2915:
3741:
2199:
2833:
13100:
13625:
13605:
13576:
13534:
13498:
13469:
13440:
13404:
13362:
13326:
13297:
13268:
13232:
13210:
13174:
13145:
13116:
802:
1253:, and most likely Northern Germany as well. In all of these languages, the retracted "apico-alveolar" sibilant was opposed to a non-retracted sibilant much like modern English , and in many of them, both voiceless and voiced versions of both sounds occurred. A solid type of evidence consists of different spellings used for two different sibilants: in general, the retracted "apico-alveolar" variants were written
13657:
12669:
11828:
1590:, was early on voiced to in prevocalic position. This sound was then fronted to , but did not merge with any other sound (except that it was later re-devoiced in some southern dialects). In pre-consonantal and final position, merged with either or . The rules for these mergers differ between dialects. In Standard German, is used stem-initially and sporadically after ‹r›. Especially in
1571:
In French and most dialects of
Portuguese, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into non-retracted and , while in European Portuguese, most other Old World Portuguese variants and some recently European-influenced dialects of Brazil all instances of coda , voiced before voiced consonants, were
1603:
Those languages in which the sound occurs typically did not have a phonological process from which either or appeared, two similar sounds with which ⟨s̺⟩ was eventually confused. In general, older
European languages only had a single pronunciation of s.
2916:
5890:, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.
5685:
899:
1118:, where it is opposed to a different voiceless alveolar sibilant, the more common ; the same distinction occurs in a few dialects of northeastern Portuguese. Outside this area, it also occurs in a few dialects of Latin American Spanish (e.g.
6547:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
5954:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
2062:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
1439:
once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted and has resulted in many exchanges in
Spanish between the sounds, during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are
1999:(commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.
730:
1846:. The Italian pronunciation as laminal S could also be explained by the presence of but not , thus moving the pronunciation of to the front of the mouth in an attempt to better differentiate between the two sounds.
3742:
5683:
1187:
pronunciation. However, that is potentially problematic in that not all alveolar retracted sibilants are apical (see below), and not all apical alveolar sibilants are retracted. The ad hoc non-IPA symbols
1834:. However, where Spanish and Catalan have apical , Italian uses the same laminal that occurs in standard forms of English: evidence, it could be argued, that S was not pronounced apically in Latin. But
897:
2200:
7158:
10170:
1572:
backed to , while in most of
Brazilian Portuguese this phenomenon is much rarer, being essentially absent in the dialects that had a greater indigenous and/or non-Portuguese European influence.
8470:
5684:
729:
898:
10206:
2834:
1956:(which is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases, there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds actually have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape.
9981:
9657:
989:
The voiceless alveolar sibilant is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have . However, some languages have a related
1517:, which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint
1381:. For this reason, when borrowed into such languages or represented with non-Latin characters, it is often replaced with . This occurred, for example, in English borrowings from
731:
978:⟩. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as
10180:
10190:
9561:
Pétursson, Magnus (1971), "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie",
7923:, and it is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German
8564:
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New
Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),
1815:
and its presence particularly in the more conservative languages inside each branch (e.g. Icelandic, Spanish), as well as being found in disparate areas, such as the
10175:
1985:
in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency
1552:). However, in the Spanish of central and northern Spain, the non-retracted was fronted to after merging with non-retracted , while the retracted remains (
50:(gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences:
7162:
1933:
can be pronounced apically, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of
Iberian Spanish and Basque. Also, Adams asserts that many dialects of
10160:
1918:
and some
Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language.
8663:
8582:
Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of
Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome",
2029:
Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively
1800:. It equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from the prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern
5691:
5454:
4458:
3670:
Laminal. It is laxer than in
English, has a graver friction and is sometimes labialized. It is retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and
10137:
10127:
8503:
1878:
The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern
5893:
Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious.
1740:, is exceptional in that it had both events that produced and , and preserved the apical S at the expense of both, that were shifted farther away.
1944:. Adams describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as
5608:
Laminal. It is laxer than in
English and has a graver friction. It varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. See
10122:
9308:
8535:
905:
244:, meaning that they are made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth and have a piercing, perceptually prominent sound.
10002:
13029:
11075:
10821:
1921:
There is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as
9350:
7569:
is pronounced with "the tip of the tongue right behind upper teeth, but without touching them." This is confirmed by the accompanying image.
7829:
1372:
Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a "whistling" quality, and to sound similar to
1910:" that lacks the strong hissing of the described in this article but has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a
332:
73:
11089:
11082:
10828:
8391:"Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence"
11303:
11061:
10807:
8223:
6230:
17:
9533:
Pandeli, H; Eska, J; Ball, Martin; Rahilly, J (1997), "Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t",
10072:
6492:(also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
12818:
11096:
10793:
6680:
1607:
In Romance languages, was reached from -ti-, -ci-, -ce- (, , ) clusters that eventually became , , and later , , (as in Latin
12991:
12921:
12857:
12780:
11068:
10814:
9166:
9009:
1760:
Because of the widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted was the normal pronunciation in spoken
8041:
13666:
13201:
12986:
12864:
12761:
12678:
11837:
11598:
11505:
10086:
9996:
9971:
9859:
9841:
9767:
9749:
9714:
9618:
Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolores (2001), "Coarticulation, Assimilation and Blending in Catalan Consonant Clusters",
9506:
9438:
9420:
9340:
9271:
9231:
9213:
9195:
9107:
8914:
8892:
8864:
8827:
8809:
8708:
8573:
8555:
8460:
8298:
8279:
7459:
6959:
8837:
527:
452:
12941:
12878:
12683:
11688:
11580:
11487:
10800:
9488:
1721:
The Germanic-speaking regions that did not have either phenomenon have normally preserved the apical , that is, Icelandic,
737:
217:
160:
7259:
13217:
13034:
12885:
12831:
12787:
12217:
12172:
11675:
11612:
11519:
10970:
10726:
4820:
13726:
13239:
13014:
12799:
12768:
12183:
12135:
12121:
12063:
12049:
11697:
11605:
11512:
10117:
9524:
9125:
9058:
8980:
8763:
367:
360:
9139:
13288:
12963:
12948:
12728:
12197:
11715:
11626:
11587:
11533:
11494:
11251:
9609:
9176:
9040:
8243:
7739:
6509:, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
5916:, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
284:
13460:
12714:
12190:
11842:
11769:
11706:
11619:
11526:
11033:
10977:
10942:
10733:
10698:
5443:
Apical. In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia) alternates with a more frequent coronal-dental
3715:
2048:
1377:
6569:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
1196:⟩ are often used in the linguistic literature even when IPA symbols are used for other sounds, but ⟨
13741:
13525:
13304:
13259:
12824:
12806:
11751:
11019:
10775:
10081:
6606:
6562:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
6006:
5969:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
5841:
4662:
3345:
2119:
2077:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
1575:
In the remaining dialects of Portuguese, found in northern Portugal, they merged into the retracted , or, as in
1176:
994:
971:
8802:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
13476:
13431:
13317:
12734:
12673:
12668:
12100:
12028:
11832:
11827:
11633:
11540:
11186:
11145:
10881:
10548:
8678:
1883:
1087:
13716:
13489:
13275:
13136:
12742:
12624:
12484:
12452:
11776:
11040:
10956:
10949:
10712:
10705:
10534:
9989:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
9760:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
9481:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
9206:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
8907:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
8849:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
7021:
3707:
2040:
9929:
6513:. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
5920:. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
2002:
Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
13736:
13721:
13711:
13596:
13447:
13333:
13024:
12720:
12615:
12604:
12516:
12128:
12056:
11758:
11216:
11026:
11005:
10782:
10761:
10684:
10165:
10065:
7856:"The Phonetics and Phonology of Sibilants: A Synchronic and Diachronic OT Typology of Sibilant Inventories"
6152:
2486:
1911:
1824:
1202:
353:
10040:
10028:
8665:
7566:
6932:
dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
6643:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6443:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6390:
6326:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6216:
6181:
6167:
6148:
6079:
6043:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5801:
5792:
5747:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5550:
5444:
5340:
5321:
5210:
4814:
3671:
3167:
3092:
1937:
have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia.
1930:
1518:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1180:
975:
882:
873:
828:
819:
704:
675:
655:
640:
625:
611:
597:
582:
563:
549:
535:
508:
494:
474:
460:
411:
393:
386:
379:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
202:
13731:
13505:
13152:
13107:
12837:
12631:
12114:
12093:
12042:
11785:
11203:
11159:
11152:
11103:
10895:
10888:
10839:
10584:
10555:
10404:
10233:
6749:
6700:
6285:
5388:
1663:
801:
13661:
13656:
13567:
13165:
12748:
12645:
12567:
11445:
11338:
11225:
11131:
11047:
10963:
10867:
10719:
10566:
10541:
10520:
8605:
5849:
3238:
2305:
1580:
588:
4576:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. Both variants may be labiodentalized. See
3985:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. Both variants may be labiodentalized. See
2594:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. Both variants may be labiodentalized. See
13616:
13353:
13123:
13019:
12638:
12558:
12547:
12149:
12107:
12077:
12035:
11409:
11117:
11012:
10935:
10853:
10768:
10691:
10598:
10449:
10420:
8207:
Van Herk, Gerard (2010). "Identity Marking and Affiliation in an Urbanizing Newfoundland Community".
6228:
6220:
5114:
4874:
4818:
3844:
3713:
3705:
2972:
2958:
2046:
2038:
307:
298:
9386:
8490:
13583:
13395:
13181:
12696:
12574:
12142:
12070:
11794:
11391:
11365:
11314:
11234:
11166:
11110:
10846:
10626:
10591:
10431:
10411:
10390:
6243:
4008:
3000:
2942:
1540:
This distinction has since vanished from most of the languages that once had it in medieval times.
485:
264:
6747:; Erich Round (1 June 2011). "Reappraising the Effects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait".
13632:
13545:
13369:
12588:
11984:
11452:
11285:
11276:
11259:
11138:
11054:
10874:
10612:
10573:
10527:
10463:
10058:
9365:
8395:
Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold
3902:
2983:
1812:
1808:
1310:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
1313:. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were
13411:
12581:
12345:
12283:
11975:
11964:
11909:
11431:
11416:
11296:
11124:
10860:
10605:
10491:
10456:
10347:
10332:
10316:
8485:
7833:
7751:
6502:
6222:
6159:
5909:
5861:
5609:
5395:
5378:
5361:
5304:
5193:
5022:
4380:
4145:
3390:
3249:
1971:
576:
519:
514:
276:
1544:
In most dialects of Spanish, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into the non-retracted (
12407:
12334:
12314:
12272:
12252:
11991:
11888:
11398:
11372:
11347:
11321:
10633:
10477:
10438:
10397:
10327:
10288:
10132:
7336:
6517:
6344:
5924:
5588:
5036:
5006:
3768:
2533:
1525:
1298:
480:
445:
116:
5844:
does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all
107:, and the subform apico-alveolar , or called grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of
12870:
12396:
12376:
12354:
12292:
12005:
11944:
11267:
10619:
10470:
10372:
9868:
Torreblanca, Máximo (1988), "Latín Basium, Castellano Beso, Catalán Bes, Portugués Beijo",
9095:
8650:
6199:
5699:
5344:
5325:
5260:
5251:
4607:
4551:
4397:
3940:
3418:
3323:
2783:
2749:
2309:
2265:
2222:
2215:
1119:
1021:
that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, usually with the tip of the tongue (
913:
745:
10050:
9281:
8:
13671:
12934:
12538:
12425:
12416:
12325:
12263:
12012:
11998:
11916:
11438:
10498:
10352:
10309:
9686:
8631:
Buk S, Mačutek J, Rovenchak A (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".
