Classical Quechua - Knowledge

980:

area. Authors such as Mannheim (1991: 142) and Durston (2007: 191–194) consider the Third Council norm to be, indeed, based on the dialect of Cuzco with small artificial modifications of the type mentioned above. In the orthography, the codifiers opted for not marking the aspirates and ejectives typical of Cuzco, contributing to the resemblance of the written form to the modern Ayacucho dialect. However, they explicitly motivated that strategy not as an accommodation of dialects lacking these sounds, but with the fact that "the meanings do not concur and the interpreters do not agree among themselves". In fact, not even the contrast between "k" and "q" was expressed, which some have connected with its loss in many northern Quechua varieties. In any case, both the principle of avoiding Cuzco-specific lexemes and the one of not marking the ejectives, the aspirates and the uvular-velar contrast were deviated from to some extent in many subsequently published texts in Standard Colonial Quechua that sought to reflect Cuzco usage more faithfully.

483: 1185:, where these changes have not taken place. From Juan de Aguilar's grammar of 1691, the first clear signs of such lenition in Cuzco Quechua begin to appear, and later texts display various stages in the process. Other Cuzco changes that had not yet taken place in Standard Colonial Quechua were: (1) the rule that makes the suffixes /-yku/ and /-rqu/ lose their consonants and replace the vowel /u/ with /a/ before the suffixes /-mu/, /-pu/ and /chi/; (2) the replacement of the nasal /ɲ/ and word-final /m/ in some morphemes with the unmarked /n/. Finally, the euphonic /ni/ that is inserted before suffixes after consonant-final stems had an allomorph /i/ before /q/, /ŝ/ and /r/, which is absent in modern Cuzco Quechua. On the other hand, already in Standard Colonial Quechua times, there was a dialectal difference between the presence of 1400:

renaissance occurred at the turn of the century with the grammars of Juan de Aguilar (1690) and Estevan Sancho de Melgar (1691), as well as the 1701 revised re-edition of Torres Rubio's grammar by Juan de Figueredo. These late grammars reflect a language stage noticeably different from Standard Colonial Quechua, since the ones by Aguilar and Melgar reflect regional innovations that had taken place in the meantime in the Cuzco dialect, whereas the one by Figueredo had an added focus on Central Quechua (Chinchaysuyo). An even greater focus on Central Quechua was present in the third edition of Torres Rubio's grammar in 1754 with notes by Bernardo de Zubieta y Rojas.

1153:, which increasingly set it apart both from Standard Colonial Quechua as well as from other Southern Quechua varieties. Indian Quechua speakers also produced their own informal devotional texts in manuscript form, partly continuing the tradition of the official ecclesiastical literature of the classical period. During the same period, in addition to the reeditions of older works re-oriented towards Central Quechua, the first religious texts composed specifically in the Quechua varieties of modern Ecuador (by Luis Francisco Romero, 1725, 1753) and Bolivia (by Juan Antonio Dávila Morales, 1739) appeared. This efflorescence was ended by the defeat of the 3875:. When the object is in the third person, this is not marked especially – the form coincides with the one used in the absence of an object and with intransitive verbs, or the third person object suffix could be said to be expressed by a zero morpheme -∅. However, for other persons as objects, there are two suffixes that are placed in a slot before the tense suffixes. Furthermore, since the use of these suffixes partly depends on the subject as well, it is necessary to take into account each possible combination of subject and a non-3rd person object. These combinations were known in early colonial grammars as 'transitions'. 323: 398: 268: 1388:

published on the orders of the Sixth Council of Lima in 1773 along with a reedition of the Third Catechism of the Third Council's Doctrina Christiana. At the same time, the tradition had an offshoot in the informal production of devotional manuscripts by indigenous Quechua speakers that became abundant in the 18th century: they contained mostly copies of earlier texts, but also some apparently new litanies and translations of psalms and hymns. They clearly reflect the changes that had taken place in the regional dialects of their origin by that time:

1284:

religious texts were complemented by a grammar and a dictionary, both of which were published anonymously in 1586 and printed in Lima by Antonio Ricardo (specifically summoned from Mexico for this purpose). The latter essentially remained the standard ones for the Standard Colonial Quechua period and were later re-published in revised forms three times, in 1603, 1604 (published under the name of Alonso Martínez, a member of the Third Council translation team) and 1614. Two of the four translators, Francisco Carrasco and Bartolomé de Santiago, were

1122:

was reflected in a halt of publications of original linguistic work on Quechua (although occasional reprints continued) after the middle of the century, and a general loss of interest by the Church and the State alike in developing a literature in Quechua. The requirements for priests to have competence in Quechua became ever less stringent from the same time on and the cathedral Quechua chair in Lima was closed in 1694. An effort was made to reverse this policy only a hundred years later, in 1754, by the archbishop of Lima,

997:

mining industry. An additional factor was the prestige of Cuzco: there are numerous references to the fact that by the time of the Third Council in the 1580s, it was Southern Quechua and specifically the dialect of Cuzco that was seen as the most refined and closest to the way the Incas had spoken, hence worthiest of being used to express 'lofty concepts'. The focus on Cuzco in particular is explicable in view of its status as the former Inca capital, which led to be it being seen as 'the

1063:

in contact with the urban centres. Besides its clerical use, Standard Colonial Quechua was the primary native vehicle of written communication, seen in personal letters and, to some extent, in legal and administrative contexts such as the writing of petitions and titles to land and office. However, unlike Nahuatl in Mexico, Quechua was almost never used in notary records, with only two fragments surviving, possibly because of a 1576 ban on mestizos' occupying the office of notary.

1448:; Justiniani codex from the 1770s–1780s, Sahuaraura codex from 1838, but representing a more archaic linguistic stage than the Justiniani manuscript). While these dramas are also seen as belonging to the classical period of Quechua literature, their linguistic basis was clearly more decidedly local and specific to Cuzco than that of previous works, and they display a gradually increasing amount of linguistic innovations specific to later Cuzco Quechua – in particular, extensive 686:(1560). Alternatively, these works might partly reflect a different coastal dialect, that of Lima, or a mixture of the two, combined with elements from the nearby Central Quechua dialects. It does appear that Santo Tomás mixed words from several dialects, Southern and Central, in his works, while the morphology is predominantly Southern. It has also been claimed that some of the features of his variety are suggestive of affiliation with Quechua IIB (Northern Quechua). 1224:(1557) contains some Quechua words which appear to reflect a variety of Coastal Quechua and not Southern Quechua, in spite of having been written in Cuzco. In 1560, a grammar and a dictionary, including Christian religious texts, in what was probably also a variety of Coastal Quechua (with apparent Southern as well as Central lexical elements and even some Northern ones according to some authors) were published by Dominican priest 1452:. In fact, it appears that the supraregional Standard Colonial Quechua standard as codified by the Third Council gradually fell out of use in roughly the same period as the one when the Golden Age of Quechua theatre began. For this reason, the dramas have sometimes been described as more or less archaic specimens of Cuzco Quechua rather than of Standard Colonial Quechua in the narrow sense of the word. 1039:

sermon and general confession prayer that he includes in his 1560 work. At the same time, a chaplaincy was established in Lima cathedral, providing a stipend for a cleric to regularly preach in 'the Indian language' (presumably Quechua) there. Another Quechua catechism is known to have been produced by the Jesuits in Lima by 1569, and yet another set of texts was being worked on by them around 1576.

1091:(1631), although César Itier also believes it to be present in Alonso de Huerta (1616) and Torres Rubio (1619). In some respects, it seems that these authors were drawing on the traditions of Cuzco's pre-Third Council literary and linguistic project, whose production has not survived. Specifically the practice of representing the ejectives and aspirates characteristic of Cuzco was also adopted by 1137:). There was also a growing perception that the Christianisation of the indigenous people was already as complete as it was realistic to expect. Some contributing factors may have been a controversy regarding the linguistic and theological quality of Quechua-language preaching that took place in the 1650s, and an official Hispanisation policy that the Spanish monarchy embarked on in the 1680s. 25: 1067:

throughout the Southern Peruvian highlands and the displacement of other native languages by it was only achieved in the colonial period due to its promotion by the Spanish authorities or economic activity, whereas others have contended that the significance of these factors was probably small and that the Southern Quechua area must have been homogeneous since before the

948:. Accordingly, it can be seen as some sort of natural continuation of the Inca lingua franca, still essentially the same "Southern Peruvian Quechua", if the Inca koiné is assumed to have been a Cuzco dialect of type IIC, or it can be regarded as a distinct rupture according to the currently more common view that the Incas had used a different, Coastal Quechua variety. 1118:'). Some argued that priests working in these areas needed to acquire competence in Central Quechua in order to be able to communicate properly with the parishioners, while others objected by asserting that the standard variety was sufficiently comprehensible there and was more refined, closer to the Incas' speech and thus more appropriate for its purpose. 1111:

This Central Quechua tendency is expressed, albeit inconsistently, in the works of Luis Jerónimo de Oré (1598), Francisco de Ávila (1648), Juan Avendaño (1648), Diego de Molina (1649), and, most extensively, by Juan Castromonte (1651?). Huerta, Molina and Castromonte also made, like Holguín, an effort to distinguish between /k/ and /q/ in their spelling.

5795:, which signals a new topic in contrast with the previous one and can be translated as 'and', 'but', 'as for', or 'what about' (the latter in questions). The topic particle is mutually exclusive with the enclitic particles encoding evidentiality, one of which is typically added to the first available unit of each clause. There are three of these: 920:

religious and administrative purposes during the rest of the 16th and at least the first half of the 17th century, although modifications of some details were by no means uncommon. The exact nature and origins of this variety and its relationship to the Inca lingua franca and to different Quechua regional dialects are somewhat controversial.

3842:– this was more common in more Cuzco-influenced texts. The so-called future tense, which usually has the modal meaning of the speakers' desire or assessment of obligation, is expressed somewhat irregularly by a portmanteau suffix that simultaneously encodes person and even number. Its allomophy is presented in more detail in the section on 5527:'what we have seen'. The past participle may be combined with the copula (which is absent in the third person) to form a compound perfect tense expressing resultative state, sometimes with a nuance of surprising discovery. In that case, the participle takes the object suffixes, but the copula takes the plurality suffixes: 1372:, which was probably the mother tongue of the editor. Alternative views are that the language of the Huarochiri Manuscript actually belongs to Quechua IIB (Northern Quechua) or that its dialectal provenience is uncertain. Another notable source are the so-called Cotahuasi Letters, written in 1616 by local 5531:'he said it to us'. In view of the passive meaning, the combination of past participle and copula is also the periphrasis that colonial grammars propose as a translation of the Latin passive. However, the past participle may also be used, similarly to the infinitive, as a noun denoting the action itself ( 1177:. The lenition of syllable-final consonants that is typical of modern Cuzco-Collao Quechua (/k/ after front vowels > /tʃ/ > /ʃ/ > /s/, /t/ > /s/, /p/ > /ɸ/ > /χ/, /q/ > /χ/, /w/ > /y/, /r/ > /ɹ/) had not yet taken place in the language of the Third Council or in that of the 3996:

The subject suffixes are placed in the slot after the tense suffixes. They are sometimes influenced by the preceding tense suffixes and the following plural suffixes, leading to outright fusion in some cases, so a complete picture is impossible in isolation. Nonetheless, the following elements can be

1986:

The retroflex affricate is reconstructed for Proto-Quechua, but usually not for Standard Colonial Quechua. It has merged with in most modern Southern dialects. According to Gerald Taylor, it is unclear whether /t͡ʂ/ existed as a separate phoneme in Standard Colonial Quechua as a whole, but it seems

1982:

series of stops and affricates corresponding to the plain ones, but the orthography of the colonial period generally did not express them. In addition, it is clear that there was dialectal variation. In the 17th century, the Cuzco dialect was said to be characterised by an especially 'guttural' sound

1074:

After the Third Council of Lima, all authors adhered to its standard in most aspects, but only few did so entirely faithfully without making any noticeable modifications: according to Alan Durston's assessment, the latter may hold true only of the works of Pablo de Prado and Diego de Torres Rubio. In

1013:

put it in 1598. This identification of their own dialect with that of the Incas was also, by that time, part of the identity of the Cuzco elites. The contrast between the Coastal Quechua of Juan de Betanzos's chronicle of 1557 and the Southern Quechua of Cristóbal de Molina from 1575 may suggest that

987:

that had emerged spontaneously in the preceding decades in response to the development of the mining industry and urbanisation and was clearly distinct from the traditional and archaic (albeit prestigious) Cuzco dialect associated with the Inca past. He explains the fact that many of those using this

1295:

These were only the beginning of a long series of publications of Quechua ecclesiastical texts that continued for more than half a century – the production was very copious, many texts survive in print and manuscript copies and even more are known to have existed. About fifteen years after the Third

1110:

and around the colonial capital Lima, which was located close to Central Quechua territory. Its primary advocate was Alonso de Huerta (1616), who held the cathedral and university chairs of Quechua in Lima for many years (the first from 1592 and the second from around 1614 to the mid or late 1630s).

1062:

Once established by the Third Council of Lima (1582–1583), Standard Colonial Quechua is known to have been used in sermons in and in teaching and is reported to have been widely understood and to have enjoyed significant prestige, reportedly even leading to dialect shift among rural Quechua speakers

951:

In spite of the clear Southern dialectal basis, the codifiers of Standard Colonial Quechua claimed, and do appear, to have made an effort to select forms ensuring maximal intelligibility across the country, avoiding both elements that were unique to various deviant local dialects and those that were

4141:

The present tense suffixes designating the person of the subject are as follows (the arrow expresses the relationship between a subject and an object). Note that while the object suffixes are shown here for clarity, the tense suffixes (including the present tense zero suffix -∅-) are placed between

2098:

respectively for the consonants /ʂ/ and /t͡ʂ/, which are merged with /s/ and /t͡ʃ/ in most modern Southern dialects (Cuzco Quechua does distinguish the two sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/, but the latter has arisen secondarily through later sound changes). Taylor does not, however, believe that the editor of

1283:

in dialogue form – a shorter and a longer one – and a collection of 31 sermons discussing the Sacraments and the Ten Commandments. The Third Council's translations of basic prayers and Christian expressions remain standard in Quechua to this day, albeit with the necessary dialect modifications. The

1121:

By the middle of the 17th century, the countrywide use of Standard Colonial Quechua declined. At the time, Spanish authorities switched to a policy of Hispanicisation and suppression of indigenous languages, which was mandated as early as the 1630s, but was enforced inconsistently. The policy shift

979:

There is, however, a certain controversy about the exact relationship of Standard Colonial Quechua to the Cuzco dialect. The authors themselves stated that they were writing in the variety of Cuzco, and three of the four did appear to have their origins in the former Inca capital or the surrounding

5499:, etc. This allomorph is found in more Cuzco-influenced texts as well as in those of the Third Council of Lima, but not in the Huarochirí Manuscript. The present participle may be combined with the copula to form a compound tense with a meaning of habituality. In this use, the verbal plural suffix 4065:

indicates that it is a plural group that includes the addressee. Nonetheless, their use is unnecessary if the plurality of the subject is already indicated in the nominal phrase. Generally, these suffixes are simply added to the corresponding forms for singular subjects, except that the 1st person

1387:

that is not found in any previous source. This work can still be identified as largely Standard Colonial Quechua, although its date of origin is outside of the 'classical' period in the strict sense. Finally, towards the end of the colonial period, a new translation of a catechism into Quechua was

1038:

in Cuzco, apparently on commission of the Spanish Crown. Other individual initiatives appear to have occurred, and the First Council of Lima (1551–1552) seems to have approved of certain Quechua Christian texts which may have been in the variety of Domingo Santo Tomás and even to have included the

996:

Assuming that the Inca lingua franca had not, in fact, been a form of Southern Quechua, the choice of the latter as a basis for the standard language by the colonial authorities may have been partly connected to the fact that this variety was prevalent in the areas that were most important for the

1934:

The exact pronunciation of the phoneme designated /ʂ/ is uncertain and controversial. It may have been a retroflex according to Gerald Taylor. It originates from a Proto-Quechua phoneme reconstructed as /ʃ/, but there is some explicit testimony that Standard Colonial Quechua did not have a sound

1066:

The standard is reported to have been understood to some extent in most of the country, including the Central Quechua areas as well, although the degree of competence in it was smaller in lower social strata and women. Some linguists have argued that much of the current spread of Southern Quechua

919:

A standardised form of Quechua was codified in the religious texts produced by the Third Council of Lima (1582–1583) and published in 1584–1585, as well as in the associated anonymous grammar and dictionary published in 1586. More or less close written approximations of this variety were used for

