slave vessels captured for trial before British controlled courts in Freetown. At the same time, Britain embarked on securing from African rulers, in consideration of payments to these rulers, what became known as anti-slave trade treaties. By these treaties, the rulers engaged to stop the traffic in slaves in their respective territories. In the process of enforcing these anti-slave trade policies on the west coast with its powerful navy, Britain discovered the military weakness or inferiority of the African states in relation to its own military power."
2808:
4496:(1984), pp. xxv. "In the Lagos Colony Captain John Glover, as the administrator of the Colony, created between 1861 and 1862 the famous Hausa militia ('Glover's Hausas') which became the nucleus of the Lagos Constabulary (itself splitting after 1895 into two bodies, one a civil police force, the other a military unit). The earliest recruits into the Lagos militia came from the liberated African yard or depot which glover had established in the Colony for the reception of run-away domestic slaves from the surrounding local communities. In the Niger territories, the Royal Niger Company organized its own constabulary forces between 1886 and 1899; at the Niger Coast Protectorate the Consular Administration, with its headquarters at Calabar, established after 1891 the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or Constabulary, sometimes known as the 'Oil Rivers Irregulars' (which under Consul Annesley acquired the name of the 'forty thieves'). Thus by 1897 when the WAFF was created, British West Africa had in some form or other known, like French West Africa, almost half a century of European or British military presence and activity."
4734:(1984), pp. xxvβxxvii. "Right from the start Lugard adopted a policy of keeping the entire force predominantly Hausa, with Yorubas as the next preferred ethnic group to recruit into the force. By the middle of 1898 Lugard reported to the Colonial Office that there were already some 2600 native soldiers (made up of Hausa and Yorubas in equal proportions) in the force, while more vigorous recruiting expeditions were being undertaken by European officials into Yorubaland and Northern Nigeria. Adequate historical information and knowledge about the organization and exploits of the WAFF, the military activities and experiences of some of the remarkable personalities and individual soldiers and officials who belonged to it, have unfortunately been lacking in our own time thanks to the strict official policy of secrecy and silence which the British government imposed right from the start on all officers serving in, or retired from, that force."
3138:
2462:
1896:, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crews, for the defense of the harbor. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes.
615:
601:
5336:(1983), p. 392β393. "A Tiv political sociologist has explored this theme in Tiv experience. As late as the early 'thirties, a well-informed observer could state, 'I am not conscious of any race consciousness among the Tiv except on the very widest and vaguest basisβ¦'. But this soon changed. 'By its constant treatment of the Tiv as a corporate body with homogenous interests, the Native Administration went a long way towards creating the level of ethnic consciousness which developed. And conversely, by imposing a Yoruba Muslim from Bida as Chief of Makurdi, the British created a wholly new demand for a Tiv paramount chief, the Tor Tiv. By the 1960s, ethnic consciousness had become a key determinant of Tiv political behaviour."
4656:(1985), pp. 58β59. "Moor's successor, Sir Walter Egerton, quickly embarked on, with the blessings of the Colonial Office, a policy of sending out pacification patrols annually. For the most part, the patrols did not involve the use of force so much as they did the threat of force if submission was not made. At the beginning of each dry season, the Southern Nigerian troops would establish a central base on the edge of the area they were to take over. Then small columns of soldiers would be sent out to different parts of the unoccupied country. Usually, this show of force was enough, and the area would soon be open for the introduction of district administration and commercial development."
1552:
4760:(1985), pp. 19β22. "Those in the upper-middle class were in higher-income groups or in important professional, commercial, or industrial positions. / These definitions place Colonial Office permanent officials primarily in the upper middle class. This can be seen by looking at Table 1.2 Three of these men β William Baillie Hamilton, Dougal Malcolm, and Charles Strachey β also had connections with the nobility and landed gentry. Nine had fathers in prestigious occupations β the Church, the Bar, and the highest ranks of the Civil Service and the armed forces; and the remaining five had fathers in the important professional, commercial, or industrial positions."
2227:
3565:, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. Separate legislative bodies, the houses of assembly, were established in each of the three regions to consider local questions and to advise the Lieutenant Governors. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification.
2486:
71:
3079:
present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. Clifford emphasized economic development, encouraging enterprises by immigrant southerners in the north while restricting
European participation to capital intensive activity. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,
55:
4630:(1983), pp. 367β368. "East of the Niger, where no obvious and redoubtable foe existed, it was necessary to invent one. Gradually, in the dispatches of the 1890s, one sees the emergence of an image of Arochukwu rather like that which prevailed of Benin at the same time: a sinister 'fetish' power, deeply involved with slave trading, indelibly opposed to European penetration, and wielding a very great influence over the politics of other states. One has the suggestion that the Igbo were in need of release from Aro tyranny, precisely the suggestion which was made with reference to Benin and the Sokoto Caliphate."
2051:
138:
4338:(1972), p. 6. "To the British, traffic in human beings after 1807 was both 'uncivilised' and illegal. As the century went on, a strong feeling developed that the slave trade, as an aspect of piracy, stood condemned in international and municipal law. This change in moral tone over the slave trade at first seemed incomprehensible to generations of people in Southern Nigeria who within a relatively short period were presented with two different concepts of right and wrong. Their skepticism about the correctness of such conflicting standards persisted into the early twentieth century."
2584:
3296:, founded in London in 1925. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Their common denominators tended to be based on newly assertive ethnic consciousness, particularly that of the Yoruba and Igbo. Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states.
2433:
pass to the
British. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. The Emirs and chiefs who are appointed will rule over the people as of old-time and take such taxes as are approved by the High Commissioner, but they will obey the laws of the Governor and will act in accordance with the advice of the Resident.
3115:, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households.
3335:
their ethnic homelandsβas well as by the need for mutual aidβthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo
Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.
2731:
4643:(1985), pp. 56β58. "And so, flying the flags of civilisation and commerce, the Colonial Office finally authorized the expedition to begin in December 1901. Over the summer the Aros conveniently made some slave raids on neighbouring tribes, providing the Colonial Office and the Southern Nigerian Government with, as Nigeria Department member Butler termed it, 'the technical justification for the expedition' which, as he further noted, had 'already been decided to be necessary on more general grounds'. The expedition began and ended right on schedule."
4857:(1985), p. 87. "Although permanent officials like some, though not all, of Lugard's ideas, they had built up considerable antipathy toward Lugard during his tour of duty in Northern Nigeria (1900β6). His unorthodox and administratively untidy ways exasperated them. However, Harcourt and Anderson decided they could not have Lugard's ideas without Lugard. In August 1911 Anderson told Lugard that they were anxious to amalgamate the Nigerian administrations; 'But our difficulty is to get the right man for the job. We are agreed that you are that man.'"
2794:
personal union of separate colonies under the same
Governor as the Windwards, it is not a Confederation of States. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryβat any rate in part. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemβUnitary v. Federal Stateβwill probably have become clear.
3495:βwas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. The emirs gave support to limited modernization largely from fears of the unsettling presence of southerners in the north, and by observing the improvements in living conditions in the South. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. Critics, including representatives of the
3409:. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms.
3083:
experiment a reasonable chance of success". In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a
European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future.
716:
2235:
4543:
traditional rulers and their political institutions. They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the
Company and the indigenous people. These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents."
2363:
1141:
2250:, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis-Γ -vis, local merchants.
7360:
3367:. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of
5008:(1985), p. 66. "In British colonial administrative history the importance of indirect rule β in theory and in practice β should not be underestimated. Indirect rule, as it developed in Northern Nigeria before 1914, became the most influential model for local government in other British Crown Colonies. By the 1930s practically all of British tropical Africa, outside the urban areas, had accepted indirect rule as the basic mode of local government."
1279:
7370:
2552:, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. The company received Β£865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter.
1074:
3316:
640:
2194:, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the
3207:
2816:
3060:
2297:
administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in
Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. These were the Agent-General, the Senior Judicial Officer, and the Commandant of the Constabulary. However, the company did accept that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area.
3356:, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics.
2753:, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval.
4325:(1984), pp. xiv-xv. "Here again, European and African scholars have been at loggerheads and in the same kinds of conflicts as had featured in their interpretations of the primary motives of the British anti-slavery movement and abolitionism in the mid-19th century, namely, British self-interest or imperial ambitions on the one hand, and British humanitarian feeling for Africa on the other."
3584:
renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of
Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. Subsequent revisions contained in the
2347:, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. The legal justification for this campaign was a treaty signed in 1886, when the British had interceded as peacemakers to end the Ekiti Parapo war, which imposed free trade requirements and mandated that all parties continue to use British channels for diplomacy. Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British
3730:. Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. The delegation was led by Balewa of the NPC and included party leaders Awolowo of the Action Group, Azikiwe of the NCNC, and Bello of the NPC; they were also the premiers of the Western, Eastern and Northern regions, respectively. Independence was achieved on 1 October 1960.
2714:. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere.
3737:; 174 of the 312 seats were allocated to the Northern Region on the basis of its larger population. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services.
2417:(two days after it began) on 19 January 1903., In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."
2874:βto represent all parts of the colony. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent.
2706:(as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the
3468:(NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. The most powerful figure in the party was
2936:
to undertake. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II.
1985:, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to
4918:
and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories."
3433:. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued.
4088:(1985), pp. 1β2. "Crown Colony Government in Nigeria and elsewhere in the British Empire was an autocratic government. Officials at the Colonial Office and colonial governors in the field never pretended otherwise. In fact, autocratic, bureaucratic rule was the true legacy of British colonial government in Africa."
1794:
independent of
Europeans. Crowther was succeeded as bishop by a British cleric. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. They selected an increasingly high proportion of African clergy for the missions.
2176:
3277:
the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to
Islamic ideals. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging
3300:
various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. Most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences and were surprised and shocked that Nigerians wanted to develop new denominations independent of European control. Protestant sects had flourished in Christianity since the
3790:
In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. The similarity between the federal and
3619:
Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. Broadening political participation and expanding educational opportunities and other social services also were
3086:
Clifford also believed that indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. Whereas Lugard had applied
2919:
In the early stages of British rule, it is desirable to retain the native authority and to work through and by the native emirs. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. β¦ In pursuance of the above general principles
2432:
in old times conquered this country. They took the right to rule over it, to levy taxes, to depose kings and to create kings. They, in turn, have by defeat lost their rule which has come into the hands of the British. All these things which I have said the Fulani by conquest took the right to do now
2284:
We also understand that the said National African Company (limited) have full power to mine, farm, and build in any portion of our territory. We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse with any strangers or foreigners except through the said national African Company (Limited), and we give the said
1880:
From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. British merchants led the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued the slave trade. Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. To produce all this oil, the economy of
4917:
Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 19β21. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people;
3677:
gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. The NPC was called on to form a government,
3615:
Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies
3583:
The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave
3521:
The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness
3456:
The Action Group consistently supported minority-group demands for autonomous states within a federal structure, as well as the severance of a midwest state from the Western Region. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support
2947:
The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterβthe Great Drought of 1913β14. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. Nigerian recruits participated in the
2935:
was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. In the South, only English had official status. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing
2761:
If it is the necessity for formally submitting the drafts that hurts Sir F. Lugard, I should be quite prepared to omit that provision provided that the period of publication of the draft prior to enactment is extended from one month to two. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will
2721:
has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. If the emirs accepted British authority, abandoned the slave trade, and cooperated with British officials in modernizing their administrations, the colonial power was
2280:
We, the undersigned King and Chiefs with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power
3529:
The political parties jockeyed for positions of power in anticipation of the independence of Nigeria. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. While each generated considerable political controversy, they moved the country toward greater internal autonomy, with an increasing role for the
3525:
In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. They were never able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. They received attention
3276:
Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld
2967:
During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. To raise additional revenues, Lugard took steps to institute a uniform tax structure patterned on the traditional system that he had adopted in the north during his tenure
2901:
In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. In some instances, however, a double allegianceβto the idea of sacred monarchy for its symbolic value and
2674:
Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts and fined Β£50 if they failed to supply. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.