6573:
6360:
6310:
6295:
6249:
6131:
5973:
5568:
5558:
5428:
5294:
5289:
5052:
4860:
4832:
4798:
4770:
4591:
4584:
4438:
4373:
3909:
3785:
3730:
3564:
3307:
3297:
3242:
3040:
2806:
2723:
2716:
2549:
2465:
2460:
2279:
2272:
2081:
1899:
1839:
1835:
1565:
1230:
1103:
956:
is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as
681:
291:
136:
108:
35:
10038:
9476:
9067:
Klagstad, Harold L. Jr. (1958), "The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian",
8654:
8423:
Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe",
1863:
12957:
12387:
11953:
11902:
11881:
10640:
10484:
10342:
10322:
10276:
9885:
9821:
9793:
9578:
9550:
9464:
9385:
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),
9084:
8968:
8940:
8870:
8789:
8734:
8640:
8440:
7775:
6581:
6577:
6521:
6337:
6126:
5981:
5977:
5928:
5186:
5029:
4479:
4472:
4032:
4025:
3843:
Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical. See
3828:
3542:
3212:
3205:
3068:
2876:
2820:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2756:
2602:
2526:
2502:
2392:
2367:
2323:
2316:
2089:
2085:
1996:
1915:
1793:; but this could also be explained by the lack of a better sound in Latin to represent
1576:
1432:
1246:
1146:
1134:
1115:
1070:
1022:
500:
271:
198:
144:
124:
9640:
Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego
6524:, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
5931:, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
5879:
distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨
3593:
Most often non-retracted apical, but can be dentalized laminal for some speakers. See
2805:
Most often dentalized laminal, but can be non-retracted apical for some speakers. See
13382:
12913:
12308:
12159:
11923:
11850:
11464:
10377:
10357:
10299:
10185:
9992:
9967:
9917:
9855:
9837:
9797:
9763:
9745:
9736:
9710:
9605:
9582:
9554:
9520:
9502:
9484:
9434:
9416:
9336:
9302:
9267:
9227:
9209:
9191:
9172:
9121:
9103:
9054:
9036:
8944:
8910:
8902:
8888:
8874:
8860:
8823:
8805:
8793:
8759:
8738:
8704:
8569:
8551:
8529:
8456:
8239:
7779:
7735:
6929:
6766:
6695:
6585:
6566:
6559:
6536:
6394:
6330:
6277:
6236:
6185:
6095:
6058:
6039:
5985:
5966:
5943:
5845:
5503:
5461:
5450:
5244:
5120:
4963:
4956:
4914:
4907:
4786:
4753:
4675:
4577:
4454:
4366:
4240:
3993:
3986:
3973:
3858:
3851:
3754:
3644:
3611:
3535:
3468:
3198:
3129:
3096:
3056:
2928:
2860:
2853:
2709:
2595:
2582:
2479:
2406:
2179:
2167:
2093:
2074:
2014:
1946:
1926:
1895:
1867:
1843:
1794:
1741:
1737:
1529:
1436:
1214:
1165:
1099:
1091:
1050:
249:
172:
168:
164:
132:
112:
9283:
Frication of Australian English /p t k/: Group Tendencies and Individual Differences
8972:
6624:
5354:
1807:
For the same reasons, it can be speculated that retracted was the pronunciation of
1650:
from a deaffricated in Northern France and southern-central Portugal, as in French
1513:
One of the clearest descriptions of this sound is from Obaid: "There is a Castilian
13192:
12246:
11937:
11895:
10367:
10337:
10304:
10294:
9944:
9909:
9877:
9813:
9785:
9672:
9627:
9570:
9542:
9456:
9398:
9249:
9076:
8995:
8960:
8932:
8852:
8781:
8726:
8591:
8495:
8432:
8231:
8057:
7767:
6774:
6758:
6690:
6530:
6374:
6367:
6304:
6207:
6121:
6102:
6090:
6019:
5937:
5563:
5487:
5475:
5416:
5218:
5145:
5133:
5069:
5059:
4940:
4933:
4885:
4850:
4760:
4733:
4726:
4544:
4517:
4507:
4486:
4465:
4428:
4404:
4344:
4337:
4312:
4307:
4274:
4220:
4201:
4194:
4161:
3957:
3947:
3792:
3725:
3689:
3682:
3594:
3530:
3495:
3480:
3475:
3452:
3445:
3411:
3182:
3175:
3113:
3103:
3075:
3063:
3033:
3026:
2890:
2883:
2846:
2690:
2683:
2622:
2566:
2556:
2519:
2455:
2429:
2360:
2355:
2172:
2023:
2008:
1922:
1903:
1887:
1831:
1816:
1765:
1745:
1591:
1234:
1184:
1169:
1107:
1095:
1042:
669:
541:
466:
259:
191:
152:
148:
128:
89:
63:
13516:
13250:
12707:
12237:
11930:
11359:
10362:
10228:
9599:
9204:
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",
9158:
9146:
8882:
6619:
6175:
6083:
4701:
4254:
4247:
4137:
4130:
4097:
4039:
3885:
3878:
3821:
3816:
3675:
3660:
3627:
3578:
3571:
3502:
3426:
3397:
3365:
3358:
3007:
2935:
2813:
2648:
2641:
2615:
2495:
2436:
2422:
2248:
2241:
2144:
1891:
1859:
1858:
sibilant contrasts with a voiceless apical alveolar or post-alveolar sibilant in
1801:
1783:
1675:
1587:
1402:
1373:
1242:
1238:
1123:
1111:
1066:
1034:
617:
603:
206:
120:
9913:
9102:, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa,
8543:
13422:
7584:, p. 144. Only this author mentions both alveolar and dental realizations.
6552:
6525:
6051:
5959:
5932:
5421:
5223:
4995:
4988:
4855:
4614:
4524:
4175:
4168:
4059:
3634:
3601:
3273:
2965:
2399:
2067:
2003:
1772:
1749:
1722:
1154:
1138:
1026:
998:
661:
233:
156:
140:
47:
9958:
9949:
9789:
9677:
9546:
9403:
9384:
9254:
9000:
8964:
8936:
8856:
8785:
8730:
8596:
8407:
Younger speakers distinguish between voiceless for emotional pain and voiced
7771:
7349:
5021:
Varies between non-retracted and retracted, depending on the environment. See
1764:. Certain borrowings suggest that it was not far off from the sh-sound , e.g.
13705:
13081:
12598:
12440:
11854:
10026:
9921:
9316:
9162:
8372:"Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri"
8235:
7855:
6770:
6762:
6744:
5531:
4281:
4267:
3924:
3136:
2770:
1982:
1855:
1305:, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic
1086:
In Romance languages, it occurs as the normal voiceless alveolar sibilant in
80:
notation), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English
1929:(for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson claim that English
1555:
12927:
10649:
9631:
6685:
5468:
4106:
4066:
1941:
1934:
1161:
186:
or , using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is similar to the
43:
6778:
13679:
13093:
13076:
12850:
12370:
11174:
10243:
10221:
9700:, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
9328:
7260:"Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie"
4288:
2137:
1726:
1687:
1320:
1226:
1150:
1046:
795:
9738:
Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody
9598:
Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977),
8499:
5510:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1314:
13558:
13086:
10384:
10238:
9732:
8851:, vol. 23, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–76,
8139:
8137:
7312:
6510:
5917:
5809:
5755:
5666:
5171:
4227:
3916:
1986:
1838:
has a medieval S becoming either or depending on context, much as in
1730:
1382:
1273:. In the Romance languages, the retracted sibilants derived from Latin
1142:
836:
712:
631:
39:
9889:
9825:
9574:
9468:
9351:"Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English"
9088:
8444:
6742:
1981:, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a
1950:, and some phoneticians (such as J. Catford) have characterized it as
1686:. was also reached from a -sk- cluster reduction as in Romance, e.g.
993:
sound, such as , but no . In addition, sibilants are absent from most
13344:
12846:
12087:
12020:
10906:
10662:
10266:
8067:
7878:
7876:
7732:
6544:
6506:
5951:
5913:
4628:
4621:
3761:
2059:
1978:
1286:
1018:
646:
569:
97:
8134:
8079:
7755:
7419:
7417:
5137:
4873:
Working-class pronunciation, other speakers may use a non-retracted
1301:, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic
13650:
12981:
12903:
12897:
12662:
11821:
10659:
9897:
9881:
9817:
9460:
9080:
8436:
8390:
8371:
7490:
5480:
4411:
1975:
1127:
1058:
1030:
990:
317:
241:
8979:
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010),
8645:
8286:
7873:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
6712:
5840:(also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the
12754:
11958:
10514:
10216:
10045:
10033:
8951:
Honeybone, P (2001), "Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English",
7414:
7355:
7022:"English speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE"
6832:
6830:
5770:
5517:
5102:
5094:
1718:
Standard Modern Greek, which has apical , lacked both processes.
1250:
851:
783:
555:
220:
sounds like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English
7786:
7543:
7541:
7140:
7138:
7136:
3972:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. See
2581:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. See
1940:
Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in
1528:
have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
9597:
8568:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602,
7667:
7606:
7478:
6900:
6866:
6580:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
6192:
5980:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
5524:
5127:
5098:
5089:
4571:
3980:
3385:
2589:
2375:
2132:
2088:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
1952:
1879:
1823:, suggests it could have ultimately been the main allophone of
1820:
1222:
1218:
1054:
1038:
210:
201:
as well as an intervocalic and word-final allophone of English
9240:
Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)",
7696:
7694:
7350:
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)
6827:
6555:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
5962:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
2373:
2070:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
1213:
In medieval times, it occurred in a wider area, including the
1033:
sound and is found most notably in a number of languages in a
183:
13057:
10211:
9447:
Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'",
8923:
Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English",
8675:
Language at the University of Essex (LangUE) 2010 Proceedings
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7538:
7449:
7447:
7133:
6072:
5085:
4493:
4000:
1761:
1674:. In English, the same process of Romance > occurred in
1579:(which is, however, not a Portuguese dialect, but belongs to
1547:
1521:
and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain".
1200:⟩ is a common transcription of the retroflex sibilant
1062:
176:
93:
9776:
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",
8340:
8338:
8044:[Romance accents: Portugal and Brazil (Portuguese)]
7367:
5899:
fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.
5617:
4252:
1666:, was reached through a > > process, as in German
10080:
9991:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,
9762:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107,
9591:
Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego
8257:
8255:
8176:
8131:, p. 199. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
7706:
7691:
7434:
7432:
7324:
7229:
7227:
7051:
5278:
4173:
8717:
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",
8325:
8323:
8154:
8152:
7935:
is not. It is a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant."
7798:
7587:
7466:
7444:
7002:
6947:
3424:
1842:, which could attest to the previous existence of in the
1535:
346:
9208:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,
9203:
9012:[Linguistics, idiomatic and Spanish of America],
8909:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,
8335:
8310:
8308:
8224:"The Legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland"
8188:
8164:
8042:"2.3. Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese)"
7998:
7893:
7891:
7642:
7640:
7625:
7318:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
6966:
5228:
4317:
2150:
1873:
1285:, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from earlier
9642:, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
8297:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKerswillTorgersonFox2006 (
8252:
7986:
7657:
7655:
7429:
7379:
7239:
7224:
6876:
2732:
2288:
1367:
997:, in which fricatives are rare; however, does occur in
9744:, Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press,
9601:
A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners
9381:
Martin Harris and Nigel Vincent. The Romance Languages.
8772:
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",
8320:
8149:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8106:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7514:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7041:
7039:
6935:
6888:
3221:
2333:
1183:⟩ is often used, with a diacritic indicating an
9532:
9007:
8847:
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1999), "French",
8305:
8073:
8010:
7888:
7750:
7637:
7526:
7106:
7087:
7063:
6990:
6928:, p. 1. Although this paper discusses mainly the
6847:
6845:
6718:
5377:
Realization of Portuguese coda sibilant, which may be
4721:
Apical. Contrasts with a dentalized laminal sibilant.
2365:
2188:
8267:
7810:
7652:
7502:
7075:
6805:
6803:
6724:
6402:
2940:
2900:
1623:
From a or cluster in southern Romance, as in Latin
11859:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
9731:
9709:(3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS,
8978:
8292:
8103:
8091:
8056:] (in Italian). pp. 174–181. Archived from
8022:
7961:
7882:
7679:
7391:
7036:
6978:
6925:
6790:
6788:
2981:
2970:
2660:
1004:
139:. A similar retracted sibilant form is also used in
111:
fricatives. It is used in the languages of northern
8630:
8581:
7484:
7300:
6842:
4112:
4072:
3254:
1849:
1041:. It is most well known from its occurrence in the
69:. It is one of the most common sounds in the world.
9804:Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon phonemics",
9157:
8716:
7955:
7792:
7423:
7361:
7288:
7276:
7188:
7176:
6870:
6836:
6800:
5593:
3150:
2019:
1678:-imported words, accounting for modern homophones
9937:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9778:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9665:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9535:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9391:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9242:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8988:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8774:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8719:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8603:
8584:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8085:
7212:
6815:
6785:
5117:. Derived from local languages of northern Italy.
3548:
3540:
2220:
2142:
2026:speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
1736:The main Romance language to preserve the sound,
1485:
27:Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨s⟩ in IPA
13703:
9655:
9617:
9483:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,
9433:, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press,
8804:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,
7673:
7458:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (
7200:
6958:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958 (
5393:
5359:
5302:
4955:Varies between non-retracted and retracted. See
4589:
4378:
3305:
2721:
2277:
1992:There are at least three specific variants of :
1907:
1261:, while the non-retracted variants were written
339:
104:
55:
9651:(in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
9479:, in International Phonetic Association (ed.),
9279:
8143:
6867:Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977)
6342:
5191:
5034:
4037:
3766:
3210:
2788:
2531:
2321:
1862:and several languages of California, including
1179:symbol used for this sound. The symbol ⟨
175:. It was supposedly the standard sound of s in
9688:Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian
9656:Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),
9010:"Lingüística, idiomática y español de América"
8887:(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,
8222:Clarke, Sandra (2009). Hickey, Raymond (ed.).
