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925:. Egyptian nationalists, and Sudanese favouring union with Egypt, demanded that Sudan be included within the bounds of the kingdom, with the term "Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan" entering the nationalist vernacular. However, in the terms of the legal instrument by which the United Kingdom recognised Egyptian independence, it specifically reserved the issue of the governance of Sudan as a question to be resolved in the future. Defying Egyptian and Sudanese demands, the United Kingdom gradually assumed more control of the condominium, edging out Egypt almost completely by 1924.
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1107:(Guided One), was both political and religious. Abdalla wished not only to expel the British, but to overthrow the monarchy, viewed as secular and Western-leaning, and replace it with what he viewed as a pure Islamic government. Whilst primarily a Sudanese figure, Abdalla even attracted the support of some Egyptian nationalists, and caught Tewfik and the British off-guard. The revolt culminated in the fall of
955:
882:, Tewfik's successor as Khedive, to transform Sudan from an integral part of Egypt into a condominium in which sovereignty would be shared between Egypt and the United Kingdom. Once established, the condominium witnessed ever-decreasing Egyptian control, and would for most of its existence be governed in practice by the United Kingdom through the Governor-General in
1068:. The manner of Tewfik's ascension at the hands of foreign powers greatly angered Egyptian and Sudanese nationalists who resented the ever-increasing influence of European governments and merchants in the affairs of the country. The situation was compounded by Tewfik's perceived corruption and mismanagement, ultimately culminating in the
913:, with the British King never becoming sovereign of Egypt, Egypt's status as a protectorate precluded any actual independence for the sultanate. For all intents and purposes, the Sultanate of Egypt was as much controlled by the United Kingdom as the Khedivate of Egypt had been. Rising nationalist anger at British control led to the
771:. Legally, sovereignty and administration were shared between both Egypt and the United Kingdom, but in practice the structure of the condominium ensured effective British control over Sudan, with Egypt having limited local power and influence. In the meantime, Egypt itself fell under increasing British influence. Following the
1246:
The continued
British occupation of Sudan fuelled an increasingly strident nationalist backlash in Egypt, with Egyptian nationalist leaders determined to force Britain to recognise a single independent union of Egypt and Sudan. With the formal end in 1914 of the legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty,
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upon Sudan, and stressed the need to continue the armed struggle until the
British had been completely expelled from the country, and all of Egypt and Sudan had been Incorporated under his Mahdiya. Though he died six months after the fall of Khartoum, Ahmad's call was fully echoed by his successor,
928:
In the decades that followed, Egyptian and
Sudanese discontent and anger at continued British rule in Sudan increased. On 16 October 1951, the Egyptian government abrogated the agreements underpinning the condominium, and declared that Egypt and Sudan were legally united as the Kingdom of Egypt and
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and first lieutenant Abdul Fadil Almaz. The latter led an insurrection of the military training academy, which ended in their defeat and the death of Almaz after the
British army blew up the military hospital where he was garrisoned. This defeat was alleged to have partially been the result of the
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Tewfik's acquiescence to
British occupation as the price for securing the monarchy was deeply detested by many throughout Egypt and Sudan. With the bulk of British forces stationed in northern Egypt, protecting Cairo, Alexandria, and the Suez Canal, opposition to Tewfik and his European protectors
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made
Sudanese independence a priority. Naguib himself was half-Sudanese, and had been born and raised in Khartoum. Under continued pressure, the United Kingdom conceded to Egypt's demands in 1953, with the governments of both Egypt and the United Kingdom agreeing to terminate the condominium, and
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Since the
British claim to control in Sudan theoretically depended upon Egyptian sovereignty, the revolutionaries calculated that this tactic would leave the UK with no option but to withdraw. In addition, Nasser had known for some time that it would be problematic for Egypt to govern the
837:. Additionally, the hitherto unsanctioned use of the title Khedive was formally approved by the Ottoman Sultan. Egypt was at the height of its power, with Isma'il seeking the establishment of a contiguous African empire that could be a bulwark against European expansion in Africa.
1223:
This policy was internalised within Sudan itself, with the
British determined to exacerbate differences and frictions between Sudan's numerous different ethnic groups. From 1924 onwards, the British essentially divided Sudan into two separate territories–a predominantly
1192:(though in reality it was far more direct), the British insisted that their role in Sudan be formalised. Thus, an agreement was reached in 1899 establishing Anglo-Egyptian rule (a condominium), under which Sudan was to be administered by a governor-general appointed by
859:
in Egypt proper. Whilst the military intervention of the United
Kingdom in 1882 crushed the Orabi Revolt, and restored Tewfik's nominal authority in Egypt proper, the Mahdist Revolt continued to expand, leaving Sudan under the effective rule of the Mahdist rebels.