2335:
The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as
1860:
and other Igbo peoples. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the
1700:
which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 1776β1850. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when
1570:
began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 1700β1850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. At first, the trade
3479:
Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. Although his own ambitions were limited to
3118:
Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing
3082:
Uneasy with the amount of latitude allowed traditional rulers under indirect rule, Clifford opposed further extension of the judicial authority held by the northern emirs. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such
2939:
Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the
2930:
In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersβthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the
2416:
in 1903. Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition
119:
4311:
41.1, 2008. "Slave production in the interior raised exports from Lagos tenfold, making it West Africa's leading slave port. The most accurate trade figures are found in the Trans-Atlantic slave voyage database (TSD), which put the number of slave exports between 1776 and 1850 at 308,800. Of that
3483:
The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. Its activist
3436:
Segments of the Yoruba community had their own animosities and new rivalries arose. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. Its
3334:
Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to
3107:
made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. The spread of the disease was quick and deadly, with an estimated 1.5% of the population of Lagos falling victim. The disease first found its home among the
3042:
Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended
2738:
Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. (Specifically, it would
1980:
At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. In 1794, the African Association in Great
3338:
A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. Newspapers, some of
3299:
Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. Independent Christian churches had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the
3149:
The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling Β£250,000 or more each year. Its revenue quickly increased, from Β£4,424 in 1901 to Β£274,989 in 1910. The Southern Protectorate financed itself from the outset, with revenue increasing from
3078:
in 1912β1919. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. He was aware that the Muslim north would
2326:
as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more
1907:
for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the
1769:
established missions. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Catholic missionaries were particularly active
1708:
Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. Many locals remained unconvinced of the Crown's authority to completely reverse the legal and
3382:
so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic
2288:
In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government β¦ agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any
4542:
Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 12β13. "Specifically, the Company sought to secure the cooperation of the traditional rulers in ensuring peaceful conditions for trade. For this objective, the Company chose to administer the African inhabitants of the Niger Sudan through their
3428:
and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the
3164:
Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of Β£25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. In November 1908,
2897:
This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo,
2793:
Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. It is not a unitary state with local government areas but with one Central Executive and one Legislature. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. It is not a
2267:
The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were
3412:
The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers
2300:
The company, as was common among European businesses in Africa, paid its native workers in barter. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. Goods were made
2296:
The company considered itself the sole legitimate government of the area, with executive, legislative and judicial powers all subordinate to the rule of a council created by the company board of directors in London. The council was headed by a Governor. The Deputy Governor served as political
1915:
Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. Accordingly, as the volume of trade
1793:
slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become
1689:, it ended slavery in its possessions. Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo. The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward.
3623:
The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade
125:
3638:
In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. It was supported not only by the income from huge agricultural surpluses but also by a new range of direct and indirect taxes imposed during the 1950s. The transfer of responsibility for budgetary
3094:
The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. A.J. Harding, director of Nigerian affairs at the Colonial Office, defined the official position of the British
2850:
in the southβand their District Heads, who oversaw a larger number of Village Heads. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. The Colonial Civil Service used intermediaries, as the Royal Niger Company had, in an expanded role which included
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at Lagos. The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public
1804:
The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.
3165:
Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. The British
113:
3783:
on the advice of the Nigerian prime minister in consultation with the regional premiers. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. Otherwise, the
2742:
Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon.
2798:
The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. This scheme proved unpopular and confusing to many involved parties and was phased out.
117:
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regions. Each was under a Lieutenant Governor and provided independent government services. The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. In the Northern Region,
1740:
Although churchmen in Britain had been influential in the drive to abolish the slave trade, significant missionary activity for Africa did not develop until the 1840s. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. The first missions were opened by the
124:
123:
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and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. In the
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110:
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2564:. The staff of this office came primarily from the British upper-middle classβi.e., university-educated men, primarily not nobility, with fathers in well-respected professions. The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (1898β1914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer,
111:
3441:. Although lacking Azikiwe's compelling personality, Awolowo was a formidable debater as well as a vigorous and tenacious political campaigner. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. Among his leading lieutenants were
122:
116:
115:
2854:
Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler.
2591:
Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were
3693:. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs.
3095:
Government in support of indirect rule when he said that "direct government by impartial and honest men of alien race never yet satisfied a nation long and under such a form of government, as wealth and education increase, so do political discontent and sedition".
2359:, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos.
1638:. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. This scenario provided an opportunity for naval expeditions and reconnaissance throughout the region. Britain also annexed
3160:
Much of the colony's budget went to payments of its military, the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). In 1936, of Β£6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, Β£1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service.
1522:, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".
1615:. Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. In 1767, British traders facilitated a notorious massacre of hundreds of people at Calabar after inviting them onto their ships, ostensibly to settle a local dispute.
106:
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under the parliamentary system. Similar status was acquired by the Northern Region two years later. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the
2699:. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers.
1992:. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi), passing through the western portions of the
5377:
Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "The Hidden Hand of Overrule: Political Agents and the Establishment of British Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria, 1886β1914". PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. September
3624:
licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group.
2534:. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. The officers of the RWAFF were British. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government.
2264:, which was the main trading port of the company, from where it began to assume responsibility for the administration of areas along the Niger and Benue rivers where it maintained depots. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River
2690:
in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from
2272:
considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty.
2722:
willing to confirm them in office. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary.
3639:
management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the
2404:
of 1901β1902. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. The British forces began annual pacification missions to convince the locals of British supremacy.
1342:
in 1884. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885
2315:
was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. He definitely laid the basis for British claims.
2127:. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. The Colony was ultimately governed by the British
3179:
In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. However, in October 1929 in
4421:(1972), p. 14. "The most significant economic development in Southern Nigeria since 1807 was the transition from the pre-colonial emphasis on subsistence agriculture to an increasing concentration on production for sale."
2014:
Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. In the 1850s,
4312:
number, only 24,000 slaves were shipped before 1801, while 114,200 and 170,600 were sold during 1801β25 and 1826β50, respectively. Exports from Badagry lagged far behind, with about 37,400 slaves sold during 1776β1860."
3188:
related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. This led to protests known as the
3331:. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks.
2301:
available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms.
3273:, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process.
3047:
in the north. Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. Lugard bequeathed to his successor a prosperous colony when his term as Governor-General expired.
1732:
in the fifteenth century. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the
2011:, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship.
104:
3740:
The Action Group, which staged a lively campaign, favoured stronger government and the establishment of three new states while advocating the creation of a West Africa Federation that would unite Nigeria with
3108:
many trading ports along the West African coast. But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior.
3572:. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. The so-called
3620:
viewed as threats to the status quo. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades.
3383:
loyalties. The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the
3265:
British colonialism created Nigeria, joining diverse peoples and regions in an artificial political entity along the Niger River. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the
2281:
to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited).
1709:
moral attributes of a social institution through fiat. Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.
105:
3678:
but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons.
2807:
2209:, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office.
1955:
traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the
1797:
In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. Some
3514:(NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the
5529:
1591:
were the major ports on the coast. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,000β2,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. The trade subsequently continued under the
1833:
were developed for that purpose. Although this trade grew to significant proportionsβpalm oil exports alone were worth Β£1 billion a year by 1840βit was concentrated near the coast, where
3484:
membership was drawn from local government and emirate officials who had access to means of communication and to repressive traditional authority that could keep the opposition in line.
3342:
The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was
7347:
2381:
In 1896β1897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a
2070:
sought British help in restoring him to the throne. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. The Royal Navy
1374:, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). Progressive constitutions after
1877:
for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland.
3787:
The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures.
3635:
in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods.
1634:. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the
1865:
for sale to European merchants. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. The Igbo redirected slaves into the
8034:
3153:
After establishing political control of the country, the British implemented a system of taxation in order to force the indigenous Africans to shift from subsistence farming to
3359:
The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including
2827:, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffβmany of whom originated from outside the territory. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were
3749:. The NPC captured 142 seats in the new legislature. Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition.
2789:
Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913:
2007:
learned about the mouth of the Niger River, and where it reached the sea, but after suffering malaria, depression and dysentery, he died before confirming it. His servant,
8327:
7158:
2920:
the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators.
1476:, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. Though the Europeans possessed many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the
5491:
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 1940β1947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'."
2762:
enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections.
2304:
By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. In 1886, Taubman secured a
3666:. Oil income was still marginal, but the prospects for continued economic expansion appeared bright and accentuated political rivalries on the eve of independence.
2739:
enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard.
3526:
from major parties before the elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance.
2898:
particularly in religious matters. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.
3327:; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by
8377:
5563:
3087:
lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south.
2075:
3480:
the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government.
2914:, appointed officials who were given "warrants" and hence called warrant chiefs, were strongly resisted by the people because they lacked traditional claims.
8357:
2560:
In 1900, the British Government assumed control of the Southern and Northern Protectorates, both of which were ultimately governed by the Colonial Office at
2062:
detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul
2746:
Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.
6017:
2205:
and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as
1951:" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local
2623:
Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities.
2257:
began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company.
1378:
provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which
8372:
2968:
there. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. In 1920, portions of former
1529:
until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (1898β1922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of
2526:
and the Royal Niger Company. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. In the same year, the British created the
8352:
3768:
3550:
2779:
1426:
to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in
3312:) was another phase of this history. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule.
6731:
5519:
Tamuno, T. N. (1970). "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
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continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. The Governor-General represented the
2031:, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants.
1437:
Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labour. The essential basis of this system was a
3873:
2292:
The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.).
137:
7325:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
3681:
As a further step toward independence, the Governor's Executive Council was merged with the Council of Ministers in 1957 to form the all-Nigerian
3396:
5112:
2838:
Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. The Native Administration was headed by the
2319:
The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. This included a river fleet which it used for retaliatory attacks on uncooperative villages.
2276:
Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. One 1885 treaty read:
3137:
8332:
8039:
6890:
4278:
Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 1860β1890",
3719:
3515:
3438:
1307:
2894:
took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule.
2396:
The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the
1480:, they have not yet established in either of those regions such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of the
7318:
7301:
7179:
3091:, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation.
1102:
6770:
3616:
that would benefit the south of the country. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change.
3019:
on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. It was replaced by a new
2308:
and his company became the Royal Niger Company. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.
1837:
grew in abundance. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined
158:
3074:, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the
70:
8347:
6460:
6454:
5556:
4229:
David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 1700β1891"; in PΓ©trΓ©-Grenouilleau,
3554:
2374:
2059:
5140:"African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic"
2412:
began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. The British captured
2285:
National African Company (Limited) full power to exclude all other strangers and foreigners from their territory at their discretion.
8106:
6516:
5345:
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from
5038:
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from
7406:
3764:
2138:, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the
8342:
8337:
7656:
1537:
town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903.
3292:. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the
2671:
in 1908β1911. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 1907β1911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano.
2198:
established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area.
8151:
8111:
7820:
6364:
3791:
regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions.
3071:
2754:
358:
2835:, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital.
6725:
5549:
5453:
4981:
4439:
3708:
3702:
3461:
in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region.
7969:
5189:"The influenza pandemic of 1918β19 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages"
2940:
export trade in these products. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the
8051:
7815:
7063:
6673:
5899:
5188:
4213:
David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in PΓ©trΓ©-Grenouilleau,
3562:
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3036:
2862:
In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersβincluding the
2538:
1488:
327:
3522:
could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south.
3323:
In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the
2902:
to modern concepts of law and administrationβwas maintained. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the
2877:
Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedβ
2461:
2119:
and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the
54:
7788:
7641:
7003:
5785:
5670:
3804:
3727:
3682:
3511:
1448:
The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in
5017:
Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria."
8362:
7558:
6721:
3907:
From Cultural Justice to Inter-Ethnic Mediation: A Reflection on the Possibility of Ethno-Religious Mediation in Africa
3535:
3353:
3043:
transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to
2703:
756:
3284:
The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as
8282:
8029:
7803:
7676:
7419:
6883:
6076:
5507:
5477:
5422:
5390:
4251:
4039:
3914:
3795:
3346:, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the
3246:
3224:
2996:
2569:
2527:
2510:βdirect control by the British Governmentβapparently began in 1897. In May of this year, Herbert J. Read published a
1300:
5427:
Dike, K. O. "John Beecroft, 1790β1854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849β1854"
2268:
interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. Officials of the
1657:. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. The French had
8367:
7708:
7583:
6756:
6743:
3816:
1917:
1619:
1095:
6972:
6703:
5541:
3500:
3012:
2542:
2492:
1848:(and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the
60:
3707:
The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at
3157:. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. These policies were met with resistance.