833:

where such allophones are not to be expected in attested Quechua. It is not clear that this reflects some objective peculiarities of the variety. Further, in Santo Tomás' variety, the penultimate stress pattern that is nearly exceptionless in most other forms of Quechua is made significantly more

1304:

in a language close, yet not entirely identical to that of the Third Council. It consisted of a collection of seven Christian religious chants in Quechua with partial translation in Latin and, again, trilingual versions of the Ten Commandments, some prayers, the Ten Commandments, the Sacraments,

1058:

with the function of not only offering courses in Standard Colonial Quechua, but also conducting examinations that certified competence in Quechua – essentially licensing for priestly office. Already in the 1580s, this monopoly was revoked and various other bodies and experts were entrusted with

632:

For a long time, it was assumed that the variety of Quechua used as an administrative and court language by the Incas had been the one spoken in their capital Cuzco. The identification of Cuzco Quechua and especially some of its prestige sociolects as particularly refined and as a remnant of the

470: 386: 1399:

In the first half of 17th century, many other grammars and dictionaries were produced: Diego González Holguín (1607–1608, Alonso de Huerta (1616), Diego de Torres Rubio (1619) – all three using clearly Cuzco-influenced language – and Rojo Mejía y Ocón (1648). After a significant hiatus a small

679:. The claim that this variety was chosen is mentioned explicitly in chronicles. Since that important area was depopulated after the conquest and came to be settled predominantly by Spaniards and Africans, leading to the extinction of Coastal Quechua, the dialect is not attested in later times. 5602:

As already mentioned, there are at least two periphrastic constructions that may be described as compound tenses, which are formed by combining participles with the copula: a perfect using the past participle and a habitual using the present participle. In that case, a split in affixes may be

1053:

To ensure that priests learnt Quechua, a teaching chair was founded at the Lima Cathedral in 1571. In the late 1570s, competence in Quechua was made obligatory for priests in Peru in order to ensure effective proselytisation and doctrinal purity, and a Quechua chair was established at Lima's

1017:

Again, depending on whether Standard Colonial Quechua is seen as a form of Cuzco Quechua or not, the transition to the language of classical Quechua drama (mid 17th – late 18th century) can be seen as an extinction and replacement of one written language by another or as a smooth and natural

8674:

Evidentiality clitics other than ''-chu'' are not commonly attached to finite verbs in the texts underlying Taylor (1975), but Santo Tomás (1560: 41) does give such examples. e.g. ''miku-nki-ŝ'' 'you are reportedly eating'. Torres Rubio (1619: 15–16) also mentions ''ri-saq-mi'' 'I will go',

1140:

Remarkably, this did not lead to a disappearance of written Quechua literature, but only to a shift of focus. From the mid 17th century, it came to be dominated by clearly regional varieties, above all by Cuzco Quechua, which were now promoted by the elites of that city, who sought their

670:

A more widespread view in the scholarly literature nowadays, however, is that the Inca lingua franca was actually based on a variety of Coastal Quechua spoken on the central-southern coast of Peru, which was rich, populous, had a strategic location and contained the important realms of

583:

the variety of Quechua that was used in writing for religious and administrative purposes in the Andean territories of the Spanish Empire, mostly in the late 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and has sometimes been referred to, both historically and in academia, as

1368:, which describes the indigenous myths and religious practices of the province of that name. While it generally adheres closely to the Third Council's standard and is identified as belonging to Quechua IIC, it exhibits, in addition, some features resulting from the influence of 1317:, which consists mostly of bilingual questionnaires dealing with the Sacraments, the Commandments and different religious 'errors'. It is written in a more Cuzco-influenced variety than that of the Third Council. and is notable for containing a detailed discussion of Quechua 1403:

From the middle of the 17th to the late 18th century, an indigenous literary renaissance flourished in Cuzco, resulting in the composition of a number of Quechua dramas on historical and religious subjects, partly of native and partly of European inspiration. These include

1983:

and appears to have already had the ejective and aspirate series it has today – they were occasionally expressed in the orthography by some writers, albeit inconsistently. On the other hand, they are not designated at all in the Huarochirí manuscript and many other texts.

6926:

Snow, Charles T., Louisa Rowell Stark. 1971. Ancash Quechua: A Pedagogical Grammar. P.V 'The Quechua language is generally associated with the "classical" Quechua of the Cuzco area, which was used as a lingua franca through Peru and Bolivia with the spread of the Inca

5274:, but it is omitted in the third person. This applies also in periphrastic 'compound tenses' formed with the copula. However, it also has the sense 'exist', in which case its third person form is used. It is also included in the way of expressing the notion 'to have': 3870:

The person of an object is marked on the verb. That object may be direct or indirect, depending on the valency of the verb; thus, in the case of the verb 'to say', the addressee can be marked as an object. Cf. the similarly wide use of the accusative-dative suffix

6967:

Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Valejo. 1969. P. XV. 'Immediately following the Spanish Conquest the Quechua language, especially the prestigious "classical" Quechua of the Cuzco area, was used as a lingua franca throughout the Andean region by both missionaries and

923:

There is no doubt that Standard Colonial Quechua was a form of Quechua IIC, or Southern Quechua (although a minority view is that specifically the Manuscript of Huarochirí has features of Quechua IIB instead.). For instance, it has the 1st person subject suffix

2099:

the Huarochirí manuscript had the distinction between /s/ and /ʂ/ in his own speech, but rather that it was a feature of the Standard Colonial Quechua variety that he was trying to emulate (he expresses some doubts even on this subject, unlike most scholars).

1141:

legitimisation in the Inca past. Indeed, this resulted in something of a Quechua literary renaissance and golden age, which was expressed specifically in playwriting. The language of the classical Quechua drama of that period is recognisable as distinctively

2589:

section. Possession is marked both on the dependent and on the head: the noun phrase expressing the possessor is inflected in the genitive, whereas the possessed noun phrase receives a possessive pronominal suffix of the appropriate person (see the section

2379:

A number of suffixes have two versions – one that occurs after consonants and one after vowels. Sometimes the difference is that the postconsonantal allomorph has the shape -CV(C), whereas the postvocalic one has only the initial consonant -C: e.g.

3898:

for 2nd person object), but it is placed in the slot after the tense suffixes. It may also be observed that if the second person is involved, regardless of whether it is a subject or an object, the slot after the tense suffixes contains the suffix

1274:

It was the publications associated with the Third Council of Lima in 1583–1586 that codified Standard Colonial Quechua. The body of work exemplifying the recommended variety was the trilingual collection (in Spanish, Quechua and Aymara), entitled

905:

for 'to buy'). This changed as the variety went extinct. Ironically, many of its features came to be explicitly disparaged as vulgarisms in the linguistic appendix to the influential Quechua publications of the Third council of Lima in the 1580s.

633:

Incas' language was commonplace in the late 16th and early 17th century. This identification was also traditionally maintained by the local elites and intellectuals in later centuries and continues to be advocated by the Cuzco Language Academy (

1034:. Efforts to use some form of Quechua for religious purposes began in the 1540s at the latest, predating significantly the attested Standard Colonial Quechua standard. The earliest doctrinal texts and a dictionary, now lost, were written by 5523:'seen'. As the example shows, its meaning is passive in transitive verbs, much as in English and Spanish. The past participle may have attributive function or occur alone. A possessive pronominal suffix can be used to express the agent: 5408:. The first one predominates in the texts of the Third Council of Lima and in Bocanegra's Cuzco-influenced work, whereas the manuscript of Huarochirí has many instances of both, and texts from the second decade of the 16th century lack 9419: 1082:

One of these was to reflect more closely and consistently the speech of Cuzco (often Aymara-influenced, possibly connected to the Incas' own Aymara linguistic background). The most typical examples of this trend are the works of

1995:

The original colonial orthography was based on Spanish and did not express all the phonemes of the language adequately. The spelling did not distinguish /q/ from /k/, designating both in the same way as /k/ in Spanish, i.e. as

9353:

Adelaar, W. F.H. 2012. Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran. In: L. R. Campbell & V. M. Grondona, eds. The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive

878:'Adam's apple'); the verbal inflection suffixes apparently tended not to affect the stress either, unless they contained a heavy syllable that ended up in non-final position, in which case the last such syllable was stressed ( 4101:) may express the plurality of either the subject or the object. Which of the two controls the number agreement depends on the exact configuration of persons. As a rule of thumb, number agreement is with the subject: 1099:(1648), so it can even be said to have become 'the norm' in the 1640s. In spite of such elements, especially Oré's work is very close linguistically to that of the Third Council, as is that of Diego de Molina (1649). 643:), and thereby, in a way, a predecessor of the attested Cuzco dialect. They assume that it was like the modern Cuzco dialect and unlike the modern Ayacucho dialect in that it displayed numerous influences from the 4707:'protect it (addressed to several people)!' In contrast to the general limitation to one plural suffix per verb, the optional possibility of expressing the plurality of the object in addition to the subject as in 2962:

As the table shows, the first person plural pronouns distinguish between an exclusive and an inclusive version with the same suffixes as the verbs. The other persons use the regular plural ending of nouns.

5574:, which is used when the logical subject of the verb does not coincide with that of the finite verb in the clause. It is followed by the pronominal possessive suffixes to express the logical subject: e.g. 1075:

fact, when Alonso Martínez, a member of the Third Council translation team, attacked Alonso Huerta in 1613 for deviating from the Third Council standard, this did not prevent Huerta from using Archbishop

992:

referred to it as 'the language of Cuzco' with the assumption that people meant a Southern Quechua variety in general. Some innovations found in this form did eventually spread to Cuzco Quechua as well.

1292:, respectively, while Alonso Martínez had spent some time first in Central Quechuan Huaylas and then in Cuzco, and Juan de Balboa was a native of Lima, but probably acted as a supervisor or figurehead. 1239:

Short texts and passages in Quechua, especially ritual texts reported to date from Inka times, are found in Spanish-language chronicles by four authors of partly indigenous origins. The first one, by

7042:

Rowe 1950, cited in Mannheim (1991b: 114). Note that this pre-supposes identity with the Inca lingua franca, whereas Rowe's sources are primarily from the 17th century, i.e. Standard Colonial Quechua

8665:

Adapted and simplified from the schemes in Kelly 2011 and Weber 1996 to reflect only forms mentioned in Taylor (1975). See also Lakämper & Wunderlich 1998: 116 for a broadly equivalent scheme.

9453:

Saenz, S. Dedenbach-Salazar. 1990. Quechua Sprachmaterialen. In: Meyers, A., M. Volland. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte des westlichen Südamerika. Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen

1114:

These different approaches clashed, in particular, in a debate in the late 1640s about the use of the Cuzco-based Standard Colonial Quechua in areas speaking Central Quechua ('the language of

1026:

Standard Colonial Quechua was adopted as an instrument of proselytisation by the Catholic Church, following a general policy of using vernaculars in religious instructions as advocated by the

893:

There is some evidence that the Spanish, too, did initially use the Inca lingua franca or a related form of Coastal Quechua for religious and administrative purposes from the beginning of the

600:

There are also some less common and typical uses of the term "classical" in reference to other Quechua varieties, whose relationship to the abovementioned ones is also controversial, namely:

1123: 9465:

Taylor, G. P. 1987. Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochirí. Manuscrito quechua de comienzos del siglo XVII. Versión paleográfica, interpretación fonológica y traducción al castellano. IEP, IFEA.

4742:'let him/them see me!'), but to express a 1st plural object, the future forms are used instead. Imperative forms for a 3rd person acting on the 2nd are not recorded by the cited grammars. 1247:, 1575) has been considered the earliest unambiguous attestation of Southern Quechua. The other three were written after the establishment of Standard Colonial Quechua. The authors were 3564:

expresses intensity according to Taylor (1975: 117), but some colonial grammars regard it as a marker of movement inwards or downwards. A meaning of violent action is reported also for

1379:

After the 17th century, there were very sporadic new official efforts to produce ecclesiastical texts in Quechua. In 1705, Gaspar Manuel published a re-edition of Pablo de Prado's 1641

9634:

A multifaceted work which contains a description of the new world and the customs of its natives, and instructions on teaching them the Christian doctrine in the general Quichua and

4045:

The slot that is generally reserved for subject suffixes contains the 2nd person suffix regardless of whether the 2nd person is a subject or object. As already mentioned, the marker

2063:

Most descriptions of the variety and editions of texts in it use the new orthography established for Quechua in Peru. While still similar to Spanish in the way it expresses /t͡ʃ/ as

2016:

or with a ^ mark above the sign for /k/. The colonial orthography did, on the other hand, express the allophonic opening of the vowels /i/ and /u/ adjacent to /q/ with the spellings

4129:

Since the agreement morphology generally does not express the number of the subject and the object at the same time, there is often some ambiguity between numbers: for example, in

1079:'s patronage to inherit Martínez' university chair after the latter's death in 1614. The modifications that most post-Third Council authors made followed two principal tendencies. 9428:

Rivero, Álvaro Ezcurra, Raúl Bendezú-Araujo. 2017. Gramáticas y vocabularios coloniales del quechua y del aimara (1560–1619). In: Literaturas orales y primeros textos coloniales.

1169:

In the phonology, Standard Colonial Quechua differs from modern Southern Quechua dialects, but not from those of other regions, by still distinguishing two different sibilants:

9614:

Doctrina Christiana y catecismo para instrvccion de los Indios. Compvesto por avctoridad por concilio provincial;..en las dos lenguas generales de este Reyno, Quichua y Aymara.

1042:

At the same time, a parallel effort was going on in Cuzco. In 1567, there were already officially approved Quechua religious texts that priests were instructed to use in the

9396: 1181:: thus, the second-person plural is /-chik/, not /-chis/, and the progressive aspect ending is /-chka/, not /-sha/. This makes it more phonologically similar to the modern 9676: 3907:). Since object and subject agreement are partly intertwined in Quechua, a more complete picture of the verb paradigm emerges from the table in the summarising section on 1157:

of 1780, which resulted in a severe crackdown on Quechua use, including an explicit ban on Quechua literature and theatre and the abolition of the chair of Quechua at the

689:

It is thought, furthermore, that the Inca lingua franca is reflected in some of the Quechua words and phrases found in the early Spanish chronicles, especially the one of

9657: 9456:

Salomon, Frank and George L. Urioste. 1991. The Huarochirí manuscript : a testament of ancient and colonial Andean religion. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

5258:

The hypothetical result of a non-realisable condition in the past (a 'preterite optative') can be expressed by adding the 3rd person singular past tense of the copula:

3862:

in person and number with the subject as well as the object, although not possible combinations of values for these grammatical categories are expressed unambiguously.

3886:

indicates a second person object, but only if acted upon by a third person subject. A second person object acted upon by a first person subject has a fused expression

4636:

in the first person singular (with no separate person agreement suffix after it) and in the first plural exclusive (if agreeing with the subject). Another allomorph,

482: 2861:

Adjectives are indeclinable. In a noun phrase, they precede the noun. Comparison is expressed periphrastically. The comparative degree is expressed with the adverb

2452:. In the rest of this article, the element that is sometimes absent (the vowel and possibly a following consonant in the first type of alternation and the syllable 1376:

Cristóbal Castillo. At least a dozen legal-administrative documents and private letters authored by Indians in Standard Colonial Quechua have also been discovered.

4684:, respectively, but the options for the preceding and following suffixes are mostly the same as in the indicative, except that the paradigm is somewhat defective. 4385:

In the future tense, the patterns signalling agreement are different and the tense and person agreement suffixes sometimes appear to be fused into one morpheme:

3822:

The tense suffixes are placed between the object and the subject person agreement suffixes. The present tense is unmarked. Past tense is expressed by the suffix

667:) have also acquired aspirates (albeit not necessarily in cognates of the Southern words with aspirates), presumably during the brief period of Inca rule there. 702:

This Inca lingua franca is considered to have had the following characteristics, of which the first and partly the last one are found in Santo Tomás's variety:

6977:

Cf. also Durston (2007: 17): 'The 1550–1650 period can be considered both formative and classical in relation to the late colonial and republican production'.

2090:

In addition to the standard letters of modern Quechua orthography, Gerald Taylor's academic normalisation of Standard Colonial Quechua supplies the letters

9437: 1047: 8142:

The table is based on the table in Mannheim (1991a) modified in accordance with the statements in Taylor (1976 and 2001), Suarez (1977) and Adelaar (2012)

2404:'path-accusative'. In still other cases, the postconsonantal allomorph differs from the postvocalic one in that it is preceded by the 'euphonic element' 2396:'of the house'. Another possibility is that the postvocalic allomorph begins in two consonants, whereas the postconsonantal one has only the second one: 1426:(el Lunarejo), as well as three dramas thought to have been composed between the late 17th and the late 18th century, in this likely chronological order: 682:

It is sometimes thought that this dialect is identical to the one used in the earliest recorded Quechua grammar, vocabulary and texts by Dominican priest

7998:

and the apparent mistakes in the scribe's attempts to distinguish the two sibilants that were still preserved in the Cuzco and Third Council varieties.

