Quechuan languages

1825: 549: 209: 5050:

However, if one focuses less on the structure and more on the situation, some sense can be made. The speaker is asking the addressee for information so the speaker assumes the speaker knows the answer. That assumption is where the direct evidential comes into play. The speaker holds a certain amount of certainty that the addressee will know the answer. The speaker interprets the addressee as being in "direct relation" to the proposed content; the situation is the same as when, in regular sentences, the speaker assumes direct relation to the proposed information.

5988: 2729: 518: 5718: 668: 5887: 5734:, there are a number of Andean texts in the local language which were written down in Latin characters after the European conquest, but which express, to a great extent, the culture of pre-Conquest times. For example, Quechua poems thought to date from Inca times are preserved as quotations within some Spanish-language chronicles dealing with the pre-Conquest period. However, the most important specimen of Quechua literature of this type is the so-called 197: 2231: 4434:. Evidentiality refers to a morpheme whose primary purpose is to indicate the source of information. In Quechuan languages, evidentiality is a three-term system: there are three evidential morphemes that mark varying levels of source information. The markers can apply to first, second, and third persons. The chart below depicts an example of these morphemes from 388:, hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before the Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. 5686:

An interesting contrast to omission of evidentials is overuse of evidentials. If a speaker uses evidentials too much with no reason, competence is brought into question. For example, the overuse of –m(i) could lead others to believe that the speaker is not a native speaker or, in some extreme cases,

675:

There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the

5787:

Dramas and poems continued to be written in the 19th and especially in 20th centuries as well; in addition, in the 20th century and more recently, more prose has been published. However, few literary forms were made present in the 19th century as European influences limited literary criticism. While

5549:

Because folktales, myths, and legends are, in essence, reported speech, it follows that the hearsay marker would be used with them. Many of these types of stories are passed down through generations, furthering this aspect of reported speech. A difference between simple hearsay and folktales can be

4590:

evidential indicates that the utterance is an inference or form of conjecture. That inference relays the speaker's non-commitment to the truth-value of the statement. It also appears in cases such as acquiescence, irony, interrogative constructions, and first person inferences. These uses constitute

5682:

In certain grammatical structures, the evidential marker does not appear at all. In all Quechuan languages the evidential will not appear in a dependent clause. No example was given to depict this omission. Omissions occur in Quechua. The sentence is understood to have the same evidentiality as the

5117:

The direct evidential affix is also seen in yes/no questions, similar to the situation with wh-questions. Floyd describes yes/no questions as being "characterized as instructions to the addressee to assert one of the propositions of a disjunction." Once again, the burden of direct evidence is being

4683:

With the use of this morpheme, the speaker "serves as a conduit through which information from another source passes." The information being related is hearsay or revelatory in nature. It also works to express the uncertainty of the speaker regarding the situation. However, it also appears in other

1737:." This hypothesis is generally rejected by specialists, however. The parallels are better explained by mutual influence and borrowing through intensive and long-term contact. Many Quechua–Aymara cognates are close, often closer than intra-Quechua cognates, and there is a little relationship in the 635:

The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of

5713:

Evidentials also show that being precise and stating the source of one's information is extremely important in the language and the culture. Failure to use them correctly can lead to diminished standing in the community. Speakers are aware of the evidentials and even use proverbs to teach children

1341:

Landerman (1991) does not believe a true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous

5273:

This example comes from a conversation between husband and wife, discussing the reactions of their family and friends after they have been gone for a while. The husband says he plans to stretch the truth and tell them about distant places to which he has gone, and his wife (in the example above)

5049:

The direct evidential appears in wh-questions and yes/no questions. By considering the direct evidential in terms of prototypical semantics, it seems somewhat counterintuitive to have a direct evidential, basically an evidential that confirms the speaker's certainty about a topic, in a question.

4761:

The evidential morphemes have been referred to as markers or morphemes. The literature seems to differ on whether or not the evidential morphemes are acting as affixes or clitics, in some cases, such as Wanka Quechua, enclitics. Lefebvre and Muysken (1998) discuss this issue in terms of case but

2963:

The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru. Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign and believe that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish. Those who prefer the new system

428:

Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after the Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural

556:

In 1975, Peru became the first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages. Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official

4481:

The parentheses around the vowels indicate that the vowel can be dropped when following an open vowel. For the sake of cohesiveness, the above forms are used to discuss the evidential morphemes. There are dialectal variations to the forms. The variations will be presented in the following

4327:) can be used to express the number of the object rather than the subject. There is a lot of variation between the dialects in the exact rules which determine this. In Central Quechua, however, the verbal morphology differs in a number of respects: most notably, the verbal plural suffixes 706:, in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. 597:

Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as

6293: 5746:. From the post-conquest period (starting from the middle of the 17th century), there are a number of anonymous or signed Quechua dramas, some of which deal with the Inca era, while most are on religious topics and of European inspiration. The most famous dramas are 560:

The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with

713:

among the dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties;

395:

in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. The clergy of the

331:

language family of the Americas, with the number of speakers estimated at 8–10 million speakers in 2004, and just under 7 million from the most recent census data available up to 2011. Approximately 13.9% (3.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechua language.

6340: 5339:

This example comes from a discourse where a woman demands compensation from the man (the speaker in the example) whose pigs ruined her potatoes. He denies the pigs as being his but finally realizes he may be responsible and produces the above example.

5467:

Irony in language can be a somewhat complicated topic in how it functions differently in languages, and by its semantic nature, it is already somewhat vague. For these purposes, it is suffice to say that when irony takes place in Wanka Quechua, the

5532:

This example comes from discourse between a father and daughter about her refusal to attend school. It can be interpreted as a genuine statement (perhaps one can learn by resisting school) or as an ironic statement (that is an absurd idea).

6723: 5695:

By using evidentials, the Quechua culture has certain assumptions about the information being relayed. Those who do not abide by the cultural customs should not be trusted. A passage from Weber (1986) summarizes them nicely below:

4071:) are associated to each other reversely, compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it: it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it: it is remembered). 7057: 5280:

With these, the evidential is used to highlight the speaker's assessment of inevitability of an event and acceptance of it. There is a sense of resistance, diminished enthusiasm, and disinclination in these constructions.

6744:

Adelaar 2004, pp. 258–259: "The Quechua speakers' wish for social mobility for their children is often heard as an argument for not transmitting the language to the next generation.... As observed quite adequately by

588:. Even in these areas, the governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of the countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement. 5771:

As for Christian literature, as early as 1583, the Third Provincial Church Council of Lima, which took place in 1583, published a number of texts dealing with Christian doctrine and rituals, including a trilingual

8063:

Weber, D. J.; Ballena D., M.; Cayco Z., F.; Cayco V., T. (1998). Quechua de Huánuco: Diccionario del quechua del Huallaga con índices castellano e ingles (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 48). Lima: Summer Institute of

7054:"Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC" 2747: 610:(strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had a significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as 7747:

Weber, David. "Information Perspective, Profile, and Patterns in Quechua." Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ed. Wallace L. Chafe and Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub, 1986. 137–55.

7741:

Hintz, Diane. "The evidential system in Sihuas Quechua: personal vs. shared knowledge" The Nature of Evidentiality Conference, The Netherlands, 14–16 June 2012. SIL International. Internet. 13 April 2014.

7442:

Saenz, S. Dedenbach-Salazar. 1990. Quechua Sprachmaterialen. In: Meyers, A., M. Volland. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte des westlichen Südamerika. Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. P. 258.

8060:

Tödter, Ch.; Zahn, Ch.; Waters, W.; Wise, M. R. (2002). Shimikunata asirtachik killka inka-kastellanu (Diccionario inga-castellano) (Serie lingüística Peruana, 52). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

752:

devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus a fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g.

5776:

in Spanish, Quechua and Aymara and a number of other similar texts in the years from 1584 to 1585. More texts of this type were published until the middle of the 17th century, mostly adhering to a

7993:

Sánchez, Liliana. Quechua-Spanish Bilingualism: Interference and Convergence in Functional Categories. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 35. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub, 2003.

7763: 6638: 702:

Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. (

412:(Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. 2745: 6659: 2964:

maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua, and they point to studies showing that teaching the five-vowel system to children later causes reading difficulties in Spanish.