1781:
The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed
8157:
7553:
7266:
6794:
6408:
6302:
6119:
5803:
4189:
3734:
3670:
3228:
3112:
2984:
1975:
736:
3051:
The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa.
2097:
was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from
8135:
7994:
7974:
7923:
7761:
7671:
7651:
7573:
7568:
7076:
6840:
6591:
6032:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
5929:
5861:
3647:
3608:
3465:
3402:
3132:
2718:
2687:
2549:
2447:
2443:
1786:
1507:, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based
1423:
1419:
1415:
1367:
1363:
1359:
620:
606:
8322:
8056:
8019:
7983:
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7783:
7766:
7739:
7543:
7399:
6876:
6326:
6250:
6226:
6220:
5577:
3746:
2991:. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister
2537:
Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the
1551:
1293:
1120:
850:
725:
557:
3934:
2322:
Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. The appointment of
2027:, opened the river. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer,
8162:
8086:
7947:
7890:
7661:
7636:
7293:
6959:
5809:
3880:
3293:
3075:
2839:
2565:
2158:
2154:
1717:
1088:
840:
699:
2648:
Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network.
1912:, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit.
8236:
7900:
7686:
7031:
6808:
6782:
6679:
6448:
4971:
3658:. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at
3372:
3000:
1937:
1766:
1576:
1556:
1140:
543:
524:
4145:
Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 1900β1906",
1962:
West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 30β40% of the demand for British cotton during the
1472:
wrote in 1776 that the African societies were "better established and more populous than those of the
8317:
8167:
7989:
7837:
7825:
7646:
7322:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
6965:
6921:
6643:
6354:
6029:
5999:
5757:
3723:
3690:
3324:
3166:
2973:
2652:
2106:
1989:
1746:
3063:
Sculptural representation of Africa at the Colonial Office building on Whitehall street; created by
2859:
developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.
2640:
To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and
7844:
7605:
7593:
7548:
7146:
6854:
6801:
6709:
6667:
6631:
6585:
6200:
5849:
5791:
4520:
4123:
Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria",
3662:
in the Niger Delta. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at
2878:
2523:
2382:
2202:
2170:
1750:
1658:
1062:
816:
796:
261:
3499:
who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential
2212:
In 1891, the consulate established the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or "Oil Rivers Irregulars".
2093:
British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The early history of
8256:
8201:
8096:
8081:
8009:
7979:
7918:
7880:
7771:
7751:
7734:
7600:
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7363:
7195:
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7019:
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6637:
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6288:
6232:
5608:
5534:
4945:
3758:
3674:
3573:
3430:
3379:
3305:
3217:
3088:
2911:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2856:
2191:
2087:
1332:
806:
776:
76:
4460:
4348:
4307:
Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856",
3988:
3588:, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence.
2485:
2226:
8044:
7875:
7870:
7776:
6834:
6815:
6691:
6655:
6427:
6415:
6314:
6194:
6182:
6070:
6025:
6013:
5644:
3962:
3772:
3686:
3640:
3585:
3577:
3488:
3417:
3384:
2116:
1798:
1339:
382:
370:
1468:
but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas.
1445:βwhich could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine.
8191:
7999:
7964:
7885:
7793:
7373:
6979:
6134:
5911:
5893:
5702:
5633:
4255:
3603:
3597:
3569:
3558:
3020:
2750:
2254:
2139:
1982:
1963:
1782:
1519:
1355:
911:
633:
4973:
Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown
3650:. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by
3646:
The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the
2541:, in 1898. The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the
1924:
was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from
8066:
8024:
7933:
7913:
7832:
7756:
7619:
7284:
7102:
7015:
6949:
6927:
6828:
6788:
6697:
6661:
6599:
6524:
6212:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5139:
4005:
3716:
3531:
3260:
2583:
2476:
2451:
2340:
2146:
2050:
1631:
1623:
206:
8:
8241:
8221:
8091:
8071:
7959:
7722:
7703:
6763:
6566:
6473:
6421:
6308:
6296:
6276:
6264:
6176:
5967:
5879:
5365:
3064:
2696:
2577:
2513:
2312:
2221:
1882:
1515:
1508:
1351:
1129:
881:
232:
144:
3807:, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region.
3437:
program reflected greater planning and was more ideologically oriented than that of the
2730:
8275:
8251:
8183:
8101:
8076:
7928:
7858:
7746:
7588:
7493:
7427:
7009:
6991:
6931:
6822:
6548:
6510:
6486:
6467:
6358:
5905:
5831:
5797:
5696:
5676:
5602:
5224:
5169:
5091:
4032:
Fundamentals of Public Administration: A Blueprint for Nigeria Innovative Public Sector
3981:
3955:
3799:
3542:
3487:
The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroadβa group that included
3473:
3128:
3032:
3024:
2961:
2931:
emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council.
2613:
2323:
2135:
2071:
1866:
1838:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1635:
1546:
1233:
991:
786:
707:
97:
92:
5407:
8245:
8216:
8196:
8147:
8061:
8014:
7895:
7369:
6955:
6573:
6538:
6270:
6158:
6106:
6100:
6084:
5923:
5917:
5867:
5837:
5767:
5503:
5473:
5456:
5449:
5418:
5386:
5216:
5208:
5173:
5161:
5113:"The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic"
5095:
5083:
4987:
4977:
4456:
4435:
4368:
4247:
4035:
3910:
3742:
3659:
3632:
3549:
and promulgated in Nigeria. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the
3028:
2977:
2828:
2597:
2187:
1900:
1830:
1742:
1734:
1697:
1662:
1592:
1344:
1229:
1046:
1021:
966:
896:
886:
876:
681:
5228:
8291:
8231:
8226:
8206:
8121:
8116:
8004:
7520:
7458:
7326:
7259:
7251:
7243:
7171:
7082:
7050:
6937:
6737:
6649:
6434:
5960:
5953:
5740:
5685:
5500:
From Slave Trade to Empire: Europe and the colonisation of Black Africa 1780sβ1880s
5397:
The missionary impact on modern Nigeria, 1842-1914: A political and social analysis
5200:
5151:
5075:
3425:
3348:
3343:
2949:
2863:
2832:
2824:
2783:
2711:
2683:
2617:
2531:
2409:
2269:
2246:
The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the
2120:
1993:
1904:
1612:
1608:
1218:
1170:
1155:
1036:
1031:
1026:
956:
951:
921:
891:
549:
346:
202:
5571:
1701:
they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. By 1826β1850, the British
8211:
7808:
7631:
7483:
7453:
7279:
7056:
6985:
6776:
6715:
6554:
6238:
6140:
5843:
3821:
3776:
3450:
3442:
3421:
3339:
which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views.
3328:
3266:
2987:
saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the
2969:
2468:
2397:
2195:
2128:
2024:
2004:
1956:
1948:
1870:
1818:
1686:
1627:
1596:
1283:
1165:
996:
986:
981:
971:
941:
936:
931:
916:
906:
901:
766:
414:
178:
2925:
Frederick Lugard, shortly before becoming High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria.
2234:
2082:, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. Lagos was annexed as a
8296:
7905:
7478:
7468:
7164:
7152:
6997:
6613:
6542:
6531:
6320:
6282:
6188:
6152:
6146:
6112:
5650:
5573:
3733:
Elections were held for a new and greatly enlarged House of Representatives in
3364:
3289:
3270:
3190:
2988:
2932:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2573:
2179:
2150:
2102:
2028:
2008:
1997:
1678:
1572:
1461:
1442:
1324:
1160:
1078:
1041:
1011:
1006:
1001:
976:
961:
871:
530:
186:
5204:
3387:. The Yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics.
2952:
of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against
2327:
lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties.
8311:
7525:
7488:
7205:
7025:
6206:
6090:
5212:
5165:
5087:
5079:
4991:
3663:
3401:
During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against
3285:
3008:
2992:
2518:, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between
2401:
2362:
2344:
2305:
2063:
1921:
1790:
1775:
1762:
1754:
1530:
1481:
1407:
1016:
946:
926:
572:
3568:
The pace of constitutional change accelerated after the promulgation of the
1841:
and the slave trade. The incidence of slavery in local societies increased.
1737:
waned. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared.
7463:
7235:
6943:
6504:
6498:
6479:
6244:
5979:
5886:
5825:
5819:
5383:
Nigeria and its British Invaders, 1851β1920: A Thematic Documentary History
5280:
Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa";
5220:
5156:
5063:
4375:, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991, accessed 18 April 2012
4060:
3469:
3368:
3309:
3176:, which was already valued locally. The influx of cowrie led to inflation.
2953:
2907:
2903:
2871:
2867:
2771:
2519:
2507:
2124:
2112:
2094:
2083:
2045:
1986:
1725:
1647:
1643:
1560:
1500:
1411:
1391:
1375:
1335:
855:
418:
316:
246:
216:
194:
5361:
5346:
5039:
2811:
Yoruba sculpture from colonial period depicting a British district officer
1908:
Niger River to establish stations in the interior. An example was that at
1571:
centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. But in the 1700s, the
7696:
7691:
7681:
7666:
7352:
6848:
6749:
6560:
6164:
6064:
5779:
5773:
5484:
5064:"Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 1918β1919 Influenza in Lagos"
3844:(1991) prepared by staff of the Library of Congress of the United States.
3767:, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. Azikiwe was installed as
3546:
3496:
3458:
3360:
3301:
3278:
3154:
3104:
2941:
2847:
2767:
2472:
2429:
2413:
2352:
2247:
1952:
1862:
1853:
1771:
1721:
1567:
1477:
1465:
1403:
1395:
746:
410:
292:
5432:
3510:, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the
1653:
The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the
7473:
6625:
6606:
6349:
6128:
5747:
5664:
4518:"Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in
3507:
3492:
3231: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3142:
3004:
2605:
2390:
2386:
2356:
2175:
1941:
1729:
1702:
1693:
1654:
1526:
1496:
1469:
1399:
1208:
1198:
252:
5022:
2074:
in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a
2003:
On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish explorer
7530:
7271:
6124:
5873:
5657:
3780:
3651:
3315:
3016:
2910:, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. In the
2775:
2692:
2561:
2348:
2020:
1886:
1834:
1826:
1604:
1504:
304:
4364:
3987:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p.
3961:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p.
3206:
2815:
2782:. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF
2149:, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the
7384:
7199:
7114:
6393:
6345:
6094:
6021:
6007:
6003:
5973:
5761:
4451:
Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851"
3628:
3446:
3059:
2957:
2637:
To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts;
2620:. Most of these came from military backgrounds. All were knighted.
2260:
The Royal Niger Company established its headquarters far inland at
2079:
1929:
1874:
1845:
1814:
1670:
1639:
1492:
1473:
1259:
845:
662:
567:
422:
280:
5530:
Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 1851β1914
5514:
The Evolution of the Nigerian State: The Southern Phase, 1898β1914
4400:
Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa
4244:
The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Odyssey
1366:
passed from company hands to the Crown. At the urging of Governor
7508:
7415:
7108:
6441:
6401:
5994:
5751:
5710:
3976:
3950:
3696:
3172:
European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the
3054:
2664:
2098:
2067:
2016:
1925:
1909:
1893:
1600:
1449:
1431:
1398:
which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both
1379:
1328:
1188:
658:
2355:. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of
7498:
7118:
6493:
6258:
6036:
5638:
5488:. (United Kingdom: George Routledge & Sons, Limited, 1908).
4256:
A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767
4055:
4053:
4051:
3712:
3530:
political parties. The trend was toward the establishment of a
3185:
3173:
3141:
Looms in Lagos, photographed in 1910β1913 by H. Hunting of the
3044:
2707:
2660:
2656:
2421:
2261:
2239:
2206:
2066:
to encourage the overthrow of the regime. In 1851 deposed king
2019:
had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a
1758:
1580:
1534:
1427:
1390:
Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed
242:
3631:, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Although
3612:
expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region.
2749:
In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as
2634:
To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country;
2491:
Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the
7503:
6619:
6341:
5813:
3602:
In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally
3378:
By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the
3269:
derived both from an older political particularism and broad
3196:
3181:
2668:
1996:, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near
1933:
1920:
appoint a consul to cover the region. Consequently, in 1849,
1588:
1584:
1438:
224:
168:
5385:. New York & Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984.