980:, commanded by his son Ismail Pasha, gained control of Sudan. The region had longstanding linguistic, cultural, religious, and economic ties to Egypt, and had been partially under the same government at intermittent periods since the times of the
1324:), they maintained their forces in Sudan. Successive governments in Cairo, repeatedly declaring their abrogation of the condominium agreement, declared the British presence in Sudan to be illegitimate, and insisted on full British recognition of
886:. For the remainder of his reign, this would be one of the flashpoints between the nationalist Khedive Abbas II and the United Kingdom, with Abbas seeking to arrest and reverse the process of increasing British control in Egypt and Sudan.
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in 1947, it was decided to integrate the administration of the southern provinces with those of the north. Thirteen appointed representatives from the southern provinces took up seats in the Sudan
Legislative Assembly in 1948.
909:. Despite the restoration of the nominal sultanate, British power in Egypt and Sudan was undiminished, as the United Kingdom declared Egypt to be a formal protectorate of the United Kingdom. Whilst Egypt was not annexed to the
1395:
On 12 February 1953, an agreement was reached between Egypt, the United Kingdom and the political representatives of Sudan to transition from condominium to self-government. Sudan was granted self-government in March 1953 and
844:, which exacerbated pre-existing financial problems in the country caused by his cripplingly expensive programmes of rapid modernisation. This led ultimately to the Great Powers deposing Isma'il in 1879 in favour of his son,
1139:, and the remainder of northern Sudan and Egypt in 1889. This invasion was halted by Tewfik's forces, and was followed later by withdrawal from Ethiopia. Abdullahi wrecked virtually all of the previous Egyptian, and
1270:
The failure of the government in Cairo to end the British occupation led to separate efforts for independence in Sudan itself, the first of which was led by a group of Sudanese military officers known as the
992:), and saw Sudan as a valuable addition to his Egyptian dominion. During his reign and that of his successors, Egypt and Sudan came to be administered as one political entity, with all ruling members of the
1084:, and proceeded to occupy the rest of Egypt and Sudan in 1882. Though officially the authority of Tewfik had been restored, in reality the British largely took control of Egyptian and Sudanese affairs.
806:, the latter at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. Territory in Sudan was annexed by Egypt, and governed as an integral part of the country, with Sudanese granted Egyptian citizenship. Ultimately, the
1143:
administrative systems, and gravely weakened Sudanese tribal unities. From 1885 to 1898, the population of Sudan collapsed from eight to three million due to war, famine, disease and persecution.
1099:
was stymied in Egypt. In contrast, the British military presence in Sudan was comparatively limited, and eventually revolt broke out. The rebellion in Sudan, led by the Sudanese religious leader
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with British consent. In reality, much to the revulsion of Egyptian and Sudanese nationalists, Sudan was effectively administered as a British imperial possession. Pursuing a policy of
1188:. Exercising the leverage which their military superiority provided, the British forced Abbas II to accept British control in Sudan. Whereas British influence in Egypt was officially
1351:
which finally set a series of events in motion which would eventually end the British and Egyptian occupation of Sudan. Having abolished the monarchy in 1953, Egypt's new leaders,
1115:(Gordon of Khartoum) in 1885. Tewfik's Egyptian forces and those of the United Kingdom were forced to withdraw from almost all of Sudan, with Ahmad subsequently establishing a
875:, and restored the nominal authority of the Egyptian Khedive in Sudan. However, as in Egypt proper, this authority was compromised by the reality of effective British control.
775:, Egypt pushed for an end to the condominium, and the independence of Sudan. By agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1953, Sudan was granted independence as the
1411:
In October 1954, the governments of Egypt and the UK signed a treaty that would grant Sudan independence on 1 January 1956. Sudan become an independent sovereign state, the
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forced Egypt to return all Levantine and Arabian territory to the Ottomans upon Muhammad Ali's death. However, there was no such impediment to Egypt's southward expansion.
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794:'s seizure of power in 1805. Seeking to supplant and ultimately replace the Ottoman Empire as the dominant regional power, Muhammad Ali declared himself
871:. In the following decade, the United Kingdom reformed and remodelled the Egyptian military on British lines, and British and Egyptian forces gradually
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in 1954. A constituent assembly was formed and a transitional constitution was drafted. Sudanese representatives would be able to participate in the
867:. Though it remained de jure a self-governing vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, true power now rested with the United Kingdom's representative in
3649:
1387:
In 1943 a North Sudan Advisory Council was established bringing a level of self-governance to the northern provinces of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. At a
1076:. With the survival of his throne in dire jeopardy, Tewfik appealed for British assistance. In 1882, at Tewfik's invitation, the British bombarded
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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
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grant Sudan independence in 1956. On 1 January 1956, Egyptian and British sovereignty over Sudan duly ended, and Sudan became independent.