5868:⟩ (constricted voiceless ), or ⟨
5553:. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.
5265:
5150:
4968:
4912:
4680:
4006:
3998:
3856:
3170:. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.
2858:
2177:
2105:
690:
325:
13030:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
10066:
9722:
9588:
8846:
8771:
8358:Phonetic transcription in theory and practice
7700:
7496:
7330:
7057:
6372:
6100:
5852:), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨
5485:
5426:
5067:
4938:
4830:
4796:
4768:
4731:
4549:
4522:
4436:
4409:
4350:
4342:
4225:
4199:
3955:
3797:
3687:
3511:
3500:
3450:
3180:
3111:
3073:
3038:
2888:
2688:
2564:
2434:
1966:Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant:
1553:
1545:
1479:
1463:
1441:
1289:and , which in turn derived from palatalized
9735:; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008),
9348:
8835:
8369:
8182:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7908:
7906:
7453:
6953:
6653:
6630:
5132:Present south and west of a line drawn from
4706:
4143:
4135:
3883:
3826:
3576:
3395:
3363:
2818:
2646:
2620:
2500:
2246:
1426:
1416:
1406:
9979:
9867:
9604:, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe,
9295:Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language
9280:Loakes, Deborah; McDougall, Kirsty (2007),
8900:
8754:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ,
8753:
8563:
8128:
7804:
7631:
7619:
7600:
7472:
7257:
7008:
6410:Voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative
6056:
5113:Apical. Present in many areas north of the
5004:
4993:
4104:
4064:
3914:
3642:
3609:
3278:
2404:
1505:
1495:
1473:
1457:
1451:
10073:
10059:
9956:
9307:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9115:
8758:(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,
8534:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8344:
8278:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBoberg2004 (
7915:, pp. 23–24. "It is never voiced, as
7853:
7760:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
7723:
7721:
6894:
4286:
3922:
3141:
1827:s, known for ranging from to as far as .
10128:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
9948:
9676:
9637:
9560:
9496:
9402:
9349:Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen (2005),
9315:
9253:
9226:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
9145:
8999:
8950:
8817:
8799:
8703:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,
8644:
8595:
8489:
7951:
7938:
7903:
7558:
7556:
7438:
7385:
7373:
7245:
6941:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6730:
6490:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
6455:Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
6272:or . Phonologically interchangeable with
5864:or alveolarized , respectively), ⟨
5838:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
5625:Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
5618:Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
3331:
3128:Retracted in some southern dialects. See
1755:
1729:lects. It is also found in a minority of
184:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
9849:
9831:
9803:
9775:
9431:A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic
9428:
9066:
8694:
8468:
8230:. Studies in English Language: 242–261.
8206:
8097:
8016:
8004:
7897:
7712:
7646:
7577:
7575:
7562:
7532:
7520:
7156:
7144:
7127:
7100:
6882:
4626:
4619:
1049:, it occurred in a wider area, covering
224:(somewhat like what the English cluster
9898:"The Proto-Indo-European Sibilant */s/"
9895:
9727:, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
9695:
9646:
9514:
9335:(6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,
9327:
8880:
8697:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
8542:
8519:
8471:"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"
8450:
8329:
8314:
7816:
7718:
7661:
7581:
7547:
7508:
7069:
6996:
6906:
6809:
6681:Voiceless corono-dentoalveolar sibilant
2264:Contrasts with an apical sibilant. See
2037:. Acoustically, it is close to laminal
1647:"grow", with a different pronunciation.
1536:Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant
1076:
14:
13704:
10298:
9927:
9757:
9239:
9094:
8922:
8822:(in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,
8661:
8453:The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
8388:
8273:
8221:
8194:
8170:
8158:
7553:
7306:
7081:
6972:
6912:
6862:
6860:
6668:Classical and Modern Standard Arabic
1874:Comparison between English and Spanish
1598:
1583:), conserved the medieval distinction.
1405:borrowings from medieval German (e.g.
813:Voiceless dentalized alveolar sibilant
13055:
12537:
12236:
11952:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10308:
10303:
10293:
10264:
10099:
10054:
9704:
9684:
9499:Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy
9474:
9446:
9358:Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online
9221:
9133:
9008:Joaquín Montes Giraldo, José (1992),
8836:Espejo Olaya, María Bernarda (2015),
8422:
8261:
8209:Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader
8122:
8116:
8028:
7992:
7980:
7912:
7685:
7572:
7565:, p. 80. The author states that
7408:
7233:
7045:
6851:
6821:
6794:
6078:One of many possible realizations of
4648:
4058:
2927:Contrasts with palatalized form. See
1925:(for the northern Iberian sound) vs.
1368:Description of the retracted sibilant
1011:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
867:Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
256:
105:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
13066:
13007:
12700:
11910:
11871:
10280:
9589:Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980),
9292:
9185:
9069:The Slavic and East European Journal
9048:
9030:
8747:A computational phonology of Russian
8744:
8293:Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006)
7883:Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008)
7854:Kokkelmans, JOACHIM HENRI N (2021).
7294:
7282:
7218:
7194:
7182:
6926:Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010)
6736:
6276:. Dialectal in English English. See
5848:places of articulation that are not
1811:s. Its presence in many branches of
228:would sound like) and is written as
218:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
159:. The retracted "S" is also used in
13035:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
11889:
11849:Symbols to the right in a cell are
9980:Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),
9966:, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi,
9957:Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011),
9758:Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian",
9410:
9261:
9168:The Sounds of the World's Languages
8884:Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
8842:, Bogota: Caro and Cuervo Institute
8800:Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",
7485:Buk, Mačutek & Rovenchak (2008)
7206:
6984:
6857:
6654:
6631:
5888:voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
5786:Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
4825:in Standard Catalan and Valencian.
4343:
3923:
3884:
3396:
58:has a strong hissing sound, as the
24:
11945:
10118:International Phonetic Association
8756:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
8604:Betancourt Arango, Amanda (1993),
8566:A handbook of varieties of English
8215:
6403:Voiceless lateral-median fricative
6325:Devoiced approximant allophone of
4817:⟩; realized as pre-palatal
4813:Normally transcribed with ⟨
25:
13753:
13631:
13615:
13595:
13582:
13566:
13544:
13524:
13504:
13488:
13475:
13459:
13446:
13430:
13410:
13394:
13381:
13368:
13352:
13332:
13316:
13303:
13287:
13274:
13258:
13238:
13216:
13200:
13180:
13164:
13151:
13135:
13122:
13106:
12962:
12947:
12940:
12920:
12896:
12884:
12877:
12863:
12856:
12830:
12817:
12805:
12798:
12786:
12779:
12767:
12760:
12741:
12727:
12713:
12644:
12637:
12630:
12623:
12614:
12603:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12557:
12546:
12515:
12483:
12451:
12424:
12415:
12406:
12395:
12386:
12375:
12353:
12344:
12333:
12324:
12313:
12291:
12282:
12271:
12262:
12251:
12216:
12196:
12189:
12182:
12171:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12076:
12069:
12062:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12027:
12011:
12004:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11974:
11963:
11917:
11793:
11784:
11775:
11768:
11757:
11750:
11714:
11705:
11696:
11687:
11674:
11632:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11586:
11579:
11539:
11532:
11525:
11518:
11511:
11504:
11493:
11486:
11451:
11444:
11437:
11430:
11415:
11408:
11397:
11390:
11371:
11364:
11346:
11337:
11320:
11313:
11302:
11295:
11284:
11275:
11266:
11250:
11233:
11224:
11215:
11202:
11185:
11165:
11158:
11151:
11144:
11137:
11130:
11123:
11116:
11109:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11081:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11053:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11025:
11018:
11011:
11004:
10976:
10969:
10962:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10894:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10845:
10838:
10827:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10792:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10760:
10732:
10725:
10718:
10711:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10683:
10648:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10597:
10590:
10583:
10572:
10565:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10455:
10448:
10437:
10430:
10419:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10373:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
10020:
9691:, London: Oxford University Press
8701:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
8054:Foreign pronunciations of Italian
2350:Contrasts with palatalized form.
1908:voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
1594:, every pre-consonantal became .
1376:
1015:voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
1005:Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
74:voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant
13655:
13623:
13603:
13574:
13532:
13496:
13467:
13438:
13402:
13360:
13324:
13295:
13266:
13230:
13208:
13172:
13143:
13114:
13098:
12667:
11903:
11882:
11826:
10171:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
9960:Turkish Phonology and Morphology
8953:English Language and Linguistics
8677:, pp. 16–28, archived from
8401:
8382:
8363:
8350:
8050:Pronunce Straniere dell'Italiano
7956:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
7927:. The difference is that German
7860:Università degli studi di Verona
7830:"Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables"
7793:Carbonell & Llisterri (1992)
7424:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
7362:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6871:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6837:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6389:Tapped; word-final allophone of
5681:
2769:altogether, preserving medieval
2020:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
1850:Voiceless lamino-dental sibilant
1619:"hundred"), while was reached:
895:
800:
727:
127:(excluding parts of Andalusia),
11924:
10082:International Phonetic Alphabet
9725:Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče
9190:(2nd ed.), Lincom Europa,
9140:VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig
8200:
8034:
7931:is labialized, while Icelandic
7847:
7822:
7744:
7251:
7150:
7014:
6592:
5992:
5856:⟩, occasionally ⟨
5842:International Phonetic Alphabet
4038:
3541:
3364:
2366:
1297:. The situation was similar in
995:Australian Aboriginal languages
972:International Phonetic Alphabet
13015:Nasal labial–velar approximant
11938:
11896:
10265:
10191:IPA chart for English dialects
10100:
9836:, University of Hawaii Press,
9834:A Vietnamese Reference Grammar
9832:Thompson, Laurence C. (1987),
9707:Norsk språklydlære med øvelser
9593:, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
9014:Revista de Filología Española
8664:"Frication and affrication of
8608:[Language and region]
8389:Watson, Janet (January 2013).
7674:Shosted & Chikovani (2006)
6215:Tapped; possible allophone of
5877:voiceless alveolar approximant
5741:Voiceless alveolar approximant
5088:north of Cape Linaro, most of
4620:
3501:
3095:before dental consonants. See
2971:
1866:of the Uto-Aztecan family and
1854:A voiceless laminal dental or
1568:on both sides of the Atlantic.
1431:)); and in representations of
1168:articulation), as well as the
1037:covering northern and central
179:. Its sound is between and .
13:
1:
11931:
9638:Rocławski, Bronisław (1976),
9264:A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese
8522:Azərbaycan dilinin fonetikasi
8415:
8370:Janet Watson (January 2011).