4048:
2145:
In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the
2115:
was a busy, cosmopolitan port. Its architecture was in both
7513:
6170:
3119:
production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations.
2843:
2631:
To establish settled government in the newly won districts;
2437:
1857:
1849:
1822:
1677:
in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain
4836:
4834:
4524:, Vol. 14, No. 3, Whole No. 90, October 2013, pp. 158β160.
2109:βsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior.
1487:
Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the
1327:
from the mid-nineteenth century until 1 October 1960 when
2770:. From January 1914 onwards, the newly united colony and
2663:, 100 kilometres (62 mi) away, in 1905β1907, and to
2587:
Undated British archival photo of a locomotive in Nigeria
4908:
Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 17β19.
4552:
Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 13β15.
4533:
Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 10β12.
4190:"Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British"
3375:, whose political orientation was considered left-wing.
1705:
was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports.
1350:
From 1886 to 1899, much of the country was ruled by the
4831:
3655:
1464:
and other European powers had settlements and forts in
3784:
Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial.
7224:
6357:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
4807:
4805:
2659:; it opened in March 1901. This line was extended to
1720:
priests who accompanied traders and officials to the
5034:
5032:
5030:
4865:
4863:
4157:
4155:
2819:
The Emir of Kano, with cavalry, photographed in 1911
2734:
A map displaying Southern and Northern Nigeria, 1914
2572:, and Charles Strachey. Olivier was a member of the
2548:
The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the
8328:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
5516:. New York: Humanities Press, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
5019:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
4470:
4468:
4309:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4125:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
3939:. London: Encyclopædia Britannica Ltd. p. 456.
3874:"The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954"
2823:The Protectorate was centrally administered by the
2766:The task of unification was achieved on the eve of
1813:The principal commodities of legitimate trade were
1801:communities formed their own independent churches.
5461:Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton.
5117:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
4802:
4349:The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies
3980:
3954:
3868:
3866:
3798:was conducted to determine the disposition of the
1696:in the late 1700s and into the 1850s. Much of the
5027:
4998:
4860:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4225:
4223:
4152:
4000:
3998:
2702:During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner,
2530:(RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel
1514:Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the
8309:
4465:
4261:
3936:Britannica Book of the Year 1952: Events of 1951
3648:discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits
3591:
2686:, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the
2190:of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the
2182:on a stamp of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 1894
2101:and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the
5502:. Abingdon, UK, and New York: Routledge, 2004.
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
3863:
3541:In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the
3397:Military history of Nigeria during World War II
1665:, although it briefly re-established it in its
1455:
1410:approach, in 1906 the British merged the small
7435:
4481:
4220:
4168:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
3995:
3715:in 1957 and 1958, which were presided over by
3697:Constitutional conferences in the UK (1957β58)
3055:Developments in colonial policy under Clifford
2377:βonetime antagonist to the Royal Niger Company
1370:, the two territories were amalgamated as the
8378:States and territories disestablished in 1960
7400:
6884:
5557:
3752:
3516:National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
3453:, the most important of the Yoruba monarchs.
3439:National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
3150:Β£361,815 to Β£1,933,235 over the same period.
3098:
2336:reasons for their decisive ultimate victory.
2230:Ensign of the Royal Niger Company (1888β1899)
1932:. Beecroft was the British representative to
1881:the southern region crossed over from mostly
1301:
1096:
8358:1960 disestablishments in the British Empire
7319:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
7302:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
7180:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5537:, School of Media and Communication exhibit.
5429:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
4130:
3928:
3926:
3111:Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of
1540:
4104:
2906:, whose office was closely identified with
2501:
2201:In 1894 the territory was redesignated the
1869:, especially to grow the staple food crop,
16:British colony and protectorate (1914-1960)
8373:States and territories established in 1914
7407:
7393:
6891:
6877:
5564:
5550:
5415:The Colonial Office and Nigeria, 1898β1914
5061:
4303:
4301:
4029:
3840:All of this section to this point is from
3197:Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism
3070:Lugard's immediate successor (1919β1925),
2980:and were administered as part of Nigeria.
2948:war effort as labourers and soldiers. The
2555:
2164:
1675:France sold Louisiana to the United States
1555:Map of Negroland and Guinea including the
1308:
1294:
1103:
1089:
136:
8353:1914 establishments in the British Empire
5155:
5062:Oluwasegun, Jimoh Mufutau (1 June 2017).
4941:
4939:
4937:
4396:
4394:
3923:
3534:, with regional assemblies and a federal
3247:Learn how and when to remove this message
2420:Lugard informed the leaders of conquered
1422:, and in 1914 that was combined with the
1354:, authorised by charter, and governed by
483:876,953 km (338,593 sq mi)
475:872,050 km (336,700 sq mi)
8130:
6363:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
5444:Falola, Toyin, & Matthew M. Heaton,
5282:Economic Development and Cultural Change
4969:
4280:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
3932:
3685:. The NPC federal parliamentary leader,
3671:election of the House of Representatives
3314:
3310:black denominations in the United States
3136:
3122:
3058:
2814:
2806:
2729:
2582:
2438:Political administration under the Crown
2361:
2233:
2225:
2174:
2049:
2034:
1916:increased, merchants requested that the
1765:also opened missions and, in the 1860s,
1550:
5347:http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/20.htm
5186:
5137:
5040:http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/19.htm
4358:
4298:
3580:, went into effect the following year.
3576:, after the incumbent Governor-General
3457:in the other regions. It backed Yoruba
2105:, the British Governorβassisted by the
8310:
7348:Historical flags of the British Empire
7332:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
4934:
4391:
3904:
3779:as head of state and was appointed by
2655:was constructed running from Lagos to
2215:
1579:) became the next most important hub.
1525:The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was
7388:
7223:
7135:
6872:
6381:
6053:
5728:
5621:
5545:
5138:Fagunwa, Omololu (21 December 2020).
5107:
5105:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
4976:. London: Vintage. pp. 166β167.
4424:
4404:. 1780β1938"; in PΓ©trΓ©-Grenouilleau,
4347:Warren Whatley & Rob Gillezeau, "
3703:Lancaster House Conferences (Nigeria)
2851:diplomacy, propaganda and espionage.
7414:
5068:Journal of Asian and African Studies
4187:
3229:adding citations to reliable sources
3200:
2475:, created in the 1860s by architect
2330:
2054:Flag of the Lagos Colony (1886β1906)
1821:, which were used in Europe to make
7159:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
6002:. British Cameroons is now part of
5498:PΓ©trΓ©-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed.).
5144:Christian Journal for Global Health
4602:The Evolution of the Nigerian State
4507:The Evolution of the Nigerian State
4419:The Evolution of the Nigerian State
4386:The Evolution of the Nigerian State
4336:The Evolution of the Nigerian State
4188:Yaya, Haruna Gimba (12 June 2021).
3975:
3949:
3728:Secretary of State for the Colonies
3512:Northern Elements Progressive Union
3390:
2678:
1885:to the production of palm oil as a
13:
8152:Herderβfarmer conflicts in Nigeria
6018:unilaterally declared independence
5713:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
5417:. Hoover Institution Press, 1985.
5371:
5102:
5044:
4246:; Harvard University Press, 2004;
3532:parliamentary system of government
3420:was largely the creation of Chief
3354:Nigerian National Democratic Party
1394:government on much of the area of
1372:Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
714:
25:Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
14:
8389:
8348:1960 disestablishments in Nigeria
7225:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
7204:Occupied by Argentina during the
7136:
6382:
5523:
5465:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
5362:Country Studies On-Line - Nigeria
2528:Royal West African Frontier Force
2506:Concrete plans for transition to
8333:NigeriaβUnited Kingdom relations
7368:
7359:
7358:
6771:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5463:Historical dictionary of Nigeria
4884:Nigeria and its British Invaders
4732:Nigeria and its British Invaders
4576:Nigeria and its British Invaders
4494:Nigeria and its British Invaders
4365:Influence of Christian Missions"
4323:Nigeria and its British Invaders
4293:Nigeria and its British Invaders
3909:. Outskirts Press. p. 183.
3817:Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo
3205:
2802:
2484:
2460:
2393:, the Oba of Benin, into exile.
1947:In 1850, the British created a "
1918:Government of the United Kingdom
1620:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1277:
1139:
1072:
684:; governed by Nigeria until 2008
638:
613:
599:
102:
69:
53:
5439:History of education in Nigeria
5339:
5326:
5321:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
5313:
5300:
5295:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
5287:
5274:
5261:
5256:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
5248:
5243:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
5235:
5180:
5131:
5011:
5006:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4963:
4958:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4950:
4929:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4921:
4911:
4902:
4897:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4889:
4876:
4871:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4855:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4847:
4842:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4826:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4818:
4813:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4797:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4789:
4784:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4776:
4771:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4763:
4758:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4750:
4745:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4737:
4724:
4719:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4711:
4706:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4698:
4693:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4685:
4680:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4672:
4659:
4654:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4646:
4641:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4633:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4546:
4536:
4527:
4512:
4499:
4476:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4445:
4411:
4378:
4353:World Economic History Congress
4341:
4328:
4315:
4285:
4236:
4207:
4181:
4163:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4099:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4091:
4086:The Colonial Office and Nigeria
4061:"Nigeria - Independent Nigeria"
3834:
3380:British Commonwealth of Nations
3304:; the emergence of independent
3216:needs additional citations for
3013:Conservative and Unionist Party
3003:favored allowing international
2725:
2543:Anglo-French Convention of 1898
2493:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
2238:British stamps used in 1898 at
2039:
1767:Roman Catholic religious orders
1712:
1559:, 1736, by London cartographer
1331:achieved independence. Britain
8343:1914 establishments in Nigeria
8338:Palm oil production in Nigeria
7267:Australian Antarctic Territory
6123:since 1965 (before as part of
6120:British Indian Ocean Territory
6006:, while Tanganyika is part of
5637:since 1960 (before as part of
5395:Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi.
5193:The Journal of African History
4078:
4023:
3969:
3943:
3898:
2985:British entry into World War I
2311:Under Goldie's direction, the
1976:European exploration of Africa
1969:
1406:. After initially adopting an
674:
1:
8148:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
8107:Sustainable Development Goals
3983:Federal Government in Nigeria
3957:Federal Government in Nigeria
3851:
3592:Self-governing regions (1957)
3306:Christian churches in Nigeria
3133:Economy of the British Empire
3015:to vote against Party Leader
2688:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2550:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2448:Southern Nigeria Protectorate
2444:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2078:with the newly installed Oba
1424:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
1416:Southern Nigeria Protectorate
1364:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
1360:Southern Nigeria Protectorate
621:Southern Nigeria Protectorate
607:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
444:β’ Autonomous federation
5578:British Overseas Territories
5485:A Resident's wife in Nigeria
5431:1#1 (1956), pp. 5β14,
5187:Ohadike, D. C. (July 1981).
4578:(1984), pp. xiv, xxviiiβxxx.
4434:. Harper Collins, New York.
4006:"The British Empire in 1924"
3879:. p. 16. Archived from
3027:featuring Conservatives and
1787:Anglican Bishop of the Niger
1566:European slave trading from
1456:Origins of British influence
1338:in 1861 and established the
7:
8112:Water supply and sanitation
7294:British Antarctic Territory
7004:Western Pacific Territories
6898:
4455:(1977), Vol. 13, pp 11-19.
4034:. AuthorHouse. p. 29.
4030:Darlington, Mgbeke (2009).
3810:
3609:Nigerian federal government
3294:West African Students Union
2780:Governor-General of Nigeria
2400:, the British launched the
2375:King Frederick William Koko
2373:, 30 March 1895; depicting
2159:Bank of British West Africa
2155:African Banking Corporation
1808:
1774:; the CMS worked among the
1499:movement intended to bring
1385:
10:
8394:
7032:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
6449:British Arctic Territories
5729:
5622:
5355:
4406:From Slave Trade to Empire
4231:From Slave Trade to Empire
4215:From Slave Trade to Empire
3856:
3756:
3753:Independent Nigeria (1960)
3700:
3673:after the adoption of the
3595:
3466:Northern People's Congress
3394:
3373:London School of Economics
3325:Nigerian Union of Teachers
3258:
3126:
3099:Influenza Pandemic of 1918
2757:diplomatically suggested:
2697:British presence in Uganda
2441:
2367:King Koko in His War Canoe
2289:portion they may require.