429:

areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America, more than any other indigenous language family in the Americas.

718:

lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages.

2974:

Writers differ in the treatment of Spanish loanwords. These are sometimes adapted to modern orthography and sometimes left as in Spanish. For instance, "I am Roberto" could be written

7583: 7053: 5788:

some of that literature consists of original compositions (poems and dramas), the bulk of 20th century Quechua literature consists of traditional folk stories and oral narratives.

6608: 500:

Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as

6549: 5951: 5714:

the importance of being precise and truthful. Precision and information source are of the utmost importance. They are a powerful and resourceful method of human communication.

875:

adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I:

8208: 928: 3126:

in the normalized alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed, with the aim of standardizing the spellings used by the National Geographic Institute

2159:, the native word which originally meant the "temperate valley" altitude ecological zone in the Andes (suitable for maize cultivation) and to its inhabitants. Alternatively, 6858: 2746: 504:'s Quechua Collective of New York promote the language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities. 5350:

evidential, the inferential evidential can be found in content questions. However, the salient difference between the uses of the evidentials in questions is that in the

7503: 2888:. This orthography is the most familiar to Spanish speakers, and so it has been used for most borrowings into English, which essentially always happen through Spanish. 7635: 8057:

Stark, L. R.; Muysken, P. C. (1977). Diccionario español-quichua, quichua español. (Publicaciones de los Museos del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1). Quito: Guayaquil.

5039:

Evidentials can be used to relay different meanings depending on the context and perform other functions. The following examples are restricted to Wanka Quechua.

4770:

Evidentials in the Quechuan languages are "second position enclitics", which usually attach to the first constituent in the sentence, as shown in this example.

3155:

changes both the overall meaning of words and their subtle shades of meaning. All varieties of Quechua are very regular agglutinative languages, as opposed to

6226: 7429: 4928:

However, there are exceptions to that rule, and the more topics there are in a sentence, the more likely the sentence is to deviate from the usual pattern.

4921:, but this does not hold true for all varieties of Quechua. In Huanuco Quechua, the evidentials may follow any number of topics, marked by the topic marker 2956:

In 1985, a variation of this system was adopted by the Peruvian government that uses the Quechuan three-vowel system, resulting in the following spellings:

8105: 8095: 7144:"Lakämper, Renate. 2000. Plural- und Objektmarkierung in Quechua. Doctoral Dissertation. Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf" 7117: 4515:

indicates that the speaker has a "strong personal conviction the veracity of the circumstance expressed." It has the basis of direct personal experience.

6570: 5828: 683:

However, there is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as

3182:, and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it, but some varieties may lack some of the characteristics. 2241: 695:

on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this was maintained as the

415:

In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the

6935: 6850: 628:

16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in

7922: 3969: 3931: 3824: 6628: 339:, that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the 6684: 8425: 3122:, which approves regulations relative to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on July 22, 2016, adequate spellings of the 8048:

Cerrón-Palomino, R. (1994). Quechua sureño, diccionario unificado quechua- castellano, castellano-quechua. Lima: Biblioteca Nacional del Perú.

7726: 8111: 622:

It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers. The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in

7575: 6324: 4753:. The author postulates that instead of three single evidential markers, that Quechuan language contains three pairs of evidential markers. 8160: 7104:

This occurs in English, where "before" means "in the past", and Shakespeare's Macbeth says "The greatest is behind", meaning in the future.

343:

in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and the most spoken

8101: 7021:

To listen to recordings of these and many other words as pronounced in many different Quechua-speaking regions, see the external website

5760:

wrote several dramas in the language. Poems in Quechua were also composed during the colonial period. A notable example are the works of

2155:

There are two possible etymologies of Quechua as the name of the language. There is a possibility that the name Quechua was derived from

2108:

is added to verbs to signify an action is performed with affection or, in the imperative, as a rough equivalent to "please". In Bolivia,

1824: 7036: 6600: 2148:. It is not known what name the native speakers gave to their language before colonial times and whether it was Spaniards who called it 1386:) is mainly spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. It is also spoken in the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, and in pockets of Peru. 8415: 6206: 451:, with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced 7744:

Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic, 1988. Print.

6519: 5683:

other sentences in the context. Quechuan speakers vary as to how much they omit evidentials, but they occur only in connected speech.

7133:

Lakämper, Renate, Dieter Wunderlich. 1998. Person marking in Quechua: a constraint-based minimalist analysis. Lingua 105: pp. 113–48.

2690: 7143: 7365: 6025: 6707: 5921: 214:

Map showing the current distribution of the Quechuan languages (solid gray) and the historical extent of the Inca Empire (shaded)

7738:

Floyd, Rick. The Structure of Evidential Categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1999. Print.

687:, and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of 7987: 7661: 7493: 6479: 6401: 6200: 6146: 6108: 6080: 6052: 1421:. It is the most influential branch, with the largest number of speakers and the most important cultural and literary legacy. 7080: 6005: 8025: 6257: 5956: 5709:

Assume responsibility only if it is safe to do so. Successful assumption of responsibility builds stature in the community.

309: 2877:. However, written Quechua is rarely used by Quechua speakers due to limited amounts of printed material in the language. 1362:. It is the most diverse branch of Quechua, to the extent that its divisions are commonly considered different languages. 8042:

Parker, G. J. (1969). Ayacucho Quechua grammar and dictionary. (Janua linguarum: Series practica, 82). The Hague: Mouton.

6326:

De la etnohistoria a la historia en los Andes : 51o Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Santiago de Chile, 2003

6313:

Adelaar, Willem F. H.. Chapter Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-typological Perspective. Germany, De Gruyter, 2012.

5926: 5819:

Many Andean musicians write and sing in their native languages, including Quechua and Aymara. Notable musical groups are

2968: 2896: 2659: 2632: 494: 419:

rebellion of indigenous peoples. The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's

4485:

The following sentences provide examples of the three evidentials and further discuss the meaning behind each of them.

2666: 2557: 1829: 4762:

remark the line between affix and clitic is not clear. Both terms are used interchangeably throughout these sections.

8016: 7998: 7955: 7934: 7916: 7891: 7877: 7863: 7819: 7805: 7791: 7713: 7699: 7685: 7629: 6717: 6373: 6334: 5946: 5941: 2986:

is not part of the name; it is an evidential suffix, showing how the information is known: firsthand, in this case.)

2941:

It distinguishes simple, ejective, and aspirated stops in dialects that make these distinctions, such as that of the

2276: 573: 8045:

Cachique Amasifuén, S. F. (2007). Diccionario Kichwa-Castellano / Castellano- Kichwa. Tarapoto, San Martín: Aquinos.

7392:"El iii concilio de lima y la conformación de una normativa evangelizadora para la provincia eclesiástica del perãš" 6824: 6103:. Travaux de l'Institut Français d'études andines. Lima: Instituto Francés de estudios andinos Editorial horizonte. 5027:

so:already-TOP at:the:peak-TOP arriving-TOP child-TOP already-IND our:God-TOP had:taken:her:up to:heaven:already-IND

8410: 8153: 7025: 6234: 6047:. Monumenta lingüística andina (2. ed.). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas. 2596: 2465: 8286: 7461: 1037: 754: 470: 7524: 6753:) speakers seem to have taken the project of assimilation begun by the dominating classes and made it their own." 2817:. Because reflexes of a given Proto-Quechua word may have different stops in neighboring dialects (Proto-Quechua 2738: 421: 7114: 6803: 8127:

Quechua dramatic and lyrical works (Dramatische und lyrische Dichtungen der Keshua-Sprache) by Ernst Middendorf

8008: 5777: 5731: 2112:

is often included in the Spanish imperative to imply "please" or to soften commands. For example, the standard

2100:"curly haired", among many others. Quechua grammar also enters Bolivian Spanish, such as the use of the suffix 8067:

Weber, N. L.; Park, M.; Cenepo S., V. (1976). Diccionario quechua: San Martín. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.

7929:. Studies in natural language and linguistic theory, . Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. 7783: 6956:

Muysken, Pieter (March 2012). "Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: case studies from the Andes".

3338: 2849:

of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress. Stress in Chachapoyas Quechua falls word-initially.

846:

The most widely spoken varieties in this group are Chimborazo Highland Quichua and Imbabura Highland Quichua.

380:. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the 7825: 5780:

that had been codified by the Third Council for this purpose. There is at least one Quechuan version of the

3314:. In Quechua IIB, or "Kichwa", the exclusive first-person plural pronoun, "ñuqayku", is generally obsolete. 8132: 8126: 6520:"Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más" 6504: 5765: 5562:

Riddles are somewhat similar to myths and folktales in that their nature is to be passed by word of mouth.

5192:

In these constructions the evidential works to reaffirm and encourage the addressee's actions or thoughts.

2589: 340: 3325:

in Quechua are always placed before nouns. They lack gender and number and are not declined to agree with

3118:

The Spanish-based orthography is now in conflict with Peruvian law. According to article 20 of the decree

2916: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2711: 2345: 2341: 2337: 721:

As a reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the

8405: 8146: 6929: 6128: 5703:

Avoid unnecessary risk by assuming responsibility for information of which one is not absolutely certain.

3164: 2607: 2311: 2068:

In Bolivia, particularly, Quechua words are used extensively even by non-Quechua speakers. These include

474: 7786:. Austin: Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press, 1969. 5122:, is derived from the negative –chu marker and the direct evidential (realized as –n in some dialects). 737:. The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the 493:, completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet 8420: 8227: 7656:. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 6522:[Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more]. 3291: 2625: 2458: 2451: 2304: 980: 762: 548: 486: 7609:

Ecologically Meaningful Toponyms: Linking a lexical domain to production ecology in the Peruvian Andes

7391: 6800:"Alain Fabre, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pubelos indígenas sudamericanos" 6746: 6660:""El problema es que no puedas acceder a tus derechos solo por ser hablante de una lengua originaria"" 5795: 5669: 5524: 5456: 5331: 5169: 5109: 4839: 4741: 4656: 4311:

is also indicated by a suffix, which precedes the suffixes in the table. For the second person, it is

2990: 2770:

About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (such as

591: 376:

Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the

7839: 6674: 5554:

marker. In normal conversation using reported speech, the marker is used less, to avoid redundancy.

4067:

means "ahead, in front" and "past." Local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in

2715: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2164: 636:

more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable.

8086: 6444: 5987: 5792:

has translated two sets of Quechua oral short stories, one into Spanish and the other into English.

2864: 2141: 1833: 405: 7723: 5757: 3457: 2874: 2479: 2319: 490: 392: 5735: 4917:

Sometimes, the affix is described as attaching to the focus, particularly in the Tarma dialect of

671:

The four branches of Quechua: I (Central), II-A (North Peruvian), II-B (Northern), II-C (Southern)

7965: 4358:

are indeclinable: they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare, but the most common are

3168: 2472: 2258: 2167:, the early Spanish chroniclers, mention the existence of a people called Quichua in the present 1806: 324: 6436: 8380: 8365: 7673:

Cole, Peter. "Imbabura Quechua", North-Holland (Lingua Descriptive Studies 5), Amsterdam 1982.

5931: 5842:

There are several Quechua and Quechua-Spanish bloggers, as well as a Quechua language podcast.

5706:

Do not be gullible. There are many folktales in which the villain is foiled by his gullibility.

4339:

rather than after the personal suffixes. Furthermore, the 1st person singular object suffix is

3144: 2802: 2798: 2550: 2543: 2374: 2290: 2247: 2022: 2010:

in Spanish. A rare instance of a Quechua word being taken into general Spanish use is given by

1276: 1260: 710: 433: 8375: 7619: 6524: 5739: 2160: 1291: 7764:

Modeling convergence: Towards a reconstruction of the history of Quechuan–Aymaran interaction

7423: 7033: 6564: 2892: 2806: 2717: 2414: 2407: 2183: 1774: 1734: 3432:

is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest."

2254: 765:) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. 8091: 8051:

Cusihuamán G., A. (1976). Diccionario quechua: Cuzco-Collao. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.

6138: 5866: 4355: 3179: 2571: 2421: 1766: 7886:. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 24. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters LTD, 2001. 7549: 4749:

Hintz discusses an interesting case of evidential behavior found in the Sihaus dialect of

2845:

Stress is penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as the

1729:

Quechua shares a large amount of vocabulary, and some striking structural parallels, with

1373:

II-A: Yunkay Quechua (North Peruvian Quechua) is scattered in Peru's occidental highlands.

8: 8318: 8104:, copies of handwritten notes on Quechua pedagogical and descriptive materials, from the 5761: 5541:

Aside from being used to express hearsay and revelation, this affix also has other uses.

4304: 3461: 3176: 2814: 2564: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2490: 1159: 362: 7147: 6181:"The Quechua Language in the Andes Today: Between Statistics, the State, and Daily Life" 861:

The most widely spoken varieties are South Bolivian, Cusco, Ayacucho, and Puno (Collao).

531:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

208: 8299: 7962:

Sounds Like Life: Sound-Symbolic Grammar, Performance, and Cognition in Pastaza Quechua

7462:"Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui, el traductor al quechua de 'El Quijote', muere a los 94 años" 7369: 6973: 6879: 6679: 6541: 6285: 5717: 4308: 3464:

variety, however, the order is reversed. From variety to variety, suffixes may change.

3453: 3445: 3156: 2536: 2369: 2364: 1818: 1802: 1054: 726: 6537: 5030:

When she (the witch) reached the peak, God had already taken the child up into heaven.

4925:, and the element with the evidential must precede the main verb or be the main verb. 4579:

In Quechuan languages, not specified by the source, the inference morpheme appears as

2217:, "language of man/people"; it also seems to have emerged during the colonial period. 2168: 825:

spoken in the northern mountains of Peru; the most widely spoken dialect is Cajamarca.

497:

and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university.

187: 8292: 8012: 7994: 7983: 7951: 7930: 7912: 7901: 7887: 7873: 7859: 7815: 7801: 7787: 7709: 7695: 7681: 7657: 7625: 7411: 6977: 6750: 6713: 6545: 6475: 6397: 6369: 6330: 6277: 6196: 6142: 6104: 6076: 6048: 5901: 3687: 3160: 2650: 2394: 2379: 2038: 1786: 1454: 1070: 722: 677: 444: 365:

may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the

356: 344: 328: 6784: 6767: 6289: 485:

wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation. A Peruvian student,

416: 366: 8355: 8347: 8257: 8238: 8214: 8115: 7403: 6965: 6779: 6533: 6269: 6188: 6134: 5855: 5118:

placed on the addressee, not on the speaker. The question marker in Wanka Quechua,

3988: 3847: 3729: 3449: 3006: 2994: 2858: 2681: 2644: 2389: 2333: 2329: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 1995: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1850: 1814: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1749:

is a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua and Aymara.

1742: 1476: 1390: 1214: 1198: 1006: 851: 828: 758: 730: 696: 611: 459: 437: 408:, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his 305: 292: 261: 24: 4059:

There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb

8323: 8200: 8029: 7829: 7730: 7121: 7084: 7040: 7029: 6471: 6001: 5916: 4319:

in most Quechua II dialects. In such cases, the plural suffixes from the table (

4068: 3912: 3668: 3652: 2834: 2810: 2401: 2384: 2325: 1794: 1746: 1730: 1470: 1381: 1142: 836: 684: 566: 562: 463: 452: 397: 385: 312: 111: 105: 8022: 7884:

Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes

4335:

are not used, and plurality is expressed by different suffixes that are located

2182:

have been used in Peru and Bolivia since the 17th century, especially after the

469:

In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian

8194: 7856:

Signs, Songs, and Memory in the Andes: Translating Quechua Language and Culture

7769: 7760: 7722:, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. 7649: 7615: 7494:"Peru airs news in Quechua, indigenous language of Inca empire, for first time" 6389: 6361: 6258:"Linguistics for Archaeologists: Principles, Methods and the Case of the Incas" 5911: 5875:

features a Peruvian character, Illari, with some voice lines being in Quechua.

4750: 3950: 3870: 3767: 2870: 2435: 1810: 1798: 1758: 1438: 1095: 910: 872: 749: 235: 50: 6273: 6187:, Studies of the Americas, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 189–213, 5186:

is usually used in an inferential context, it has some non-prototypical uses.

659:

Additionally, there is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities.

594:

broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings.