8144:Loakes & McDougall (2007)
8074:Joaquín Montes Giraldo (1992)
6495:
6082:; distribution unclear. See
5902:
5875:Some scholars also posit the
2100:
1830:, but not , was developed in
1713:
32:voiceless alveolar fricatives
13025:Voiceless bidental fricative
10133:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
9723:Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984),
9517:Fonetika a fonologie češtiny
9364:(2): 377–413, archived from
9323:, Cambridge University Press
9116:Kozintseva, Natalia (1995),
8901:Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999),
8478:Journal of Greek Linguistics
8228:Legacies of Colonial English
6646:and Modern Standard Arabic
6153:Australian English phonology
5886:Few languages also have the
5720:θ̱
3549:
3425:
3151:
2374:
2151:
1912:voiceless retroflex sibilant
1110:dialects. It also occurs in
970:, and is represented in the
934:s̺
147:, some southern dialects of
7:
10234:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
9914:10.13109/hisp.2010.123.1.40
9902:Historische Sprachforschung
9896:Vijūnas, Aurelijus (2010),
9696:Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),
9429:Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977),
9049:Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003),
9031:Kara, Dávid Somfai (2002),
8839:Alofonía de /s/ en Colombia
8455:, Oxford University Press,
7331:Pretnar & Tokarz (1980)
7058:Fougeron & Smith (1999)
6750:Journal of Language Contact
6701:Index of phonetics articles
6674:
5005:
4627:
4351:
4144:
4113:
4073:
4007:
3704:Palatalized apical; may be
3512:
3222:
2982:
2901:
2733:
2661:
2334:
2289:
2221:
2189:
2106:Dentalized laminal alveolar
1961:
1241:, etc.), as well as in the
1208:
954:voiceless alveolar sibilant
698:Voiceless alveolar sibilant
691:Voiceless alveolar sibilant
56:voiceless alveolar sibilant
10:
13758:
13056:
9705:Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) ,
8695:Canepari, Luciano (1992),
8451:Árnason, Kristján (2011),
8183:Marotta & Barth (2005)
4523:
3142:
2143:
444:
240:The first three types are
46:of the tongue against the
13727:Voiceless oral consonants
13557:
13515:
13421:
13343:
13249:
13191:
13092:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13064:
13051:
13020:Nasal palatal approximant
12697:Co-articulated consonants
12597:
12542:
12505:
12473:
12438:
12369:
12307:
12245:
12206:
12158:
12086:
12019:
11957:
11943:
11936:
11929:
11922:
11915:
11908:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11880:
11878:
11730:
11652:
11559:
11463:
11358:
11258:
11173:
11000:
10904:
10756:
10658:
10513:
10383:
10315:
10287:
10273:
10260:
10199:
10153:
10110:
10106:
10095:
9950:10.1017/s0025100307003180
9850:Thorborg, Lisbet (2003),
9790:10.1017/S0025100300004266
9678:10.1017/S0025100306002659
9547:10.1017/S0025100300005430
9404:10.1017/S0025100303001373
9255:10.1017/S0025100303001208
9153:(2nd ed.), Blackwell
9001:10.1017/S0025100309990260
8965:10.1017/S1360674301000223
8937:10.1017/S0022226700013876
8857:10.1017/S0025100300004874
8786:10.1017/S0025100300005223
8731:10.1017/S0025100300004618
8662:Buizza, Emanuela (2011),
8597:10.1017/S0025100305002148
8520:Axundov, Ağamusa (1983),
8469:Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),
8129:Collins & Mees (2003)
7772:10.1017/s0041977x0010179x
7620:Collins & Mees (2003)
7601:Collins & Mees (2003)
7473:Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
7009:Bauer & Warren (2004)
6618:
6599:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6454:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6409:
6366:
6336:
6303:
6263:
6260:
6247:
6219:. Can be a voiceless tap
6179:
6163:
6143:
6130:
6120:
6050:
6018:
5999:
5823:
5818:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5785:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5745:
5740:
5725:
5712:
5707:
5680:
5675:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5624:
5587:
5530:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5484:
5474:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5425:
5415:
5376:
5316:
5301:
5288:
5259:
5242:
5239:
5227:
5217:
5185:
5170:
5144:
5080:
5078:
5066:
5058:
5028:
4994:
4987:
4962:
4932:
4906:
4884:
4812:
4792:
4759:
4732:
4725:
4700:
4674:
4655:
4613:
4583:
4543:
4516:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4435:
4427:
4410:
4403:
4372:
4336:
4287:
4280:
4253:
4246:
4226:
4219:
4193:
4167:
4136:
4129:
4105:
4095:
4065:
4031:
3999:
3992:
3968:
3966:
3954:
3946:
3915:
3908:
3877:
3857:
3850:
3845:Standard German phonology
3791:
3760:
3724:
3681:
3655:
3653:
3641:
3633:
3570:
3494:
3474:
3451:
3444:
3417:
3357:
3338:
3272:
3248:
3211:
3204:
3174:
3135:
3032:
3006:
2964:
2959:Scottish Gaelic phonology
2934:
2889:
2882:
2852:
2812:
2760:
2755:
2722:
2715:
2682:
2647:
2640:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2577:
2575:
2563:
2555:
2525:
2494:
2477:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2435:
2428:
2398:
2322:
2315:
2278:
2271:
2240:
2214:
2178:
2112:
1309:that were shifted by the
1217:spoken in most or all of
1081:
939:
926:
921:
894:
889:
880:
871:
866:
850:
845:
835:
826:
817:
812:
794:
782:
771:
758:
753:
726:
721:
711:
702:
697:
668:
575:
526:
451:
432:
375:
321:
275:
270:
263:
258:
18:Voiceless dental sibilant
9698:Uzbek Structural Grammar
9333:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
9293:Lunt, Horace G. (1952),
8818:Engstrand, Olle (2004),
8550:, Taylor & Francis,
8345:Yavuz & Balcı (2011)
8236:10.1017/CBO9780511486920
8086:Betancourt Arango (1993)
6909:, pp. 115, 128–131.
6869:, p. 149, cited in
6763:10.1163/187740911X558798
6706:
6147:Occasional allophone of
5097:and the extreme south),
3001:Serbo-Croatian phonology
2045:or (to a lesser extent)
1249:of central and southern
171:, and many varieties of
11869:Non-pulmonic consonants
11001:Non-sibilant fricative
10757:Non-sibilant affricate
10123:History of the alphabet
10039:List of languages with
10027:List of languages with
9647:Saborit, Josep (2009),
9515:Palková, Zdena (1994),
9497:Padluzhny, Ped (1989),
9224:Principles of Phonetics
9118:Modern Eastern Armenian
8745:Chew, Peter A. (2003),
8548:The Phonology of Danish
6101:
5320:Apical. Contrasts with
5266:
5209:Apical. Contrasts with
5192:
5151:
4793:Some Valencian speakers
4681:
3903:Modern Hebrew phonology
3255:
1486:
1468:"cuttlefish" (formerly
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1311:High German sound shift
13742:Voiceless approximants
10181:Sinological extensions
9928:Watson, Kevin (2007),
9685:Sipma, Pieter (1913),
9632:10.1006/jpho.2001.0139
9186:Lamb, William (2003),
9020:(3–4), Bogota: 337–343
8925:Journal of Linguistics
8881:Grønnum, Nina (2005),
8749:, Universal Publishers
7954:, p. ?, cited in
7752:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
7550:, pp. 61 and 131.
7499:, pp. 22, 38, 39.
7159:"Fonetyka i fonologia"
6528:, termed respectively
6503:manner of articulation
6373:
6343:
6160:Received Pronunciation
6057:
5935:, termed respectively
5910:manner of articulation
5610:West Frisian phonology
5594:
5486:
5427:
5394:
5360:
5303:
5229:
5068:
5035:
5023:Modern Greek phonology
4969:
4939:
4913:
4831:
4797:
4769:
4707:
4590:
4550:
4494:
4437:
4379:
4318:
4200:
4174:
3956:
3827:
3798:
3767:
3688:
3643:
3610:
3577:
3332:Non-retracted alveolar
3306:
3279:
3181:
3112:
3074:
3039:
2941:
2859:
2819:
2789:
2689:
2565:
2532:
2501:
2405:
2247:
2006:, termed respectively
1972:manner of articulation
1756:Reach in ancient times
1554:
1546:
1506:
1504:due to influence from
1496:
1480:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1427:
1417:
1407:
9852:Dansk udtale - øvebog
9649:Millorem la pronúncia
9475:Okada, Hideo (1999),
9171:. Oxford: Blackwell.
9151:Vowels and Consonants
9136:Isländische Grammatik
9134:Kress, Bruno (1982),
8409:]] for physical pain.
8146:, pp. 1445–1448.
7147:, pp. 68 and 72.
6719:Pandeli et al. (1997)
6518:place of articulation
5925:place of articulation
5872:⟩ (lowered ).
5383:depending on dialect
5115:La Spezia–Rimini Line
1870:of the Yuman family.
1564:is also preserved in
1435:(an extinct medieval
1346:"white" (Old English
1334:"known" (Old English
1192:⟩ and ⟨
1141:(and closely related
1045:of this area. In the
1013:(commonly termed the
92:dialects in southern
13717:Fricative consonants
11653:Lateral approximant
9908:, Göttingen: 40–55,
9620:Journal of Phonetics
9501:, Навука і тэхніка,
9411:Nau, Nicole (1998),
9222:Laver, John (1994),
8620:(2), Bogota: 255–291
7701:Cruz-Ferreira (1995)
7622:, pp. 145, 190.
7497:Šewc-Schuster (1984)
7319:Landau et al. (1999)
6973:Lee & Zee (2003)
6588:, as in most sounds.
6264:Common allophone of
6166:Common allophone of
5988:, as in most sounds.
5830:U+027E U+031E U+030A
5732:U+03B8 U+0331
5345:Portuguese phonology
5326:Portuguese phonology
4608:Vietnamese phonology
4398:Portuguese phonology
3941:Hindustani phonology
3324:Vietnamese phonology
2750:Macedonian phonology
2487:Multicultural London
2310:Belarusian phonology
2096:, as in most sounds.
1906:) have a so-called "
1670:compared to English
1484:"scissors" (earlier
1450:) "soap" from Latin
1328:, cf. "to wit") vs.
1153:, and working-class
1102:, northern European
1077:Occurrence in Europe
946:U+0073 U+033A
205:in dialects such as
161:Amerindian languages
38:pronounced with the
13737:Pulmonic consonants
13722:Alveolar consonants
13712:Sibilant consonants
10277:Pulmonic consonants
9930:"Liverpool English"
9854:, Forlaget Synope,
9658:"Standard Georgian"
9387:"Castilian Spanish"
8655:2008arXiv0802.4198B
8500:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
8264:, pp. 263–264.
8197:, pp. 352–353.
8173:, pp. 234–235.
7995:, pp. 285–286.
7756:"Bengali Phonetics"
7715:, pp. 458–461.
7454:Krishnamurti (2003)
7376:, pp. 140–141.
7236:, pp. 130–131.
6975:, pp. 109–110.
6954:Klagstad Jr. (1958)
6582:intercostal muscles
6574:airstream mechanism
6361:Icelandic phonology
5982:intercostal muscles
5974:airstream mechanism
5053:Icelandic phonology
3786:Esperanto phonology
3565:Cantonese phonology
3243:Ukrainian phonology
2807:Norwegian phonology
2550:Hungarian phonology
2090:intercostal muscles
2082:airstream mechanism
1995:Dentalized laminal
1840:European Portuguese
1825:Proto-Indo-European
1706:compared to Danish
1599:Loss-causing events
1566:Spanish orthography
1358:"way" (Old English
1231:Galician-Portuguese
1175:There is no single
1149:, many dialects in
429:
253:
137:European Portuguese
36:fricative consonant
13732:Central consonants
12207:Lateral fricative
11853:, to the left are
11560:Lateral fricative
10348:Postalveolar
10333:Linguolabial
10176:Naming conventions
10139:Journal of the IPA
8820:Fonetikens grunder
8088:, p. 285–286.
7805:Torreblanca (1988)
7632:Gussenhoven (1999)
7024:. 31 December 2011
6042:equivalent of lax
4649:Retracted alveolar
4026:Japanese phonology
2877:Romanian phonology
2393:Mandarin phonology
1654:"cat", Portuguese
1259:⟨ss⟩
1247:Middle High German
1160:It also occurs in
1155:Glaswegian English
1135:Germanic languages
1071:Middle High German
1053:spoken throughout
428:Coronal sibilants
427:
247:
125:Peninsular Spanish
13699:
13698:
13695:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13642:
13641:
13047:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13000:
12999:
12825:Uvular–epiglottal
12692:
12691:
12654:
12653:
11865:
11864:
11813:
11812:
11731:Lateral tap/flap
10328:Labiodental
10256:
10255:
10252:
10251:
10186:World Orthography
9998:978-0-521-65236-0
9973:978-975-06-0964-0
9861:978-87-988509-4-6
9843:978-0-8248-1117-4
9769:978-0-521-65236-0
9751:978-951-42-8984-2
9716:978-82-456-0178-7
9575:10.1159/000259344
9508:978-5-343-00292-8
9440:978-0-8165-0570-8
9422:978-3-89586-228-1
9415:, Lincom Europa,
9342:978-3-411-04066-7
9321:Patterns of sound
9273:978-3-89586-642-5
9266:, Lincom Europa,
9262:Lin, Hua (2001),
9233:978-0-521-45655-5
9215:978-0-521-65236-0
9197:978-3-89586-727-9
9120:, Lincom Europa,
9109:978-3-89586-161-1
9053:, Lincom Europa,
9035:, Lincom Europa,
8981:"Goizueta Basque"
8916:978-0-521-65236-0
8894:978-87-500-3865-8
8866:978-0-521-65236-0
8829:978-91-44-04238-1
8811:978-0-521-65236-0
8710:978-88-08-24624-0
8606:"Lengua y región"
8575:978-3-11-017532-5
8557:978-0-203-97876-4
8462:978-0-19-922931-4
8356:Heselwood (2013)
8161:, pp. 16–28.
8007:, pp. 71–72.
7258:Ovidiu Drăghici.
6987:, pp. 17–25.