2242:by the Royal Niger Company
2219:
2168:
2043:
1973:
1938:African Slave Trade Patrol
1899:Because of the hazards of
1630:from participating in the
1544:
1441:βspecifically the British
676:
525:British West African pound
8363:Former colonies in Africa
8269:
8182:
8052:Female genital mutilation
7955:
7946:
7866:
7857:
7762:Federal Executive Council
7730:
7721:
7627:
7618:
7539:
7426:
7343:
7312:
7272:Commonwealth of Australia
7230:
7219:
7190:
7142:
7131:
7097:
6904:
6868:
6674:Newfoundland and Labrador
6388:
6377:
6355:League of Nations mandate
6336:
6060:
6049:
6030:Lancaster House Agreement
6000:League of Nations mandate
5989:
5735:
5724:
5628:
5617:
5584:
5472:. (Longman, Inc., 1983).
5399:(London: Longmans, 1966).
5205:10.1017/S0021853700019587
3691:Prime Minister of Nigeria
3683:Federal Executive Council
3319:Colonial Lagos circa 1910
3037:remainder of the Liberals
3029:Lloyd George's supporters
2253:In the 1870s, therefore,
1747:Church Missionary Society
1718:Portuguese Roman Catholic
1541:Slave trade and abolition
1382:gained its independence.
668:
654:
578:
566:
556:
538:
520:
516:
506:
496:
492:
487:
479:
471:
466:
462:
452:
442:
432:
428:
406:
392:
388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
336:
326:
322:
310:
298:
286:
274:
270:
260:
238:
212:
174:
164:
154:
135:
87:
49:
44:
23:
7804:House of Representatives
7735:Administrative divisions
6802:Turks and Caicos Islands
6109:(protectorate) 1907β1949
6054:
5681:(integrated into the UK)
5080:10.1177/0021909615587367
4373:Nigeria: A Country Study
3842:Nigeria: A Country Study
3827:
3629:post-World War II period
3561:(after Governor-General
3536:House of Representatives
3035:, while Asquith and the
3011:led the majority of the
2566:William Baillie Hamilton
2524:Niger Coast Protectorate
2502:Transition to Crown rule
2383:larger retaliatory force
2203:Niger Coast Protectorate
2171:Niger Coast Protectorate
1789:. Crowther, a liberated
1751:Protestant denominations
1491:in 1787 as a refuge for
1063:List of years in Nigeria
400:House of Representatives
8368:20th century in Nigeria
7085:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
6910:18th and 19th centuries
6726:Queen Charlotte Islands
6686:North-Western Territory
6658:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
6261:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
5926:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
5609:Commonwealth of Nations
5535:Pan-Atlantic University
5406:(3rd ed. London, 1942)
5381:Asiegbu, Johnson U. J.
5245:(1985), pp. 85β86, 103.
4970:Campbell, John (2010).
4747:(1985), pp. 3β4, 50β52.
4355:, Utrecht, 23 May 2009.
4065:Encyclopedia Britannica
3933:Armitage, John (1952).
3759:First Nigerian Republic
3574:Macpherson Constitution
3424:, General Secretary of
2892:the colonial government
2857:Herbert Richmond Palmer
2846:in the north and often
2778:, who was entitled the
2774:was presided over by a
2643:To extend the railways.
2556:Colonial administration
2408:A campaign against the
2192:Oil Rivers Protectorate
2165:Oil Rivers Protectorate
2088:Lagos Treaty of Cession
2058:British Prime Minister
1599:, the major ports were
1533:, Modibbo Bubayero, to
8045:Oodua Peoples Congress
6835:West Indies Federation
6024:) and continued as an
5607:Current member of the
5157:10.15566/cjgh.v7i5.455
4453:ANU Historical Journal
4149:40, 1994, pp. 149β162.
3905:Ugorji, Basil (2012).
3771:of the federation and
3687:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
3641:gross domestic product
3586:Lyttleton Constitution
3578:John Stuart Macpherson
3489:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
3320:
3302:Protestant Reformation
3146:
3067:
2954:German colonial forces
2922:
2825:Colonial Civil Service
2820:
2812:
2796:
2764:
2735:
2646:
2628:To pacify the country;
2588:
2435:
2378:
2294:
2243:
2231:
2183:
2055:
1563:
1340:Oil River Protectorate
719:
383:James Wilson Robertson
371:John Stuart Macpherson
8163:Niger Delta conflicts
7709:Wildlife conservation
7584:Military dictatorship
6757:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6028:state until the 1979
5634:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5495:43.3 (2019): 516β542.
5482:Larymore, Constance.
5457:online free to borrow
5448:(Cambridge UP, 2008,
4432:The Race for Timbuktu
4430:Kryza, F. T. (2007).
4282:5.20, September 2014.
3598:Federation of Nigeria
3570:Richards Constitution
3559:Richards Constitution
3318:
3140:
3123:Economics and finance
3062:
2917:
2818:
2810:
2791:
2759:
2751:Governor of Hong Kong
2733:
2651:From 1895 to 1900, a
2625:
2586:
2479:; illustrated in 1875
2442:Further information:
2426:
2365:
2343:set out to fight the
2278:
2255:George Taubman Goldie
2237:
2229:
2178:
2140:Nigerian Police Force
2053:
2035:First colonial claims
1981:Britain commissioned
1974:Further information:
1964:Industrial Revolution
1829:for machinery before
1783:Samuel Ajayi Crowther
1735:Catholic missionaries
1692:Lagos became a major
1554:
1418:into a new Colony of
1356:George Taubman Goldie
718:
634:Federation of Nigeria
175:Common languages
33:Federation of Nigeria
7657:Environmental issues
7285:Realm of New Zealand
7283:(transferred to the
7270:(transferred to the
7103:Realm of New Zealand
6704:Prince Edward Island
6582:1671β1816, 1833β1960
5470:A History of Nigeria
5468:Isichei, Elizabeth.
5446:A History of Nigeria
5334:A History of Nigeria
5323:(1985), pp. 184β198.
5308:A History of Nigeria
5297:(1985), pp. 127β128.
5271:(1983), pp. 386β388.
5269:A History of Nigeria
4828:(1985), pp. 135β153.
4815:(1985), pp. 104β109.
4667:A History of Nigeria
4628:A History of Nigeria
4615:A History of Nigeria
4591:(1983), pp. 365β366.
4589:A History of Nigeria
4563:A History of Nigeria
4176:A History of Nigeria
3794:In February 1961, a
3501:separatist movements
3261:Nigerian nationalism
3225:improve this article
3039:entered opposition.
3021:coalition government
2717:Lugard's success in
2704:Sir Frederick Lugard
2477:George Gilbert Scott
2452:Provinces of Nigeria
2341:British Armed Forces
2147:Maria Theresa dollar
1892:The Niger Delta and
1685:. By the end of the
1632:Atlantic slave trade
1452:to the present day.
454:β’ Independence
8323:British West Africa
8158:Islamist insurgency
7316:Since 2009 part of
7208:of AprilβJune 1982.
6795:Trinidad and Tobago
6409:Antigua and Barbuda
6309:Straits Settlements
5366:Library of Congress
5021:31.1 (1998): 23-51.
4946:Sir Richmond Palmer
4899:(1985), pp. 92β100.
4669:(1983), p. 369β371.
4565:(1983), p. 372β373.
3886:on 24 February 2019
3643:during the decade.
3563:Sir Arthur Richards
3089:Sir Richmond Palmer
3065:Henry Hugh Armstead
2578:George Bernard Shaw
2514:British possessions
2313:Royal Niger Company
2222:Royal Niger Company
2216:Royal Niger Company
1575:(also known as the
1509:African Association
1489:Sierra Leone Colony
1352:Royal Niger Company
1284:Cameroon portal
757:Pre-colonial period
434:β’ Established
396:Legislative Council
233:Traditional beliefs
145:British possessions
7995:Child sexual abuse
7975:Capital punishment
7924:Telecommunications
6468:Cape Breton Island
6359:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
6201:Unfederated States
6016:Southern Rhodesia
5603:Commonwealth realm
5441:(Routledge, 2018).
5437:Fafunwa, A. Babs.
5404:History of Nigeria
4931:(1985), pp. 70β71.
4844:(1985), pp. 79β84.
4799:(1985), pp. 35β37.
4682:(1985), pp. 60β62.
4408:(2004), pp. 69β81.
4388:(1972), pp. 11β12.
4233:(2004), pp. 47β68.
4217:(2004), pp. 21β46.
4010:The British Empire
3805:Northern Cameroons
3800:Southern Cameroons
3553:and his appointed
3543:British Parliament
3474:Sardauna of Sokoto
3407:Ethiopian campaign
3352:. He also led the
3321:
3147:
3143:Patterson Zuchonis
3129:Economy of Nigeria
3105:Influenza pandemic
3068:
3025:David Lloyd George
2997:Liberal government
2976:to Britain by the
2962:German East Africa
2840:traditional rulers
2821:
2813:
2736:
2589:
2379:
2324:Joseph Chamberlain
2244:
2232:
2184:
2056:
1831:petroleum products
1683:Haitian Revolution
1667:Caribbean colonies
1636:blockade of Africa
1564:
1547:Slavery in Nigeria
1495:, the independent
1460:In the 1700s, the
1234:Southern Cameroons
1079:Nigeria portal
720:
708:History of Nigeria
421: •
417: •
413: •
207:regional languages
98:God Save the Queen
8305:
8304:
8265:
8264:
8217:List of Nigerians
8178:
8177:
8057:Gender inequality
8020:Domestic violence
7984:Girl child labour
7942:
7941:
7853:
7852:
7816:Political parties
7799:National Assembly
7784:Human trafficking
7767:Foreign relations
7717:
7716:
7614:
7613:
7382:
7381:
7339:
7338:
7215:
7214:
7147:Providence Island
7127:
7126:
7092:
7091:
6960:Western Australia
6928:Van Diemen's Land
6864:
6863:
6841:Associated States
6539:Columbia District
6373:
6372:
6227:Manila and Cavite
6045:
6044:
5924:Southern Rhodesia
5918:South-West Africa
5868:Northern Rhodesia
5780:Cape of Good Hope
5720:
5719:
5597:Current territory
5454:978-0-521-68157-5
5413:Carland, John M.
4983:978-1-84595-091-0
4873:(1985), p. 88β89.
4786:(1985), p. 32β33.
4440:978-0-06-056064-5
4369:Helen Chapin Metz
4242:Randy J. Sparks,
4084:John M. Carland,
3765:Act of Parliament
3675:1954 constitution
3656:British Petroleum
3633:per capita income
3627:In the immediate
3555:Executive Council
3257:
3256:
3249:
3072:Sir Hugh Clifford
3009:Sir Edward Carson
2978:League of Nations
2833:District Officers
2598:William MacGregor
2331:Military conquest
2188:Berlin Conference
2103:emirate of Ilorin
2068:Akintoye of Lagos
1905:tropical diseases
1799:African Christian
1743:Church of England
1724:coast introduced
1698:human trafficking
1663:French Revolution
1659:abolished slavery
1646:, declaring it a
1593:Portuguese Empire
1345:Berlin Conference
1323:was ruled by the
1318:
1317:
1271:
1270:
1245:
1244:
1230:British Cameroons
1113:
1112:
828:
827:
693:
692:
682:Bakassi peninsula
650:
649:
646:
645:
626:
625:
378:β’ 1954β1960
366:β’ 1948β1954
354:β’ 1919β1925
342:β’ 1914β1919
312:β’ 1952β1960
300:β’ 1936β1952
276:β’ 1914β1936
128:
93:God Save the King
8385:
8318:Colonial Nigeria
8285:
8278:
8128:
8127:
7953:
7952:
7909:
7891:Economic history
7864:
7863:
7728:
7727:
7625:
7624:
7574:Southern Nigeria
7569:Northern Nigeria
7564:Colonial Nigeria
7433:
7432:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7386:
7385:
7372:
7362:
7361:
7327:Antarctic Treaty
7288:
7275:
7260:Falkland Islands
7252:Tristan da Cunha
7244:Ascension Island
7221:
7220:
7172:Falkland Islands
7133:
7132:
7101:Now part of the
6973:Pitcairn Islands
6938:Auckland Islands
6907:
6906:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6855:Windward Islands
6809:Vancouver Island
6586:MassachusettsBay
6455:British Columbia
6379:
6378:
6195:Federated States
6051:
6050:
5961:Tristan da Cunha
5930:Southern Nigeria
5862:Northern Nigeria
5741:Ascension Island
5726:
5725:
5682:
5619:
5618:
5593:Former territory
5590:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5330:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5291:
5285:
5284:13.4, July 1965.