9350:

Adelaar, Willem. 2007. The Languages of the Andes. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007

2040:. The ejectives and aspirates, when marked at all, could be expressed by gemination. The latter practice became predominant in the 1640s. The digraph 604:

In reference to all use of Quechua as a literary medium until a cut-off point in the 18th century, which saw a ban on literature in Quechua after the

548:, the exact relationship and degree of closeness between which is controversial, and which have sometimes been identified with each other. These are: 9429: 1129:

The reasons for the mid-17th century change are unclear. One possible cause that has been adduced is the increasing tendency of Indians to leave the

71: 9600:

Arte y vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, llamada quichua, y en la lengua española, el mas copiosa y eleganta, que basta ahora se ha impesso

9359:

Arte y vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, llamada quichua, y en la lengua española, el mas copiosa y eleganta, que basta ahora se ha impesso

983:

A different view is expressed by Itier (2000: 48, passim), who believes the Third Council norm to have been based on an innovative Southern Quechua

608:

of 1780–1782, although the language of most of the "Classical Quechua literature" written after the mid-17th century is more commonly seen as early

1271:, around 1613, where the quotes from the ritual texts are associated with each of the Inkas). The authenticity of these prayers has been disputed. 9524:

by Gerald Taylor. A course in Standard Colonial Quechua as used in the Huarochirí manuscript. Also a digital version (with some letters changed)

1264: 1076: 752:(a feature that was still attested in colonial times along the central coast near Lima, and is found to this day in northern Quechuan varieties); 699:(in spite of its being recorded in Cuzco), in early borrowings into Spanish and glosses expressing concepts connected to the Incas (see below). 1951:. In the Spanish varieties that pronounced these two letters in different ways before about 1650, the distinction was one of a more retracted, 9617:

Ciudad de los Reyes (1583), por Antonio Ricardo, primero impressor en estos Reynos de Piru. The foundational publication of the Third Council.

6914:

See Itier (2000: 47) for the distinction between the first and second enumerated senses, and the quote below for their partial identification.

5439:'I want you to see', lit. 'I want your potential seeing'. It can also be used to designate different participants in the action: instruments ( 5006:

expresses a wish, a (dubious or improbable) possibility, a hypothetical condition or its result. It is generally formed by adding the suffix

1212:, as the latter is still used almost only as a past participle ending, although some early instances of 'perfect' compound use can be found. 1050:. In the 1570s, Cristóbal de Molina was a notable Quechua-speaking preacher in the city; he would go on to write a famous chronicle in 1575. 664: 640: 3540:

A few suffixes with more or less aspectual meaning are placed before the agreement morphemes. Progressive aspect is expressed by the suffix

1971:. The distinction was gradually lost in Southern Quechua in the course of the 17th century, as the orthography of the attested texts shows. 9415:

Lakämper, Renate, Dieter Wunderlich. 1998. Person marking in Quechua: a constraint-based minimalist analysis. Lingua 105: pp. 113–48.

9392:

Durston, Allan. 2007. Pastoral Quechua: The History of Christian Translation in Colonial Peru. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

1360:

Among texts usually regarded as specimens of Standard Colonial Quechua, by far the most famous and significant in terms of content is the

8675:''hamu-nqa-ŝ'' 'he will reportedly come', observing that the particle is attached to the verb if there is no other word to attach it to. 9531: 9387: 4703:'protect him/her/it!'. The plural suffixes are added to the imperative one to mark the plurality of the subject or the object as well: 9650:

Crónica, denuncia de la situación de los nativos en el Virreinato del Perú, servir a Su Majestad el Rey Felipe. A work by Obra Felipe

3206:

After numerals, nouns normally do not stand in the plural. Ordinal numerals may be formed from the cardinal ones by adding the suffix

9499:

Weber, David. (1996). Una gramática del quechua del Huallaga. Serie Lingüística Peruana N° 40. Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

5862:'it is that house (near you) that is big'. In a negated verb phrase, the evidential particle is encliticised to the negative adverb: 5582:'while we (inclusive) are/were drinking'. The gerund also allows an object suffix like the finite verbs (attested in the 1st person: 3048:'some person'. The equivalents of negative pronouns are produced when the indefinite pronouns are preceded by the negative particle 6954:

Beyersdorff, Margot, Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz. 1994. Andean Oral Traditions: Discourse and Literature. P.275. 'the primarily

5885:?'. The same particle is also encliticised to the last word of a negated verb phrase, in addition to the preceding negative adverb 1353:

was written by Juan de Castromonte, although the many Central Quechua elements and the author's own designation of its language as

9697: 8113: 9673: 3846:

below. On the non-finite form markers, subordinators, which are placed in the same slot as the tense markers, see the section on

1329:

was published in 1646 by Bartolomeo Jurado Palomino. More collections of sermons were published by Fernando de Avendaño in 1648 (

5858:'that house (near you) is big'. The topic can also be postposed, with the particles still signalling the information structure: 2102:

Thus, the overall normalised orthography used in Taylor's editions and the historical orthography can be summarised as follows:

4652:), as well in the exclusive, but the latter only if it represents agreement in the object. In the third person, the suffix is 1974:

It has been hypothesised that, like modern Cuzco Quechua (and unlike Ayacucho Quechua), Standard Colonial Quechua also had an

9459:

Suarez, J. A. 1977. Classical languages. In: Sebeok, Thomas (ed.) Native Languages of the Americas, vol. 2. Springer Science.

6244:

In the way the valorous acts of the Spaniards (Huiracochas) are still seen, too, so it would have been (with theirs as well).

1530:

However, the vowels /i/ and /u/ were opened to and when preceding or following the uvular consonant /q/ (see below). Thus,

580:), the evidence about the characteristics of this variety is scant and they have been a subject of significant disagreements. 4114:

according to some authorities, optionally, if a 3rd person plural is acting on a 1st person singular, leading to forms like

2024:

from the Third Council onwards. The sounds /s/ and /ʂ/ were also distinguished, as the former was expressed by the letters

5791:, which expresses a stronger contrast, similar to English 'but, whereas, although'. Another topic-introducing particle is 5475:'seeing, one who sees'. It may function like a noun or like an adjective. Again, it is compatible with an object marker: 4676:

forms, as shown in the table below, have unique person-mood portmanteau suffixes for the second and third person, namely

1908: 1852: 1811: 1014:

the indigenous nobility had abandoned the old lingua franca and switched to the local dialect in the intervening period.

894: 3726:'he sends it away (from here)'. It, too, can have a benefactive meaning according to some colonial grammars. The suffix 4090:

before them in forms other than the 1st person exclusive subject. The resulting paradigm is shown in the tables in the

1862: 1761: 1200:

In the morphology, it can be noted that the accusative suffix in Standard Colonial Quechua still has the archaic shape

9324:

Version in colonial orthography from Taylor 1987, normalised text from Taylor 2001 (normalised spelling of names from

5893:'the woman isn't coming'. In a prohibitative construction, the same particle is used, whereas the preceding adverb is 592:). It is Standard Colonial Quechua in this second sense that is abundantly attested in writing, notably in the famous 5971:'a/the good child'. A past participle may also follow the noun, in which case both receive the relevant case suffix: 5412:

entirely. They denote a potential or expected action in the future. Their agent is expressed by possessive suffixes:

4126:

In other cases, number agreement is with the object – i.e., in most cases where the object is not in the 3rd person.

9462:

Taylor, G. P. 1976. Introducción a la lengua general (quechua). Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines. Lluvia Editores.

5603:

observed where the object suffix is attached to the non-finite main verb, but the suffix – to the finite auxiliary:

9422:. In: Mary Ritchie Key (ed.), Language change in South American Indian languages. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3694:'he sends it hither'. However, it may also express a benefactive relation to a participant other than the subject: 1817: 1664: 1133:

and to avoid the services of priests by performing the Christian rituals themselves within so-called fraternities (

952:

peculiar to what was considered prestigious aristocratic speech in Cuzco. Thus, they preferred the widespread word

9482: 9343:(1994). La procedencia dialectal del manuscrito de Huarochirí sobre la base de sus características lingüísticas. 6392:

here I present the lived (experiences) of the ancestors of this (people) called Huarochirí, which has one father,

5594:), the gerunds may acquire the meanings 'after doing' and 'before doing' (lit. 'not yet having done') something. 1197:

influence and their absence in other varieties, and both options were accommodated within the literary standard.

9503: 5924:'and a house', as well as some of the discourse particles already mentioned. There is also an enclitic particle 5247:

As in the indicative, the plural suffixes can also express plurality of the object, and this includes the fused

5400:

Further, there are two 'potential/future infinitives', which may be formed with two suffixes, the more archaic

4660:. Finally, in the second person and in cases where the third person is acting on second person, there is tense 1130: 4745:

For a first person plural imperative (exclusive or inclusive), the corresponding future tense forms are used.

1154: 1102:

Another tendency was to adapt the language of the texts that were to be used in the Central Quechua-speaking (

825:

A remarkable feature of Santo Tomás' orthography is the widespread use of the Spanish letters for open vowels

605: 1805: 1656: 5251:: thus, third person acting on first person inclusive ('he would V us') is expressed by the suffix sequence 9409: 1798: 6166:... all the things they have lived certainly would not have kept disappearing like this until now, either. 1724: 1717: 1710: 1701: 1694: 1046:

of Cuzco. These were revised in 1573, reportedly involving the introduction of some sort of diacritics by

9713: 9401:

Itier, César. 1991. La lengua general y comunicación escrita: Cinco cartas en quechua de Cotahuasi-1616.

3702:

to his father'. On the other hand, if the dative object coincides with the subject, the reflexive suffix

1830: 1494: 1256: 1106:) areas by including elements from these dialects. This tendency was especially popular among natives of 1084: 6642:

They say that in a very ancient time there were (two) gods (''huacas'') named Yana Ñamca and Tuta Ñamca.

2355:, which expresses conjecture and receives the stress in spite of forming the last syllable of a phrase. 1357:(i.e. Central Quechua) mean that it can only partly be seen as a specimen of Standard Colonial Quechua. 639:). Some modern scholars do believe that the Inca lingua franca was, indeed, a form of Southern Quechua ( 9571: 9425:

Mannheim, Bruce. 1991b. The Language of the Inka since the European invasion. University of Texas Press

5555:. A gerund expressing a concomitant action of the subject of the finite verb is formed with the ending 5536: 4133:, the 3rd person subject acting upon the first person inclusive ('us') may be either 's/he' or 'they'. 4061:

indicates that the participant triggering agreement is a plural group that excludes the addressee, and

1919: 1648: 1641: 1519: 663:

before Quechua). This has also been used to explain why the highland Ecuadoran varieties in the north (

9582:

Gramatica y arte nueua de la lengua general de todo el Peru, llamada lengua Quichua, o lengua del Inca

9433: 9366:

Gramatica y arte nueua de la lengua general de todo el Peru, llamada lengua Quichua, o lengua del Inca

3580:

expresses an action performed in passing, occasionally. It is added to the root. The inceptive suffix

9684: 9639: 9602:(Los Reyes, 1614), an expanded re-edition of the 1586 anonymous grammar of the Third Council of Lima. 5420:

is mostly limited in the Huarochirí manuscript to constructions where it is followed by the suffixes

1342: 1301: 1248: 1092: 1010: 798: 616: 9556: 9536: 9521: 9486: 9371: 2351:

Stress was located on the penultimate syllable. However, there are exceptions, such as the particle

1225: 810: 683: 1678: 1503: 1423: 1158: 1142: 1055: 50: 1361: 1178: 593: 271: 5987:

The first line is the original colonial spelling, and the second the normalised transliteration.

3425:

expressing the meaning 'to help somebody do something' is recorded by Anonymous (1614: 25): e.g.

2368: 1671: 9623:

16 chapters from the Huarochirí manuscript in normalised orthography. (approximately from 1608)

5854:

An example of the combined use of the topic and focus-evidential particles can be the sentence:

3210:(meaning 'including', 'with ... and all') or simply the 3rd person pronominal possessive suffix 1987:

likely that it was present at least in the idiolect of the editor of the Huarochirí manuscript.

1314: 1088: 494: 3414:

appended to the stem is recorded by Anonymous (1614: 24) as well as by Santo Tomás (1560: 39):

2817:

expresses imprecise location: 'to, at, around, about'. On discourse particles, see the section

2428:'sixteen'. Most Standard Colonial Quechua outside of the Huarochirí manuscript has the variant 1750: 1741: 322: 67: 5404:, which is probably related to the 3rd person singular future suffix, and the more innovative 1240: 9645: 5543:'we know that Macacalla ... is on a hill', lit. 'Macacalla we know ... its being on a hill'. 2614:'children'. Its use is not obligatory and it is generally absent after numerals and the word 1886: 1604: 1597: 1364:(variously dated to 1598 or 1608), produced by indigenous informants under the directions of 397: 9629: 9612: 9587: 9493: 3710:'he takes the chica for himself'. The reflexive suffix is often used with verbs of emotion: 1365: 1334: 1307:

La Plática que se ha de hazer a los indios en la predicacion de la Bulla de la Santa Cruzada

1096: 267: 1779: 1613: 1411: 552:

the variety of Quechua that was used as a lingua franca and administrative language in the

127: 9572:

Arte y vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, llamada quichua, y en la lengua española

3187:'thirteen', etc. The tens are formed by combining the number of units and the word 'ten': 2004:

before front vowels. Exceptionally, /q/ could be expressed by some authors as a geminated

1059:

performing such linguistic licensing for locations distant from Lima – notably, in Cuzco.

8: 8711:

Anonymous (1614: 24) and González-Holguín (1608: 114–115). Cf. Adelaar (2007: 229) about

8084:

Quespillo et ses compagnons : la figure du gracioso dans le théâtre quechua colonial

6548:

Afterwards, in each region it shall be written down how it has lived since its beginning.

6088:

If the ancestors of the people called Indians had known writing in ancient times, then...

5964: 5611:'he told you (sing.). See the sections on the relevant participles for more information. 3859: 1979: 1770: 1688: 1632: 1584: 1564: 1190: 1031: 648: 9412:. Memorias del V Congreso de Idiomas. Indígenas de Latinoamérica, 6–8 de octubre de 2011 9664: 9647:

El Primer Nveva Corónica i Bven Gobierno Conpvesto por Don Phelipe Gvaman Poma de Aiala

8073:

Mannheim, Bruce. 1991. The Language of the Inka since the European invasion. P. 147-151

6470:

whatever faith it may have had and however it may be living to this day – these things.

5479:'who sees me', but the object can also be expressed by a possessive pronominal suffix: 4382:, 'he loves us' (this corresponds to the difference between Potosí and Cuzco Quechua). 3730:

denotes 'a dispersing action in all directions or with no logical continuity in time':

1952: 1734: 1559: 1309:(1600) is composed in the Third Council variety as well. Another important text is the 652: 545: 401: 326: 162: 76: 6798:

Now, having defeated them, he obliged the people to give birth to only two (children).

5535:'its falling ... is visible' ), and correspond to a clause in a construction akin to 258: 9635: 9599: 9581: 9365: 9358: 5451:'object for throwing'). It can also be used as an attribute or apposition to a noun: 2786: 2773: 1843: 1627: 1569: 1369: 1194: 5913:'be careful (so that X does not happen)', which is combined with the optative mood. 9659:

Relación de como los españoles entraron en el Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inga

5552: 4648:, is used in the first person plural inclusive (where it is optionally followed by 2743: 2627: 1956: 1838: 1579: 1554: 1549: 1383:, adding many new texts from various sources and, in one case, a long passion hymn 1182: 1068: 1035: 1027: 973: 690: 660: 620: 514: 299: 204: 137: 8083: 3592:

is mentioned as expressing doing something again by González-Holguín (1608: 114).

1438:(Anonymous, middle of the 18th century) and by far the most famous Quechua drama, 278:(life of Cuniraya Viracucha): one s and one k (c/qu). In the Classical Quechua of 9680: 9550: 4673: 3040:'too' is added to an interrogative pronoun, the result is an indefinite pronoun: 2692: 2666: 1876: 1591: 1574: 1146: 969: 835: 834:

complicated by various subrules taking into account morphological boundaries and

656: 644: 307: 154: 6728:

These two gods, however, were later overcome by a god named Huallallo Caruincho.

5982: 2978:'that (far from both the speaker and the addressee)'. Demonstrative adverbs are 9478: 9438:

El contacto inicial quechua-castellano: la conquista del Perú con dos palabras.

9340: 6958:

domain of this lingua franca – sometimes referred to as "classical" Quechua'...