6895:Kozintseva (1995)
6696:Laminal consonant
6672:
6671:
6642:Classical Arabic
6586:abdominal muscles
6567:lateral consonant
6560:central consonant
6486:
6485:
6450:
6449:
6400:
6399:
6395:Turkish phonology
6331:Faroese phonology
6278:English phonology
6237:English phonology
6186:English phonology
5986:abdominal muscles
5967:central consonant
5834:
5833:
5781:
5780:
5736:
5735:
5702:
5686:
5615:
5614:
5504:Swedish phonology
5451:Spanish phonology
5245:Occitan phonology
5121:Italian phonology
4957:Finnish phonology
4787:Catalan phonology
4754:Bengali phonology
4646:
4645:
4578:Italian phonology
4455:Spanish phonology
4367:Persian phonology
4241:Marathi phonology
3987:Italian phonology
3974:Italian phonology
3755:English phonology
3667:Northern Standard
3488:'I am eating now'
3469:Bengali phonology
3329:
3328:
3199:Turkish phonology
3130:Swedish phonology
3097:Spanish phonology
3057:Slovene phonology
2929:Russian phonology
2710:Latvian phonology
2596:Italian phonology
2583:Italian phonology
2480:English phonology
2094:abdominal muscles
2075:central consonant
1844:Italian Peninsula
1738:Castilian Spanish
1631:"to move", Latin
1524:Many dialects of
1271:⟨ç⟩
1267:⟨c⟩
1263:⟨z⟩
1255:⟨s⟩
1215:Romance languages
1092:Castilian Spanish
1051:Romance languages
950:
949:
916:
900:
862:
861:
808:
807:
748:
732:
688:
687:
425:
424:
312:
303:
294:
287:
16:(Redirected from
13749:
13683:
13659:
13636:
13635:
13627:
13626:
13620:
13619:
13607:
13606:
13600:
13599:
13587:
13586:
13578:
13577:
13571:
13570:
13549:
13548:
13536:
13535:
13529:
13528:
13509:
13508:
13500:
13499:
13493:
13492:
13480:
13479:
13471:
13470:
13464:
13463:
13451:
13450:
13442:
13441:
13435:
13434:
13415:
13414:
13406:
13405:
13399:
13398:
13386:
13385:
13373:
13372:
13364:
13363:
13357:
13356:
13337:
13336:
13328:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13308:
13307:
13299:
13298:
13292:
13291:
13279:
13278:
13270:
13269:
13263:
13262:
13243:
13242:
13234:
13233:
13221:
13220:
13212:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13185:
13184:
13176:
13175:
13169:
13168:
13156:
13155:
13147:
13146:
13140:
13139:
13127:
13126:
13118:
13117:
13111:
13110:
13102:
13101:
13071:
13070:
13067:
13053:
13052:
13005:
13004:
12966:
12951:
12944:
12924:
12900:
12888:
12881:
12867:
12860:
12834:
12821:
12809:
12802:
12793:Labial–retroflex
12790:
12783:
12771:
12764:
12745:
12735:Labial–retroflex
12731:
12717:
12701:
12671:
12648:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12618:
12607:
12591:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12561:
12550:
12521:
12489:
12457:
12428:
12421:
12412:
12401:
12392:
12381:
12359:
12350:
12339:
12330:
12319:
12297:
12288:
12277:
12268:
12257:
12243:bottom: uvular)
12220:
12200:
12193:
12186:
12175:
12152:
12145:
12138:
12131:
12124:
12117:
12110:
12103:
12096:
12080:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12045:
12038:
12031:
12015:
12008:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11978:
11967:
11947:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11919:
11912:
11905:
11898:
11891:
11884:
11876:
11875:
11872:
11860:
11830:
11797:
11788:
11779:
11772:
11761:
11754:
11718:
11709:
11700:
11691:
11678:
11636:
11629:
11622:
11615:
11608:
11601:
11590:
11583:
11543:
11536:
11529:
11522:
11515:
11508:
11497:
11490:
11455:
11448:
11441:
11434:
11419:
11412:
11401:
11394:
11375:
11368:
11350:
11341:
11324:
11317:
11306:
11299:
11288:
11279:
11270:
11254:
11237:
11228:
11219:
11206:
11189:
11169:
11162:
11155:
11148:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11064:
11057:
11050:
11043:
11036:
11029:
11022:
11015:
11008:
10980:
10973:
10966:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10938:
10931:
10898:
10891:
10884:
10877:
10870:
10863:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10831:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10803:
10796:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10736:
10729:
10722:
10715:
10708:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10652:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10622:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10594:
10587:
10576:
10569:
10558:
10551:
10544:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10501:
10494:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10452:
10441:
10434:
10423:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10285:
10284:
10281:
10262:
10261:
10108:
10107:
10097:
10096:
10090:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10052:
10051:
10042:
10030:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10007:
10001:, archived from
9986:
9976:
9965:
9953:
9952:
9934:
9924:
9892:
9864:
9846:
9828:
9800:
9772:
9754:
9743:
9728:
9719:
9701:
9692:
9681:
9680:
9662:
9652:
9643:
9634:
9614:
9594:
9585:
9557:
9529:
9511:
9493:
9490:978-0-52163751-0
9471:
9443:
9425:
9407:
9406:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9355:
9345:
9324:
9312:
9306:
9298:
9289:
9288:
9276:
9258:
9257:
9236:
9218:
9200:
9182:
9159:Ladefoged, Peter
9154:
9147:Ladefoged, Peter
9142:
9130:
9112:
9096:Kordić, Snježana
9091:
9063:
9045:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9004:
9003:
8985:
8975:
8947:
8919:
8897:
8877:
8843:
8832:
8814:
8796:
8768:
8750:
8741:
8713:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8683:
8672:
8667:
8658:
8648:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8611:
8600:
8599:
8578:
8560:
8539:
8533:
8525:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8508:
8502:, archived from
8493:
8475:
8465:
8447:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8367:
8361:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8333:
8327:
8318:
8312:
8303:
8302:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8250:
8249:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8147:
8141:
8132:
8126:
8120:
8114:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8047:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8014:
8008:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7959:
7952:Pétursson (1971)
7949:
7936:
7910:
7901:
7895:
7886:
7880:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7832:. Archived from
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7748:
7742:
7729:Basque Phonology
7725:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7650:
7644:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7604:
7598:
7585:
7579:
7570:
7568:
7560:
7551:
7545:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7451:
7442:
7439:Ladefoged (2005)
7436:
7427:
7421:
7412:
7406:
7389:
7386:Engstrand (2004)
7383:
7377:
7374:Engstrand (1999)
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7286:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7264:
7255:
7249:
7246:Rocławski (1976)
7243:
7237:
7231:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7161:. Archived from
7154:
7148:
7142:
7131:
7125:
7104:
7098:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6951:
6945:
6942:Padluzhny (1989)
6939:
6933:
6923:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6885:, pp. 2, 9.
6880:
6874:
6864:
6855:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6798:
6792:
6783:
6782:
6743:Jessica Hunter;
6740:
6734:
6731:Maddieson (1984)
6728:
6722:
6716:
6691:Apical consonant
6660:
6659:
6645:
6634:
6633:
6625:Al-Rubūʽah
6597:
6596:
6482:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6437:
6436:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6418:
6407:
6406:
6392:
6381:
6351:
6328:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6244:General American
6234:
6227:or a voiced tap
6226:
6218:
6183:
6169:
6150:
6109:
6081:
6066:
6045:
5997:
5996:
5882:
5871:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5827:
5804:
5803:
5795:
5794:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5750:
5749:
5738:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5697:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5661:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5622:
5621:
5600:
5552:
5494:
5446:
5435:
5406:
5389:Carioca do brejo
5369:
5342:
5334:coastal northern
5323:
5312:
5272:
5235:
5212:
5201:
5158:
5076:
5043:
5013:
5002:
5001:
4975:
4947:
4921:
4880:
4840:
4824:
4816:
4805:
4777:
4739:
4738:
4713:
4688:
4653:
4652:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4598:
4559:
4531:
4530:
4501:
4445:
4415:
4414:
4388:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4325:
4295:
4294:
4275:Nepali phonology
4261:
4260:
4231:
4230:
4208:
4182:
4162:Korean phonology
4152:
4141:
4140:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4046:
4045:
4016:
4004:
4003:
3964:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3892:
3891:
3865:
3864:
3835:
3804:
3776:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3719:
3711:
3696:
3673:
3651:
3639:Belgian Standard
3618:
3606:Belgian Standard
3595:Danish phonology
3585:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3459:
3458:
3433:
3412:Arabic phonology
3401:
3400:
3372:
3371:
3336:
3335:
3314:
3285:
3261:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3189:
3169:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3120:
3108:Central Standard
3094:
3083:
3047:
3027:Slovak phonology
2990:
2979:
2978:
2949:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2867:
2847:Polish phonology
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2797:
2765:Contrasts seven
2739:
2730:
2729:
2700:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2629:
2628:
2573:
2540:
2520:French phonology
2510:
2448:'vessel, glass'
2443:
2442:
2413:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2266:Basque phonology
2256:
2229:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2110:
2109:
2052:
2044:
1932:
1817:Baltic languages
1627:> Portuguese
1581:Asturian-Leonese
1559:
1551:
1520:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1437:Romance language
1430:
1420:
1410:
1380:
1364:, cf. "-wise").
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1170:Baltic languages
977:
943:
935:
930:
911:
904:
902:
901:
885:
884:
876:
875:
864:
863:
858:
831:
830:
822:
821:
810:
809:
804:
790:
775:
767:
762:
743:
736:
734:
733:
707:
706:
695:
694:
677:
670:voice-onset time
657:
642:
627:
613:
599:
584:
565:
551:
537:
510:
496:
476:
462:
430:
426:
413:
395:
388:
381:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
306:
297:
290:
283:
254:
246:
204:
21:
13757:
13756:
13752:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13747:
13746:
13702:
13701:
13700:
13691:
13681:
13680:unrounded
13676:
13638:
13637:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13621:
13614:
13609:
13608:
13604:
13601:
13594:
13589:
13588:
13581:
13579:
13575:
13572:
13565:
13551:
13550:
13543:
13538:
13537:
13533:
13530:
13523:
13511:
13510:
13503:
13501:
13497:
13494:
13487:
13482:
13481:
13474:
13472:
13468:
13465:
13458:
13453:
13452:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13436:
13429:
13417:
13416:
13409:
13407:
13403:
13400:
13393:
13388:
13387:
13380:
13375:
13374:
13367:
13365:
13361:
13358:
13351:
13339:
13338:
13331:
13329:
13325:
13322:
13315:
13310:
13309:
13302:
13300:
13296:
13293:
13286:
13281:
13280:
13273:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13257:
13245:
13244:
13237:
13235:
13231:
13223:
13222:
13215:
13213:
13209:
13206:
13199:
13187:
13186:
13179:
13177:
13173:
13170:
13163:
13158:
13157:
13150:
13148:
13144:
13141:
13134:
13129:
13128:
13121:
13119:
13115:
13112:
13105:
13099:
13060:
13039:
13003:
13002:
13001:
12996:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12970:
12969:Labial–alveolar
12967:
12960:
12955:
12952:
12945:
12937:
12932:
12931:
12925:
12917:
12911:
12910:
12901:
12893:
12892:
12889:
12882:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12861:
12853:
12843:
12842:
12841:
12840:
12835:
12827:
12822:
12814:
12813:
12810:
12803:
12795:
12794:
12791:
12784:
12776:
12775:
12774:Labial–alveolar
12772:
12765:
12757:
12752:
12751:
12746:
12738:
12737:
12732:
12724:
12723:
12721:Labial–alveolar
12718:
12710:
12693:
12688:
12518:
12486:
12474:Voiced lateral
12454:
12429:
12418:
12409:
12398:
12389:
12378:
12356:
12347:
12336:
12327:
12316:
12294:
12285:
12274:
12265:
12254:
12242:
12240:
11858:
11847:
10353:Retroflex
10269:
10248:
10207:ASCII encodings
10195:
10149:
10102:
10091:
10084:
10079:
10023:
10018:
10011:
10009:
10005:
9999:
9984:
9974:
9963:
9932:
9870:Hispanic Review
9862:
9844:
9770:
9752:
9741:
9717:
9660:
9612:
9527:
9509:
9491:
9441:
9423:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9353:
9343:
9300:
9299:
9286:
9274:
9234:
9216:
9198:
9188:Scottish Gaelic
9179:
9128:
9110:
9061:
9043:
9023:
9021:
8983:
8917:
8895:
8867:
8830:
8812:
8766:
8711:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8670:
8623:
8621:
8609:
8576:
8558:
8527:
8526:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8491:10.1.1.692.1365
8473:
8463:
8418:
8413:
8406:
8402:
8387:
8383:
8368:
8364:
8355:
8351:
8343:
8336:
8328:
8321:
8313:
8306:
8296:
8291:
8287:
8277:
8272:
8268:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8220:
8216:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8150:
8142:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8115:
8104:
8098:Thompson (1959)
8096:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8072:
8068:
8060:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8017:Canepari (1992)
8015:
8011:
8005:Canepari (1992)
8003:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7979:
7962:
7950:
7939:
7911:
7904:
7898:Arvaniti (2007)
7896:
7889:
7881:
7874:
7865:
7863:
7852:
7848:
7839:
7837:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7803:
7799:
7791:
7787:
7749:
7745:
7726:
7719:
7713:Thompson (1959)
7711:
7707:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7653:
7647:Canepari (1992)
7645:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7618:
7607:
7599:
7588:
7580:
7573:
7563:Thorborg (2003)
7561:
7554:
7546:
7539:
7533:Thelwall (1990)
7531:
7527:
7523:, pp. 8–9.