8399: 8360: 8337: 8222: 7415: 6969: 6396:. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Dirección Universitaria de Investigación. 6281: 5975: 5824: 5816:

A news broadcast in Quechua, "Ñuqanchik" (all of us), began in Peru in 2016.

4497: 4435: 4431: 4037: 3889: 3805: 3786: 3748: 3706: 3172: 3010: 2794: 2171:, and it could be inferred that their name was given to the entire language. 1762: 1482: 1464: 1444: 1355: 1229: 1175: 962: 703: 692: 448: 28: 7576:"'Star Wars' Languages Owe to Tibetan, Finnish, Haya, Quechua, and Penguins" 6192: 6075:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (G.B.): Cambridge University press. 552:

Map of Peru showing the distribution of overall Quechua speakers by district

501: 8370: 8232: 7978:

Plaza Martínez, Pedro. Quechua. In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.)

7670:, Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas', 2nd ed. 2003 7498: 6633: 5936: 5892: 5832: 5789: 4918: 2942: 2895:

adopted a new orthography for Quechua. This is the system preferred by the

2146:

Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú

1952: 1458: 1394: 1244: 945: 798:

The most widely spoken varieties are Huaylas, Huaylla Wanca, and Conchucos.

482: 410:

Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú

370: 8007:. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 112. Berkeley: 7941:

Relative Clauses in Cuzco Quechua: Interactions between Core and Periphery

6180: 2958:

Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur

2901:

Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur

2886:

Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor

159: 8329: 7872:. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1985. 7407: 6828: 5871: 5820: 5800: 3725: 2899:, which results in the following spellings of the examples listed above: 2881: 840: 377: 336: 8133:

Ollantay (Ollanta: ein drama der Keshuasprache), ed. by Ernst Middendorf

7694:, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, 7680:, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, 6629:"Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas' language" 5886: 667: 8054:

Shimelman, A. (2012–2014). Southern Yauyos Quechua Lexicon. Lima: PUCP.

7022: 6916:

American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America

5980: 4119: 4096: 4080: 3147:, meaning that words are built up from basic roots followed by several 3130:

The IGN implements the necessary changes on the official maps of Peru.

2762: 2707: 2128:

At first, Spaniards referred to the language of the Inca empire as the

803: 624: 401: 8087:

Detailed map of the varieties of Quechua according to SIL (fedepi.org)

7782:. Special publication of the Institute of Latin American Studies, the 7468: 6497:

Onomástica indígena de Chile: Toponimia de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé

8177: 8138: 7735:

Aikhenvald, Alexandra. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.

6934:(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília. 6799: 5773: 5753: 5743: 5448:

what-LIM-ACC-CONJ give-ASP-12FUT all family-PL-ACC-EVEN arrive-ASP-SS

3322: 3287: 2615: 2581: 2440: 1986: 1448: 1418: 778: 447:. It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in 181: 167: 153: 149: 137: 123: 67: 8077: 5738:(1598), which describes the mythology and religion of the valley of 5721:

Act of Argentine Independence, written in Spanish and Quechua (1816)

3460:. In general, the possessive suffix precedes that of number. In the 3294:("you") is or is not part of the "we". Quechua also adds the suffix 3005:) conservatively integrates features of the two widespread dialects 2786:) may have become phonemic even among monolingual Quechua speakers. 2332:

realizations may also be found. When the vowels appear adjacent to

2186:. Today, the various local pronunciations of "Quechua Simi" include 1970: 655:

Peru: 3,800,000 (2017 census); 3,500,000 to 4,400,000 (Adelaar 2000)

173: 7451:

Carnival Theater: Uruguay's Popular Performers and National Culture

6586:

Toponimia indígena de las provincias de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé

6500: 6179:

Howard, Rosaleen (2011), Heggarty, Paul; Pearce, Adrian J. (eds.),

5748: 5354:

marked questions, an answer is expected. That is not the case with

2293:; there are significant differences in other varieties of Quechua. 1846: 1757:

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the

1398: 1359: 738: 79: 7845: 6992:

A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language...

6766:

Moulian, Rodrigo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (December 2015).

1733:, and the two families have sometimes been grouped together as a " 858:

spoken in Bolivia, Chile, southern Peru and Northwest Argentina.

196: 7822: 6322: 3283: 3123: 2880:

Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based

2846: 2837:, borrowed independently after branching off from Proto-Quechua. 2790: 2753:

Pronunciation of the voiceless bilabial plosives of Cusco Quechua

2054: 2046: 2034: 1958: 1414: 643:

Bolivia: 2,100,000 (2001 census); 2,800,000 South Bolivian (1987)

585: 581: 478: 440: 83: 71: 20: 7975:. Janua linguarum. Series practica, 82. The Hague: Mouton, 1969. 7766:

About the origin of Quechua, and its relation with Aymara, 2011.

6931:

Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas

4430:

The Quechuan languages have three different morphemes that mark

4036:("quick – quickly"). They are also formed by adding suffixes to 2213:

Another name that native speakers give to their own language is

691:. The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of 7948:

Syntactic Developments in the Verb Phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua

7778:

Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C., and Rudolph C. Troike.

5952:

List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas

5859: 5847: 5663:

what-LIM-HSY how^much-LIM-HSY one cave-LOC sleep-IMPF-3 red cow

4017: 3175:(indication of the source and veracity of knowledge), a set of 3152: 3148: 1980: 1964: 1946: 1916: 734: 404:. The oldest written records of the language are by missionary 276: 7964:. Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 2. New York: 7943:. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 6768:"Afines Quechua en el Vocabulario Mapuche de Luis de Valdivia" 6518:

Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15).

5393: 5906: 5836: 5781: 5677: 5626: 5420: 5302: 5084: 4812: 4718: 4629: 4614: 4610: 3326: 2328:). Monolingual speakers pronounce them as respectively, but 1994:"to increase, to add." The word first came into Spanish then 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1738: 1402: 688: 381: 320: 273: 75: 63: 7525:"Peru: The State of Quechua on the Internet · Global Voices" 6517: 5742:

and has been compared to "an Andean Bible" and to the Mayan

5592: 5574: 5484: 5370: 6588:(in Spanish). Valdivia: Marisa Cuneo Ediciones. p. 28. 6127:

Heggarty, Paul; Beresford-Jones, David, eds. (2012-05-17).

5149: 4793: 4303:

The suffixes shown in the table above usually indicate the

3441: 3286:. First-person plural pronouns (equivalent to "we") may be 3189: 3151:, each of which carries one meaning. Their large number of 2062: 1910: 1430:

This is a sampling of words in several Quechuan languages:

1410: 1406: 577: 335:

Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before the

316: 279: 270: 87: 8121: 7177: 7175: 5020:

Chawrana-qa puntataruu-qu trayaruptin-qa wamrata-qa mayna-

4402:'or not?'), to intensify the meaning. Other particles are 6601:"Why a Quechua Novelist Doesn't Want His Work Translated" 5851:

was the first film to be spoken in the Quechua language.

4488: 6329:. Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. p. 295. 5451:

I wonder what we will give our families when we arrive.

4847:

They can, however, also occur on a focused constituent.

4406:'hey, hi', and certain loan words from Spanish, such as 3424:= "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to 676:

two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them

7172: 6126: 4591:

nonprototypical use and will be discussed later in the

646:

Chile: few, if any; 8,200 in ethnic group (2002 census)

6227:"Perú Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales" 4569: 2833:), they are thought to be innovations in Quechua from 565:

and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a

6880:"Ethnologue report for Quechua (macrolanguage) (SIL)" 6765: 267: 8106:

Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

8096:

Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

7718:

Rodríguez Champi, Albino. (2006). Quechua de Cusco.