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Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was divided into eight provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of
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1611:"Sudan Almanac 1951," Public Relations Department of the Sudan Government, McCorquedale & Co. Ltd., Khartoum, 1951, page 52.
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1080:, Egypt's and Sudan's primary seaport, and subsequently invaded the country. British forces overthrew the Orabi government in
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in 1869, Egypt and Sudan's economic and strategic importance increased enormously, attracting the imperial attentions of the
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This article is about the administration of the Sudan between 1899 and 1956. For its history during the same period, see
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984:. Muhammad Ali was aggressively pursuing a policy of expanding his power with a view to possibly supplanting the
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Egyptian garrison in Khartoum North not supporting the insurrection with artillery as was previously promised.
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2294:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
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Henderson, K.D.D. "Survey of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1898–1944", Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London, 1946
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under Egyptian leadership, and sought to frustrate all efforts to further unite the two countries. During
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1415:, bringing to an end its nearly 136-year union with Egypt and its 56-year occupation by the British.
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Provinces of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1948. Provinces of the future South Sudan are coloured in red.
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in 1914, the United Kingdom deposed the anti-British Abbas II in favour of his pro-British uncle,
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1004:, under whose reign most of the remainder of modern-day Sudan, and South Sudan was conquered.
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1734:"Bell, Sir Bernard Humphrey (1884-1959), colonial judge and Chief Justice of Sudan 1926-1930"
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1772:. Khartoum, Sudan: Public Relations Office, Sudan Government, Khartoum. 1951. p. 48.
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Even when the British ended their occupation of Egypt in 1936 (with the exception of the
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1295:, London, to commemorate the British in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1898–1955. The abbreviated
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eight months later, which overthrew King Farouk. The new revolutionary government under
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of Ismail Pasha's government served as the pretext for the Great Powers to force his
1000:". This policy was expanded and intensified most notably by Muhammad Ali's grandson,
879:
848:. Egypt thereafter withdrew from all territories outside of Sudan, and Egypt proper.
803:
905:, destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, was re-established with Hussein Kamal as
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Isma'il's grand ambitions were, however, cut short by Egypt's ruinous defeat in the
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led military campaigns from 1896 to 1898. Kitchener's campaigns culminated in the
798:, and expanded Egypt's borders both southwards into Sudan, and eastwards into the
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on 1 January 1956. In 2011, the south of Sudan itself became independent as the
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901:. The legal aspect of the nominal Ottoman sovereignty was terminated, and the
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was encouraged by Christian missionaries, whose main role was instructional.
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and Sudan. Upon his death in 1917, his brother Fuad succeeded him as Sultan
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between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day
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1758:. Khartoum, Sudan: The Sudan Government, Khartoum, Sudan. 1949. p. 48.
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1303::"Except the Lord buildeth the house, they labour in vain that build it."
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1259:. The insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state persisted when the
1056:, particularly the United Kingdom. Ten years later in 1879, the immense
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The British military presence in Egypt transformed the country into a
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of 1940 for Anglo-Egyptian relations helped to turn the tide of the
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Discontent with the rule of Tewfik sparked two revolts in 1881, the
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intervention of the Great Powers in support of the Ottoman Empire
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After a series of Mahdist defeats, Tewfik's son and successor,
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1200:, the British were keen to reverse the process, started under
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1799:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 9–19, see page 10.
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control over Sudan. Leading a joint Egyptian-British force,
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In the 19th century, whilst nominally a vassal state of the
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822:
821:, whilst simultaneously acquiring territory in modern-day
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1947 Sudanese passport, being a consular issue from Cairo
790:, Egypt had acted as a virtually independent state since
1267:, but the British continued to frustrate these efforts.
958:
Desert Postman stamp of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 10p (1927)
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Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934
969:
History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors
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2619:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
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for an Italian invasion. The defeat of this damaging
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58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1122:Ahmad's religious government imposed traditional
996:seeking to preserve and extend the "unity of the
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1307:
1668:"Embassy of republic of Sudan in Canada soudan"
1513:1903–1917 Wasey Sterry (until 1915 Chief Judge)
1275:in 1924. The group was led by first lieutenant
889:Following the Ottoman Empire's entry in to the
3739:States and territories disestablished in 1955
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1822:
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813:During the reign of Muhammad Ali's grandson,
3581:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3564:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3442:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
137:
1623:
1621:
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1496:List of governors of pre-independence Sudan
536:2,505,800 km (967,500 sq mi)
3694:States and territories established in 1899
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3139:
1829:
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1540:1946–1948 Sir Charles Cecil George Cumings
865:virtual protectorate of the United Kingdom
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1072:led by the nationalist head of the army,
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2625:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
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1220:into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1916.