7521:Thompson (1987)
7519:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7457:
7452:
7445:
7437:
7430:
7422:
7415:
7407:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7337:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7281:
7277:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7256:
7252:
7248:, pp. 149.
7244:
7240:
7232:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7168:
7166:
7155:
7151:
7145:Canepari (1992)
7143:
7134:
7128:Canepari (1992)
7126:
7107:
7101:Canepari (1992)
7099:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7068:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7044:
7037:
7027:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7007:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6924:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6883:Qafisheh (1977)
6881:
6877:
6865:
6858:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6801:
6793:
6786:
6741:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6677:
6595:
6498:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6442:
6433:
6424:
6415:
6405:
6286:English English
6084:Dutch phonology
5995:
5905:
5825:
5800:
5791:
5775:
5746:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5703:
5695:
5682:
5657:
5648:
5639:
5630:
5620:
5448:
5382:
5352:
5333:
5299:inland northern
5298:
5118:
5092:
4651:
4098:Khmer phonology
4089:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3676:Dutch phonology
3661:Dutch phonology
3628:Dutch phonology
3391:Modern Standard
3334:
3237:Contrasts with
2936:Scottish Gaelic
2914:
2913:
2912:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2423:Czech phonology
2304:Contrasts with
2198:
2197:
2196:
2108:
2103:
2018:. According to
1964:
1876:
1852:
1776:Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs)
1758:
1752:changed only .
1716:
1601:
1538:
1374:palato-alveolar
1370:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1211:
1137:, it occurs in
1084:
1079:
1067:Old High German
1035:linguistic area
1007:
941:
933:
928:
917:
909:
896:
881:
872:
856:
827:
818:
788:
773:
765:
760:
749:
741:
728:
703:
693:
618:palato-alveolar
604:alveolo-palatal
529:
517:
483:
454:
448:of articulation
447:
436:
309:
300:
266:
207:Hiberno-English
197:. It occurs in
135:, and Northern
88:. It occurs in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13755:
13745:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13697:
13696:
13693:
13692:
13688:
13687:
13675:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13653:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13640:
13639:
13629:
13622:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13602:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13580:
13573:
13564:
13563:
13561:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13542:
13541:
13539:
13531:
13522:
13521:
13519:
13513:
13512:
13502:
13495:
13486:
13485:
13483:
13473:
13466:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13444:
13437:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13419:
13418:
13408:
13401:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13379:
13378:
13376:
13366:
13359:
13350:
13349:
13347:
13341:
13340:
13330:
13323:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13301:
13294:
13285:
13284:
13282:
13272:
13265:
13256:
13255:
13253:
13247:
13246:
13236:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13224:
13214:
13207:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13189:
13188:
13178:
13171:
13162:
13161:
13159:
13149:
13142:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13120:
13113:
13104:
13103:
13096:
13090:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13065:
13062:
13061:
13049:
13048:
13045:
13044:
13041:
13040:
13038:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13011:
13009:
12998:
12997:
12995:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12978:
12975:
12974:
12968:
12961:
12956:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12938:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12918:
12912:
12902:
12895:
12894:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12875:
12871:Labial–palatal
12869:
12862:
12855:
12854:
12845:
12844:
12836:
12829:
12828:
12823:
12816:
12815:
12811:
12804:
12797:
12796:
12792:
12785:
12778:
12777:
12773:
12766:
12759:
12758:
12753:
12747:
12740:
12739:
12733:
12726:
12725:
12719:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12705:
12704:
12694:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12665:
12659:
12656:
12655:
12652:
12651:
12649:
12642:
12635:
12628:
12621:
12619:
12612:
12610:
12608:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12592:
12585:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12562:
12555:
12553:
12551:
12544:
12541:
12535:
12534:
12532:
12530:
12528:
12526:
12524:
12522:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12507:
12506:Nasal lateral
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12492:
12490:
12481:
12479:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12449:
12447:
12445:
12443:
12436:
12435:
12433:
12431:
12422:
12413:
12404:
12402:
12393:
12384:
12382:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12362:
12360:
12351:
12342:
12340:
12331:
12322:
12320:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12300:
12298:
12289:
12280:
12278:
12269:
12260:
12258:
12249:
12244:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12227:
12225:
12223:
12221:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12204:
12203:
12201:
12194:
12187:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12104:
12097:
12090:
12084:
12083:
12081:
12074:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12023:
12017:
12016:
12009:
12002:
11995:
11988:
11981:
11979:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11961:
11956:
11950:
11949:
11942:
11935:
11928:
11921:
11914:
11907:
11900:
11893:
11886:
11879:
11867:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11846:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11824:
11818:
11815:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11806:
11804:
11802:
11800:
11798:
11791:
11789:
11782:
11780:
11773:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11755:
11748:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11738:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11719:
11712:
11710:
11703:
11701:
11694:
11692:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11630:
11623:
11616:
11609:
11602:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11584:
11577:
11575:
11573:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11537:
11530:
11523:
11516:
11509:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11491:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11435:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11413:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11395:
11388:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11369:
11362:
11356:
11355:
11353:
11351:
11344:
11342:
11335:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11318:
11311:
11309:
11307:
11300:
11293:
11291:
11289:
11282:
11280:
11273:
11271:
11264:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11240:
11238:
11231:
11229:
11222:
11220:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11207:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11183:
11181:
11179:
11177:
11171:
11170:
11163:
11156:
11149:
11142:
11135:
11128:
11121:
11114:
11107:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11079:
11072:
11065:
11058:
11051:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11016:
11009:
11002:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10989:
10987:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10974:
10967:
10960:
10953:
10946:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10892:
10885:
10878:
10871:
10864:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10836:
10834:
10832:
10825:
10818:
10811:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10758:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10716:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10688:
10681:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10665:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10646:
10644:
10637:
10630:
10623:
10616:
10609:
10602:
10595:
10588:
10581:
10579:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10552:
10545:
10538:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10495:
10488:
10481:
10474:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10426:
10424:
10417:
10415:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10323:Bilabial
10320:
10313:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10258:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10203:
10201:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10157:
10155:
10154:Special topics
10151:
10150:
10148:
10147:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10114:
10112:
10104:
10103:
10093:
10092:
10078:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10036:
10022:
10021:External links
10019:
10017:
10016:
9997:
9977:
9972:
9954:
9943:(3): 351–360,
9925:
9893:
9882:10.2307/474023
9876:(3): 343–348,
9865:
9860:
9847:
9842:
9829:
9818:10.2307/411232
9812:(3): 454–476,
9801:
9773:
9768:
9755:
9750:
9729:
9720:
9715:
9702:
9693:
9682:
9671:(2): 255–264,
9653:
9644:
9635:
9626:(3): 273–301,
9615:
9610:
9595:
9586:
9569:(4): 203–216,
9558:
9541:(1–2): 65–75,
9530:
9526:978-8070668436
9525:
9512:
9507:
9494:
9489:
9472:
9461:10.2307/339038
9444:
9439:
9426:
9421:
9408:
9397:(2): 255–259,
9382:
9379:
9346:
9341:
9325:
9317:Maddieson, Ian
9313:
9290:
9277:
9272:
9259:
9248:(1): 109–112,
9237:
9232:
9219:
9214:
9201:
9196:
9183:
9177:
9163:Maddieson, Ian
9155:
9143:
9131:
9127:978-3895860355
9126:
9113:
9108:
9100:Serbo-Croatian
9092:
9081:10.2307/304696
9064:
9060:978-3895868436
9059:
9046:
9041:
9028:
9016:(in Spanish),
9005:
8994:(1): 113–127,
8976:
8959:(2): 213–249,
8948:
8931:(2): 233–250,
8920:
8915:
8898:
8893:
8878:
8865:
8844:
8833:
8828:
8815:
8810:
8797:
8769:
8765:978-9004103405
8764:
8751:
8742:
8725:(1–2): 53–56,
8714:
8709:
8692:
8668:in RP English"
8659:
8628:
8616:(in Spanish),
8601:
8590:(2): 131–151,
8579:
8574:
8561:
8556:
8540:
8517:
8466:
8461:
8448:
8437:10.2307/412855
8431:(2): 282–292,
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8400:
8381:
8362:
8349:
8334:
8332:, p. 139.
8330:Grønnum (2005)
8319:
8317:, p. 115.
8315:Árnason (2011)
8304:
8285:
8276:, p. 361.
8266:
8251:
8244:
8214:
8199:
8187:
8185:, p. 385.
8175:
8163:
8148:
8133:
8121:
8119:, p. 263.
8102:
8090:
8078:
8076:, p. 527.
8066:
8063:on 2012-03-30.
8033:
8031:, p. 285.
8021:
8009:
7997:
7985:
7983:, p. 286.
7960:
7958:, p. 145.
7937:
7902:
7887:
7872:
7846:
7821:
7817:Saborit (2009)
7809:
7807:, p. 347.
7797:
7785:
7743:
7717:
7705:
7690:
7688:, p. 117.
7678:
7676:, p. 255.
7666:
7662:Mangold (2005)
7651:
7636:
7624:
7605:
7603:, p. 190.
7586:
7582:Grønnum (2005)
7571:
7552:
7548:Basbøll (2005)
7537:
7525:
7513:
7509:Sjoberg (1963)
7501:
7489:
7477:
7475:, p. 154.
7465:
7443:
7441:, p. 168.
7428:
7426:, p. 157.
7413:
7411:, p. 289.
7390:
7388:, p. 167.
7378:
7366:
7364:, p. 171.
7354:
7352:, p. 258.
7335:
7323:
7311:
7299:
7287:
7275:
7250:
7238:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7175:
7157:Jerzy Treder.
7149:
7132:
7105:
7086:
7084:, p. 104.
7074:
7072:, p. 144.
7070:Grønnum (2005)
7062:
7050:
7048:, p. 288.
7035:
7013:
7011:, p. 594.
7001:
6999:, p. 228.
6997:Palková (1994)
6989:
6977:
6965:
6946:
6934:
6911:
6907:Axundov (1983)
6899:
6887:
6875:
6856:
6854:, p. 283.
6841:
6826:
6814:
6810:Vijūnas (2010)
6799:
6784:
6757:(1): 106–140.
6735:
6723:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6604:
6601:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6553:oral consonant
6549:
6541:
6526:alveolar ridge
6514:
6497:
6494:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6438:
6430:
6429:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6281:
6280:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6213:
6211:
6203:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6076:
6069:
6067:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6004:
6001:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5970:
5963:
5960:oral consonant
5956:
5948:
5933:alveolar ridge
5921:
5904:
5901:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5689:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5644:
5636:
5635:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5111:
5110:Northern Italy
5107:
5106:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5065:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4504:
4502:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4434:
4433:Latin American
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4083:
4081:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2968:
2966:Serbo-Croatian
2962:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2194:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2078:
2071:
2068:oral consonant
2064:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2027:
2022:about half of
2004:alveolar ridge
2000:
1990:
1963:
1960:
1875:
1872:
1851:
1848:
1809:Proto-Germanic
1757:
1754:
1715:
1712:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1537:
1534:
1532:articulation.