7706:

The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion

6851:"Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier" 5882: 5034: 8122:

information about Quechua in a variety of languages

7611:. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007. 7396:

Intus - Legere Historia; Vol. 5, Nº 2 (2011); 51-58

6622: 6620: 6618: 3416:Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word 3167:). Notable grammatical features include bipersonal 384:region particularly has been heavily influenced by 264: 19:"Quechuan" redirects here. Not to be confused with 8102:Huancavelica Quechua Fieldnotes of Willem de Ruese 7982:, vol. I, 215–284. La Paz: Plural editores, 2009. 6761: 6759: 6323:Fisher, John; Cahill, David Patrick, eds. (2008). 5177: 4095:'to kiss'). These are the typical endings for the 2952:It continues to use the Spanish five-vowel system. 1354:) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the 632:, for example, is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. 201:Map showing the distribution of Quechuan languages 7846:Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones, Paul (2012), 7428:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6441:Revista Documentos Lingüísticos y Literarios UACh 3298:to the second and third person singular pronouns 8397: 7907:Lara, Jesús, Maria A. Proser, and James Scully. 6615: 572:In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in 319:and thereafter spread to other countries of the 7542: 7115:Variation der Person-Numerus-Flexion in Quechua 6848: 6756: 6583: 6494: 6231:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática 6071:Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). 6042: 2903:. This orthography has the following features: 2809:. They, along with certain kinds of Ecuadorian 2348:), they are rendered more like , respectively. 327:" language, it is today the most widely spoken 7389: 6772:RLA. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada 6569:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 6070: 5806:Yachay sapa wiraqucha dun Qvixote Manchamantan 5445:u-you-shrun llapa ayllu-kuna-kta-si chra-alu-l 4897: 3420:is put after the appropriate cardinal number ( 2324:, with no diphthongs, as in Aymara (including 1828:The vocabulary of the general language of the 795:spoken in Peru's central highlands and coast. 8154: 8112:Diccionario Quechua: Español–Runasimi–English 7720:Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias 7466: 7351: 7349: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6921: 5536: 4836:Once, there were an old man and an old woman. 2993:has proposed an orthographic norm for all of 298: 16:Language family of the Andes in South America 7927:Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua 7911:. Willimantic, Conn: Curbstone Press, 1976. 7491: 7081:"Morfología nominal del quechua santiagueño" 6626: 6160: 6158: 6101:Idiomas de los Andes: linguistica e historia 5024:Diosninchi-qa heqarkaykachisha syelutana-shi 4530: 3171:(verbs agree with both subject and object), 1345: 7896:King, Kendall A., and Nancy H. Hornberger. 7858:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. 7032:. It also has an entire section on the new 6928:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). 6430: 6428: 6426: 4913:It is now that Pedro is building the house. 4765: 4500:, the direct evidential presents itself as 3163:ones . Their normal sentence order is SOV ( 8161: 8147: 8135:(bilingual Quechua – German edition, 1890) 8129:(bilingual Quechua – German edition, 1891) 7780:An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua 7573: 7346: 7124:. Flexionsworkshop Leipzig, 14. Juli 2005] 6997: 6903:Quechua dialects and their classification. 6872: 6474:, Chile: Ediciones Akhilleus. p. 43. 6364:(1983). "La familia lingûística quechua". 5678:Omission and overuse of evidential affixes 4893: 400:adopted Quechua to use as the language of 7870:Grammatical Relations in Imbabura Quechua 7773:Tarma Quechua: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary 7078: 6783: 6511: 6437:"Influencia del mapuche en el castellano" 6434: 6418:A Companion to Latin American Literature, 6155: 4910:Pedro now-DIR.EV house-ACC build-PROG-3SG 2277:Learn how and when to remove this message 929:Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga 768:Torero classifies them as the following: 741:of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. 7390:López Lamerain, Constanza (2019-04-12). 6927: 6705: 6675:"Peru officially adopting Indian tongue" 6459: 6423: 6255: 5922:List of English words of Quechuan origin 5716: 5264:more far-PL-ACC go-PST-1 say-2-CONJ-EMPH 4684:constructions that are discussed in the 4650:return-AFAR-3FUT-now-CONJ say-IMPV-1-DIR 4350: 1823: 1146:("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) 666: 547: 458:Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara- 8005:A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua 7973:Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary 7614: 7368:. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from 6955: 6918:, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 189 6672: 6666: 6598: 6366:América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas 5416: 5374: 5294: 5213: 5131: 5062: 5014: 4984: 4882: 4867: 4637: 4534: 2301:Quechua only has three vowel phonemes: 2242:not related to the topic of the article 2123: 1896:A number of Quechua words have entered 1393:, in the highlands further south, from 8398: 8168: 7950:. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. 7939:Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. 7046: 6673:Kandell, Jonathan Gay (May 22, 1975). 6465: 6394:El quechua y la historia social andina 6388: 6360: 6178: 6098: 5752:and the plays describing the death of 5101:when-DIR Huancayo-ABL return-AFAR-PAST 4672:Regional variations: It can appear as 4492: : Direct evidence and commitment 1376:II-B: Northern Quechua (also known as 462:toponymy can be found as far south as 8142: 7848:Archaeology and Language in the Andes 7775:. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. 7060:from the original on October 29, 2017 6958:International Journal of Bilingualism 6699: 6130:Archaeology and Language in the Andes 5862:speaks a simplified form of Quechua. 5660:juk machray-chru puñu-ya-n puka waaka 5615: 5503: 5488: 5412: 5267:Yes, tell them, "I've gone farther." 5243: 5209: 5104:When did he come back from Huancayo? 5073: 4833:once-HSY be-SD one old.man-WITH woman 4653:I think they will probably come back. 4099:in a Southern Quechua (IIC) dialect: 4063:means both "behind" and "future" and 3290:; which mean, respectively, that the 3192: 3138: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 1998:, with the French or Spanish article 1832:of Peru, called Quichua (1560). From 1724: 1107:(Quechua II‑A split) 1091:(Quechua II‑A split) 785: 617: 291: 7836:Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua 7574:Hutchinson, Sean (8 December 2015). 6599:Londoño, Vanessa (October 5, 2016). 6435:Hernández, Arturo (1 January 1981). 6174: 6172: 6170: 6139:10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.001.0001 6122: 6120: 6094: 6092: 6066: 6064: 6038: 6036: 6034: 5957:Indigenous languages of the Americas 5700:(Only) one's experience is reliable. 5630: 5435: 5298: 5274:echoes and encourages his thoughts. 5228: 5145: 4633: 4549: 4477:DIR:direct evidence CONJ:conjecture 3444:roots accept suffixes that indicate 3128:(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) 2891:In 1975, the Peruvian government of 2813:, are the only varieties which have 2224: 511: 443:in Central Chile at the time of the 8021:Quechua bibliographies online at: 7708:, University of Texas Press, 1991, 7271:Lefebvre & Muysken 1998, p. 89. 6687:from the original on March 27, 2020 5927:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift 5519:(I suppose) That's how you learn . 4714: 4664: 2969:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift 2897:Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua 2869:Quechua has been written using the 2865:Southern Quechua § Standard Quechua 1752: 729:families, and more of the order of 323:. Derived from a common ancestral " 128: 13: 7814:. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005. 7753: 7023:The Sounds of the Andean Languages 6709:The Andes: A Geographical Portrait 6611:from the original on Oct 31, 2023. 6354: 5969: 5690: 5668:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5523:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5492: 5455:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5378: 5330:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5306: 5247: 5224: 5168:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5108:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 5088: 4871: 4838:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4756: 4740:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4722: 4655:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4618: 4545: 4315:, and for the first person, it is 2727: 2006:in Louisiana French or Creole, or 1821:language families due to contact. 