16:1899–1956 period of Anglo-Egyptian rule
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1537:1944–1946 Cecil Harry Andrew Bennett
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
3421:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
2264:. British Cameroons is now part of
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1519:1925–1930 Sir Bernard Humphrey Bell
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878:In 1899, the United Kingdom forced
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2280:unilaterally declared independence
1975:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802
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1552:1956–1964 Mohamed Ahmed Abu Rannat
1135:in 1887, and penetrated as far as
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1588:Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
1543:1947–1950 Thomas Arthur Maclagan
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1111:, and the death of the British
929:Sudan, with King Farouk as the
919:recognise Egyptian independence
43:needs additional citations for
21:History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
3744:British Empire in World War II
3734:Condominia (international law)
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3719:British colonisation in Africa
3714:Egypt–United Kingdom relations
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1445:. The eight provinces were:
1308:Abrogation of the condominium
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933:. This was superseded by the
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3064:Turks and Caicos Islands
2371:(protectorate) 1907–1949
2316:
1946:(integrated into the UK)
1801:The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1516:1917–1925 Robert Hay Dun
1408:planned for April 1955.
1239:south, where the use of
1048:With the opening of the
742:السودان الإنجليزي المصري
3347:1919–1942 and 1945–1968
3172:18th and 19th centuries
2988:Queen Charlotte Islands
2948:North-Western Territory
2920:1665–1674 and 1702–1776
2523:1781–1784 and 1795–1819
2188:1923–1965 and 1979–1980
1874:Commonwealth of Nations
1796:Encyclopædia Britannica
1563:Prime Minister of Sudan
1548:William O'Brien Lindsay
1522:1930?–1936? Howell Owen
1389:conference held in Juba
781:Republic of South Sudan
139:السودان اﻹنجليزي المصري
3709:History of South Sudan
3097:West Indies Federation
2286:) and continued as an
1872:Current member of the
1570:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
1508:Chief Justice of Sudan
1481:split from Equatoria.
1438:
1384:
1317:
1304:
1165:
1129:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
1103:, the self-proclaimed
1045:
1019:: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
959:
842:Ethiopian-Egyptian War
657:Protectorate of Uganda
458:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
67:"Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"
3729:Egypt–Sudan relations
3704:20th century in Sudan
3665:15.63306°N 32.53306°E
3019:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2290:state until the 1979
1899:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1527:Thomas Percival Creed
1436:
1429:States of South Sudan
1413:Republic of the Sudan
1406:Afro-Asian Conference
1381:Afro-Asian Conference
1374:
1315:
1286:
1160:
1151:Further information:
1015:
957:
777:Republic of the Sudan
243:Common languages
3689:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
3547:Realm of New Zealand
3545:(transferred to the
3532:(transferred to the
3365:Realm of New Zealand
2966:Prince Edward Island
2844:1671–1816, 1833–1960
1959:Malta (Protectorate)
1674:on 27 February 2012.
1363:impoverished Sudan.
994:Muhammad Ali dynasty
734:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
515:• Independence
134:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
52:improve this article
3661: /
3578:Since 2009 part of
3470:of April–June 1982.
3057:Trinidad and Tobago
2671:Antigua and Barbuda
2571:Straits Settlements
1736:. National Archives
1008:British involvement
893:as a member of the
616:Sultanate of Darfur
495:• Established
3670:15.63306; 32.53306
2730:Cape Breton Island
2621:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
2463:Unfederated States
2278:Southern Rhodesia
1868:Commonwealth realm
1770:Sudan Almanac 1952
1756:Sudan Almanac 1949
1439:
1385:
1357:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1318:
1305:
1263:was re-titled the
1186:Battle of Omdurman
1166:
1046:
978:Muhammad Ali Pasha
960:
943:Gamal Abdel Nasser
903:Sultanate of Egypt
855:in Sudan, and the
819:Great Lakes region
3644:
3643:
3601:
3600:
3477:
3476:
3409:Providence Island
3389:
3388:
3354:
3353:
3222:Western Australia
3190:Van Diemen's Land
3126:
3125:
3103:Associated States
2801:Columbia District
2635:
2634:
2489:Manila and Cavite
2307:
2306:
2186:Southern Rhodesia
2180:South-West Africa
2130:Northern Rhodesia
2042:Cape of Good Hope
1982:
1981:
1862:Current territory
1718:Collins, Robert.