1500:(with initial
1490:< medieval
1425:(contemporary
1369:
1366:
1210:
1207:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1027:alveolar ridge
1025:) against the
1006:
1003:
999:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
948:
947:
944:
937:
936:
931:
924:
923:
919:
918:
903:
892:
891:
887:
886:
878:
877:
869:
868:
860:
859:
854:
848:
847:
843:
842:
839:
833:
832:
824:
823:
815:
814:
806:
805:
798:
792:
791:
786:
780:
779:
776:
769:
768:
763:
756:
755:
751:
750:
735:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
709:
708:
700:
699:
692:
689:
686:
685:
679:
672:
666:
665:
662:pharyngealized
659:
651:
650:
644:
636:
635:
629:
621:
620:
615:
607:
606:
601:
593:
592:
586:
579:
573:
572:
567:
559:
558:
553:
545:
544:
539:
532:
524:
523:
512:
504:
503:
498:
490:
489:
486:denti-alveolar
478:
470:
469:
464:
457:
450:
442:
441:
438:
433:
423:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
409:
407:
405:
401:
400:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
373:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
320:
314:
313:
304:
295:
288:
280:
279:
274:
269:
262:
257:
238:
237:
214:
180:
101:
70:
48:alveolar ridge
34:are a type of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13754:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13686:
13685:
13684: rounded
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13658:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13645:
13634:
13618:
13611:
13598:
13591:
13585:
13569:
13562:
13560:
13556:
13553:
13547:
13540:
13527:
13520:
13518:
13514:
13507:
13491:
13484:
13478:
13462:
13455:
13449:
13433:
13426:
13424:
13420:
13413:
13397:
13390:
13384:
13377:
13371:
13355:
13348:
13346:
13342:
13335:
13319:
13312:
13306:
13290:
13283:
13277:
13261:
13254:
13252:
13248:
13241:
13227:
13225:
13219:
13203:
13196:
13194:
13190:
13183:
13167:
13160:
13154:
13138:
13131:
13125:
13109:
13097:
13095:
13091:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13063:
13059:
13054:
13050:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13010:
13006:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12977:
12976:
12965:
12959:
12950:
12943:
12936:
12929:
12923:
12915:
12908:
12906:
12899:
12887:
12880:
12872:
12866:
12859:
12852:
12848:
12839:
12838:Labial–uvular
12833:
12826:
12820:
12808:
12801:
12789:
12782:
12770:
12763:
12756:
12750:
12744:
12736:
12730:
12722:
12716:
12709:
12703:
12702:
12699:
12698:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12670:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12660:
12658:
12657:
12650:
12647:
12643:
12640:
12636:
12633:
12629:
12626:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12613:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12602:
12600:
12596:
12593:
12590:
12586:
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10311:
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10220:
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10213:
10210:
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10205:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10166:Case variants
10164:
10162:
10161:Cursive forms
10159:
10158:
10156:
10152:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10083:
10076:
10071:
10069:
10064:
10062:
10057:
10056:
10053:
10047:
10043:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10008:on 2018-07-25
10004:
10000:
9994:
9990:
9983:
9978:
9975:
9969:
9962:
9961:
9955:
9951:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9931:
9926:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9866:
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9857:
9853:
9848:
9845:
9839:
9835:
9830:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9802:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9774:
9771:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9753:
9747:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9721:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9703:
9699:
9694:
9690:
9689:
9683:
9679:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9659:
9654:
9650:
9645:
9641:
9636:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9616:
9613:
9611:9788301012885
9607:
9603:
9602:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9559:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9531:
9528:
9522:
9519:, Karolinum,
9518:
9513:
9510:
9504:
9500:
9495:
9492:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9473:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9445:
9442:
9436:
9432:
9427:
9424:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9383:
9380:
9371:on 2021-02-25
9367:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9347:
9344:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9304:
9296:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9278:
9275:
9269:
9265:
9260:
9256:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9238:
9235:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9217:
9211:
9207:
9202:
9199:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9178:0-631-19815-6
9174:
9170:
9169:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9129:
9123:
9119:
9114:
9111:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9065:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9044:
9042:9783895864704
9038:
9034:
9029:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8982:
8977:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8949:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8918:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8896:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8834:
8831:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8813:
8807:
8803:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8770:
8767:
8761:
8757:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8715:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8693:
8684:on 2014-04-19
8680:
8676:
8669:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8633:Glottometrics
8629:
8619:
8615:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8559:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8544:Basbøll, Hans
8541:
8537:
8531:
8523:
8518:
8509:on 2013-12-11
8505:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8472:
8467:
8464:
8458:
8454:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8353:
8347:, p. 25.
8346:
8341:
8339:
8331:
8326:
8324:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8300:
8295:, p. 30.
8294:
8289:
8281:
8275:
8274:Boberg (2004)
8270:
8263:
8258:
8256:
8247:
8245:9780521830201
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8195:Watson (2007)
8191:
8184:
8179:
8172:
8171:Hickey (1984)
8167:
8160:
8159:Buizza (2011)
8155:
8153:
8145:
8140:
8138:
8130:
8125:
8118:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8099:
8094:
8087:
8082:
8075:
8070:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8043:
8037:
8030:
8025:
8019:, p. 71.
8018:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7994:
7989:
7982:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7909:
7907:
7900:, p. 12.
7899:
7894:
7892:
7885:, p. 27.
7884:
7879:
7877:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7836:on 2021-02-25
7835:
7831:
7825:
7819:, p. 12.
7818:
7813:
7806:
7801:
7795:, p. 54.
7794:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7766:. London: 7.
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7740:0-415-05655-1
7737:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7722:
7714:
7709:
7703:, p. 91.
7702:
7697:
7695:
7687:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7664:, p. 50.
7663:
7658:
7656:
7649:, p. 73.
7648:
7643:
7641:
7634:, p. 75.
7633:
7628:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7576:
7564:
7559:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7542:
7535:, p. 37.
7534:
7529:
7522:
7517:
7511:, p. 11.
7510:
7505:
7498:
7493:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7461:
7456:, p. 66.
7455:
7450:
7448:
7440:
7435:
7433:
7425:
7420:
7418:
7410:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7387:
7382:
7375:
7370:
7363:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7333:, p. 21.
7332:
7327:
7321:, p. 67.
7320:
7315:
7308:
7307:Kordić (2006)
7303:
7297:, p. 18.
7296:
7291:
7285:, p. 67.
7284:
7279:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7242:
7235:
7230:
7228:
7220:
7215:
7208:
7203:
7197:, p. 11.
7196:
7191:
7185:, p. 10.
7184:
7179:
7165:on 2016-03-04
7164:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7130:, p. 72.
7129:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7103:, p. 68.
7102:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7083:
7082:Szende (1999)
7078:
7071:
7066:
7060:, p. 79.
7059:
7054:
7047:
7042:
7040:
7023:
7017:
7010:
7005:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6961:
6956:, p. 46.
6955:
6950:
6944:, p. 47.
6943:
6938:
6931:
6927:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6908:
6903:
6896:
6891:
6884:
6879:
6873:, p. 154
6872:
6868:
6863:
6861:
6853:
6848:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6745:Claire Bowern
6739:
6732:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6453:
6440:
6431:
6422:
6413:
6408:
6396:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6359:Laminal. See
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6235:instead. See
6232:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6180:Allophone of
6177:
6174:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5744:
5739:
5731:
5724:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5693:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5655:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5623:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5379:postalveolars
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5319:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5101:and south of
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5064:Central Italy
5063:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4765:Most dialects
4764:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:Mount Everest
4265:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3659:Laminal. See
3658:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:Laminal. See
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3483:/ca carr bhye
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3250:Upper Sorbian
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3091:Allophone of
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:Ibero-Romance
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:Astur-Leonese
1881:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:dentialveolar
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:Indo-European
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:> Italian
1642:
1639:"lax", Latin
1638:
1635:> Spanish
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:) from Latin
1493:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1472:) from Latin
1471:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1203:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Astur-Leonese
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:, as well as
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
974:with ⟨
973:
969:
968:
962:
960:
955:
945:
938:
932:
925:
920:
915:
907:
893:
888:
879:
870:
865:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
838:
834:
825:
816:
811:
803:
799:
797:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
770:
764:
757:
752:
747:
739:
725:
720:
716:
714:
710:
701:
696:
683:
680:
673:
671:
667:
663:
660:
653:
652:
648:
645:
638:
637:
633:
630:
623:
622:
619:
616:
609:
608:
605:
602:
595:
594:
590:
587:
580:
578:
574:
571:
568:
561:
560:
557:
554:
547:
546:
543:
540:
533:
531:
525:
521:
516:
513:
506:
505:
502:
499:
492:
491:
487:
482:
479:
472:
471:
468:
465:
458:
456:
449:
443:
439:
434:
431:
421:
419:
417:
415:
410:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:Non-sibilant
374:
371:
366:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
329:
324:
319:
316:
315:
311:
305:
302:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
277:Post-alveolar
273:
268:
261:
255:
251:
245:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
13677:
12954:Labial–velar
12904:
12891:Labial–velar
12812:Labial–velar
12749:Labial–velar
12695:
12241:(top: velar;
11868:
11848:
10928:
10275:
10142:
10138:
10041:[ɹ̥]
10010:, retrieved
10003:the original
9988:
9959:
9940:
9936:
9905:
9901:
9873:
9869:
9851:
9833:
9809:
9805:
9784:(2): 37–41,
9781:
9777:
9759:
9737:
9724:
9706:
9697:
9687:
9668:
9664:
9648:
9639:
9623:
9619:
9600:
9590:
9566:
9562:
9538:
9534:
9516:
9498:
9480:
9455:(1): 60–67,
9452:
9448:
9430:
9412:
9394:
9390:
9373:, retrieved
9366:the original
9361:
9357:
9332:
9329:Mangold, Max
9320:
9294:
9282:
9263:
9245:
9241:
9223:
9205:
9187:
9167:
9150:
9135:
9117:
9099:
9075:(1): 42–54,
9072:
9068:
9050:
9032:
9022:, retrieved
9017:
9013:
8991:
8987:
8956:
8952:
8928:
8924:
8906:
8883:
8848:
8838:
8819:
8801:
8780:(2): 90–94,
8777:
8773:
8755:
8746:
8722:
8718:
8700:
8696:
8686:, retrieved
8679:the original
8674:
8636:
8632:
8622:, retrieved
8617:
8613:
8587:
8583:
8565:
8547:
8521:
8511:, retrieved
8504:the original
8481:
8477:
8452:
8428:
8424:
8403:
8394:
8384:
8376:academia.edu
8375:
8365:
8357:
8352:
8288:
8269:
8262:Laver (1994)
8227:
8217:
8208:
8202:
8190:
8178:
8166:
8124:
8117:Laver (1994)
8093:
8081:
8069:
8058:the original
8053:
8049:
8036:
8029:Adams (1975)
8024:
8012:
8000:
7993:Adams (1975)
7988:
7981:Adams (1975)
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7913:Kress (1982)
7864:. Retrieved
7862:(in Italian)
7859:
7849:
7838:. Retrieved
7834:the original
7824:
7812:
7800:
7788:
7763:
7759:
7746:
7728:
7708:
7686:Okada (1999)
7681:
7669:
7627:
7528:
7516:
7504:
7492:
7480:
7468:
7409:Adams (1975)
7381:
7369:
7357:
7326:
7314:
7309:, p. 5.
7302:
7290:
7278:
7266:. Retrieved
7253:
7241:
7234:Skaug (2003)
7221:, p. 1.
7214:
7209:, p. 6.
7202:
7190:
7178:
7167:. Retrieved
7163:the original
7152:
7077:
7065:
7053:
7046:Adams (1975)
7026:. Retrieved
7016:
7004:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6949:
6937:
6902:
6897:, p. 7.
6890:
6878:
6852:Adams (1975)
6839:, p. ?.
6824:, p. ?.
6822:Obaid (1973)
6817:
6797:, p. ?.
6795:Adams (1975)
6754:
6748:
6738:
6733:, p. ?.
6726:
6721:, p. ?.
6714:
6686:Tongue shape
6655:
6535:
6529:
6489:
6487:
6376:
6345:
6312:
6309:
6251:
6248:
6200:Newfoundland
6134:
6132:
6103:
6060:
6026:
6024:
5942:
5936:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5874:
5837:
5835:
5814:124 402A 430
5676:Audio sample
5595:
5589:West Frisian
5570:
5569:
5538:
5536:
5488:
5469:Paisa accent
5429:
5401:
5397:
5363:
5339:Merges with
5306:
5267:
5252:Languedocien
5231:
5195:
5153:
5070:
5051:Apical. See
5037:
5007:
4996:
4970:
4941:
4915:
4891:
4890:
4876:
4861:
4834:
4800:
4785:Apical. See
4771:
4741:
4734:
4708:
4683:
4629:
4592:
4553:
4526:
4496:
4439:
4382:
4352:
4320:
4289:
4255:
4203:
4176:
4146:
4115:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4040:
4010:
3958:
3925:
3886:
3859:
3830:
3799:
3770:
3731:
3690:
3645:
3612:
3579:
3550:
3513:
3503:
3454:
3427:
3366:
3308:
3280:
3256:
3223:
3213:
3183:
3153:
3144:
3114:
3077:
3041:
3013:
3012:
2984:
2973:
2943:
2903:
2892:
2861:
2821:
2791:
2734:
2724:
2695:
2691:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2623:
2567:
2534:
2504:
2466:
2437:
2407:
2376:
2336:
2325:
2290:
2280:
2250:
2223:
2180:
2034:
2030:
2013:
2007:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1942:tongue shape
1939:
1935:Modern Greek
1920:
1877:
1853:
1829:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1735:
1727:Scandinavian
1720:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1702:and English
1699:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1561:
1539:
1526:Modern Greek
1523:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1491:
1469:
1447:
1422:
1412:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1371:
1212:
1174:
1162:Modern Greek
1159:
1132:
1085:
1014:
1010:
1008:
988:
983:
979:
966:
964:
958:
957:
953:
951:
890:Audio sample
722:Audio sample
520:postalveolar
239:
229:
225:
221:
194:
187:
117:Asturleonese
85:
81:
77:
66:
59:
31:
29:
12916:approximant
12851:approximant
11175:Approximant
10244:IPA Braille
10222:Kirshenbaum
10029:[s]
9733:Suomi, Kari
8360:, p 122–123
7727:Hualde, J.
7295:Lamb (2003)
7283:Chew (2003)
7219:Lunt (1952)
7195:Kara (2003)
7183:Kara (2002)
6296:New Zealand
5850:palatalized
5374:'fisherman'
5317:'weariness'
5261:Piedmontese
5084:Present in
5081:'you go up'
4845:'I suffer'
4093:: 'Spanish'
3969:'you go up'
3781:'Who hopes'
3239:palatalized
2773:contrasts.