1417:, and in pockets in north-western 1043:(Quechua II-A, reduced) 341:Peruvian struggle for independence 14: 8437: 8416:Indigenous languages of the Andes 8071: 7850:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6538:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028 6185:History and Language in the Andes 6167: 6117: 6089: 6061: 6043:Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2003). 6031: 5947:Intercultural bilingual education 5942:International Mother Language Day 5854:In the 1977 science fiction film 5257:mas kalu-kuna-kta li-la-a ni-nki- 5035:Changes in meaning and other uses 4830:ka-sqa huk machucha-piwan payacha 4593:changes in meaning and other uses 4573: : Inference and attenuation 2689: 2665: 2658: 2631: 2624: 2606: 2595: 2588: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2357:Cusco Quechua consonant phonemes 2289:The description below applies to 1128: Northern Quechua 662: 652:Ecuador: 2,300,000 (Adelaar 1991) 574:intercultural bilingual education 507: 434:Inca expansion into Central Chile 7678:Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao 6726:from the original on 26 May 2024 6706:Borsdorf, Axel (12 March 2015). 6584:Ramírez Sanchez, Carlos (1988). 6495:Ramírez Sánchez, Carlos (1995). 6447:from the original on 26 May 2024 6416:Aybar cited by Hart, Stephen M. 6262:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5986: 5885: 5835:, Wayna Picchu, Wara, Alborada, 5310: 5251: 4738:(I was told) Shanti borrowed it. 4425: 4370:can take some suffixes, such as 2761:Problems playing this file? See 2743: 2229: 1365:Quechua II (Peripheral Quechua, 839:), northern Peru, and Colombia ( 516: 260: 207: 195: 7638:from the original on 2024-05-26 7586:from the original on 2023-01-15 7567: 7517: 7506:from the original on 2024-05-26 7485: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7383: 7358: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7265: 7256: 7247: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7184: 7163: 7154: 7136: 7127: 7107: 7098: 7072: 7015: 6984: 6949: 6938:from the original on 2021-04-18 6908: 6895: 6886: 6861:from the original on 2015-02-01 6842: 6817: 6806:from the original on 2020-09-25 6792: 6785:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 6738: 6652: 6641:from the original on 2024-05-26 6592: 6577: 6552:from the original on 2023-03-26 6488: 6410: 6382: 6343:from the original on 2024-05-26 6316: 6307: 6296:from the original on 2024-05-26 6256:Heggarty, Paul (October 2007). 6249: 6219: 6209:from the original on 2024-05-26 6164:Adelaar 2004, pp. 167–168, 255. 6133:(1 ed.). British Academy. 6008:from the original on 2024-05-26 5596: 5578: 5178:Inferential evidential, -chr(a) 4782: 4703: 2805:are the only varieties to have 436:, there were bilingual Quechua- 8009:University of California Press 7692:Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao 7624:. Cambridge University Press. 6849:Claudio Torrens (2011-05-28). 6019: 5994: 5431: 5389: 4735:Shanti-HSY borrow-REF-AFAR-PST 3701:with the house, and the house 3120:Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC 2852: 2245: and should be moved to 2037:, and diverse borrowings for " 744: 1: 8426:Subject–object–verb languages 8094:of Patricia Dreidemie at the 7784:University of Texas at Austin 6499:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). 5963: 5725: 5550:seen in the frequency of the 5545:Folktales, myths, and legends 5326:I suppose I'll pay you then. 4995: 4970: 4959: 4948: 4937: 3317: 2930:, both of which were spelled 2351: 2257:or discuss this issue on the 1990:comes from the Quechuan word 1840: 7079:Alderetes, Jorge R. (1997). 6825:"Inei – Redatam Censos 2017" 6505:Universidad Austral de Chile 5798:wrote a Quechuan version of 5766:Bolivian War of Independence 4565:I saw them with my own eyes. 3306:to create the plural forms, 3282:In Quechua, there are seven 2220: 2207:[ˈʔitʃwa ˈʃimi] 2201:[ˈkitʃwa ˈʃimi] 2195:[ˈχetʃwa ˈʃimi] 2189:[ˈqʰeʃwa ˈsimi] 2025:includes such borrowings as 1836:the first writer in Quechua. 1350:Quechua I (Central Quechua, 1027: Quechua II 7: 7492:Collyns, Dan (2016-12-14). 7113:Wunderlich, Dieter (2005). 7034:Quechua and Aymara Spelling 6627:Collyns, Dan (2019-10-27). 6028:, British and World English 5878: 3185: 2739:Voiceless bilabial plosives 2174:The Hispanicised spellings 1978:in French), and, possibly, 1425: 1380:or, especially in Ecuador, 821:Yungay (Yunkay) Quechua or 495:Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez 475:Pablo de Olavide University 466:in Chile (latitude 41° S). 315:that originated in central 110:One of the world's primary 10: 8442: 7796:Coronel-Molina, Serafín M. 7666:Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 7654:The Languages of the Andes 7621:The Languages of the Andes 7600: 7550:"Film Kukuli (Cuzco-Peru)" 7355:Adelaar 2004, pp. 254–256. 7280:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 68-69. 6073:The languages of the Andes 6026:Oxford Living Dictionaries 5687:that one is mentally ill. 5537:Hearsay evidential, -sh(i) 5044:The direct evidential, -mi 4680:depending on the dialect. 4012: 3648: 3332: 3133: 2938:in the traditional system. 2862: 2856: 2140:was first used in 1560 by 1130:(Quechua II‑B) 557:languages of the country. 471:Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez 354: 350: 18: 8346: 8311: 8279: 8270: 8250: 8187: 8176: 8118:from Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz. 8037:Dictionaries and lexicons 7840:University of St. Andrews 6712:. Springer. p. 142. 6274:10.1017/S095977430700039X 5778:Quechua literary standard 5732:pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 4562:eye-1P-with-DIR see-PST-1 3649:suffixes indicating case 3510: 3491:suffix indicating number 3476: 3219: 3194: 2997:: this Standard Quechua ( 2840: 2643: 2614: 2580: 2434: 2400: 2361: 2296: 2165:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 2021:The Quechua influence on 1346:Geographical distribution 1289: 1274: 1258: 1242: 1227: 1212: 1205: 1173: 1157: 1139: 1132: 1122: 1109: 1093: 1068: 1052: 1045: 1029: 1004: 977: 959: 942: 925: 907: 900: 892: 884: 649:Colombia: 4,402 to 16,000 640:Argentina: 900,000 (1971) 525:This section needs to be 304:('people's language') in 243: 231: 223: 206: 194: 180: 166: 148: 136: 117: 106:Linguistic classification 104: 94: 56: 46: 41: 36: 8082:(in Spanish and English) 7898:Quechua Sociolinguistics 7343:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 380. 7334:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 358. 7181:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 377. 6970:10.1177/1367006911403211 6466:Téllez, Eduardo (2008). 6368:. Caracas: Monte Ávila. 6099:Torero, Alfredo (2002). 5811: 5758:Juan de Espinosa Medrano 5516:that-SIM-GEN-CONJ know-2 5346:Somewhat similar to the 5323:pay-POL-1›2FUT-CONJ-EMPH 4766:Position in the sentence 4496:Regional variations: In 4074: 4020:can be formed by adding 3468:Examples using the word 3436: 2875:Spanish conquest of Peru 491:University of San Marcos 393:Spanish conquest of Peru 345:language lineage in Peru 8411:Agglutinative languages 7966:Oxford University Press 7410:(inactive 2024-09-12). 7325:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 79. 7316:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 72. 7190:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 42. 6901:Peter Landerman, 1991. 6855:San Diego Union-Tribune 6540:(inactive 2024-08-27). 6468:Los Diaguitas: Estudios 6193:10.1057/9780230370579_9 5845:The 1961 Peruvian film 5796:Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui 5764:, a participant in the 4581:-ch(i), -ch(a), -chr(a) 2991:Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino 2922:It distinguishes velar 2104:. In Bolivian Quechua, 1342:with Northern Quechua. 592:Radio Nacional del Perú 487:Roxana Quispe Collantes 62:Throughout the central 7921:Lefebvre, Claire, and 7909:Quechua Peoples Poetry 7812:Ancient American Poets 7467: 7169:Aikhenvald 2004, p. 3. 6905:PhD dissertation, UCLA 6233:. 2017. Archived from 5932:South Bolivian Quechua 5858:, the alien character 5730:As in the case of the 5722: 5164:Is he going to Tarma? 5098:wankayuu-pu kuti-mu-la 4083:forms have the suffix 3593:1.person plural (excl) 3574:1.person plural (incl) 3428:("first"), the phrase 3288:inclusive or exclusive 3145:agglutinating language 2989:The Peruvian linguist 2967:For more on this, see 2807:glottalized consonants 2803:South Bolivian Quechua 2799:North Bolivian Quechua 2732: 2248:Cuzco Quechua language 2142:Domingo de Santo Tomás 2023:Latin American Spanish 1837: 1834:Domingo de Santo Tomás 711:mutual intelligibility 672: 553: 406:Domingo de Santo Tomás 299: 7800:. 