1293:Westminster Abbey
1273:White Flag League
1216:and incorporated
1204:, of uniting the
731:
730:
701:
700:
697:
696:
685:Republic of Sudan
649:
648:
505:• Self-rule
465:• 1954–1956
453:• 1952–1954
423:• 1954–1956
411:• 1899–1916
381:• 1952–1956
369:• 1936–1952
345:• 1910–1936
333:• 1901–1910
321:• 1899–1901
128:
127:
120:
102:
3761:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3589:Antarctic Treaty
3550:
3537:
3522:Falkland Islands
3514:Tristan da Cunha
3506:Ascension Island
3483:
3482:
3434:Falkland Islands
3395:
3394:
3363:Now part of the
3235:Pitcairn Islands
3200:Auckland Islands
3169:
3168:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3117:Windward Islands
3071:Vancouver Island
2848:MassachusettsBay
2717:British Columbia
2641:
2640:
2457:Federated States
2313:
2312:
2223:Tristan da Cunha
2192:Southern Nigeria
2124:Northern Nigeria
2003:Ascension Island
1988:
1987:
1947:
1884:
1883:
1858:Former territory
1855:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1792:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:An Arabian Diary
1715:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:www.statoids.com
1682:
1676:
1675:
1670:. Archived from
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1648:on 11 March 2007
1644:. Archived from
1634:
1628:
1625:
1612:
1609:
1576:Ismail al-Azhari
1398:Ismail al-Azhari
1379:used during the
1342:Second World War
1277:Ali Abd al Latif
1182:Battle of Atbara
1163:governor-general
963:Union with Egypt
923:Kingdom of Egypt
749:
743:
693:
692:
679:
678:
665:
664:
653:
652:
640:
639:
626:
625:
612:
611:
598:
597:
591:
590:
575:
574:
484:British Imperial
470:Ismail al-Azhari
416:Reginald Wingate
397:Governor-General
227:Kingdom of Egypt
210:
195:
176:
169:
149:
141:
140:
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60:
36:
28:
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3570:
3544:
3542:Ross Dependency
3531:
3488:
3473:
3448:
3400:
3385:
3355:
3350:
3306:
3301:Solomon Islands
3248:North Australia
3228:South Australia
3184:New South Wales
3162:
3159:
3122:
2842:Leeward Islands
2646:
2631:
2594:
2501:Muscat and Oman
2318:
2303:
2247:
1993:
1978:
1945:
1889:
1878:
1853:
1845:
1835:
1783:
1778:
1777:
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1763:
1754:
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1683:
1679:
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1661:
1651:
1649:
1642:madingaweil.com
1636:
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1631:
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1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1584:
1565:
1559:
1557:Chief Ministers
1510:
1504:
1492:
1487:
1431:
1425:States of Sudan
1421:
1369:
1353:Muhammad Naguib
1322:Suez Canal Zone
1310:
1253:Sultan of Egypt
1229:Arabic-speaking
1198:divide and rule
1155:
1149:
1096:
1090:
1033:
1020:
1010:
971:
965:
952:
939:Muhammad Naguib
921:in 1922 as the
891:First World War
724:
720:
716:
712:
690:
676:
662:
637:
630:Shilluk Kingdom
623:
609:
595:
552:
516:
509:22 October 1952
506:
496:
466:
454:
424:
412:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
293:
289:Predominantly:
264:Sudanese Arabic
254:
251:Literary Arabic
201:
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188:
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3415:Willoughbyland
3412:
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3124:
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3107:
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3094:
3088:
3082:
3078:Virgin Islands
3074:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3045:South Carolina
3042:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2942:North Carolina
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2876:Mosquito Coast
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2805:Oregon Country
2798:
2794:Cayman Islands
2790:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2752:
2745:
2739:
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2632:
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2623:
2614:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2583:Trucial States
2580:
2574:
2568:
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2556:
2555:
2554:
2542:
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2530:
2524:
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2320:
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2295:
2276:Self-governing
2273:
2259:
2252:
2249:
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2246:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2207:
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2171:
2165:
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2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:Central Africa
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1939:
1936:Ionian Islands
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1839:British Empire
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1782:
1781:External links
1779:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1747:
1725:
1722:. p. 317.
1710:
1707:. p. 153.