5278:
5272:
5265:
5259:
5252:
5246:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5159:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5059:
5042:
5036:
5025:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4967:
4961:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4886:(1984), p. xxxi.
4880:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4780:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4702:
4696:
4689:
4683:
4676:
4670:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4449:
4443:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4398:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4362:
4356:
4345:
4339:
4332:
4326:
4319:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4259:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4143:
4128:
4121:
4102:
4097:Carland (1985),
4095:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4057:
4046:
4045:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3845:
3838:
3769:Governor-General
3720:Alan Lennox-Boyd
3689:, was appointed
3557:, the so-called
3551:Governor-General
3426:Egbe Omo Oduduwa
3391:Second World War
3349:Lagos Daily News
3344:Herbert Macauley
3252:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3209:
3201:
3167:turned to Persia
3113:H1N1 influenza A
2950:Nigeria Regiment
2926:
2864:Sultan of Sokoto
2784:Nigeria Regiment
2719:northern Nigeria
2712:Sokoto Caliphate
2695:and established
2684:Frederick Lugard
2679:Frederick Lugard
2618:Frederick Lugard
2576:and a friend of
2539:Earl of Selborne
2532:Frederick Lugard
2488:
2464:
2410:Sokoto Caliphate
2270:Sokoto Caliphate
2121:Empire of Brazil
2086:in 1861 via the
1994:Sokoto Caliphate
1867:domestic economy
1844:Initially, most
1628:British subjects
1420:Southern Nigeria
1368:Frederick Lugard
1321:Colonial Nigeria
1310:
1303:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1219:French Cameroons
1185:
1184:
1171:Kingdom of Bamum
1156:Sao civilisation
1143:
1133:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1077:
1076:
1075:
824:
733:
732:
717:
695:
694:
680:
642:
641:
630:
629:
617:
616:
603:
602:
596:
595:
580:
579:
547:
347:Frederick Lugard
147:in Africa (pink)
140:
130:
129:
73:
57:
39:
38:
31:
30:
21:
20:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8261:
8237:Public holidays
8174:
8141:
8140:
8126:
7938:
7907:
7849:
7789:Law enforcement
7713:
7632:Adamawa Plateau
7610:
7606:Fourth Republic
7594:Second Republic
7535:
7447:
7446:
7422:
7413:
7383:
7378:
7335:
7308:
7282:
7280:Ross Dependency
7269:
7226:
7211:
7186:
7138:
7123:
7093:
7088:
7044:
7039:Solomon Islands
6986:North Australia
6966:South Australia
6922:New South Wales
6900:
6897:
6860:
6580:Leeward Islands
6384:
6369:
6332:
6239:Muscat and Oman
6056:
6041:
5985:
5731:
5716:
5680:
5624:
5613:
5588:
5580:
5570:
5526:
5402:Burns, Alan C.
5374:
5372:Further reading
5358:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5314:
5310:(1983), p. 380.
5305:
5301:
5292:
5288:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5258:(1985), p. 119.
5253:
5249:
5240:
5236:
5185:
5181:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5119:. 29 March 2020
5111:
5110:
5103:
5060:
5045:
5037:
5028:
5016:
5012:
5003:
4999:
4984:
4968:
4964:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4881:
4877:
4868:
4861:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4819:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4768:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4686:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4617:(1983), p. 367.
4612:
4608:
4604:(1972), p. xiv.
4599:
4595:
4586:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4509:(1972), pp. 15.
4504:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4473:
4466:
4450:
4446:
4429:
4425:
4416:
4412:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4342:
4333:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4286:
4277:
4262:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4182:
4178:(1983), p. 362.
4173:
4169:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4131:
4122:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4049:
4042:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3974:
3970:
3948:
3944:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3822:Bandele Omoniyi
3813:
3777:British monarch
3761:
3755:
3709:Lancaster House
3705:
3699:
3600:
3594:
3443:Samuel Akintola
3422:Obafemi Awolowo
3399:
3393:
3329:Obafemi Awolowo
3267:interwar period
3263:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3222:
3210:
3199:
3145:trading company
3135:
3127:Main articles:
3125:
3101:
3057:
2999:and subsequent
2970:German Cameroon
2928:
2924:
2805:
2728:
2681:
2558:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2469:Colonial Office
2465:
2454:
2440:
2398:Aro Confederacy
2351:, the earliest
2333:
2224:
2218:
2173:
2167:
2153:. In 1891, the
2129:Colonial Office
2072:bombarded Lagos
2060:Lord Palmerston
2048:
2042:
2037:
2025:Macgregor Laird
2005:Hugh Clapperton
1978:
1972:
1957:Bight of Biafra
1949:Court of Equity
1944:was stationed.
1811:
1715:
1687:Napoleonic Wars
1624:Slave Trade Act
1597:Bight of Biafra
1549:
1543:
1458:
1388:
1358:. In 1900, the
1314:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1166:Mandara Kingdom
1131:
1124:
1109:
1073:
1071:
822:
817:Fourth Republic
797:Second Republic
715:
689:
688:
685:
661:
639:
614:
600:
542:
533:
529:
527:
509:
499:
455:
445:
435:
415:Interwar period
401:
399:
397:
379:
367:
355:
343:
313:
301:
289:
277:
262:British monarch
255:
251:
249:
150:
148:
143:
131:
103:
96:
83:
82:
81:
78:
74:
66:
65:
62:
58:
40:
36:
35:
34:
32:
28:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8391:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8160:
8155:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7990:Child marriage
7987:
7977:
7972:
7970:Baby factories
7967:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7919:Stock Exchange
7916:
7911:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7838:Vice-President
7830:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7684:
7679:
7677:National parks
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7647:Climate change
7644:
7639:
7634:
7628:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7601:Third Republic
7598:
7597:
7596:
7591:
7581:
7579:First Republic
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7479:Hausa kingdoms
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7366:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7323:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7298:
7290:
7277:
7264:
7256:
7248:
7240:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7202:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7153:Willoughbyland
7150:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7111:
7105:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6969:
6963:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6925:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6816:Virgin Islands
6812:
6806:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6783:South Carolina
6780:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6680:North Carolina
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6614:Mosquito Coast
6611:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6583:
6577:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6543:Oregon Country
6536:
6532:Cayman Islands
6528:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6490:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6446:
6438:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6361:
6352:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6324:
6321:Trucial States
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6014:Self-governing
6011:
5997:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5786:Central Africa
5783:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5755:
5745:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5674:
5671:Ionian Islands
5668:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5574:British Empire
5569:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5525:
5524:External links
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5512:Tamuno, T. N.
5510:
5496:
5489:
5480:
5466:
5459:
5442:
5435:
5425:
5411:
5400:
5393:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5338:
5325:
5312:
5299:
5286:
5273:
5260:
5247:
5234:
5199:(3): 379β391.
5179:
5130:
5101:
5074:(4): 412β424.
5043:
5026:
5010:
4997:
4982:
4962:
4960:(1985), p. 67.
4949:
4933:
4920:
4910:
4901:
4888:
4875:
4859:
4846:
4830:
4817:
4801:
4788:
4775:
4773:(1985), p. 31.
4762:
4749:
4736:
4723:
4721:(1985), p. 50.
4710:
4708:(1985), p. 68.
4697:
4695:(1985), p. 64.
4684:
4671:
4658:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4545:
4535:
4526:
4511:
4498:
4480:
4464:
4444:
4423:
4410:
4390:
4377:
4357:
4340:
4327:
4314:
4297:
4284:
4260:
4254:; Chapter 1: "
4235:
4219:
4206:
4180:
4167:
4165:(1985), p. 90.
4151:
4129:
4103:
4090:
4077:
4047:
4040:
4022:
3994:
3968:
3942:
3922:
3915:
3897:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3757:Main article:
3754:
3751:
3726:, the British
3701:Main article:
3698:
3695:
3604:self-governing
3596:Main article:
3593:
3590:
3431:Western Region
3395:Main article:
3392:
3389:
3365:Nnamdi Azikiwe
3290:W.E.B. Du Bois
3271:pan-Africanism
3259:Main article:
3255:
3254:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3124:
3121:
3100:
3097:
3056:
3053:
2989:Central Powers
2916:
2912:Eastern Region
2804:
2801:
2727:
2724:
2680:
2677:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2610:Percy Girouard
2602:Walter Egerton
2594:Henry McCallum
2574:Fabian Society
2570:Sydney Olivier
2557:
2554:
2516:in West Africa
2512:Memorandum on
2503:
2500:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2439:
2436:
2332:
2329:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2180:Queen Victoria
2169:Main article:
2166:
2163:
2151:pound sterling
2113:Colonial Lagos
2044:Main article:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:Heinrich Barth
2009:Richard Lander
1971:
1968:
1966:of 1750β1790.
1873:, in northern
1810:
1807:
1714:
1711:
1679:Saint-Domingue
1661:following the
1626:, prohibiting
1573:Bight of Benin
1545:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1462:British Empire
1457:
1454:
1443:pound sterling
1387:
1384:
1325:British Empire
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1161:Kotoko kingdom
1158:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
866:
865:
861:
860:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
835:
834:
830:
829:
826:
825:
819:
813:
812:
809:
807:Third Republic
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
777:First Republic
773:
772:
769:
767:British period
763:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
729:
728:
722:
721:
711:
710:
704:
703:
691:
690:
687:
686:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
656:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
636:
627:
624:
623:
618:
610:
609:
604:
592:
591:
586:
576:
575:
570:
564:
563:
560:
554:
553:
540:
536:
535:
531:Nigerian pound
522:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
485:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
458:1 October 1960
456:
453:
450:
449:
448:1 October 1954
446:
443:
440:
439:
438:1 January 1914
436:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
408:
407:Historical era
404:
403:
394:
390:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
374:
373:
368:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
302:
299:
296:
295:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
240:
236:
235:
214:
210:
209:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
159:British colony
156:
152:
151:
141:
133:
132:
101:
85:
84:
75:
68:
67:
59:
52:
51:
50:
47:
46:
42:
41:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8390:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8169:
8168:2016 conflict
8166:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8030:Ethnic groups
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7846:
7845:Supreme Court
7843:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7549:Early history
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7405:
7403:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7365:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7222:
7218:
7207:
7206:Falklands War
7203:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7137:South America
7134:
7130:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7026:Union Islands
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6894:
6889:
6887:
6882:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6738:Rupert's Land
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6698:Paulet affair
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6644:New Hampshire
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6632:New Brunswick
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6383:North America
6380:
6376:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6303:South Vietnam
6301:
6298:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5727:
5723:
5712:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:0-714-65691-7
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5478:0-582-64331-7
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5423:0-8179-8141-1
5420:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:0-88357-101-3
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5348:
5342:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5316:
5309:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5244:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5007:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4914:
4905:
4898:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4655:
4649:
4642:
4636:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4577:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4549:
4539:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4478:(1985), p. 2.