2002 Lonely Planet 7770:Adelaar, Willem F. H. 7761:Adelaar, Willem F. H. 7690:Cusihuamán, Antonio, 7676:Cusihuamán, Antonio, 7150:on 29 September 2007. 7012:Adelaar 2004, p. 179. 5736:Huarochirí Manuscript 5720: 4442:Evidential morphemes 4351:Grammatical particles 3926:along with the house 3781:because of the house 3089:(progressive suffix) 2945:, e.g. the aspirated 2893:Juan Velasco Alvarado 2863:Further information: 2731: 2240:may contain material 2184:Third Council of Lima 1827: 1199:Southern Quechua 670: 551: 7616:Adelaar, Willem F. H 7408:10.15691/07198949.90 6002:"Longman Dictionary" 5867:first-person shooter 5666:(Floyd 1999, p. 142) 5453:(Floyd 1999, p. 111) 5328:(Floyd 1999, p. 109) 5269:(Floyd 1999, p. 107) 4467:Inferred; conjecture 4307:; the person of the 3894:-manta, -piqta, -pu 3842:including the house 3413:(1,000,000,000,000). 2815:aspirated consonants 2255:improve this section 2124:Etymology of Quechua 2014:for "tent" (Quechua 1203:(Quechua II-C) 984:(Huangáscar–Topará) 914:(Huaylas–Conchucos) 882:Proto‑Quechua 7971:Parker, Gary John. 7960:Nuckolls, Janis B. 7668:Lingüística Quechua 7289:Weber 1986, p. 145. 7253:Floyd 1999, p. 127. 7244:Floyd 1999, p. 123. 7235:Floyd 1999, p. 103. 6990:Edward A. Roberts, 6525:Estudios Atacameños 6045:Lingüística quechua 5839:, and many others. 5762:Juan Wallparrimachi 5521:(Floyd 199, p. 115) 5166:(Floyd 1999, p. 89) 5106:(Floyd 1999, p. 85) 4443: 4024:or, in some cases, 3907:off/from the house 3473: 3462:Santiago del Estero 3165:subject–object–verb 2999:el Quechua estándar 2714:results in a trill 2358: 2161:Pedro Cieza de León 2116:"pass me " becomes 1292:Santiago del Estero 835:spoken in Ecuador ( 363:linguistic homeland 8406:Quechuan languages 8170:Quechuan languages 8092:Quechua Collection 8028:2020-09-25 at the 7980:Lenguas de Bolivia 7854:Harrison, Regina. 7834:Gifford, Douglas. 7828:2020-11-12 at the 7798:Quechua Phrasebook 7729:2018-12-21 at the 7607:Rolph, Karen Sue. 7556:. 18 November 2011 7307:Floyd 1999, p. 89. 7298:Floyd 1999, p. 87. 7226:Floyd 1999, p. 95. 7217:Floyd 1999, p. 61. 7208:Floyd 1999, p. 57. 7199:Floyd 1999, p. 60. 7120:2024-05-26 at the 7039:2013-11-11 at the 7028:2007-01-09 at the 6680:The New York Times 6605:Americas Quarterly 5804:, under the title 5723: 5358:marked questions. 5316:paaga-lla-shrayki- 5286:paaga-lla-shrayki- 5013:to:heaven:already- 4907:wasi-ta tuwa-sha-n 4686:changes in meaning 4470:Reported; hearsay 4441: 3884:through the house 3819:towards the house 3720:without the house 3663:the house (subj.) 3606:our house (excl.) 3587:our house (incl.) 3568:his/her/its house 3514:1.person singular 3511:possessive suffix 3467: 3139:Morphological type 2825:and Proto-Quechua 2793:in Cusco Quechua. 2733: 2356: 1849:a large number of 1838: 1735:Quechumaran family 1725:Quechua and Aymara 812:Peripheral Quechua 673: 618:Number of speakers 554: 422:Comentarios Reales 42:Kechua / Runa Simi 8421:Language families 8393: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8287:Cajamarca–Cañaris 8280:Northern Peruvian 8266: 8265: 8080:at www.andes.org 7988:978-99954-1-236-4 7946:Muysken, Pieter. 7902:Mouton de Gruyter 7882:King, Kendall A. 7704:Mannheim, Bruce, 7662:978-0-521-36831-5 7554:Latinos in London 7262:Hintz 1999, p. 1. 7160:Adelaar 2007: 189 6481:978-956-8762-00-1 6403:978-603-45-0210-9 6202:978-0-230-37057-9 6148:978-0-19-726503-1 6110:978-9972-699-27-6 6082:978-0-521-36275-7 6054:978-9972-691-59-1 5984:(25th ed., 2022) 5902:Languages of Peru 5408:ayllu-kuna-kta-si 5161:Tarma-ACC go-3-YN 4474: 4473: 4301: 4300: 4032:("good – well"), 4028:to an adjective: 4010: 4009: 3964:among the houses 3743:to/for the house 3682:the house (obj.) 3625:your (pl.) house 3555:3.person singular 3536:2.person singular 3391:chunka iskayniyuq 3280: 3279: 3116: 3115: 3028:Standard Quechua 2829:'bridge' becomes 2748: 2705: 2704: 2334:uvular consonants 2287: 2286: 2279: 2039:altitude sickness 1722: 1721: 1413:, across much of 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1261:Northern Bolivian 1187: 1186: 1081: 1080: 1038:Cajamarca–Cañaris 1017: 1016: 993: 992: 755:Cajamarca–Cañaris 546: 545: 481:). The same year 357:Classical Quechua 347:, after Spanish. 293:[ˈketʃwa] 253: 252: 219: 218: 112:language families 8433: 8348:Southern Quechua 8332: 8312:Northern Quechua 8302: 8295: 8277: 8276: 8241: 8217: 8203: 8185: 8184: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8116:Ayacucho Quechua 8083: 7868:Jake, Janice L. 7851: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7419: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7344: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7170: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7146:. Archived from 7140: 7134: 7131: 7125: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7083:. Archived from 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7019: 7013: 7010: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6925: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6827:. Archived from 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6763: 6754: 6749:, "Quechua (and 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6624: 6613: 6612: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6432: 6421: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6176: 6165: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6040: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5973: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5673: 5632: 5628: 5617: 5598: 5594: 5580: 5576: 5528: 5505: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5472:marker is used. 5460: 5437: 5433: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5395: 5391: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5335: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5230: 5226: 5215: 5211: 5190:Mild Exhortation 5173: 5151: 5147: 5133: 5113: 5090: 5086: 5075: 5064: 5016: 5005:had:taken:her:up 5002:heqarkaykachisha 4997: 4986: 4972: 4961: 4950: 4939: 4899: 4895: 4884: 4873: 4869: 4843: 4814: 4795: 4784: 4745: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4705: 4660: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4551: 4547: 4536: 4532: 4444: 4440: 4221:-sun(-chik)-man 4102: 4101: 4034:utqay – utqaylla 3945:first the house 3865:up to the house 3474: 3466: 3339:Cardinal numbers 3190: 3016: 3015: 3013:. For instance: 3007:Ayacucho Quechua 2995:Southern Quechua 2918: 2859:Quechua alphabet 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2750: 2749: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2693: 2684: 2669: 2662: 2653: 2635: 2628: 2610: 2599: 2592: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2424: 2417: 2410: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2282: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2088:"green pepper", 2072:"baby, infant", 2002:in front of it, 1996:Louisiana French 1753:Language contact 1743:Puquina language 1433: 1432: 1391:Southern Quechua 1277:Southern Bolivia 1208: 1207: 1135: 1134: 1125: 1124: 1048: 1047: 1032: 1031: 903: 902: 895: 894: 887: 886: 879: 878: 852:Southern Quechua 829:Northern Quechua 787: 697:prestige dialect 678:dialect continua 541: 538: 532: 520: 519: 512: 373:civilizations. 306:Southern Quechua 302: 295: 290: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 221: 220: 211: 199: 190: 176: 162: 144: 34: 33: 25:Quechan language 8441: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8385: 8342: 8328: 8307: 8298: 8291: 8272: 8262: 8251:Other Quechua I 8246: 8237: 8213: 8199: 8188:Central Quechua 8180: 8172: 8167: 8114:—Dictionary of 8081: 8078:Quechua lessons 8074: 8034: 8030:Wayback Machine 7838:. St. Andrews: 7830:Wayback Machine 7756: 7754:Further reading 7751: 7731:Wayback Machine 7650:Adelaar, Willem 7641: 7639: 7632: 7603: 7598: 7589: 7587: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7534: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7509: 7507: 7490: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7421: 7420: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7122:Wayback Machine 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7090: 7088: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7041:Wayback Machine 7030:Wayback Machine 7020: 7016: 7011: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6939: 6926: 6922: 6914:Lyle Campbell, 6913: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6864: 6862: 6847: 6843: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6809: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6764: 6757: 6747:Cerrón Palomino 