1695:
1686:"Sudan States"
1677:
1659:
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1603:
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1600:
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1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:Hubert Flaxman
1531:1942–1944 Sir
1529:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1503:
1502:Chief Justices
1500:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Office holders
1483:
1479:Bahr al Ghazal
1420:
1417:
1402:Chief Minister
1368:
1365:
1309:
1306:
1299:motto is from
1287:Plaque in the
1212:, the British
1148:
1145:
1131:, who invaded
1101:Muhammad Ahmad
1092:Main article:
1089:
1088:Mahdist revolt
1086:
1043:United Kingdom
1026:Sarra Triangle
1009:
1006:
986:Ottoman Empire
967:Main article:
964:
961:
951:
948:
911:British Empire
895:Central Powers
853:Mahdist Revolt
788:Ottoman Empire
757:United Kingdom
729:
728:
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568:Egyptian pound
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519:1 January 1956
517:
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480:Historical era
477:
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439:Chief Minister
435:
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428:Alex Knox Helm
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3468:Falklands War
3465:
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3431:
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3399:South America
3396:
3392:
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3378:
3374:
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3361:
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3288:Union Islands
3286:
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3000:Rupert's Land
2998:
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2960:Paulet affair
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2894:New Brunswick
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1790:"Sudan"
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1377:flag of Sudan
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1251:was declared
1250:
1249:Hussein Kamel
1244:
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1125:
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1110:
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1102:
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1094:Mahdist State
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:Italian Libya
1027:
1023:
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899:Hussein Kamel
896:
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861:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:Isma'il Pasha
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
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766:
762:
758:
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723:
719:
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711:
708:
706:Today part of
704:
688:
686:
683:
682:
674:
672:
671:Italian Libya
669:
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651:
645:
642:
635:
634:
631:
628:
621:
620:
617:
614:
607:
606:
603:
602:Mahdist Sudan
600:
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179:Flags of the
175:
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155:
147:
131:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3646:
3579:
3562:
3554:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3498:Saint Helena
3496:
3440:
3432:
3282:Cook Islands
3233:
3206:New Hebrides
3175:20th century
3091:West Florida
3076:
3062:
2994:Rhode Island
2972:Pennsylvania
2930:Newfoundland
2867:
2792:
2742:East Florida
2713:16th c.–1880
2702:
2654:
2551:Crown Colony
2539:Pulo Condore
2513:Crown Colony
2507:North Borneo
2380:
2339:Protectorate
2288:unrecognised
2282:in 1965 (as
2221:
2203:
2174:South Africa
2162:Sierra Leone
2149:Saint Helena
2147:
2142:Orange River
2020:Bechuanaland
2001:
1921:
1897:
1861:
1841:and Current
1800:
1794:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1672:the original
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1641:
1632:
1607:
1443:World War II
1440:
1410:
1394:
1386:
1383:(April 1955)
1375:Provisional
1361:
1346:
1319:
1269:
1245:
1222:
1202:Muhammad Ali
1189:
1174:re-establish
1167:
1161:Flag of the
1124:Islamic laws
1121:
1097:
1070:Orabi Revolt
1066:Tewfik Pasha
1058:foreign debt
1054:Great Powers
1047:
1034:
1021:
1016:
1002:Ismail Pasha
972:
927:
888:
877:
862:
857:Orabi Revolt
850:
846:Tewfik Pasha
839:
812:
792:Muhammad Ali