2799: 1939:

at the time; instead, the /ʂ/ was identified with the Spanish pronunciation of

1445: 1318: 871: 189: 6542:

Chayri sapa llactanpim quillcasca canca himahina causascampas pacariscanmanta.

6082:

Runa yndio ñiscap machonkuna ñaupa pacha quillcacta yachanman carca chayca ...

4632:

As we can see, the form of future tense marker varies widely. It has the form

3044:'somebody'. The enclitic may also be added to a noun modified by the pronoun: 3036:'when' (the latter more typical of Cuzco-influenced texts). When the enclitic 794: 9707: 6639:

Ancha ñawpa pachaqa huk waka ñiskaŝ {Yana Ñamqa} {Tuta Ñamqa} ŝutiyuq karqan.

6085:

Runa Indio ñiŝqap machunkuna ñawpa pacha qillqakta yaĉanman karqan chayqa ...

5586:'while N was V-ing me'). Combined with expressions of the meaning 'already' ( 5003: 2756: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2647: 2364: 1476: 1115: 1103: 1006: 777:

the use of the sound /ʃ/ that early Spanish sources rendered with the letter

672: 609: 577: 522: 413: 295: 40: 6722:

Cay huacacunactaca quipanpi huc huacatac Huallallo Caruincho sutioc atircan.

6306:

And, things being as they are, and since nothing has been written until now,

5940:'already' that may occur as an enclitic particle or as an independent word. 1208:. There is no special narrative/mythical past tense using the verbal suffix 838:. The addition of enclitics, case suffixes and the 2nd person plural suffix 147:

14th to 16th century Imperial Quechua 16th to 17th century Colonial Quechua

9668: 9533:

Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú

9376:

Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú

6545:

Chayri sapa llaqtanpim qillqaŝqa kanqa imahina kawsaŝqanpaŝ paqariŝqamanta.

6238:

Himanam viracochappas sinchi cascanpas canancama ricurin, hinatacmi canman.

6163:... hinantin kawsaŝqankunapaŝ manam kanankamapaŝ chinkaykuq hinachu kanman. 6160:... hinantin causascancunapas manam canancamapas chincaycuc hinacho canman. 1418: 1230:

Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú

897:

in 1532 until some point in the 1560s (for instance, using a pronunciation

486: 200: 60: 9624: 9578:); a re-edition of the 1586 anonymous grammar of the Third Council of Lima 6898:

And one – whomever his father and mother loved (the most) – they let live.

6241:

Imanam wiraquchappaŝ sinchi kaŝqanpaŝ kanankama rikurin, hinataqmi kanman.

242: 9651: 6725:

Kay wakakunaktaqa qipanpi huk wakataq Wallallu Qarwinchu ŝutiyuq atirqan.

6386:

caypim churani cay huc yayayuc Guarocheri ñiscap machoncunap causascanta,

2769: 2671: 1488: 1471: 760: 553: 222: 117: 9475:. Lectura bilingüe Quechua Colonial – Castellano. ISBN 978-9972-9470-6-3 4699:'protect me!' As usual, a third person object receives no overt suffix: 9560: 9540: 9379: 9325: 6955: 6636:

Ancha ñaupa pachaca huc huaca ñiskas yanañamca Tutañamca sutioc carcan.

6389:

kaypim ĉurani kay huk yayayuq Waruchiri ñiŝqap machunkunap kawsaŝqanta,

5951:'truly, certainly not'. A similar meaning is attested for the enclitic 5464: 5010:

to the present tense forms (before possible discourse particles): e.g.

4661: 4653: 3367: 1511: 1481: 1407: 1323:

Directorio espiritual en la lengua española, y quichua general del inga

676: 573: 9620: 9468:

Taylor, G. P. 2001. Waruchiri ñiŝqap ñawpa machunkunap kawsaŝqan. IFEA

5967:. In noun phrases, modifiers (such as adjectives) precede nouns: e.g. 4719:, which seems to reflect the plurality of the 1st person object only. 4715:) has been recorded. An alternative recorded with the same meaning is 1107: 655:

and numerous loanwords (possibly in turn because the Incas had spoken

497:, 1631. Except for a change in orthography (ai, ui instead of ay, uy: 9638:

languages with a brief confessional and communion catechism, by Fray

8898:

Torres Rubio (1619: 12–13) does mention the possibility of combining

6467:

ima feeniyuqĉá karqan, imahinaĉ kanankamapaŝ kawsan chay chaykunakta.

2920: 2909: 1955:

place of articulation () of the sound spelt /s/ and a more advanced,

1902: 1790: 1280: 251: 235: 6464:

yma feenioccha carcan, ymayñah canancamapas causan chay chaycunacta.

5916:

The function conjunction is fulfilled by enclitic particles such as

5539:, although it is only the participle that stands in the accusative: 5416:'lit. for your potential seeing' > 'so that you see'. The use of 2993:

For the possessive pronominal postposed markers, see the section on

2873:'much' and the object of comparison is in the ablative or genitive: 1349:). Finally, somewhere between 1650 and 1653, a ritual book entitled 385:, no -cj-). In this text no present progressive is used, but in the 4049:

signalling 1st person acting on 2nd person is placed here as well.

1975: 1449: 1440: 1289: 1186: 1150: 1095:(1598), Batolomeo Jurado Palomino (1646), Juan Avendaño (1648) and 863: 569: 7990:

Mannheim (1991b: 139, 143) points out the Central word for 'four'

4097:

The plural suffixes (as well as the future tense plural allomorph

766:

a word-initial change /r/ > /l/ (compare the name of Lima from

9483:

Las sibilantes del quechua yunga y del castellano en el siglo XVI

5567:'(while) saying', the latter form often following quoted speech. 3687: 1373: 1305:

confessions and a short catechisis. An isolated anonymous sermon

1285: 1043: 9596:, including the dictionaries of Diego González Holguín from 1608 9328:), translation based on Taylor 1987 and Salomon and Urioste 1991 9590:

Gramática del quechua general por Diego de Torres Rubio. (1619)

5483:. A more archaic allomorphic rule found in some texts replaces 4730:'let him come!' Plurality of the subject can be expressed with 4664:: the present tense forms are used instead of the future ones. 3699: 3374:'become night'. However, it may also have a factitive meaning: 998: 850:'mask (accusative)'), unlike the addition of the plural suffix 294:(without possessive suffix -n): one k, but s vs. sh. In modern 287: 196: 9144:

e.g. Anonymous (1614: 13), Torres-Rubio 1619, Santo Tomás 1560

5889:, whereas the latter receives the evidential particles: thus, 3175:'ten' and the numeral with the remaining units, suffixed with 3064:

The numeral system is decimal. The numerals from 1 to 10 are:

1430:(late 17th or early 18th century) by Gabriel Centeno de Osma, 9525: 5983:

Sample text (from the beginning of the Huarochirí Manuscript)

5873:

The interrogative particle, which marks yes/no-questions, is

5428:'until', the latter sometimes also with the meaning 'while'. 3914:

In summary, the following object markers can be identified:

3448:

In other cases it is explained as doing something excessively

2875:ñuqa llapa runa-kuna-manta / runa-kuna-p ancha amawta-m ka-ni 565: 9593: 6792:Ña atispas canan runacta yscayllata huachacunampac camarcan. 5286:

The suffixes of the non-finite verbal forms are as follows:

4738:'let them come!'. It can take the 1st person object prefix ( 2966:

The demonstrative pronouns exhibit a three-way distinction:

2408:(or, in especially Cuzco-influenced texts, the more archaic 2075:, respectively, this system does distinguish between /k/ as 9564: 9544: 9446:

Rowe, J. H. 1950. "Sound Patterns in Three Inca Dialects."

9383: 5947:

is used to confirm emphatically the preceding information:

5811:

can be translated as 'I know for certain that it is good',

4052: 1002: 940:. It also expresses verbal number by means of the suffixes 9397:

Lengua general y quechua cuzqueño en los siglos XVI y XVII

6892:

Huctas mayquintapas cuyascanta causachicorcan yayan maman.

6795:Ña atiŝpaŝ kanan runakta iŝkayllata waĉakunanpaq kamarqan. 5909:'but I will not return' Another common negative adverb is 5014:'you would come'. However, the 1st person singular suffix 1164: 976:

which may have been partly due to the Incas' own origins.

7443: 7441: 7228: 7226: 6895:

Huktaŝ mayqintapaŝ kuyaŝqanta kawsachikurqan yayan maman.

2837:

appears after a consonant), which means 'having X': e.g.

9654:, containing some words and sentences in Quechua. (1615) 9485:

sobre los sonidos del quechua costeño como descrito por

8933: 8931: 8929: 7608: 7606: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7007: 7005: 6300:

Chayhina captinpas, canancama mana quillcasca captinpas,

5619:

Some of the most important particles are the following:

4644:

for 1st person acting on 2nd person. A third allomorph,

3222:

The verbal morpheme chain can be summarised as follows:

2485:

The overall structure of the noun phrase is as follows:

8724:

Torres Rubio 1619: 31, González-Holguín (1608: 114–115)

8228: 8226: 8216: 8214: 6303:

Chayhina kaptinpaŝ, kanankama mana qillqaŝqa kaptinpaŝ,

5435:

is wider: it can also be found in the accusative, e.g.

2869:'I am wiser than you'. The superlative uses the adverb 755:

the tendency to drop word-final /q/ (e.g. the spelling

735: 725: 713: 8954: 8952: 8743: 8741: 8739: 7815: 7813: 7438: 7223: 6986:

See e.g. Taylor 1975: 7–8 for the dating and the name

5384:'seeing, sight, vision'. With negation and the suffix 2829:

A notable suffix that forms nouns from other nouns is

1331:

Sermones de los Misterios de Nuestra Santa Fe Católica

968:

for 'choose'. They also avoided Cuzco borrowings from

8926: 8548: 8546: 7603: 7326: 7324: 7072: 7002: 5783:

Focused topics are marked with the enclitic particle

5376:

The infinitive (verb noun) is formed with the suffix

4748:

The resulting paradigm can be summarised as follows:

3556:

expresses a prolonged action or the resulting state:

2865:'more' and the object of comparison in the ablative: 1935:

resembling the Spanish pronunciation of the grapheme

564:). Since the Incas did not have writing (though some 337:, Lima 1584, in Classical Quechua: genitive with -p ( 8504: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8223: 8211: 8182: 8180: 7750:

Mannheim 1991a: 118, 12–136; Mannheim 1991b: 208–217

7647: 7645: 7557: 7555: 7431: 7429: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7207: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7103: 7101: 3560:– 'to have fallen' or 'to keep falling'. The suffix 706:

the allophonic voicing of stops in front of nasals:

505:) it has the same characteristics as the Quechua of 9551:

Lexicón o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú

9200: 9198: 9179: 9177: 8949: 8736: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8611: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8478: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8388: 8386: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8321: 8319: 7810: 7500: 7498: 5819:as 'it might be good'. The non-syllabic allomorphs 2841:'llama owner'. A nominal suffix denoting groups is 2456:in the other) will be written between parentheses: 1288:originally from Cuzco and the linguistically close 1234:

Lexicón o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú

1204:after a vowel as opposed to the modern generalised 1126:, as well as by the Sixth Council of Lima in 1772. 8543: 8344: 8342: 8340: 7932: 7930: 7321: 3381:A causative stem is produced by adding the suffix 1220:As mentioned already, Juan de Betanzos' chronicle 8499: 8485: 8177: 8069: 8067: 7836: 7834: 7642: 7578: 7576: 7552: 7426: 7401: 7399: 7271: 7202: 7190: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7098: 5503:may be added directly to the present participle: 5447:, 'place for entering, i.e. entrance'), objects ( 3440:may have expressed doing something for somebody: 2630:markers are added at the end of the noun phrase: 2268:z or ç before back vowels, c before front vowels 1269:Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú 66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 9705: 9195: 9174: 8910:for 'you (plural) love us', but states that the 8627: 8606: 8594: 8582: 8520: 8473: 8461: 8447: 8413: 8383: 8351: 8316: 8199:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 101. 7495: 6922: 6920: 3396:Reciprocal meaning is expressed with the suffix 2509: 2448:'my blood', where the Haurochirí manuscript has 1018:transition to later forms of the Cuzco dialect. 813:) corresponding to the Colonial Classic Quechua 9504:Variation der Person-Numerus-Flexion in Quechua 8337: 8161: 8159: 8157: 7927: 6999:Following the terminology of Durston (2007: 40) 5278:'(of me) my house exists > I have a house.' 4722:There is also a third person imperative suffix 4695:'come!'. It is preceded by the object markers: 2606:The plural is formed with the postposed marker 2363:The morphology of Quechua is highly synthetic, 2032:, while the latter was expressed by the letter 1385:Romances de la passion de N. Señor Iesu Christo 1279:(1584–1585) and composed of three volumes: two 1265:Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua 623:varieties ("Common southern Peruvian Quechua"). 8064: 7831: 7573: 7396: 7128: 5395: 3378:lit. 'make cold > 'freeze' > 'petrify'. 2845:(meaning 'including', 'with ... and all'; cf. 9448:International Journal of American Linguistics 9131: 9129: 9047: 9045: 7911: 7909: 7091: 7089: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 6936:Following the terminology of Durston 2007: 40 6917: 5831:are used after vowels, and the syllabic ones 5541:Macacalla yaĉa-n-chik ... urqu-pi ka-ŝqa-n-ta 3903:(or, if the 1st person acting on 2nd person: 3834:'he saw you'. The 3rd person singular ending 2169:c before back vowels, qu before front vowels 1392:is a specimen of Cuzco Quechua and a similar 747: 741: 719: 707: 694: 634: 537: 9420:Southern Peruvian Quechua Consonant Lenition 9239: 9237: 9192:Taylor 1975: 115–116. Cf. Adelaar 2007: 223. 8872: 8870: 8154: 7147: 7145: 5648:focused topic, expressing stronger contrast 5515:A past participle is formed with the suffix 5424:'for', which usually expresses purpose, and 2371:. Dependents generally precede their heads. 1959:place of articulation () of the sound spelt 1464:Vowel phonemes of Standard Colonial Quechua 909: 842:did not affect the stress of the word (e.g. 596:, and that this article primarily describes. 509:of 1584. In this text, the progressive form 8828:Taylor 1975: 115–116. Cf. Adelaar 2007: 218 8197:A History of the Spanish Language (2nd ed.) 7785: 7783: 3171:The teens are formed by combining the word 3000:The interrogative pronouns and adverbs are 9126: 9042: 8885:Anonymous 1614: 10; NB statement implying 7906: 7086: 7014: 5877:. It is encliticised to the focused word: 5866:'the woman isn't coming' (on the particle 5281: 4711:'protect us ye!' (alongside the ambiguous 9663:A historiographic testimony of Sapa Inca 9506:. Flexionsworkshop Leipzig, 14. Juli 2005 9234: 8867: 7142: 7095:Taylor 1975: 9–10, cf. Itier 2000: 52, 55 7060:Adelaar 2007: 181, Mannheim 2007: 116–117 5570:This contrasts with the gerund ending in 4066:singular, which is normally expressed by 4057:There are two plural agreement suffixes: 3991: 627: 7780: 5265: 4053:Marking of the plurality of participants 3865: 3480:prolonged action or the resulting state 3385:'to make, let (somebody do something)': 3294: 2802:, 'without' (archaic, typical of Cuzco) 1261:El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno 1215: 874:antepenultimates attracted stress (e.g. 572:pattern, according to some experts like 481: 396: 321: 266: 9698:Ethnologue report for language code:qwc 8114:Historia breve de la literatura quechua 4687:The second person imperative suffix is 4136: 3738:is reported to express a return, as in 3734:'carry around, everywhere'. The suffix 3552:'they were drinking'. Thus, the suffix 2634:Standard Colonial Quechua case markers 2514:The possessive pronominal markers are: 1165:Comparison with modern Quechua dialects 956:rather than the Cuzco-specific synonym 615:As "Classic Inca", in reference to the 568:might have been narrative, following a 9706: 5932:'only a llama'., an enclitic particle 5022:, and the 1st person plural inclusive 4086:, and the future tense suffix becomes 2246:like /k/ (sometimes cc, k, qq, ĉ, q̂) 1460:There were only three vowel phonemes: 1321:, complete with a diagram. In 1641, a 5936:meaning 'still, yet', and a morpheme 5458: 3853: 3714:'rejoice' (always in the reflexive), 3595: 3576:'tear into many pieces' . The suffix 3454: 2877:'I am the wisest of all the people'. 2475: 2044:was used to express syllable-initial 544:is either of two historical forms of 314:: k vs. q, s vs. sh (in some places: 8923:Taylor 1975: 31–32, 52, 57–62, 89–90 7393:Durston 2007: 110–114, 126, 310, 314 6990:and Adelaar 2007: 183 for the dating 5392:'not for see-ing' > 'invisible'. 4111:if the subject is in the 2nd person; 3217: 2974:'that (close to the addressee)' and 2696:(also functions as an instrumental) 2367:and relatively regular and tends to 1444:(Anonymous, sometimes attributed to 870:received a separate primary stress; 801:'s work, a few common words such as 18: 9594:A multidialectal Quechua dictionary 8914:is the usual form for this meaning. 4108:if the object is in the 3rd person; 3882:indicates first person object, and 2867:ñuqa qam-manta aŝwan amawta-m ka-ni 1325:was published by Pablo de Prado. A 1030:(1545–1563) in connection with the 13: 7768:Durston 2007: 191–192 and footnote 5905:is used in the future tense, too: 5597: 5551:There are two gerunds, marked for 5510: 5388:'for' it expresses impossibility: 3191:'twenty', etc. Higher numbers are 2581:For the occurrence of the element 2374: 1228:as early as 1560 under the titles 817:, which was rendered with Spanish 365:), one c/qu (just k, not k vs. q: 56:for transliterated languages, and 36:of its non-English content, using 14: 9725: 9510: 5491:in front of possessive suffixes: 5034:. The overall paradigm is, then: 3761: 2824: 2048:(Santo Tomás had instead written 1918: 1907: 1885: 1861: 1851: 1829: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1749: 1740: 1677: 1670: 1663: 1655: 1647: 1640: 1612: 1603: 1596: 1518: 1502: 1493: 1390:Quaderno de directorio espiritual 1337:(posthumously) in the same year ( 1124:Pedro Antonio de Barroeta y Ángel 274:: document in Classical Quechua. 104:Imperial Quechua/Colonial Quechua 9621:Manuscrito Quechua de Huarochirí 9522:Introducción a la lengua general 9318: 9309: 9300: 9291: 9282: 9273: 9264: 9255: 9246: 9225: 9216: 9207: 9186: 9165: 9156: 9147: 9138: 9117: 9108: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9054: 9033: 9024: 9015: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8940: 8917: 8892: 8879: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8831: 8822: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8750: 8727: 8718: 8705: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8668: 8659: 8650: 8641: 8618: 8573: 8564: 8555: 8534: 8511: 8438: 8429: 8404: 8395: 8374: 8365: 8328: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8280: 8271: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8202: 8189: 8168: 8145: 8136: 8127: 8118: 8107: 8098: 8089: 8076: 8055: 8046: 8037: 8028: 8019: 8010: 8001: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7918: 7897: 5843:are used after consonants: e.g. 5799:for personally witnessed facts, 854:; however, stress did end up on 588:'common language' (henceforward 23: 9584:, Diego González Holguín (1608) 9443:Vol. XXXIV (2) 2010: 369–381.l. 9364:González Holguín, Diego. 1608. 9334: 7888: 7879: 7870: 7861: 7852: 7843: 7822: 7801: 7792: 7771: 7762: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7726: 7717: 7708: 7699: 7690: 7681: 7672: 7663: 7654: 7633: 7624: 7615: 7594: 7585: 7564: 7543: 7534: 7525: 7516: 7507: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7417: 7408: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7214: 7181: 7172: 7163: 7154: 7119: 7110: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 2970:'this (close to the speaker)', 2087:only to express the sound /h/. 1541:The consonants are as follows: 1253:Comentarios reales de los Incas 858:if followed by another suffix ( 9492:Torres Rubio, Diego de. 1619. 8889:vs its absence in the example. 8295:See also Mannheim (1991: 116). 7994:occurs alongside the Southern 7414:Durston 2007: 110–114; 198–199 6993: 6980: 6971: 6961: 6948: 6939: 6930: 6908: 5533:urma-mu-ŝqa-n-mi ... riku-ri-n 5443:'means for digging'), places ( 5320:potential/future infinitive 2 5310:potential/future infinitive 1 4118:(in the present and past) and 2369:mark both dependents and heads 1990: 1396:exemplifies Ayacucho Quechua. 513:is used, conserved in present 428:), "our (incl.)" with -nchis ( 349:), "our (incl.)" with -nchic ( 306:: k vs. q, but just one s. In 72:multilingual support templates 1: 9410:Verbal Affix Order in Quechua 6902: 5815:as 'They say it's good', and 5371: 5229:-wa-∅-chwan, -wa-∅-n-chik-man 4667: 4506:-wa-...-nki-chik (= present) 3584:expresses a beginning, as in 3444:'talk to somebody frequently' 2856: 2510:Possessive pronominal markers 2494:possessive pronominal marker 1534:'lagoon' is pronounced , and 1406:Auto Sacramental del robo de 1222:Summa y naración de los incas 1009:of the Quechua language', as 785:, Inca-related terms such as 696:Summa y naración de los incas 636:Academia de la lengua quechua 444:), c/qu vs. cc/qqu (k vs. q: 276:Cuniraya Viracuchap causascan 9496:. Pro Francisco Lasso. Lima. 9473:Choque Amaru y otros cuentos 5975:'beloved house (acc.)', but 5807:for conjecture/doubt. Thus, 5614: 5578:'while he is/was drinking', 4374:'I/we love you (singular)', 3588:'begin to talk'. The suffix 3490:action performed in passing 1455: 1245:Fabulas y Ritos de los Incas 7: 9502:Wunderlich, Dieter (2005). 8304:C stands for any consonant. 6836:One of them he ate himself. 5716:interrogative and negative 5396:Potential/future infinitive 5360:gerund (different subject) 4997: 4640:, occurs before the ending 4629:'I/we shall see you (all)' 3894:for 1st person subject and 3059: 2885:The personal pronouns are: 2880: 1257:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 410:Manual de catecismo quechua 16:Historical forms of Quechua 10: 9730: 5891:warmi-qa mana-m hamu-n-chu 5864:warmi-qa mana-m hamu-n-chu 5673:affirmative evidentiality 5546: 5537:accusativus cum infinitivo 5467:is formed with the suffix 3696:yaya-n-ta aswa-kta qu-mu-n 2358: 932:and the 1st person object 556:(1438–1533) (henceforward 9685:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 9631:Symbolo Catholico Indiano 9588:Arte de la lengua Quichua 9574:, Anonymous, (Los Reyes, 9516:Grammars and dictionaries 9494:Arte de la lengua Quichua 7591:Durston 2007: 47, 109–110 7570:Mannheim 1991b: 2, 34, 62 5963:The word order is mostly 5958: 5943:A free-standing particle 5901:'don't come!' The adverb 5847:'house-affirmative', but 5705:dubitative evidentiality 5607:'he saw us (inclusive)', 5216: 5202: 5197: 5077: 5063: 5058: 5053:number agreement is with: 4970: 4953: 4946: 4862: 4855: 4796: 4779: 4772: 4767:number agreement is with: 4584: 4568: 4561: 4503:-wa-...-nki (= present) 4428: 4414: 4409: 4404:number agreement is with: 4337: 4318: 4313: 4185: 4171: 4166: 4161:number agreement is with: 3976: 3961:acted upon by 1st person 3946:acted upon by 3rd person 3942: 3929: 3919: 3310:inchoative and factitive 3012:(optional contraction of 2903: 2900: 2601: 2384:'house-affirmative', but 1901: 1837: 1789: 1626: 1590: 1546: 1343:Diego de los Cobos Molina 1339:Tratado de los Evangelios 1249:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 914: 910:Standard Colonial Quechua 742: 695: 659:and/or Aymara-influenced 635: 590:Standard Colonial Quechua 381:, no pp-), no aspirates ( 345:), accusative with -cta ( 286:: one k, but ç vs. s. In 249: 233: 228: 218:Official language in 216: 211: 186: 151: 143: 133: 123: 113: 108: 103: 98: 9625:translation into Spanish 9418:Mannheim, Bruce. 1991a. 8967:Torres Rubio 1619: 12–13 8846:E.g.Torres Rubio 1619: 8 8656:Torres Rubio 1619: 24–24 8082:Martin, Rossella. 2014. 6830:Huctas quiquin micorcan. 5463:A present participle or 3718:'be scared'. The suffix 2480: 2400:'house-accusative', but 1424:Juan de Espinosa Medrano 1300:(1598) was published by 1298:Symbolo Católico Indiano 1159:University of San Marcos 1056:University of San Marcos 424:), accusative with -ta ( 9471:Taylor, Gerald (2009). 9372:Santo Tomás, Domingo de 9326:https://www.runasimi.de 8946:Torres Rubio 1619: 4–12 8715:for Quechua as a whole. 8208:Mannheim 1991a: 114–115 7777:Mannheim 1991b: 121–122 7540:Mannheim 1991b: 143–144 7259:Santo Tomás 1560: 80–85 5437:riku-na-yki-kta muna-ni 5282:Non-finite verbal forms 5262:'you would have come'. 5199:3rd person → 1st person 5179:3rd person → 2nd person 5139:2nd person → 1st person 5099:1st person → 2nd person 4949:3rd person → 1st person 4930:3rd person → 2nd person 4858:2nd person → 1st person 4819:1st person → 2nd person 4564:3rd person → 1st person 4539:3rd person → 2nd person 4499:2nd person → 1st person 4453:1st person → 2nd person 4315:3rd person → 1st person 4293:3rd person → 2nd person 4249:2nd person → 1st person 4205:1st person → 2nd person 3925:post-tense suffix slot 3024:'how much / how many', 2621: 2108:normalised orthography 2000:before back vowels and 1978:and, possibly, also an 1347:Sermones de la Cuaresma 1327:Catechismus Quichuensis 1145:because of the various 736: 726: 714: 540:lengua general del inga 436:), no ç (s the same in 290:of Ecuador it would be 9557:Domingo de Santo Tomás 9537:Domingo de Santo Tomás 9487:Domingo de Santo Tomás 8124:Mannheim 1991b, passim 8104:Mannheim 1991: 147–151 7723:Durston 2007: 191–194. 7447:Mannheim 2001a, passim 7232:Durston 2007: 189, 343 6833:Huktaŝ kikin mikurqan. 5879:hatun-chu chay wasi-qa 5689:hearsay evidentiality 5350:gerund (same subject) 4709:waqaycha-wa-y-chik-ku! 4142:them and the others. 4105:if there is no object; 3992:Subject person marking 3922:pre-tense suffix slot 3750:'carry outside'), and 3722:has andative meaning: 3410:A desiderative suffix 3404:'to look at each other 3393:'cause to eat, feed'. 3231:derivational suffixes 1436:El milagro del rosario 1226:Domingo de Santo Tomás 1193:stops in Cuzco due to 1085:Diego González Holguín 1021: 748: 720: 708: 684:Domingo de Santo Tomás 628:The Inca lingua franca 538: 530: 479: 394: 319: 9341:Adelaar, Willem F. H. 9021:Torres-Rubio 1619: 10 8908:muna-wa-(n)ki-chik-ku 8801:Anonymous 1614: 24–25 8570:Torres Rubio 1619: 25 8195:Penny, Ralph (2002). 8061:Durston 2007: 176–177 7894:Durston 2007: 106–107 7732:Durston 2007: 177–178 7714:Mannheim 1991b: 70–74 7705:Durston 2007: 171–177 7696:Mannheim 1991b: 70–71 7669:Durston 2007: 201–206 7621:Durston 2007: 197–201 7612:Durston 2007: 117–118 7600:Durston 2007: 197–198 7513:Durston 2007: 114–117 7366:Durston 2007: 195–197 7339:Mannheim 2001b: 33–35 7309:Durston 2007: 197–206 7268:Durston 2007: 190–191 7241:Durston 2007: 189–190 7220:Durston 2007: 67, 191 7169:Durston 2007: 188–190 7083:Durston 2007: 193–194 7011:Mannheim 1991b: 74–75 6945:Durston 2007: 40, 322 5977:wasi-kta kuya-ŝqa-kta 5856:chay wasi-qa hatun-mi 5851:'blood-affirmative'. 5605:riku-wa-ŝqa ka-n-chik 5455:'door for entering'. 5266:Copula and possession 5260:hamu-nki-man ka-rqa-n 3866:Object person marking 3848:Non-finite verb forms 3548:'they are drinking', 3295:Valency/voice marking 3242:(with some subjects) 2982:'so, like this'. and 2670:(also functions as a 2598:'the woman's house'. 2432:after the consonants 2392:'path-genitive', but 2301:u, o for allophonic 2158:i, e for allophonic 1417:Auto Sacramental del 1381:Directorio espiritual 1362:Huarochirí Manuscript 1216:Attestation and texts 1179:Huarochirí Manuscript 1155:Tupac Amaru rebellion 606:Túpac Amaru rebellion 594:Huarochirí Manuscript 485: 460:, no p-), aspirates ( 416:: genitive with -cc ( 400: 389:the progressive form 325: 272:Huarochirí Manuscript 270: 9640:Luis Jerónimo de Oré 9408:Kelly, Niamh. 2011. 9395:Itier, César. 2000. 