4477:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4252:0-674-01312-3
4249:
4245:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4043:
4041:9781449024550
4037:
4033:
4026:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3916:9781432788353
3912:
3908:
3901:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:By a British
3760:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3735:December 1959
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3664:Port Harcourt
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:Fascist Italy
3398:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:Marcus Garvey
3282:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3251:
3248:
3240:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3214:This section
3212:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:Liberal Party
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:war coalition
2998:
2994:
2993:H. H. Asquith
2990:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2809:
2803:Indirect rule
2800:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2755:John Anderson
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2710:emirs of the
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2402:Anglo-Aro War
2399:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2371:Daily Graphic
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Ijebu Kingdom
2342:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2306:royal charter
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:equity courts
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:John Beecroft
2061:
2052:
2047:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:slave traders
1988:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:John Beecroft
1919:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:as the first
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:United States
1760:
1756:
1755:Great Britain
1752:
1749:(CMS). Other
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:In 1807, the
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:(now part of
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:Gombe Emirate
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:money economy
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:indirect rule
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:Post-colonial
1249:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
863:
862:
857:
854:
852:
851:Yoruba people
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
832:
831:
820:
818:
815:
814:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
738:
737:Early history
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
723:
713:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
697:
696:
683:
679:
678:
672:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657:
655:Today part of
653:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
622:
619:
612:
611:
608:
605:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
569:
568:ISO 3166 code
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
545:
541:
537:
532:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
501:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
451:
447:
441:
437:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
375:
372:
369:
363:
360:
359:Hugh Clifford
357:
351:
348:
345:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:
309:
306:
303:
297:
294:
291:
285:
282:
279:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
254:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
146:
142:Nigeria (red)
139:
134:
99:
94:
90:
86:
80:
72:
64:
56:
48:
43:
22:
19:
8257:Video gaming
8202:Coat of arms
8097:Social class
8082:Prostitution
8010:Demographics
7980:Child labour
7881:Central Bank
7772:Human rights
7752:Constitution
7563:
7317:
7300:
7292:
7258:
7250:
7242:
7236:Saint Helena
7234:
7178:
7170:
7020:Cook Islands
6971:
6944:New Hebrides
6913:20th century
6829:West Florida
6814:
6800:
6732:Rhode Island
6710:Pennsylvania
6668:Newfoundland
6605:
6530:
6480:East Florida
6451:16th c.β1880
6440:
6392:
6289:Crown Colony
6277:Pulo Condore
6251:Crown Colony
6245:North Borneo
6118:
6077:Protectorate
6026:unrecognised
6020:in 1965 (as
5959:
5912:South Africa
5900:Sierra Leone
5887:Saint Helena
5885:
5880:Orange River
5855:
5758:Bechuanaland
5739:
5697:Protectorate
5656:
5632:
5596:
5576:and Current
5533:
5513:
5499:
5492:
5483:
5469:
5462:
5445:
5438:
5428:
5414:
5403:
5396:
5382:
5341:
5333:
5328:
5320:
5315:
5307:
5302:
5294:
5289:
5281:
5276:
5268:
5263:
5255:
5250:
5242:
5237:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5150:(5): 52β64.
5147:
5143:
5133:
5121:. Retrieved
5116:
5071:
5067:
5018:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4952:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4904:
4896:
4891:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4796:
4791:
4783:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4548:
4538:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4475:
4452:
4447:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4385:
4380:
4372:
4360:
4352:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4308:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4243:
4238:
4230:
4214:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4193:
4183:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4146:
4124:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:
4031:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:
3982:
3971:
3956:
3945:
3935:
3906:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3881:the original
3841:
3836:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3762:
3747:Sierra Leone
3739:
3732:
3717:The Rt. Hon.
3706:
3680:
3668:
3645:
3637:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3582:
3567:
3540:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3505:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3470:Ahmadu Bello
3463:
3455:
3435:
3418:Action Group
3415:
3411:
3400:
3385:Action Group
3377:
3369:Harold Laski
3358:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3298:
3283:
3275:
3264:
3243:
3234:
3223:Please help
3218:verification
3215:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3050:
3041:
2982:
2966:
2946:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2908:Edo religion
2904:Oba of Benin
2900:
2896:
2876:
2872:Oba of Benin
2868:Emir of Kano
2861:
2853:
2837:
2822:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2772:protectorate
2765:
2760:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2726:Amalgamation
2716:
2701:
2682:
2673:
2650:
2647:
2622:
2614:Hesketh Bell
2590:
2559:
2547:
2536:
2520:Lagos Colony
2511:
2505:
2467:The British
2427:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2380:
2370:
2366:
2339:In 1892 the
2338:
2334:
2321:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2211:
2200:
2185:
2157:founded the
2144:
2133:
2125:Spanish Cuba
2111:
2095:Lagos Colony
2092:
2084:Crown Colony
2057:
2046:Lagos Colony
2040:Lagos Colony
2013:
2002:
1979:
1961:
1946:
1936:, where the
1914:
1898:
1891:
1879:
1843:
1819:palm kernels
1812:
1803:
1796:
1780:
1739:
1726:Christianity
1722:West African
1716:
1713:Missionaries
1707:
1691:
1652:
1648:Crown Colony
1644:Sierra Leone
1622:enacted the
1617:
1565:
1561:Hermann Moll
1524:
1513:
1501:Christianity
1493:freed slaves
1486:
1459:
1447:
1436:
1412:Lagos Colony
1404:bureaucratic
1392:Crown Colony
1389:
1376:World War II
1371:
1349:
1320:
1319:
1148:Pre-colonial
856:Hausa people
675:
589:Succeeded by
588:
583:
508:β’ 1952
498:β’ 1924
419:World War II
317:Elizabeth II
288:β’ 1936
247:protectorate
228:
220:
217:Christianity
198:
190:
182:
88:
18:
7876:Brain Drain
7871:Agriculture
7777:LGBT rights
7682:Niger Delta
7667:Jos Plateau
7554:before 1500
7464:Kanem-Bornu
7353:Anglosphere
7071:New Zealand
6980:New Zealand
6849:West Jersey
6764:Saint Lucia
6750:Saint Kitts
6744:Saint Croix
6724:1763β1791*
6692:Nova Scotia
6638:New England
6594:, 1691β1776
6561:East Jersey
6549:Connecticut
6428:Bay Islands
6315:Transjordan
6233:Mesopotamia
6071:Afghanistan
6065:Aden Colony
5850:Niger Coast
5816:) 1874β1957
5792:East Africa
5774:Cape Colony
5764:) 1884β1966
5754:) 1868β1966
5408:online free
4199:24 December
4194:Daily Trust
4127:44.3, 2011.
3977:Awa, Eme O.
3951:Awa, Eme O.
3890:24 February
3547:Westminster
3497:Middle Belt
3459:irredentism
3361:H.O. Davies
3279:Westernised
3191:Women's War
3155:wage labour
3007:. In 1916,
2942:Jos Plateau
2768:World War I
2473:Westminster
2353:machine gun
2248:Niger River
2136:John Glover
2131:in London.
1987:Muslim Arab
1970:Exploration
1934:Fernando Po
1883:subsistence
1863:Niger Delta
1854:Nri Kingdom
1613:New Calabar
1601:Old Calabar
1577:Slave Coast
1568:West Africa
1557:Slave Coast
1516:West Indies
1505:Edo Kingdom
1478:East Indies
1466:West Africa
1396:West Africa
1130:History of
912:Cross River
846:Igbo people
747:Nok culture
584:Preceded by
534:(1958β1960)
528:(1914β1958)
411:World War I
402:(1951β1960)
398:(1946β1951)
393:Legislature
293:Edward VIII
256:(1954β1960)
250:(1914β1954)
100:(1952β1960)
95:(1914β1952)
79:(1952β1960)
63:(1952β1960)
37:(1954β1960)
29:(1914β1954)
8312:Categories
8222:Literature
8000:Corruption
7965:Censorship
7908:(currency)
7886:Corruption
7652:Ecoregions
7305:since 1908
7297:since 1908
7263:since 1833
7255:since 1816
7247:since 1815
7239:since 1658
7196:department
7183:since 1908
7175:since 1833
6976:since 1838
6956:Swan River
6950:Queensland
6837:1958β1962
6819:since 1666
6805:since 1799
6656:New Jersey
6626:New Albion
6610:since 1632
6607:Montserrat
6588:1629β1691
6535:since 1670
6457:1858β1866
6445:since 1619
6397:since 1650
6350:Bangladesh
6285:1841β1946
6247:1882β1963
6213:Federation
6191:1819β1826
6129:Seychelles
6073:1839β1842
5964:since 1816
5948:Tanganyika
5906:Somaliland
5894:Seychelles
5890:since 1658
5810:Gold Coast
5804:The Gambia
5748:Basutoland
5744:since 1815
5686:Free State
5679:1542β1800
5665:Heligoland
5661:since 1713
5493:Itinerario
4070:22 January
4015:7 November
3852:References
3796:plebiscite
3508:Aminu Kano
3493:Aminu Kano
3451:Oni of Ife
3413:together.
3076:Gold Coast
3005:free trade
2606:Ralph Moor
2508:Crown rule
2391:Ovonramwen
2389:and drove
2387:Benin City
2357:Yorubaland
2186:After the
2161:in Lagos.
2023:merchant,
1983:Mungo Park
1942:Royal Navy
1835:palm trees
1827:lubricants
1770:among the
1761:, and the
1730:Edo Empire
1703:Royal Navy
1694:slave port
1655:Edo Empire
1527:Gombe-Abba
1497:missionary
1470:Adam Smith
1400:autocratic
1209:Neukamerun
1199:Bafut Wars
512:31,156,027
502:18,500,000
488:Population
253:Federation
239:Government
205:and other
8136:Conflicts
8067:Languages
8025:Education
7934:Transport
7914:Petroleum
7833:President
7757:Elections
7672:Mountains
7620:Geography
7589:Civil War
7559:1500-1800
7531:Kwararafa
7289:1841β1947
7276:1841β1933
7167:1831β1966
7161:1670β1688
7155:1651β1667
7149:1631β1641
7079:1914β1962
7073:1907β1947
7066:1901β1942
7064:Australia
7059:1900β1974
7053:1900β1970
7041:1893β1978
7034:1892β1979
7028:1889β1948
7022:1888β1901
7016:Rarotonga
7012:1884β1902
7006:1877β1976
7000:1874β1970
6994:1851β1901
6988:1846β1847
6982:1841β1907
6968:1836β1901
6962:1829β1901
6952:1824β1901
6946:1824β1980
6940:1807β1863
6934:1803β1901
6924:1788β1901
6857:1833β1960
6851:1674β1702
6843:1967β1983
6831:1763β1783
6825:1607β1776
6811:1849β1866
6797:1889β1962
6791:1862β1863
6785:1712β1776
6779:1635β1644
6773:1627β1979
6766:1605β1979
6759:1882β1983
6752:1623β1983
6746:1625β1650
6740:1670β1870
6734:1636β1776
6728:1853β1863
6718:1620β1691
6712:1681β1776
6706:1763β1873
6694:1713β1867
6688:1859β1870
6682:1712β1776
6676:1583β1907
6670:1907β1949
6664:1664β1776
6652:1637β1662
6650:New Haven
6646:1680β1776
6640:1686β1689
6634:1784β1867
6622:1628β1983
6616:1655β1860
6602:1632β1776
6576:1655β1962
6569:1733β1776
6563:1674β1702
6557:1701β1776
6551:1636β1776
6545:1818β1846
6527:1663β1712
6519:1867β1931
6513:1841β1867
6507:1791β1841
6501:1791β1841
6489:1762β1974
6482:1763β1783
6476:1763β1978
6470:1754β1820
6461:1866β1871
6437:1871β1981
6430:1643β1860
6424:1624β1966
6418:1670β1973
6411:1860β1981
6404:1632β1860
6329:1898β1930
6323:1892β1971
6317:1921β1946
6311:1826β1946
6305:1945β1946
6299:1946β1963
6297:Singapore
6291:1946β1963
6279:1702β1705
6273:1786β1946
6267:1923β1948
6265:Palestine
6253:1946β1963
6241:1891β1971
6235:1920β1932
6229:1762β1764
6223:1796β1965
6215:1948β1957
6209:1946β1948
6203:1885β1946
6197:1895β1946
6185:1848β1946
6179:1918β1961
6173:1811β1816
6167:1858β1947
6161:1841β1997
6159:Hong Kong
6155:1878β1960
6149:1795β1948
6143:1888β1984
6137:1824β1948
6125:Mauritius
6115:1874β1963
6103:1757β1947
6097:1812β1824
6087:1685β1824
6085:Bencoolen
6079:1879β1919
6067:1839β1967
5982:1887β1897
5976:1890β1963
5970:1890β1962
5956:1900β1910
5954:Transvaal
5950:1922β1961
5944:1899β1956
5938:1893β1968
5936:Swaziland
5932:1900β1914
5920:1915β1931
5914:1910β1931
5908:1884β1960
5902:1792β1961
5896:1903β1976
5882:1900β1910
5876:1891β1964
5874:Nyasaland
5870:1924β1964
5864:1900β1914
5858:1914β1960
5852:1884β1900
5846:1856β1910
5840:1810β1968
5838:Mauritius
5834:1807β1808
5828:1862β1906
5822:1920β1963
5806:1816β1965
5800:1882β1922
5794:1895β1920
5788:1891β1907
5782:1806β1910
5776:1795β1803
5770:1919β1961
5768:Cameroons
5705:1813β1964
5699:1800β1813
5688:1921β1931
5673:1809β1864
5667:1807β1890
5658:Gibraltar
5653:1878β1960
5647:1794β1796
5601:*Current
5332:Isichei,
5319:Carland,
5306:Isichei,
5293:Carland,
5267:Isichei,
5254:Carland,
5241:Carland,
5213:0021-8537
5174:234371554
5166:2167-2415
5096:146894627
5088:0021-9096
5004:Carland,
4992:489636152
4956:Carland,
4927:Carland,
4895:Carland,
4882:Asiegbu,
4869:Carland,
4853:Carland,
4840:Carland,
4824:Carland,
4811:Carland,
4795:Carland,
4782:Carland,
4769:Carland,
4756:Carland,
4743:Carland,
4730:Asiegbu,
4717:Carland,
4704:Carland,
4691:Carland,
4678:Carland,
4665:Isichei,
4652:Carland,
4639:Carland,
4626:Isichei,
4613:Isichei,
4587:Isichei,
4574:Asiegbu,
4561:Isichei,
4492:Asiegbu,
4474:Carland,
4461:0001-2068
4321:Asiegbu,
4291:Asiegbu,
4174:Isichei,
4161:Carland,
3781:the Crown
3237:July 2019
3169:for oil.