785:
744:
733:
732:
644:Lado Enclave
584:Succeeded by
583:
578:
551:• 1951
499:19 June 1899
386:Elizabeth II
357:• 1936
296:Christianity
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
3668: /
3615:Anglosphere
3333:New Zealand
3242:New Zealand
3111:West Jersey
3026:Saint Lucia
3012:Saint Kitts
3006:Saint Croix
2986:1763–1791*
2954:Nova Scotia
2900:New England
2856:, 1691–1776
2823:East Jersey
2811:Connecticut
2690:Bay Islands
2577:Transjordan
2495:Mesopotamia
2333:Afghanistan
2327:Aden Colony
2112:Niger Coast
2078:) 1874–1957
2054:East Africa
2036:Cape Colony
2026:) 1884–1966
2016:) 1868–1966
1638:"Juba conf"
1568:1952–1954
1477:. In 1948,
1347:It was the
1326:King Farouk
1210:World War I
1206:Nile Valley
1074:Ahmed Orabi
1022:Light green
998:Nile Valley
765:South Sudan
753:condominium
718:South Sudan
579:Preceded by
362:Edward VIII
291:Sunni Islam
219:Condominium
108:August 2014
3683:Categories
3656:32°31′59″E
3653:15°37′59″N
3567:since 1908
3559:since 1908
3525:since 1833
3517:since 1816
3509:since 1815
3501:since 1658
3458:department
3445:since 1908
3437:since 1833
3238:since 1838
3218:Swan River
3212:Queensland
3099:1958–1962
3081:since 1666
3067:since 1799
2918:New Jersey
2888:New Albion
2872:since 1632
2869:Montserrat
2850:1629–1691
2797:since 1670
2719:1858–1866
2707:since 1619
2659:since 1650
2612:Bangladesh
2547:1841–1946
2509:1882–1963
2475:Federation
2453:1819–1826
2391:Seychelles
2335:1839–1842
2226:since 1816
2210:Tanganyika
2168:Somaliland
2156:Seychelles
2152:since 1658
2072:Gold Coast
2066:The Gambia
2010:Basutoland
2006:since 1815
1961:1800–1813
1951:Free State
1944:1542–1800
1930:Heligoland
1926:since 1713
1652:11 January
1599:References
1574:1954–1956
1561:See also:
1546:1950–1955
1525:1936–1942
1506:See also:
1475:Upper Nile
1423:See also:
1184:, and the
1117:theocratic
1078:Alexandria
1062:abdication
1050:Suez Canal
950:Background
541:Population
338:Edward VII
294:Minority:
253:(official)
78:newspapers
3551:1841–1947
3538:1841–1933
3429:1831–1966
3423:1670–1688
3417:1651–1667
3411:1631–1641
3341:1914–1962
3335:1907–1947
3328:1901–1942
3326:Australia
3321:1900–1974
3315:1900–1970
3303:1893–1978
3296:1892–1979
3290:1889–1948
3284:1888–1901
3278:Rarotonga
3274:1884–1902
3268:1877–1976
3262:1874–1970
3256:1851–1901
3250:1846–1847
3244:1841–1907
3230:1836–1901
3224:1829–1901
3214:1824–1901
3208:1824–1980
3202:1807–1863
3196:1803–1901
3186:1788–1901
3119:1833–1960
3113:1674–1702
3105:1967–1983
3093:1763–1783
3087:1607–1776
3073:1849–1866
3059:1889–1962
3053:1862–1863
3047:1712–1776
3041:1635–1644
3035:1627–1979
3028:1605–1979
3021:1882–1983
3014:1623–1983
3008:1625–1650
3002:1670–1870
2996:1636–1776
2990:1853–1863
2980:1620–1691
2974:1681–1776
2968:1763–1873
2956:1713–1867
2950:1859–1870
2944:1712–1776
2938:1583–1907
2932:1907–1949
2926:1664–1776
2914:1637–1662
2912:New Haven
2908:1680–1776
2902:1686–1689
2896:1784–1867
2884:1628–1983
2878:1655–1860
2864:1632–1776
2838:1655–1962
2831:1733–1776
2825:1674–1702
2819:1701–1776
2813:1636–1776
2807:1818–1846
2789:1663–1712
2781:1867–1931
2775:1841–1867
2769:1791–1841
2763:1791–1841
2751:1762–1974
2744:1763–1783
2738:1763–1978
2732:1754–1820
2723:1866–1871
2699:1871–1981
2692:1643–1860
2686:1624–1966
2680:1670–1973
2673:1860–1981
2666:1632–1860
2591:1898–1930
2585:1892–1971
2579:1921–1946
2573:1826–1946
2567:1945–1946
2561:1946–1963
2559:Singapore
2553:1946–1963
2541:1702–1705
2535:1786–1946
2529:1923–1948
2527:Palestine
2515:1946–1963
2503:1891–1971
2497:1920–1932
2491:1762–1764
2485:1796–1965
2477:1948–1957
2471:1946–1948
2465:1885–1946
2459:1895–1946
2447:1848–1946
2441:1918–1961
2435:1811–1816
2429:1858–1947
2423:1841–1997
2421:Hong Kong
2417:1878–1960
2411:1795–1948
2405:1888–1984
2399:1824–1948
2387:Mauritius
2377:1874–1963
2365:1757–1947
2359:1812–1824
2349:1685–1824
2347:Bencoolen
2341:1879–1919
2329:1839–1967
2244:1887–1897
2238:1890–1963
2232:1890–1962
2218:1900–1910
2216:Transvaal
2212:1922–1961
2206:1899–1956
2200:1893–1968
2198:Swaziland
2194:1900–1914
2182:1915–1931
2176:1910–1931
2170:1884–1960
2164:1792–1961
2158:1903–1976
2144:1900–1910
2138:1891–1964
2136:Nyasaland
2132:1924–1964
2126:1900–1914
2120:1914–1960
2114:1884–1900
2108:1856–1910
2102:1810–1968
2100:Mauritius
2096:1807–1808
2090:1862–1906
2084:1920–1963
2068:1816–1965
2062:1882–1922
2056:1895–1920
2050:1891–1907
2044:1806–1910
2038:1795–1803
2032:1919–1961
2030:Cameroons
1967:1813–1964
1953:1921–1931
1938:1809–1864
1932:1807–1890
1923:Gibraltar
1918:1878–1960
1912:1794–1796
1866:*Current
1703:Daly, m.