9270:Taylor 1975: 131–132 9135:Taylor 1975: 113–117 9123:Taylor 1975: 104–105 9114:Taylor 1975: 120–124 9105:Taylor 1975: 120–122 9051:Taylor 1975: 128–133 8976:Wunderlich 2005: 3–4 8937:Anonymous 1614: 8–22 8733:Anonymous (1614: 24) 5907:ama-taq kuti-ŝaq-chu 5860:chay wasi-m hatun-qa 5276:(ñuqa-p) wasi-y ka-n 4137:Agreement inflection 4092:Agreement inflection 3909:Agreement inflection 3844:Agreement inflection 3838:can be absent after 3611:ventive/benefactive 3603:grammatical meaning 3462:grammatical meaning 3302:grammatical meaning 2503:discourse particles 2388:'path-affirmative', 1394:Untitled Devotionary 1315:Juan Pérez Bocanegra 1302:Luis Jerónimo de Oré 1143:Cusco–Collao Quechua 1093:Luis Jerónimo de Oré 1089:Juan Pérez Bocanegra 740:'east' > Spanish 521:, whereas in modern 495:Juan Pérez Bocanegra 387:Nicene Creed of 1631 34:specify the language 32:This article should 9674:Commentarios Reales 9434:Cerrón Palomino, R. 8552:Adelaar (2007: 217) 8334:Taylor 1975: 19, 39 8232:Mannheim 1991a: 116 8220:Saenz 1991: 261–262 8095:Saenz 1991: 268–269 8052:Saenz 1991: 254–256 7963:Taylor 1976, passim 7858:Durston 2007: 89–91 7849:Saenz 1991: 259–260 7828:Durston 2007: 74–75 7819:Mannheim 1991b: 141 7807:Saenz 1991: 264–267 7759:Mannheim 1991b: 142 7678:Durston 2007: 25–30 7492:Durston 2007: 72–75 7384:Itier (2000: 52–55) 7187:Mannheim 1991b: 140 5529:ñi-wa-ŝqa ka-n-chik 5330:present participle 5270:The copula verb is 4901:subject and object? 4713:waqaycha-wa-y-chik! 4001: 3754:means 'in(wards)' ( 3418:'I want to drink'. 3281:negation particle, 3236:direction, aspect) 2681:after a consonant; 2655:after a consonant; 2635: 1465: 1277:Doctrina Christiana 1263:, around 1610) and 1241:Cristóbal de Molina 1032:Counter-Reformation 846:'only an old man', 653:ejective consonants 507:Doctrina Christiana 335:Doctrina Christiana 280:Doctrina Christiana 9714:Quechuan languages 9679:2011-07-22 at the 9665:Titu Cusi Yupanqui 9162:Taylor 1975: 50–51 9153:Taylor 1975: 72–73 9069:Taylor 1975: 31–32 9039:Anonymous 1614: 11 9012:Anonymous 1614: 18 9003:Taylor 1975: 46–47 8985:Taylor 1975: 88–90 8958:Anonymous 1614: 20 8747:Anonymous 1614: 24 8647:Taylor 1975: 84–85 8444:Taylor 1975: 44–45 8025:Durston 2007: 178 8007:Itier 2000: 49, 53 7954:Durston 2007: 171 7924:Itier 2000, passim 7789:Saenz 1991, p. 256 7687:Mannheim 1991b: 70 7330:Mannheim 1991: 142 7300:Itier 2000: passim 7116:Mannheim 1991: 178 7069:Mannheim 1991b: 33 5563:'(while) seeing', 5459:Present participle 5189:-ŝu-∅-nki-chik-man 5149:-wa-∅-nki-chik-man 4627:riku-ŝqa-y-ki-chik 4000: 3854:Agreement suffixes 3596:Direction suffixes 3550:upya-chka-rqa-n-ku 3455:Aspectual suffixes 2633: 2476:Nominal morphology 2114:colonial spelling 1463: 1366:Francisco de Ávila 1335:Francisco de Ávila 1097:Francisco de Ávila 1048:Melchor del Aguila 960:for 'suffer', and 890:'you (sg.) ate'). 774:'speaker, oracle') 558:Inca Lingua Franca 531: 480: 395: 320: 9357:Anonymous. 1614. 8819:Itier 2000, p. 53 8401:Anonymous 1614: 6 8371:Durston 2007: 343 8277:Durston 2007: 195 8268:Durston 2007: 204 8259:Durston 2007: 196 8174:Adelaar 2007: 197 8165:Adelaar 2012: 600 8043:Itier 2000: 52–53 8034:Durston 2007: 17 7981:Adelaar 2007: 185 7972:Taylor 1976: 7–13 7945:Durston 2007: 154 7876:Durston 2007: 117 7741:Durston 2007: 178 7660:Durston 2007: 103 7651:Durston 2007: 203 7639:Durston 2007: 161 7630:Itier 2000: 51–53 7561:Durston 2007: 108 7549:Itier 2000: 49–50 7531:Durston 2007: 107 7435:Durston 2007: 191 7423:Durston 2007: 310 7357:Taylor 1976: 9–10 7348:Itier 2000: 46–48 7282:Durston 2007: 192 7250:Durston 2007: 189 7211:Adelaar 2007: 187 7199:Durston 2007: 188 7178:Adelaar 2007: 191 7125:Adelaar 2007: 195 7107:Adelaar 2007: 182 7051:Itier 2000: 51–55 7033:Adelaar 2007: 183 5973:kuya-ŝqa wasi-kta 5781: 5780: 5777:truly, certainly 5590:) and 'not yet' ( 5369: 5368: 5292:grammatical form 5245: 5244: 4995: 4994: 4895:-wa-...-y-chik-ku 4717:waqaycha-wa-y-ku! 4623: 4622: 4368: 4367: 4043: 4042: 3989: 3988: 3820: 3819: 3758:'carry inside'). 3708:aswa-kta apa-ku-n 3706:is used instead: 3680: 3679: 3538: 3537: 3429:'help to dance', 3360: 3359: 3292: 3291: 3233:(valency, voice, 3218:Verbal morphology 3169: 3168: 2960: 2959: 2811: 2810: 2579: 2578: 2507: 2506: 2422:ĉunka isqun-niyuq 2349: 2348: 2345:C (sometimes CC) 2334:C (sometimes CC) 1932: 1931: 1528: 1527: 1428:El pobre más rico 1415:(about 1644) and 1341:, bilingual) and 1311:Ritual Formulario 1149:, especially the 1131:Indian reductions 886:'you (sg.) eat', 534:Classical Quechua 491:Ritual Formulario 373:), no ejectives ( 265: 264: 174:Classical Quechua 99:Classical Quechua 94: 93: 74:may also be used. 9721: 9329: 9322: 9316: 9315:Taylor 1975: 115 9313: 9307: 9304: 9298: 9297:Taylor 1975: 107 9295: 9289: 9288:Taylor 1975: 133 9286: 9280: 9277: 9271: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9244: 9241: 9232: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9193: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9172: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9154: 9151: 9145: 9142: 9136: 9133: 9124: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9097: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9079: 9078:Taylor 1975: 121 9076: 9070: 9067: 9061: 9060:Taylor 1975: 128 9058: 9052: 9049: 9040: 9037: 9031: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9004: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8986: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8968: 8965: 8959: 8956: 8947: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8924: 8921: 8915: 8912:muna-wa-nki-chik 8896: 8890: 8883: 8877: 8874: 8865: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8820: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8792:Taylor 1975: 125 8790: 8784: 8783:Taylor 1975: 111 8781: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8757: 8756:Taylor 1975: 112 8754: 8748: 8745: 8734: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8716: 8709: 8703: 8700: 8694: 8693:Taylor 1975: 142 8691: 8685: 8684:Taylor 1975: 117 8682: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8625: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8604: 8601: 8592: 8589: 8580: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8541: 8538: 8532: 8529: 8518: 8515: 8509: 8508:Taylor 1975: 118 8506: 8497: 8496:Taylor 1975: 102 8494: 8483: 8480: 8471: 8468: 8459: 8456: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8411: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8381: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8349: 8346: 8335: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8314: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8296: 8293: 8287: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8242: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8221: 8218: 8209: 8206: 8200: 8193: 8187: 8186:Suarez 1977: 269 8184: 8175: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8152: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8087: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8062: 8059: 8053: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8017: 8016:Durston 2007: 49 8014: 8008: 8005: 7999: 7988: 7982: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7937: 7934: 7925: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7904: 7903:Durston 2007: 21 7901: 7895: 7892: 7886: 7885:Durston 2007: 91 7883: 7877: 7874: 7868: 7867:Durston 2007: 17 7865: 7859: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7808: 7805: 7799: 7798:Taylor 1976: 117 7796: 7790: 7787: 7778: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7724: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7688: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7661: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7571: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7550: 7547: 7541: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7504:Durston 2007: 79 7502: 7493: 7490: 7484: 7483:Durston 2007: 98 7481: 7475: 7474:Durston 2007: 82 7472: 7466: 7465:Durston 2007: 55 7463: 7457: 7456:Durston 2007: 67 7454: 7448: 7445: 7436: 7433: 7424: 7421: 7415: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7394: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7376: 7375:Itier (2000: 49) 7373: 7367: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7340: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7319: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7292: 7291:Taylor 1976: 7–8 7289: 7283: 7280: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7200: 7197: 7188: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7161: 7160:Durston 2007: 48 7158: 7152: 7151:Durston 2007: 40 7149: 7140: 7137: 7126: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7096: 7093: 7084: 7081: 7070: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7012: 7009: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6969: 6968:administrators.' 6965: 6959: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6915: 6912: 6535:pacariscanmanta. 6116:kawsaŝqankunapaŝ 6113:causascancunapas 5928:meaning 'only': 5803:for hearsay and 5622: 5621: 5553:switch-reference 5414:riku-nqa-yki-paq 5340:past participle 5289: 5288: 5037: 5036: 4751: 4750: 4705:waqaycha-y-chik! 4550:-ŝu-...-nki-chik 4388: 4387: 4303:-ŝu-...-nki-chik 4259:-wa-...-nki-chik 4145: 4144: 4131:-wa-...-ŝun-chik 4002: 3999: 3917: 3916: 3766: 3765: 3600: 3599: 3459: 3458: 3299: 3298: 3225: 3224: 3067: 3066: 2888: 2887: 2636: 2632: 2517: 2516: 2488: 2487: 2416:'my house', but 2105: 2104: 2036:and the digraph 1922: 1911: 1889: 1865: 1855: 1833: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1753: 1744: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1703: 1696: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1644: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1544: 1543: 1538:'to write' is . 1522: 1506: 1497: 1466: 1462: 1422:(about 1650) by 1183:Ayacucho dialect 1087:(1607–1608) and 1069:Spanish Conquest 1036:Juan de Betanzos 1028:Council of Trent 895:conquest of Peru 759:for the name of 751: 745: 739: 729: 723: 717: 711: 698: 691:Juan de Betanzos 638: 621:Southern Quechua 619:ancestor of all 562:Imperial Quechua 543: 515:Ayacucho Quechua 462:ucjupachacunaman 412:1940, in modern 300:Ayacucho Quechua 261: 245: 238: 205:Quechua alphabet 192: 157: 138:Kingdom of Cusco 96: 95: 89: 86: 80: 65: 59: 55: 49: 45: 39: 27: 26: 19: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9704: 9703: 9681:Wayback Machine 9513: 9479:Torero, Alfredo 9388:on Google Books 9337: 9332: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9306:Taylor 1975: 23 9305: 9301: 9296: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9279:Taylor 1975: 38 9278: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9261:Taylor 1975: 47 9260: 9256: 9252:Taylor 1975: 34 9251: 9247: 9243:Taylor 1975: 43 9242: 9235: 9231:Taylor 1975: 19 9230: 9226: 9222:Taylor 1975: 56 9221: 9217: 9213:Taylor 1975: 62 9212: 9208: 9204:Taylor 1975: 27 9203: 9196: 9191: 9187: 9183:Taylor 1975: 95 9182: 9175: 9171:Taylor 1975: 94 9170: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9096:Taylor 1975: 99 9095: 9091: 9087:Taylor 1975: 36 9086: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9030:Taylor 1975: 67 9029: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9002: 8998: 8994:Taylor 1975: 89 8993: 8989: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8897: 8893: 8884: 8880: 8876:Taylor 1975: 90 8875: 8868: 8864:Taylor 1975: 57 8863: 8859: 8855:Taylor 1975: 52 8854: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8837:Taylor 1975: 53 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8810:Taylor 1975: 64 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8774:Taylor 1975: 69 8773: 8769: 8765:Taylor 1975: 48 8764: 8760: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8710: 8706: 8702:Taylor 1975: 81 8701: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8638:Taylor 1975: 37 8637: 8628: 8624:Taylor 1975: 24 8623: 8619: 8615:Taylor 1975: 65 8614: 8607: 8603:Taylor 1975: 25 8602: 8595: 8591:Taylor 1975: 60 8590: 8583: 8579:Taylor 1975: 32 8578: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8561:Taylor 1975: 96 8560: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8540:Taylor 1975: 28 8539: 8535: 8531:Taylor 1975: 79 8530: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8500: 8495: 8486: 8482:Taylor 1975: 85 8481: 8474: 8470:Taylor 1975: 73 8469: 8462: 8458:Taylor 1975: 58 8457: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8435:Taylor 1975: 39 8434: 8430: 8426:Taylor 1975: 78 8425: 8414: 8410:Taylor 1975: 54 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8392:Taylor 1975: 93 8391: 8384: 8380:Taylor 1975: 55 8379: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8362:Taylor 1975: 35 8361: 8352: 8347: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325:Taylor 1975: 20 8324: 8317: 8313:Taylor 1975: 30 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8286:Taylor 2001: 14 8285: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8250:Saenz 1991: 260 8249: 8245: 8241:Taylor 2001: 15 8240: 8236: 8231: 8224: 8219: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8155: 8151:Taylor 1976: 15 8150: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133:Taylor 1976: 16 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8090: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915:Saenz 1991: 258 7914: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7318:Saenz 1991: 256 7317: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7087: 7082: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7015: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6578: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538:paqariŝqamanta. 6532: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6266: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6072: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5985: 5961: 5899:ama hamu-y-chu! 5881:'is this house 5617: 5609:ñi-ŝu-q ka-n-ki 5600: 5598:Compound tenses 5549: 5513: 5511:Past participle 5461: 5398: 5390:mana riku-y-paq 5374: 5284: 5268: 5018:is replaced by 5000: 4670: 4587: 4139: 4094:section below. 4070:, is marked by 4055: 3994: 3868: 3856: 3832:riku-ŝu-rqa-nki 3830:'they saw it', 3764: 3598: 3457: 3433:'help to eat'. 3297: 3279:interrogative/ 3220: 3199:'thousand' and 3185:ĉunka kimsa-yuq 3181:ĉunka huk-niyuq 3062: 3046:mayqin runa-paŝ 2883: 2859: 2827: 2789:, 'because of' 2624: 2604: 2587:Morphophonology 2512: 2483: 2478: 2426:ĉunka suqta-yuq 2377: 2375:Morphophonology 2361: 1993: 1631: 1563: 1458: 1218: 1167: 1024: 917: 912: 836:syllable weight 645:Aymara language 630: 432:), -n (not -m: 402:Apostles' Creed 353:), -m (not -n: 327:Apostles' Creed 308:Central Quechua 257: 241: 234: 219: 212:Official status 193: 188: 182: 158: 155:Language family 153: 90: 84: 81: 75: 63: 57: 53: 51:transliteration 47: 43: 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9727: 9717: 9716: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9671: 9667:, grandson of 9655: 9643: 9627: 9618: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9569: 9548: 9529: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9511:External links 9509: 9508: 9507: 9500: 9497: 9490: 9476: 9469: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9444: 9431: 9426: 9423: 9416: 9413: 9406: 9405:No.1 Julio '91 9403:Revista Andina 9399: 9393: 9390: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9347:No.1 Julio '94 9345:Revista Andina 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9317: 9308: 9299: 9290: 9281: 9272: 9263: 9254: 9245: 9233: 9224: 9215: 9206: 9194: 9185: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9146: 9137: 9125: 9116: 9107: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9062: 9053: 9041: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9005: 8996: 8987: 8978: 8969: 8960: 8948: 8939: 8925: 8916: 8891: 8878: 8866: 8857: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8749: 8735: 8726: 8717: 8704: 8695: 8686: 8677: 8667: 8658: 8649: 8640: 8626: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8572: 8563: 8554: 8542: 8533: 8519: 8517:Itier 2000: 55 8510: 8498: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8446: 8437: 8428: 8412: 8403: 8394: 8382: 8373: 8364: 8350: 8348:Itier 2000: 53 8336: 8327: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8270: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8234: 8222: 8210: 8201: 8188: 8176: 8167: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8106: 8097: 8088: 8075: 8063: 8054: 8045: 8036: 8027: 8018: 8009: 8000: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7938: 7936:Itier 2000: 54 7926: 7917: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7842: 7840:Itier 2000: 49 7830: 7821: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7779: 7770: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7734: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7689: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7641: 7632: 7623: 7614: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7582:Itier 2000: 48 7572: 7563: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7522:Itier 2000: 50 7515: 7506: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7437: 7425: 7416: 7407: 7405:Itier 2000: 51 7395: 7386: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7341: 7332: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7293: 7284: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7222: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7180: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7141: 7139:Itier 2000: 47 7127: 7118: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7013: 7001: 6992: 6988:lengua general 6979: 6970: 6960: 6947: 6938: 6929: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6883: 6875: 6872:kawsachikurqan 6869:causachicorcan 6867: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6783: 6777:huachacunampac 6775: 6767: 6759: 6751: 6743: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6713: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6659:huacacunactaca 6657: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6073: 6065: 6057: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5960: 5957: 5955:'definitely'. 