2578:'you go up'
2306:palatalized
2216:Azerbaijani
1789:> Latin
1778:> Latin
1694:for modern
1688:Old English
1664:High German
1510:"shaver").
1321:Old English
1319:"to know" (
1299:High German
1227:Old Spanish
1151:Scandinavia
1106:, and some
1047:Middle Ages
589:palatalized
252:fricatives
13706:Categories
13667:full chart
13193:Near-close
12987:full chart
12909:(variable)
12679:full chart
12162:affricate
11838:full chart
11467:affricate
10267:Consonants
10239:IPA number
10101:IPA topics
10012:2015-04-12
9477:"Japanese"
9375:2013-04-22
9024:2021-02-03
8688:2014-04-18
8624:2021-02-03
8513:2013-12-11
8484:: 97–208,
8416:References
7866:2024-06-23
7840:2013-04-23
7207:Nau (1998)
7169:2015-11-16
7028:2 December
6985:Lin (2001)
6665:'thirsty'
6639:'anguish'
6593:Occurrence
6511:turbulence
6356:'the roof'
6268:following
6127:Australian
5993:Occurrence
5918:turbulence
5883:⟩.
5860:⟩ (
5810:IPA Number
5756:IPA Number
5667:IPA Number
5580:'vehicle'
5559:Vietnamese
5549:Contrasts
5351:Inland and
5290:Portuguese
5172:Low German
4585:Vietnamese
4473:Andalusian
4374:Portuguese
4125:'machine'
3910:Hindustani
3656:'to stand'
3623:'to stand'
3298:Vietnamese
3241:form. See
3166:Contrasts
3022:'hundred'
2784:Urban East
2717:Macedonian
2440:авăт/savët
2347:'everyone'
2308:form. See
2273:Belarusian
2208:'mountain'
2101:Occurrence
1987:turbulence
1914:. Basque,
1900:Portuguese
1836:Neapolitan
1733:dialects.
1731:Low German
1714:Exceptions
1562:Distinción
1556:distinción
1446:(formerly
1383:Old French
1287:affricates
1143:Low German
1120:Antioqueño
1104:Portuguese
1029:. It is a
837:IPA Number
766:s
713:IPA Number
632:labialized
248:Voiceless
13517:Near-open
13251:Close-mid
12935:Implosive
12928:Velarized
12847:Fricative
12599:Voiceless
12539:Implosive
12088:Fricative
12021:Affricate
11855:voiceless
10907:fricative
10905:Sibilant
10663:affricate
10310:Laryngeal
10200:Encodings
9982:"Turkish"
9922:0935-3518
9798:243640727
9583:145316121
9563:Phonetica
9555:145119728
9331:(2005) ,
8945:145672742
8875:249404451
8794:249414876
8739:249411809
8646:0802.4198
8639:: 63–79.
8614:Thesaurus
8486:CiteSeerX
7780:246637825
7733:Routledge
7268:April 19,
6779:Q56228341
6771:1877-4091
6551:It is an
6545:phonation
6507:fricative
6338:Icelandic
6322:'spider'
6288:speakers
6210:speakers
6096:Bolognese
5958:It is an
5952:phonation
5914:fricative
5862:retracted
5715:(decimal)
5551:/θs̪s̠ʃʂ/
5462:Castilian
5411:'stairs'
5353:southern
5332:European,
5187:Mirandese
5030:Icelandic
4900:'always'
4749:'hundred'
4091:adjective
4088:: 'Spain'
4033:Kabardian
3762:Esperanto
3720:instead.
3560:'twinkle'
3536:Cantonese
3523:'picture'
3234:'village'
3206:Ukrainian
3168:/θs̪s̠ʃʂ/
2996:'village'
2842:'catfish'
2779:Norwegian
2767:sibilants
2757:Mirandese
2705:'ancient'
2603:Kashubian
2527:Hungarian
2317:Bulgarian
2301:'century'
2066:It is an
2060:phonation
1979:fricative
1916:Mirandese
1725:and many
1698:, German
1690:spelling
1611:"force",
1592:Alemannic
1577:Mirandese
1433:Mozarabic
1408:kosztować
1147:Icelandic
1116:Mirandese
1019:fricative
929:(decimal)
761:(decimal)
682:aspirated
678:⟩
658:⟩
647:velarized
643:⟩
628:⟩
614:⟩
600:⟩
585:⟩
577:secondary
570:retroflex
566:⟩
552:⟩
538:⟩
515:retracted
511:⟩
497:⟩
477:⟩
463:⟩
292:Retroflex
285:Retracted
242:sibilants
199:Icelandic
145:Icelandic
109:retroflex
98:Andalusia
96:(eastern
13678:Legend:
13672:template
13651:IPA help
13423:Open-mid
12992:template
12982:IPA help
12958:Ejective
12930:alveolar
12684:template
12663:IPA help
11954:Ejective
11843:template
11822:IPA help
11260:Tap/flap
10660:Sibilant
10343:Alveolar
9806:Language
9449:Hispania
9319:(1984),
9303:citation
9297:, Skopje
9165:(1996).
9149:(2005),
9098:(2006),
8973:91182225
8546:(2005),
8530:citation
8425:Language
7754:(1921).
6930:Goizueta
6775:Wikidata
6675:See also
6627:dialect
6600:Language
6578:pulmonic
6565:It is a
6558:It is a
6522:alveolar
6496:Features
6208:American
6038:Tapped;
6000:Language
5978:pulmonic
5965:It is a
5929:alveolar
5903:Features
5824:Unicode
5819:Encoding
5765:Encoding
5760:151 402A
5726:Unicode
5708:Encoding
5583:Apical.
5511:Bohuslän
5481:Blekinge
5440:'jumper'
5355:capixaba
5295:European
5284:Apical.
5166:Apical.
5134:Syracuse
4983:Apical.
4980:'health'
4964:Galician
4908:Estonian
4696:Apical.
4676:Asturian
4656:Language
4480:Filipino
4466:Canarian
4450:'jumper'
4393:'I hunt'
4313:Limousin
4157:'island'
4067:អេស្ប៉ាញ
4021:'plural'
3994:Japanese
3952:Standard
3852:Georgian
3822:Standard
3464:'street'
3419:Assyrian
3407:'to sit'
3339:Language
3163:'money'
2954:'cheers'
2854:Romanian
2676:'carrot'
2561:Standard
2545:'island'
2461:Auckland
2361:Mandarin
2293:tağoddzě
2283:тагоддзе
2168:Armenian
2160:'mosque'
2113:Language
2086:pulmonic
2073:It is a
1997:alveolar
1976:sibilant
1962:Features
1896:Galician
1868:Kumeyaay
1791:sabbatum
1742:Galician
1645:crescere
1641:crescere
1615:"city",
1497:cīsōrias
1209:Medieval
1188:⟨
1164:(with a
1133:Amongst
1128:Colombia
1100:Galician
1059:Portugal
1031:sibilant
991:sibilant
940:Unicode
922:Encoding
846:Encoding
772:Unicode
754:Encoding
684:coronal
674:⟨
664:coronal
654:⟨
649:coronal
639:⟨
634:coronal
624:⟨
610:⟨
596:⟨
591:coronal
581:⟨
562:⟨
548:⟨
534:⟨
530:(tongue)
507:⟨
501:alveolar
493:⟨
481:advanced
473:⟨
459:⟨
440:meaning
318:Sibilant
308:Alveolo-
301:alveolar
272:Alveolar
267:alveolar
169:Garifuna
165:Muscogee
163:such as
133:Galician
13682:•
13082:Central
12914:Lateral
12755:Plosive
12543:Voiced
12441:lateral
12439:Tenuis
12430:
12160:Lateral
11465:Lateral
10515:Plosive
10378:Glottal
10358:Palatal
10300:Coronal
10217:X-SAMPA
10046:PHOIBLE
10034:PHOIBLE
9413:Latvian
8903:"Dutch"
8651:Bibcode
7731:(1991)
6611:Meaning
6548:sounds.
6537:laminal
6368:Turkish
6305:Faroese
6261:'trap'
6144:'Italy'
6122:English
6114:'lemon'
6091:Emilian
6020:Afenmai
6011:Meaning
5955:sounds.
5944:laminal
5897:Flapped
5846:coronal
5771:X-SAMPA
5713:Entity
5671:130 414
5546:'milk'
5518:Halland
5476:Swedish
5432:altador
5417:Spanish
5219:Occitan
5146:Leonese
5103:Potenza
5095:Perugia
5060:Italian
5048:'I say'
4934:Finnish
4886:Emilian
4856:Glasgow
4851:English
4782:'seven'
4761:Catalan
4727:Bengali
4667:Meaning
4564:'taste'
4545:Tagalog
4518:Sylheti
4508:Swahili
4487:Swahili
4442:altador
4429:Spanish
4421:'snake'
4405:Punjabi
4362:'apple'
4338:Persian
4308:Occitan
4300:'equal'
4236:'snake'
4221:Marathi
4195:Maltese
4107:ម៉ាស៊ីន
3948:Italian
3871:'three'
3793:Faroese
3773:peranto
3726:English
3683:Emilian
3531:Chinese
3496:Chechen
3481:စစားဗျီ
3476:Burmese
3446:Bengali
3438:'sword'
3402:/ǧalasa
3350:Meaning
3194:'water'
3176:Turkish
3104:Swedish
3088:'to be'
3069:Iberian
3064:Spanish
3052:'world'
3034:Slovene
2884:Russian
2684:Latvian
2557:Italian
2515:'front'
2456:English
2430:Chuvash
2418:'world'
2388:'three'
2356:Chinese
2261:'thing'
2234:'water'
2173:Eastern
2124:Meaning
2063:sounds.
2035:laminal
2024:English
2015:laminal
1947:grooved
1927:laminal
1904:Spanish
1888:Catalan
1882:(e.g.,
1864:Luiseño
1832:Italian
1795:Semitic
1787:Shabbat
1766:Aramaic
1746:Catalan
1658:"find".
1625:miscere
1613:civitas
1530:laminal
1492:tiseras
1487:tixeras
1481:tijeras
1459:sapōnem
1391:pousser
1340:), and
1251:Germany
1235:Catalan
1166:laminal
1124:Pastuso
1108:Occitan
1096:Catalan
1043:Spanish
1017:) is a
984:psssst!
927:Entity
852:X-SAMPA
796:Braille
784:X-SAMPA
759:Entity
556:laminal
461:s̪
455:(mouth)
453:passive
437:symbol
404:tapped
310:palatal
299:Palato-
250:coronal
192:English
173:Quechua
153:Finnish
149:Swedish
129:Catalan
115:, like
90:Spanish
64:English
13660:
13058:Vowels
12907:-sound
12672:
12309:Voiced
12247:Tenuis
11851:voiced
11831:
10822:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
10368:Uvular
10338:Dental
10317:Manner
10305:Dorsal
10295:Labial
9995:
9970:
9920:
9890:474023
9888:
9858:
9840:
9826:411232
9824:
9796:
9766:
9748:
9713:
9608:
9581:
9553:
9523:
9505:
9487:
9469:339038
9467:
9437:
9419:
9339:
9270:
9230:
9212:
9194:
9175:
9124:
9106:
9089:304696
9087:
9057:
9051:Kyrgyz
9039:
8971:
8943:
8913:
8891:
8873:
8863:
8826:
8808:
8792:
8762:
8737:
8707:
8618:XLVIII
8572:
8554:
8524:, Baku
8488:
8459:
8445:412855
8443:
8242:
8211:: 139.
7921:sausen
7778:
7738:
6777:
6769:
6620:Arabic
6614:Notes
6531:apical
6393:. See
6386:'a(n)'
6329:. See
6315:koppur
6274:/tʃɹ-/
6193:Scouse
6184:. See
6151:. See
6014:Notes
5938:apical
5696:·
5694:
5692:source
5605:'salt'
5564:Saigon
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1352:) vs.
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12942:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
12708:Nasal
12674:audio
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11833:audio
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10006:(PDF)
9985:(PDF)
9964:(PDF)
9933:(PDF)
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9742:(PDF)
9661:(PDF)
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9369:(PDF)
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8984:(PDF)
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8941:S2CID
8871:S2CID
8790:S2CID
8735:S2CID
8699:[
8682:(PDF)
8671:(PDF)
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8610:(PDF)
8507:(PDF)
8474:(PDF)
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8061:(PDF)
8052:[
8046:(PDF)
7776:S2CID
7263:(PDF)
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6632:الضيم
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6229:[
6225:]
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5826:(hex)
5728:(hex)
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3714:[
3710:]
3706:[
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3602:Dutch
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2051:]
2047:[
2043:]
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12964:t͡pʼ
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12191:k𝼄ʼ
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