1490:Governors
1455:Equatoria
1447:Blue Nile
1419:Provinces
1334:Mussolini
1301:Psalm 127
1289:Cloisters
1261:Sultanate
1237:Christian
1178:Kitchener
1035:Dark grey
1028:ceded to
555:8,079,800
374:George VI
286:Religion
157:1899–1956
3626:Category
3462:Colombia
3377:Kiribati
3254:Victoria
3194:Tasmania
3085:Virginia
3051:Stickeen
3039:Saybrook
2978:Plymouth
2924:New York
2862:Maryland
2854:Province
2817:Delaware
2787:Carolina
2779:Dominion
2773:Province
2736:Dominica
2684:Barbados
2656:Anguilla
2627:disputed
2608:Pakistan
2483:Maldives
2357:Billiton
2284:Rhodesia
2270:Tanzania
2266:Cameroon
2242:Zululand
2236:Zanzibar
2024:Botswana
1582:See also
1471:Northern
1467:Kurdufan
1463:Khartoum
1338:démarche
1190:advisory
1170:Abbas II
1133:Ethiopia
1109:Khartoum
1041:and the
982:pharaohs
884:Khartoum
880:Abbas II
831:Djibouti
751:) was a
564:Currency
350:George V
326:Victoria
237:Khartoum
225:and the
3617:culture
3371:Vanuatu
3161:Oceania
2836:Jamaica
2829:Georgia
2749:Grenada
2704:Bermuda
2678:Bahamas
2664:Antigua
2545:Sarawak
2257:Namibia
2118:Nigeria
2094:Madeira
2014:Lesotho
1973:Minorca
1942:Ireland
1910:Corsica
1837:Former
1740:1 March
1459:Kassala
1400:became
1241:English
1233:Animist
1214:invaded
1147:History
1119:state.
1032:in 1934
835:Somalia
827:Eritrea
796:Khedive
755:of the
307:Monarch
280:Shilluk
247:English
233:Capital
221:of the
92:scholar
3636:Portal
3456:Now a
3427:Guiana
3381:Tuvalu
2984:Quebec
2756:Canada
2697:Belize
2589:Weihai
2533:Penang
2521:Padang
2451:Malaya
2445:Labuan
2439:Kuwait
2415:Cyprus
2409:Ceylon
2403:Brunei
2375:Borneo
2369:Bhutan
2363:Bengal
2299:Zambia
2230:Uganda
1992:Africa
1965:Colony
1916:Cyprus
1904:Cyprus
1888:Europe
1854:Legend
1473:, and
1451:Darfur
1257:Fuad I
1226:Muslim
1218:Darfur
1137:Gondar
990:fealty
907:Sultan
833:, and
804:Arabia
800:Levant
738:Arabic
726:Uganda
443:
401:
311:
256:Nubian
215:Status
198:Emblem
146:Arabic
142:
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3379:and *
3345:Nauru
3339:Samoa
3313:Tonga
3272:Papua
2882:Nevis
2767:Upper
2761:Lower
2604:India
2469:Union
2427:India
2397:Burma
2353:Banka
2204:Sudan
2106:Natal
2088:Lagos
2082:Kenya
2076:Ghana
2060:Egypt
1297:Latin
1194:Egypt
1105:Mahdi
1082:Cairo
1039:Egypt
1017:Green
869:Cairo
769:Sudan
761:Egypt
722:Sudan
714:Libya
710:Egypt
272:Dinka
185:Egypt
99:JSTOR
85:books
3375:Now
3369:Now
3319:Niue
3260:Fiji
2962:1843
2890:1579
2610:and
2602:Now
2433:Java
2389:and
2355:and
2317:Asia
2297:Now
2255:Now
1742:2016
1654:2022
1427:and
1328:as "
1235:and
1141:Funj
975:wāli
941:and
823:Chad
802:and
767:and
759:and
533:1951
528:Area
278:and
268:Nuer
260:Beja
249:and
183:and
71:news
3460:of
1291:of
276:Fur
54:by
3685::
2606:,
1793:.
1688:.
1640:.
1616:^
1469:,
1465:,
1461:,
1457:,
1453:,
1449:,
1344:.
1037::
1024::
829:,
825:,
783:.
740::
298:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
181:UK
3591:.
3549:)
3536:)
3331:*
3324:*
3299:*
3280:/
3220:/
3192:/
3154:e
3147:t
3140:v
3031:*
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