5870:, see below). 5779: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5638:focused topic 5636: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5616: 5613: 5599: 5596: 5580:upya-pti-nchik 5548: 5545: 5525:riku-ŝqa-nchik 5512: 5509: 5497:riku-qi-n-chik 5460: 5457: 5453:yayku-na punku 5397: 5394: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5283: 5280: 5267: 5264: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5236:-wa-∅-n-ku-man 5232: 5231: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5213:-wa-∅-y-ku-man 5206: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4966:-wa-...-ŝun-ku 4959: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4871:-wa-...-y-chik 4868: 4861: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4783: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4697:waqaycha-wa-y! 4669: 4666: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4612:-wa-...-nqa-ku 4608: 4607: 4592: 4591: 4583: 4581:-wa-...-ŝun-ku 4574: 4567: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4352: 4350:-wa-...-n-chik 4342: 4341: 4336: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4054: 4051: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4006: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3867: 3864: 3855: 3852: 3818: 3817: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3763: 3762:Tense suffixes 3760: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3546:upya-chka-n-ku 3536: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3277: 3274: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3219: 3216: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3061: 3058: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2882: 2879: 2858: 2855: 2826: 2825:Noun formation 2823: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2686:after a vowel 2676: 2663: 2662: 2660:after a vowel 2650: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2626:The following 2623: 2620: 2603: 2600: 2596:warmi-p wasi-n 2577: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497:plural marker 2495: 2492: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2444:as well: e.g. 2376: 2373: 2360: 2357: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2312:hu (early gu) 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 1992: 1989: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1635: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1457: 1454: 1446:Antonio Valdez 1217: 1214: 1166: 1163: 1023: 1020: 916: 913: 911: 908: 823: 822: 793:and Xairi for 775: 764: 753: 629: 626: 625: 624: 613: 598: 597: 586:lengua general 581: 454:ppampasccatacc 452:), ejectives ( 450:quinsa ñeqquen 383:ucupachacunamã 263: 262: 255: 247: 246: 239: 231: 230: 229:Language codes 226: 225: 220: 217: 214: 213: 209: 208: 194: 190:Writing system 187: 184: 183: 181: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 161: 159: 152: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 114:Native to 111: 110: 106: 105: 101: 100: 92: 91: 70:. Knowledge's 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9726: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9700:in Ethnologue 9699: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9327: 9321: 9312: 9303: 9294: 9285: 9276: 9267: 9258: 9249: 9240: 9238: 9228: 9219: 9210: 9201: 9199: 9189: 9180: 9178: 9168: 9159: 9150: 9141: 9132: 9130: 9120: 9111: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9066: 9057: 9048: 9046: 9036: 9027: 9018: 9009: 9000: 8991: 8982: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8953: 8943: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8920: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8888: 8882: 8873: 8871: 8861: 8852: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8789: 8780: 8771: 8762: 8753: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8730: 8721: 8714: 8708: 8699: 8690: 8681: 8671: 8662: 8653: 8644: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8621: 8612: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8549: 8547: 8537: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8514: 8505: 8503: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8479: 8477: 8467: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8407: 8398: 8389: 8387: 8377: 8368: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8331: 8322: 8320: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8247: 8238: 8229: 8227: 8217: 8215: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8183: 8181: 8171: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8148: 8139: 8130: 8121: 8115: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8085: 8079: 8070: 8068: 8058: 8049: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8013: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7978: 7969: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7933: 7931: 7921: 7912: 7910: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7835: 7825: 7816: 7814: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7784: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7738: 7729: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7693: 7684: 7675: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7646: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7607: 7597: 7588: 7579: 7577: 7567: 7558: 7556: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7499: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7400: 7390: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7325: 7315: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7265: 7256: 7247: 7238: 7229: 7227: 7217: 7208: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7184: 7175: 7166: 7157: 7148: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7008: 7006: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6974: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6942: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6854: 6849: 6846: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6816: 6811: 6808: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6773: 6770: 6765: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6741: 6738: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6695: 6692: 6687: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6671: 6668: 6663: 6662:wakakunaktaqa 6660: 6655: 6652: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6625: 6622: 6617: 6614: 6609: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6593: 6590: 6585: 6582: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6561: 6558: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6520: 6515: 6512: 6507: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6437: 6434: 6429: 6426: 6421: 6418: 6413: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6375: 6372: 6367: 6364: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6327: 6324: 6319: 6316: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6254: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6187: 6186:wiraquchappaŝ 6184: 6183:viracochappas 6179: 6176: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6101: 6098: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6039: 6036: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6015: 6012: 6007: 6004: 5999: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5184:-ŝu-∅-nki-man 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144:-wa-∅-nki-man 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5129:-nki-chik-man 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5109:-yki-chik-man 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004:optative mood 4991:) (= future) 4990: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463:-ŝqa-yki-chik 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3863: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3746:means 'out' ( 3745: 3742:. The suffix 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3352: 3350:applicative? 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813:The morpheme 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2759:, 'like, as' 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2594:below): e.g. 2593: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559:-(ni)yki-chik 2557: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:agglutinative 2356: 2354: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943:, but not of 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:kinship terms 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1296:Council, the 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243:el Cuzqueño ( 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1077:Lobo Guerrero 1072: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 991: 990:lingua franca 986: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 921: 907: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 828: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 795:Sairi (Túpac) 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 744: 738: 733: 730:> Spanish 728: 722: 716: 710: 705: 704: 703: 700: 697: 692: 687: 685: 680: 678: 674: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 622: 618: 617:reconstructed 614: 611: 610:Cuzco Quechua 607: 603: 602: 601: 595: 591: 587: 582: 579: 578:Sabine Hyland 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550: 549: 547: 542: 541: 535: 528: 524: 523:Cuzco Quechua 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 477: 473: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430:Apunchispipas 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:Cuzco Quechua 411: 407: 403: 399: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:apunchicmãpas 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 318:with mute s). 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:Cuzco Quechua 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 260: 256: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 237: 232: 227: 224: 221: 215: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 191: 185: 175: 172: 171: 170:Quechua IIB/C 169: 168: 166: 165: 164: 160: 156: 150: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 128:Andean Region 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 107: 102: 97: 88: 78: 73: 69: 62: 52: 42: 35: 30: 21: 20: 9683:The work of 9669:Wayna Qhapaq 9658: 9646: 9630: 9613: 9575: 9555: 9552: 9532: 9472: 9450:16: 137–148. 9447: 9440: 9402: 9375: 9368:. Los Reyes. 9361:. Los Reyes. 9344: 9335:Bibliography 9320: 9311: 9302: 9293: 9284: 9275: 9266: 9257: 9248: 9227: 9218: 9209: 9188: 9167: 9158: 9149: 9140: 9119: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9074: 9065: 9056: 9035: 9026: 9017: 9008: 8999: 8990: 8981: 8972: 8963: 8942: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8886: 8881: 8860: 8851: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8761: 8752: 8729: 8720: 8712: 8707: 8698: 8689: 8680: 8670: 8661: 8652: 8643: 8620: 8575: 8566: 8557: 8536: 8513: 8440: 8431: 8406: 8397: 8376: 8367: 8330: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8282: 8273: 8264: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8204: 8196: 8191: 8170: 8147: 8138: 8129: 8120: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8078: 8057: 8048: 8039: 8030: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7920: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7824: 7803: 7794: 7773: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7635: 7626: 7617: 7596: 7587: 7566: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7509: 7488: 7479: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7419: 7410: 7389: 7380: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7344: 7335: 7314: 7305: 7296: 7287: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7216: 7183: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7121: 7112: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7038: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6973: 6963: 6956:catechetical 6950: 6941: 6932: 6910: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6871: 6868: 6863: 6860: 6855: 6853:mayquintapas 6852: 6847: 6844: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6817: 6814: 6809: 6806: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780:waĉakunanpaq 6779: 6776: 6771: 6768: 6763: 6760: 6755: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6739: 6736: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6709: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6693: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6677: 6674: 6669: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6615: 6612: 6607: 6604: 6599: 6596: 6591: 6588: 6583: 6580: 6575: 6572: 6567: 6564: 6559: 6556: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530:kawsaŝqanpaŝ 6529: 6527:causascampas 6526: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460:chaykunakta. 6459: 6457:chaycunacta. 6456: 6451: 6448: 6443: 6440: 6436:kanankamapaŝ 6435: 6433:canancamapas 6432: 6427: 6424: 6419: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6400: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382:kawsaŝqanta, 6381: 6379:causascanta, 6378: 6373: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6341: 6338: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6279: 6276: 6271: 6268: 6263: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6225: 6222: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6198: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6182: 6177: 6174: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6144: 6139: 6136: 6132:kanankamapaŝ 6131: 6129:canancamapas 6128: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6112: 6107: 6104: 6099: 6096: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6058: 6053: 6050: 6045: 6042: 6037: 6034: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6005: 6002: 5997: 5994: 5986: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5930:huk llamalla 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5782: 5772: 5762: 5752: 5741: 5731: 5721: 5711: 5699: 5695: 5683: 5679: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5643: 5633: 5618: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5591: 5587: 5584:N V-wa-pti-n 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5333: 5323: 5313: 5303: 5285: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5246: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5012:hamu-nki-man 5011: 5007: 5001: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4883:-wa-...-y-ku 4882: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4747: 4744: 4740:riku-wa-chun 4739: 4736:hamu-chun-ku 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4552:(= present) 4549: 4546:(= present) 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4498: 4491: 4488:(= present) 4485: 4482:(= present) 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4384: 4380:kuya-wa-n-ku 4379: 4376:kuya-wa-y-ku 4375: 4371: 4369: 4362: 4357:-wa-...-n-ku 4356: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4333:-wa-...-n-ku 4332: 4329:-wa-...