3017:Bonar Law
2829:Residents
2776:proconsul
2693:Nyasaland
2562:Whitehall
2385:captured
2369:, London
2117:Victorian
2021:Liverpool
1887:cash crop
1681:from the
1650:in 1808.
1605:Akwa Akpa
1595:. In the
1240:1922β1961
1223:1918β1960
1213:1911β1916
1203:1889β1907
1193:1884β1919
882:Akwa Ibom
811:1993β1999
801:1979β1983
791:1967β1970
787:Civil War
781:1960β1979
771:1800β1960
761:1500β1800
751:1500-1 BC
558:Drives on
539:Time zone
305:George VI
213:Religion
45:1914β1960
8292:Category
8242:Religion
8092:Refugees
8087:Protests
8072:Polygamy
8015:Diaspora
7960:Abortion
7794:Military
7740:Villages
7723:Politics
7704:Wildlife
7544:Timeline
7440:Kingdoms
7420:articles
7364:Category
7200:Colombia
7115:Kiribati
6992:Victoria
6932:Tasmania
6823:Virginia
6789:Stickeen
6777:Saybrook
6716:Plymouth
6662:New York
6600:Maryland
6592:Province
6555:Delaware
6525:Carolina
6517:Dominion
6511:Province
6474:Dominica
6422:Barbados
6394:Anguilla
6365:disputed
6346:Pakistan
6221:Maldives
6095:Billiton
6022:Rhodesia
6008:Tanzania
6004:Cameroon
5980:Zululand
5974:Zanzibar
5762:Botswana
5229:29770303
5221:11632223
4600:Tamuno,
4505:Tamuno,
4417:Tamuno,
4384:Tamuno,
4334:Tamuno,
4147:Paideuma
4101:, p. 48.
3979:(1964).
3953:(1964).
3811:See also
3518:(NCNC).
3506:In 1950
3449:and the
3447:Ogbomoso
2974:mandated
2958:Cameroon
2879:Northern
2870:and the
2842:βmostly
2134:Captain
2080:Akintoye
1930:Cameroon
1875:Igboland
1846:palm oil
1815:palm oil
1809:Commerce
1671:Napoleon
1640:Freetown
1474:Americas
1414:and the
1386:Overview
1260:Cameroon
1179:Colonial
1132:Cameroon
1121:a series
1119:Part of
1055:See also
992:Nasarawa
864:By state
841:Economic
741:pre-1500
726:Timeline
700:a series
698:Part of
663:Cameroon
521:Currency
423:Cold War
328:Governor
281:George V
8276:Outline
8252:Smoking
8207:Cuisine
8184:Culture
8102:Slavery
8077:Poverty
7948:Society
7929:Tourism
7859:Economy
7747:Cabinet
7662:Islands
7637:Borders
7494:Katsina
7443:Empires
7428:History
7416:Nigeria
7355:culture
7109:Vanuatu
6899:Oceania
6574:Jamaica
6567:Georgia
6487:Grenada
6442:Bermuda
6416:Bahamas
6402:Antigua
6283:Sarawak
5995:Namibia
5856:Nigeria
5832:Madeira
5752:Lesotho
5711:Minorca
5677:Ireland
5645:Corsica
5572:Former
5364:at the
5356:Sources
4371:, ed.,
3660:Olobiri
3405:in the
3371:at the
3308:(as of
3281:elite.
3031:in the
3023:led by
2960:and in
2887:Eastern
2883:Western
2665:Zungeru
2661:Oshogbo
2653:railway
2099:Dahomey
2017:quinine
1940:of the
1926:Dahomey
1910:Onitsha
1901:climate
1894:Calabar
1839:slavery
1825:and as
1728:to the
1503:to the
1482:America
1450:Nigeria
1432:Nigeria
1430:and in
1380:Nigeria
1333:annexed
1329:Nigeria
1266:present
1189:Kamerun
1047:Zamfara
1022:Plateau
967:Katsina
897:Bayelsa
887:Anambra
877:Adamawa
823:present
659:Nigeria
203:English
165:Capital
89:Anthem:
8297:Portal
8246:Sharia
8197:Cinema
8192:Anthem
8062:Health
8035:MASSOB
7906:Naira
7901:Mining
7896:Energy
7809:Senate
7687:Rivers
7642:Cities
7521:Sokoto
7499:Zazzau
7418:
7374:Portal
7194:Now a
7165:Guiana
7119:Tuvalu
6722:Quebec
6494:Canada
6435:Belize
6327:Weihai
6271:Penang
6259:Padang
6189:Malaya
6183:Labuan
6177:Kuwait
6153:Cyprus
6147:Ceylon
6141:Brunei
6113:Borneo
6107:Bhutan
6101:Bengal
6037:Zambia
5968:Uganda
5730:Africa
5703:Colony
5693:Malta
5651:Cyprus
5639:Cyprus
5623:Europe
5589:Legend
5506:
5476:
5452:
5433:online
5421:
5389:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5172:
5164:
5123:20 May
5094:
5086:
5023:online
4990:
4980:
4459:
4438:
4250:
4038:
3913:
3773:Balewa
3713:London
3472:, the
3186:census
3174:cowrie
3045:Kaduna
2866:, the
2708:Fulani
2657:Ibadan
2522:, the
2450:, and
2430:Fulani
2422:Sokoto
2349:Maxims
2262:Lokoja
2240:Akassa
2207:Lokoja
2076:treaty
1791:Yoruba
1776:Yoruba
1759:Canada
1669:under
1587:) and
1581:Ouidah
1535:Nafada
1428:London
1123:on the
1037:Taraba
1032:Sokoto
1027:Rivers
957:Kaduna
952:Jigawa
922:Ebonyi
892:Bauchi
833:Topics
702:on the
332:
266:
243:Colony
229:·
227:
221:·
219:
199:·
197:
191:·
189:
183:·
181:
179:Yoruba
155:Status
91:
8283:Index
8232:Music
8227:Media
8122:Youth
8117:Women
8040:MOSOP
8005:Crime
7697:Benue
7692:Niger
7526:Kebbi
7509:Biram
7504:Gobir
7489:Daura
7459:Benin
7117:and *
7083:Nauru
7077:Samoa
7051:Tonga
7010:Papua
6620:Nevis
6505:Upper
6499:Lower
6342:India
6207:Union
6165:India
6135:Burma
6091:Banka
5942:Sudan
5844:Natal
5826:Lagos
5820:Kenya
5814:Ghana
5798:Egypt
5378:1996.
5225:S2CID
5170:S2CID
5092:S2CID
4521:Cameo
4367:, in
3884:(PDF)
3877:(PDF)
3857:Notes
3828:Notes
3743:Ghana
3652:Shell
3182:Oloko
2972:were
2933:Hausa
2844:emirs
2669:Minna
1998:Bussa
1753:from
1609:Bonny
1589:Lagos
1585:Benin
1520:India
1336:Lagos
1264:1961β
997:Niger
987:Lagos
982:Kwara
972:Kebbi
942:Gombe
937:Enugu
932:Ekiti
917:Delta
907:Borno
902:Benue
821:1999β
231:
225:Islam
223:
201:
193:
187:Hausa
185:
169:Lagos
77:Badge
8212:Flag
7514:Rano
7484:Kano
7113:Now
7107:Now
7057:Niue
6998:Fiji
6700:1843
6628:1579
6348:and
6340:Now
6171:Java
6127:and
6093:and
6055:Asia
6035:Now
5993:Now
5504:ISBN
5474:ISBN
5450:ISBN
5419:ISBN
5387:ISBN
5217:PMID
5209:ISSN
5162:ISSN
5125:2021
5084:ISSN
4988:OCLC
4978:ISBN
4457:ISSN
4436:ISBN
4248:ISBN
4201:2022
4072:2020
4036:ISBN
4017:2017
3911:ISBN
3892:2019
3745:and
3724:M.P.
3669:The
3654:and
3491:and
3464:The
3416:The
3363:and
3288:and
3131:and
3103:The
2983:The
2885:and
2848:obas
2831:and
2667:and
2616:and
2428:The
2414:Kano
2123:and
1953:Efik
1903:and
1871:yams
1858:Awka
1850:Ngwa
1823:soap
1817:and
1772:Igbo
1611:and
1484:."
1402:and
1362:and
1042:Yobe
1012:Osun
1007:Ondo
1002:Ogun
977:Kogi
962:Kano
872:Abia
562:left
480:1952
472:1924
467:Area
245:and
195:Igbo
149:1914
61:Flag
7826:APC
7821:PDP
7474:Oyo
7469:Nri
7454:Aro
7198:of
5201:doi
5152:doi
5076:doi
4351:",
3989:130
3711:in
3545:at
3445:of
3227:by
2995:'s
2956:in
2471:in
2107:CMS
1928:to
1745:'s
1642:in
1607:),
1017:Oyo
947:Imo
927:Edo
550:WAT
544:UTC
8314::
6344:,
5532:β
5223:.
5215:.
5207:.
5197:22
5195:.
5191:.
5168:.
5160:.
5146:.
5142:.
5115:.
5104:^
5090:.
5082:.
5072:52
5070:.
5066:.
5046:^
5029:^
4986:.
4936:^
4862:^
4833:^
4804:^
4483:^
4467:^
4393:^
4300:^
4263:^
4258:".
4222:^
4192:.
4154:^
4132:^
4106:^
4063:.
4050:^
4008:.
3997:^
3963:21
3925:^
3865:^
3722:,
3538:.
3503:.
3476:.
3193:.
3184:a
2964:.
2944:.
2881:,
2786:.
2612:,
2608:,
2604:,
2600:,
2596:,
2580:.
2568:,
2545:.
2446:,
2424::
2142:.
2090:.
2000:.
1959:.
1889:.
1856:,
1852:,
1778:.
1757:,
1673:.
1518:,
1511:.
1434:.
1347:.
677:^a
573:NG
546:+1
8248:)
8244:(
8154:)
8150:(
7986:)
7982:(
7408:e
7401:t
7394:v
7329:.
7287:)
7274:)
7069:*
7062:*
7037:*
7018:/
6958:/
6930:/
6892:e
6885:t
6878:v
6769:*
6762:*
6755:*
6572:*
6541:/
6492:*
6485:*
6433:*
6414:*
6407:*
6400:*
6131:)
6010:.
5812:(
5760:(
5750:(
5641:)
5565:e
5558:t
5551:v
5410:.
5231:.
5203::
5176:.
5154::
5148:7
5127:.
5098:.
5078::
4994:.
4442:.
4402:c
4203:.
4074:.
4044:.
4019:.
3991:.
3965:.
3919:.
3894:.
3250:)
3244:(
3239:)
3235:(
3221:.
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552:)
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