-y-ku 4328: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4120:-wa-∅-nqa-ku 4119: 4115: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4037: 4027: 4016: 4012: 4008: 3997:identified: 3995: 3980: 3969: 3964: 3954: 3949: 3933: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828:riku-rqa-nku 3827: 3823: 3821: 3816:: see text) 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3790: 3780: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3664: 3654: 3644: 3634: 3624: 3614: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3532: 3529:reiteration 3522: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3483: 3473: 3470:progressive 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3416:upya-naya-ni 3415: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3370:from nouns: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3343: 3333: 3323: 3313: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3269: 3268: 3266:(of subject 3265: 3260:involvement 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3221: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189:iŝkay chunka 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3163: 3153: 3143: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3103: 3093: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3054:mana ima-paŝ 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2934: 2924: 2913: 2904: 2884: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2805: 2792: 2779: 2762: 2749: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2695: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2625: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2558: 2553: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2513: 2500:case marker 2484: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:'nineteen', 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1985: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1459: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1419:Hijo Pródigo 1416: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1359: 1355:Chinchaysuyo 1354: 1351:Aptaycachana 1350: 1346: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1294: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1116:Chinchaysuyo 1113: 1104:Chinchaysuyu 1101: 1081: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1041: 1025: 1016: 995: 989: 984: 982: 978: 965: 961: 957: 953: 950: 945: 941: 937: 936:rather than 933: 929: 928:rather than 925: 922: 918: 902: 898: 892: 888:miku-rqá-ngi 887: 883: 879: 875: 867: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 830: 826: 824: 818: 814: 806: 802: 790: 786: 782: 778: 771: 767: 757:Yaguar Guaca 756: 731: 701: 688: 681: 669: 647:, including 631: 599: 589: 585: 570:logosyllabic 561: 557: 539: 533: 532: 526: 518: 510: 506: 502: 498: 490: 487:Nicene Creed 475: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418:quey pachacc 417: 409: 405: 390: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 315: 311: 310:it would be 303: 302:it would be 291: 283: 282:it would be 279: 275: 250: 201:Latin script 173: 82: 68:ISO 639 code 64:}} 58:{{ 54:}} 48:{{ 44:}} 38:{{ 33: 9652:Guaman Poma 8086:. P.312-313 6856:mayqintapaŝ 6374:machunkunap 6371:machoncunap 5969:allin wamra 5767:definitely 5746:still, yet 5736:only, just 5481:riku-q-ni-y 5431:The use of 5300:infinitive 5204:-wa-∅-n-man 5092:-n-chik-man 5026:fuses with 4985:-wa-...-ŝun 4968:(= future) 4956:wa-...-chun 4939:---------- 4812:(= future) 4809:-ŝun(-chik) 4793:(= future) 4734:here, too: 4701:waqaycha-y! 4600:-wa-...-ŝun 4571:-wa-...-nqa 4544:-ŝu-...-nki 4298:-ŝu-...-nki 4254:-wa-...-nki 4116:-wa-...n-ku 4034:3rd person 4024:2nd person 4005:1st person 3977:3rd person 3943:2nd person 3930:1st person 3878:The suffix 3682:The suffix 3651:dispersive 3641:regressive 3436:The suffix 3389:'eat' > 3368:inchoatives 3362:The suffix 3330:reciprocal 3257:2nd person 3251:finiteness 3203:'million'. 3195:'hundred', 3056:'nothing'. 2946:3rd person 2931:2nd person 2925:ñuqa-n-chik 2901:1st person 2849:'all' from 2744:terminative 2565:3rd person 2550:2nd person 2543:-(ni)n-chik 2530:1st person 2420:'my path', 2276:ʂ / s̪ / ʃ 2083:, and uses 2079:and /q/ as 2071:and /ʎ/ as 1991:Orthography 1432:Uska Paukar 1410:y sueño de 1147:innovations 964:instead of 901:instead of 862:), and the 848:saynáta-kta 811:Santo Tomás 791:Mascapaicha 787:maxcapaycha 761:Yawar Waqaq 693:from 1557, 665:Quechua IIB 641:Quechua IIC 554:Inca Empire 468:instead of 464:, no -c-), 442:chacatascca 375:pampascatac 371:quimçañequẽ 347:runacunacta 223:Inca Empire 118:Inca Empire 85:August 2021 9561:Valladolid 9541:Valladolid 9380:Valladolid 6903:References 6864:kuyaŝqanta 6861:cuyascanta 6772:iŝkayllata 6769:yscayllata 6616:Tuta Ñamqa 6608:Yana Ñamqa 6503:quillcasca 6498:llaqtanpim 6495:llactanpim 6412:feeniyuqĉá 6409:feenioccha 6355:Guarocheri 6296:kaptinpaŝ, 6293:captinpas, 6285:quillcasca 6264:kaptinpaŝ, 6261:captinpas, 6140:chinkaykuq 6137:chincaycuc 6043:quillcacta 6022:machunkuna 6019:machonkuna 5949:mana-m ari 5726:also, and 5658:new topic 5576:upya-pti-n 5465:agent noun 5441:alla-ku-na 5372:Infinitive 5159:3rd person 5119:2nd person 5060:1st person 4942:--------- 4908:3rd person 4835:2nd person 4829:--------- 4775:1st person 4674:imperative 4668:Imperative 4662:syncretism 4654:suppletive 4517:3rd person 4475:2nd person 4411:1st person 4370:Examples: 4271:3rd person 4227:2nd person 4168:1st person 3858:The verbs 3800:fusional ( 3732:apa-ykaĉa- 3716:mancha-ku- 3698:'he gives 3621:reflexive 3574:lliki-rqa- 3558:urma-raya- 3519:inception 3500:intensity 3442:rima-paya- 3340:auxiliary 3320:causative 3284:discourse 3264:plurality 3183:'eleven', 3179:'having': 2893:singular 2857:Adjectives 2746:, 'until' 2693:comitative 2667:accusative 2612:wamra-kuna 2585:, see the 2450:yawar-ni-y 1903:semivowels 1791:fricatives 1633:affricates 1408:Proserpina 1313:(1631) by 1281:catechisms 783:Quiquixana 677:Pachacamac 574:Gary Urton 426:runacunata 363:chacatasca 312:kawsashqan 167:Quechua II 6826:mikurqan. 6823:micorcan. 6788:kamarqan. 6785:camarcan. 6702:Qarwinchu 6699:Caruincho 6691:Huallallo 6613:Tutañamca 6605:yanañamca 6506:qillqaŝqa 6358:Waruchiri 6288:qillqaŝqa 6272:kanankama 6269:canancama 6226:hinataqmi 6223:hinatacmi 6210:kanankama 6207:canancama 6202:kaŝqanpaŝ 6199:cascanpas 6051:yachanman 6046:qillqakta 5979:(ditto). 5625:particle 5615:Particles 5493:riku-qi-y 5477:riku-wa-q 5253:-wa-chwan 5241:subject? 5225:inclusive 5209:exclusive 5169:-n-ku-man 5084:inclusive 5074:-y-ku-man 5070:exclusive 4981:inclusive 4962:exclusive 4935:--------- 4865:-wa-...-y 4826:-------- 4823:-------- 4805:inclusive 4786:exclusive 4781:-------- 4728:hamu-chun 4625:Example: 4596:inclusive 4577:exclusive 4486:-nki-chik 4437:inclusive 4421:exclusive 4346:inclusive 4325:exclusive 4320:-wa-...-n 4237:-nki-chik 4215:-yki-chik 4194:inclusive 4178:exclusive 3890:(perhaps 3740:kuti-mpu- 3724:kaĉa-pu-n 3692:kaĉa-mu-n 3690:meaning: 3686:may have 3671:illative 3631:andative 3431:miku-wŝi- 3427:taki-wŝi- 3421:A suffix 3402:riku-naku 3376:chiri-ya- 3276:optative 3255:subject, 3208:–(ni)ntin 3034:imaypacha 3028:'where', 3020:'which', 3016:) 'how', 2921:inclusive 2914:ñuqa-y-ku 2910:exclusive 2847:hina-ntin 2843:–(ni)ntin 2839:llama-yuq 2819:Particles 2800:privative 2618:'a lot'. 2574:-(ni)n-ku 2539:-(ni)y-ku 2522:singular 2446:yawar-i-y 2390:ñan-pa(q) 1689:aspirated 1585:laryngeal 1565:retroflex 1456:Phonology 1450:lenitions 1345:in 1649 ( 1255:, 1609), 1191:aspirated 1151:lenitions 1135:cofradías 882:'I eat', 860:-chík-man 844:máchu-lla 519:tiyachkan 379:pũchaupim 361:) vs. s ( 339:caypachap 316:kawashqan 304:kawsasqan 292:kawsashka 284:cauçascan 252:Glottolog 236:ISO 639-3 134:Ethnicity 9708:Category 9677:Archived 9642:. (1598) 9481:(1994). 9374:(1560). 6718:atirqan. 6715:atircan. 6694:Wallallu 6683:huacatac 6667:quipanpi 6519:himahina 6428:imahinaĉ 6256:Chayhina 6253:Chayhina 6218:rikurin, 6215:ricurin, 6108:hinantin 6105:hinantin 6054:yaĉanman 5922:wasi-paŝ 5911:paqta(ĉ) 5849:yawar-mi 5817:allin-ĉá 5813:allin-ŝi 5809:allin-mi 5787:or with 5757:already 5628:meaning 5592:mana-raq 5561:riku-ŝpa 5521:riku-ŝqa 5445:yayku-na 5173:subject 5153:subject 5133:subject 5124:-nki-man 5104:-yki-man 5078:subject 5043:singular 4998:Optative 4918:-chun-ku 4798:subject 4757:singular 4618:subject? 4458:-ŝqa-yki 4394:singular 4372:kuya-yki 4363:subject? 4151:singular 3777:present 3712:kuŝi-ku- 3661:elative 3586:rima-ri- 3570:-rqa-ri- 3566:-rqa-ya- 3512:-rqa-ri- 3508:-rqa-ya- 3391:miku-chi 3354:-pa(ya-) 3287:clitics 3272:object) 3177:-(ni)yuq 3060:Numerals 3030:maypacha 3014:ima-hina 3008:'what', 2955:pay-kuna 2940:qam-kuna 2881:Pronouns 2831:-(ni)yuq 2776:, 'for' 2757:equative 2732:allative 2720:ablative 2708:locative 2648:genitive 2592:Pronouns 2554:-(ni)yki 2412:): e.g. 2398:wasi-kta 2111:phoneme 2052:); e.g. 1980:aspirate 1976:ejective 1953:alveolar 1844:laterals 1735:ejective 1628:plosives 1560:alveolar 1441:Ollantay 1412:Endimión 1290:Arequipa 1286:mestizos 1187:ejective 1005:and the 966:chikllu- 958:allpari- 884:mikú-ngi 864:ablative 649:aspirate 560:or even 527:tiyashan 511:tiachcan 476:tiyashan 471:tiachcan 458:ppunchau 422:Pilatocc 393:is used. 391:tiachcan 259:clas1251 163:Quechuan 109:Runasimi 9436:(2010) 6927:Empire' 6815:quiquin 6764:runakta 6761:runacta 6748:atiŝpaŝ 6745:atispas 6710:ŝutiyuq 6686:wakataq 6670:qipanpi 6632:karqan. 6629:carcan. 6624:ŝutiyuq 6576:pachaqa 6573:pachaca 6522:imahina 6425:ymayñah 6420:karqan, 6417:carcan, 6350:yayayuq 6347:yayayuc 6323:churani 6234:kanman. 6231:canman. 6175:Himanam 6156:kanman. 6153:canman. 6148:hinachu 6145:hinacho 5920:'and': 5559:: e.g. 5547:Gerunds 5449:sita-na 5295:suffix 5218:object 5193:object 5113:object 5024:-n-chik 4923:subject 4876:subject 4850:subject 4845:-y-chik 4790:-ŝaq-ku 4691:: e.g. 4532:subject 4527:-nqa-ku 4510:subject 4492:subject 4430:subject 4425:-ŝaq-ku 4286:subject 4264:subject 4242:subject 4198:-n-chik 4187:subject 4082:before 4078:and by 4074:before 3985:------ 3938:------ 3850:below. 3826:: e.g. 3797:future 3772:suffix 3756:apa-yku 3748:apa-rqu 3688:ventive 3655:-ykaĉa- 3606:suffix 3572:, e.g. 3465:suffix 3372:tuta-ya 3305:suffix 3246:tense/ 3240:object 3197:waranqa 3004:'who', 2997:above. 2990:'now'. 2896:plural 2642:marker 2525:plural 2418:ñan-niy 2359:Grammar 1839:liquids 1570:palatal 1536:qillqay 1477:central 1374:cacique 1108:Huánuco 1044:Diocese 974:Puquina 880:míku-ni 876:túnquri 866:ending 673:Chincha 661:Puquina 546:Quechua 474:(today 466:tiascan 446:carccan 343:Pilatop 77:See why 9692:Others 9661:– 1570 9636:Aymara 9354:Guide. 8900:-chik- 6888:maman. 6885:maman. 6848:Huktaŝ 6845:Huctas 6810:Huktaŝ 6807:Huctas 6707:sutioc 6621:sutioc 6600:ñiskaŝ 6597:ñiskas 6482:Chayri 6479:Chayri 6444:kawsan 6441:causan 6366:ñiŝqap 6363:ñiscap 6326:ĉurani 6318:kaypim 6315:caypim 6194:sinchi 6191:sinchi 6178:Imanam 6070:chayqa 6067:chayca 6062:karqan 6014:ñiŝqap 6011:ñiscap 5959:Syntax 5845:wasi-m 5565:ñi-ŝpa 5473:riku-q 5382:riku-y 5249:-chwan 5164:-n-man 5088:-chwan 5065:-y-man 5048:plural 5032:-chwan 4973:object 4888:object 4762:plural 4693:hamu-y 4588:object 4556:object 4468:object 4399:plural 4339:object 4308:object 4220:object 4156:plural 3970:-(y)ki 3965:------ 3769:tense 3728:-ykaĉa 3700:chicha 3578:-tamu- 3542:-chka- 3506:(also 3494:-tamu- 3484:-raya- 3474:-chka- 3438:-paya- 3412:-naya- 3398:-naku- 3366:forms 3334:-naku- 3248:mood/ 3212:-(ni)n 3193:pachak 3134:qanĉis 3114:pichqa 3042:pi-paŝ 3018:mayqin 2976:chaqay 2853:'so'. 2793:-rayku 2787:causal 2770:dative 2725:-manta 2672:dative 2653:-pa(q) 2602:Number 2583:-(ni)- 2569:-(ni)n 2534:-(ni)y 2470:-(ni)y 2466:-p(aq) 2462:-(k)ta 2454:-ñi/ni 2414:wasi-y 2402:ñan-ta 2394:wasi-p 2386:ñan-mi 2382:wasi-m 2279:s, ss 2067:, /ɲ/ 1957:dental 1877:trills 1637:plain 1592:nasals 1580:uvular 1555:dental 1550:labial 1195:Aymara 1007:Toledo 1001:, the 999:Athens 970:Aymara 962:aklla- 954:muchu- 915:Origin 903:ranti- 899:landi- 868:-mánta 781:(e.g. 772:rima-q 768:lima-q 732:cóndor 727:kundur 721:kuntur 657:Aymara 566:Quipus 525:it is 434:iñinin 367:carcan 357:), ç ( 355:yñinim 331:Yñinim 288:Kichwa 197:Quipus 124:Region 9607:Texts 9441:Lexis 7992:ĉusku 6880:yayan 6877:yayan 6818:kikin 6756:kanan 6753:canan 6589:huaca 6568:ñawpa 6565:ñaupa 6560:Ancha 6557:Ancha 6514:kanqa 6511:canca 6124:manam 6121:manam 6059:carca 6038:pacha 6035:pacha 6030:ñawpa 6027:ñaupa 6006:Indio 6003:yndio 5953:-puni 5841:-ŝ(i) 5837:-ĉ(á) 5801:-ŝ(i) 5797:-m(i) 5763:-puni 5505:-q-ku 5487:with 5426:-kama 5030:into 4989:-chik 4913:-chun 4724:-chun 4682:-chun 4650:-chik 4638:-ŝqa- 4445:-chik 4331:(and 4281:-n-ku 4182:-y-ku 4099:-ŝun- 4088:-ŝun- 4084:-chik 4063:-chik 3888:-yki- 3860:agree 3810:-ŝun- 3806:-ŝqa- 3802:-ŝaq- 3791:-rqa- 3787:past 3675:-yku- 3665:-rqu- 3645:-mpu- 3562:-yku- 3554:-raya 3504:-yku- 3423:-wŝi- 3387:miku- 3383:-chi- 3344:-wŝi- 3324:-chi- 3228:root 3173:ĉunka 3164:ĉunka 3154:isqun 3144:pusaq 3124:suqta 3094:kimsa 3084:iŝkay 3022:hayka 3010:imana 2995:Nouns 2988:kunan 2984:kanan 2871:ancha 2863:aŝwan 2833:(the 2774:final 2763:-hina 2750:-kama 2639:case 2616:achka 2608:-kuna 2491:root 2481:Nouns 2458:-m(i) 2353:-ĉ(á) 2323:y, i 2054:huaca 1575:velar 1489:close 1472:front 985:koiné 946:-chik 872:heavy 856:-chik 852:-kúna 840:-chik 770:< 749:Andes 746:> 724:> 712:> 503:tucui 438:sapay 408:) in 406:Iñini 359:çapay 333:) in 9576:1603 9565:1560 9545:1560 9526:here 9384:1560 8904:-ku- 8902:and 8713:-pa- 7996:tawa 6592:waka 6490:sapa 6487:sapa 6452:chay 6449:chay 6280:mana 6277:mana 5998:Runa 5995:Runa 5934:-raq 5926:-lla 5918:-paŝ 5887:mana 5875:-chu 5868:-chu 5839:and 5827:and 5789:-taq 5773:-ari 5742:-raq 5732:-lla 5722:-paŝ 5644:-taq 5572:-pti 5557:-ŝpa 5517:-ŝqa 5422:-paq 5418:-nqa 5410:-nqa 5402:-nqa 5386:-paq 5364:-pti 5354:-ŝpa 5344:-ŝqa 5314:-nqa 5028:-man 5008:-man 5002:The 4680:and 4672:The 4658:-nqa 4646:-ŝun 4642:-yki 4634:-ŝaq 4604:chik 4522:-nqa 4480:-nki 4441:-ŝun 4416:-ŝaq 4232:-nki 4210:-yki 4047:y-ki 4028:-nki 3955:-nki 3950:-ŝu- 3934:-wa- 3901:-nki 3896:-ki- 3884:-ŝu- 3880:-wa- 3873:-kta 3840:-rqa 3824:-rqa 3814:-nqa 3752:-yku 3744:-rqu 3736:-mpu 3720:-pu- 3704:-ku- 3684:-mu- 3635:-pu- 3625:-ku- 3615:-mu- 3590:-pa- 3582:-ri- 3568:and 3533:-pa- 3523:-ri- 3510:and 3364:-ya- 3314:-ya- 3201:hunu 3104:tawa 3050:mana 3038:-paŝ 2980:hina 2972:chay 2905:ñuqa 2851:hina 2835:-ni- 2806:-naq 2780:-paq 2737:-man 2701:-wan 2684:-kta 2628:case 2622:Case 2440:and 2410:-ñi- 2406:-ni- 2133:t͡ʂ 2122:t͡ʃ 2094:and 2058:waka 2056:for 2028:and 2020:and 1967:and 1947:and 1762:t͡ʃʼ 1711:t͡ʃʰ 1532:quĉa 1512:open 1482:back 1434:and 1232:and 1210:-ŝqa 1202:-kta 1189:and 1173:and 1003:Rome 944:and 938:-ma- 934:-wa- 829:and 807:ŝuti 805:for 803:xuti 789:for 743:andi 737:anti 715:inga 709:inka 675:and 651:and 576:and 440:and 298:and 41:lang 8906:in 8887:-ku 6841:12. 6803:11. 6733:10. 6678:huk 6675:huc 6654:Kay 6651:Cay 6584:huk 6581:huc 6404:ima 6401:yma 6342:huk 6339:huc 6334:kay 6331:cay 6100:... 6097:... 6078:... 6075:... 5965:SOV 5945:ari 5903:ama 5895:ama 5883:big 5833:-mi 5805:-ĉá 5793:-ri 5785:-qa 5751:(-) 5712:chu 5654:-ri 5634:-qa 5501:-ku 5433:-na 5406:-na 5324:-na 5272:ka- 5016:-ni 4732:-ku 4378:or 4335:?) 4173:-ni 4080:-n- 4076:-ku 4072:-y- 4068:-ni 4059:-ku 4019:?) 4017:-n- 4015:?, 4013:-y- 4009:-ni 3981:-∅- 3905:-ki 3892:-y- 3781:-∅- 3160:10 3074:huk 3032:or 3026:may 3006:ima 2968:kay 2950:pay 2935:qam 2815:ñiq 2713:-pi 2679:-ta 2430:-i- 2342:Cʼ 2339:C' 2331:Cʰ 2328:Ch 2191:ll 2185:ll 2136:ch 2125:ch 2119:ch 2050:gu- 2042:hu- 1665:t͡ʃ 1657:t͡ʂ 1370:Aru 1333:), 1206:-ta 1022:Use 1011:Oré 972:or 942:-ku 926:-ni 809:in 799:Oré 797:in 536:or 517:as 499:cai 493:by 489:in 243:qwc 144:Era 61:IPA 9710:: 9567:). 9563:, 9547:). 9543:, 9386:). 9382:, 9236:^ 9197:^ 9176:^ 9128:^ 9044:^ 8951:^ 8928:^ 8869:^ 8738:^ 8629:^ 8608:^ 8596:^ 8584:^ 8545:^ 8522:^ 8501:^ 8487:^ 8475:^ 8463:^ 8449:^ 8415:^ 8385:^ 8353:^ 8339:^ 8318:^ 8225:^ 8213:^ 8179:^ 8156:^ 8066:^ 7929:^ 7908:^ 7833:^ 7812:^ 7782:^ 7644:^ 7605:^ 7575:^ 7554:^ 7497:^ 7440:^ 7428:^ 7398:^ 7323:^ 7273:^ 7225:^ 7204:^ 7192:^ 7144:^ 7130:^ 7100:^ 7088:^ 7074:^ 7016:^ 7004:^ 6919:^ 6740:Ña 6737:Ña 6647:9. 6553:8. 6475:7. 6397:6. 6311:5. 6249:4. 6171:3. 6093:2. 5991:1. 5938:ña 5897:: 5835:, 5829:-ŝ 5825:-ĉ 5823:, 5821:-m 5753:ña 5702:) 5686:) 5670:) 5664:-m 5588:ña 5519:: 5507:. 5495:, 5489:qi 5471:: 5469:-q 5380:: 5378:-y 5334:-q 5304:-y 5255:. 5238:? 5227:: 5211:: 5090:, 5086:: 5072:: 5020:-y 4983:: 4964:: 4897:? 4840:-y 4807:: 4788:: 4726:: 4689:-y 4678:-y 4656:: 4614:? 4606:) 4602:(- 4598:: 4579:: 4447:) 4439:: 4423:: 4359:? 4348:: 4327:: 4276:-n 4196:: 4180:: 4038:-n 3972:? 3911:. 3836:-n 3812:, 3808:, 3804:, 3544:: 3514:) 3400:: 3356:? 3270:or 3214:. 3150:9 3140:8 3130:7 3120:6 3110:5 3100:4 3090:3 3080:2 3070:1 3052:: 3002:pi 2923:: 2912:: 2821:. 2674:) 2658:-p 2610:: 2472:. 2468:, 2464:, 2460:, 2442:-ŝ 2438:-r 2436:, 2434:-q 2320:j 2317:y 2309:w 2306:w 2298:u 2295:u 2290:t 2287:t 2284:t 2273:ŝ 2265:s 2262:s 2257:r 2254:r 2251:r 2243:q 2240:q 2235:p 2232:p 2229:p 2224:ñ 2221:ɲ 2218:ñ 2213:n 2210:n 2207:n 2202:m 2199:m 2196:m 2188:ʎ 2180:l 2177:l 2174:l 2166:k 2163:k 2155:i 2152:i 2147:h 2144:h 2141:h 2130:ĉ 2073:ll 2065:ch 2060:. 2046:w- 2038:ss 2014:qq 2012:, 2008:, 2006:cc 2002:qu 1963:, 1856:) 1815:/ 1812:s̪ 1809:/ 1783:) 1780:qʼ 1774:) 1771:kʼ 1765:) 1754:) 1751:tʼ 1745:) 1742:pʼ 1727:) 1725:qʰ 1720:) 1718:kʰ 1713:) 1704:) 1702:tʰ 1697:) 1695:pʰ 1660:) 1236:. 1161:. 1071:. 930:-y 763:); 734:, 718:, 501:, 456:, 448:, 420:, 377:, 369:, 341:, 199:/ 46:, 9687:. 9559:( 9539:( 9528:. 9489:. 9378:( 5710:- 5700:á 5698:( 5696:ĉ 5694:- 5684:i 5682:( 5680:ŝ 5678:- 5668:i 5666:( 5485:q 4987:( 4443:( 4122:. 4011:( 3450:. 3446:. 3406:. 2986:/ 2772:/ 2096:ĉ 2092:ŝ 2085:h 2081:q 2077:k 2069:ñ 2034:s 2030:ç 2026:z 2022:o 2018:e 2010:k 1998:c 1969:ç 1965:c 1961:z 1949:c 1945:z 1941:s 1937:x 1920:j 1909:w 1887:r 1863:ʎ 1853:l 1850:( 1831:h 1818:ʃ 1806:ʂ 1799:s 1777:( 1768:( 1759:( 1748:( 1739:( 1723:( 1716:( 1709:( 1700:( 1693:( 1679:q 1672:k 1654:( 1649:t 1642:p 1630:/ 1614:ɲ 1605:n 1598:m 1562:/ 1520:a 1504:u 1495:i 1267:( 1259:( 1251:( 1175:ŝ 1171:s 831:o 827:e 821:. 819:s 815:ŝ 779:x 612:; 529:. 478:) 404:( 329:( 207:) 203:( 87:) 83:( 79:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index