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6671: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6644: 6642: 6625: 6616: 6597: 6593: 6582: 6578: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6516: 6512: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6424: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6390:Torero, Alfredo 6387: 6383: 6376: 6362:Torero, Alfredo 6359: 6355: 6346: 6344: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6210: 6203: 6177: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6041: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6011: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5917:Aymara language 5891: 5884: 5881: 5814: 5728: 5693: 5691:Cultural aspect 5680: 5675: 5667: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5619: 5608: 5600: 5582: 5539: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5507: 5496: 5462: 5454: 5452: 5439: 5424: 5405: 5397: 5382: 5337: 5329: 5327: 5314: 5271: 5268: 5255: 5232: 5217: 5202: 5180: 5175: 5167: 5165: 5155:tarma-kta li-n- 5153: 5135: 5115: 5107: 5105: 5092: 5077: 5066: 5037: 5032: 5018: 5007: 4999: 4988: 4974: 4963: 4952: 4941: 4915: 4901: 4886: 4875: 4857: 4845: 4837: 4824: 4816: 4805: 4797: 4786: 4768: 4759: 4757:Affix or clitic 4747: 4739: 4732:prista-ka-mu-la 4726: 4710:prista-ka-mu-la 4707: 4670: 4668: : Hearsay 4662: 4654: 4643:kuti-mu-n'a-qa- 4641: 4622: 4603:kuti-mu-n'a-qa- 4575: 4567: 4553: 4538: 4511:The evidential 4494: 4479: 4464:Direct evidence 4428: 4394:'not yet') and 4366:'no', although 4353: 4077: 4030:allin – allinta 4015: 4006:than the house 3983:only the house 3936:-raq/-rax/-raa 3734:-paq/-pax/-paa 3711:-naq/-nax/-naa 3631:3.person plural 3612:2.person plural 3439: 3387:chunka hukniyuq 3335: 3320: 3224: 3199: 3188: 3141: 3136: 3075:we (inclusive) 2867: 2861: 2855: 2843: 2821:'foot' becomes 2789:Voicing is not 2768: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2680: 2649: 2535: 2489: 2445: 2439: 2378: 2354: 2299: 2283: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2252: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2169:Apurímac Region 2126: 1853:words, such as 1843: 1755: 1747:Tiwanaku Empire 1727: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1428: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1303: 1202: 1188: 1129: 1082: 1042: 1018: 994: 966:(Jauja–Huanca) 890:Quechua I 870: 818:, divided into 789:Central Quechua 747: 665: 620: 567:spoken language 542: 536: 533: 530: 521: 517: 510: 464:Osorno Province 453:Chilean Spanish 445:Spanish arrival 432:As a result of 398:Catholic Church 359: 353: 313:language family 296:), also called 288: 263: 259: 248: 237: 215: 212: 202: 186: 172: 158: 142: 97: 96:Native speakers 64:Andes Mountains 58: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8439: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8381:South Bolivian 8378: 8373: 8368: 8366:North Bolivian 8363: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8321: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8296: 8283: 8281: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8230: 8228:Yauyos–Chincha 8225: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8191: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8173: 8166: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8119: 8109: 8099: 8089: 8084: 8073: 8072:External links 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8023:quechua.org.uk 8019: 8003:Weber, David. 8001: 7991: 7990:. (in Spanish) 7976: 7969: 7958: 7944: 7937: 7923:Pieter Muysken 7919: 7905: 7894: 7880: 7866: 7852: 7843: 7832: 7808: 7794: 7776: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7716: 7702: 7688: 7674: 7671: 7664: 7647: 7630: 7618:(2004-06-10). 7612: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7566: 7541: 7516: 7484: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7382: 7357: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7273: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7183: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7135: 7126: 7106: 7097: 7071: 7045: 7014: 6996: 6983: 6948: 6920: 6907: 6894: 6885: 6871: 6841: 6816: 6791: 6755: 6737: 6718: 6698: 6665: 6651: 6614: 6591: 6576: 6528:(in Spanish). 6510: 6487: 6480: 6470:(in Spanish). 6458: 6422: 6409: 6402: 6381: 6374: 6353: 6335: 6315: 6306: 6268:(3): 311–340. 6248: 6237:on Apr 6, 2023 6218: 6201: 6166: 6154: 6147: 6116: 6109: 6088: 6081: 6060: 6053: 6030: 6018: 5993: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Quechua People 5909: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5880: 5877: 5813: 5810: 5727: 5724: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5692: 5689: 5679: 5676: 5643: 5635: 5620: 5609: 5601: 5583: 5565: 5564: 5538: 5535: 5497: 5475: 5474: 5425: 5406: 5398: 5383: 5361: 5360: 5284: 5283: 5233: 5218: 5203: 5195: 5194: 5179: 5176: 5136: 5125: 5124: 5078: 5067: 5053: 5052: 5036: 5033: 5008: 5000: 4989: 4975: 4964: 4955:trayaruptin-qa 4953: 4942: 4931: 4930: 4887: 4876: 4858: 4850: 4849: 4817: 4808:machucha-piwan 4806: 4798: 4787: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4751:Ancash Quechua 4708: 4694: 4693: 4691:Wanka Quechua 4669: 4663: 4623: 4601: 4600: 4598:Wanka Quechua 4574: 4568: 4539: 4521: 4520: 4518:Wanka Quechua 4493: 4487: 4482:descriptions. 4475: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4427: 4424: 4410:(from Spanish 4352: 4349: 4343:, rather than 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4271:-nki-chik-man 4269: 4268:-sqa-nki-chik 4266: 4263: 4262:-qka-nki-chik 4260: 4259:-rqa-nki-chik 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4113:Past habitual 4111: 4108: 4105: 4076: 4073: 4038:demonstratives 4014: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4004: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3830: 3829:-piwan, puwan 3827: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486:(translation) 3484: 3481: 3478: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3414: 3334: 3331: 3319: 3316: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3143:Quechua is an 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3003:Hanan Runasimi 2954: 2953: 2950: 2939: 2920: 2884:, for example 2871:Roman alphabet 2857:Main article: 2854: 2851: 2842: 2839: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2353: 2350: 2298: 2295: 2285: 2284: 2237: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2134:general tongue 2130:lengua general 2125: 2122: 2033:"hangover" in 1842: 1839: 1754: 1751: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560:ćhunka, chunka 1558: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1452: 1442: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1387: 1374: 1347: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 991: 990: 987: 986: 981:Yauyos–Chincha 976: 973: 972: 969: 968: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 941: 938: 937: 934: 933: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 906: 901: 899: 893: 891: 885: 883: 877: 873:Willem Adelaar 869: 868: 867: 866: 865: 864: 863: 862: 849: 848: 847: 826: 801: 800: 799: 770: 750:Alfredo Torero 746: 743: 699:in the north. 664: 663:Classification 661: 657: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 619: 616: 544: 543: 524: 522: 515: 509: 508:Current status 506: 417:Túpac Amaru II 402:evangelization 355:Main article: 352: 349: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 233: 229: 228: 225: 217: 216: 213: 204: 203: 200: 192: 191: 184: 178: 177: 170: 164: 163: 156: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 119: 115: 114: 108: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 60: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8438: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8269: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8018: 8017:0-520-09732-7 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7999:1-58811-471-6 7996: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7956:90-316-0151-9 7953: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7936: 7935:1-55608-050-6 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7918: 7917:0-915306-09-3 7914: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7892:1-85359-495-4 7889: 7885: 7881: 7879: 7878:0-8240-5475-X 7875: 7871: 7867: 7865: 7864:0-292-77627-6 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823:Red-coral.net 7821: 7820:1-931010-21-8 7817: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7806:1-86450-381-5 7803: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7792:0-292-70019-9 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7715: 7714:0-292-74663-6 7711: 7707: 7703: 7701: 7700:9972-691-37-3 7697: 7693: 7689: 7687: 7686:9972-691-36-5 7683: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7637: 7633: 7631:9781139451123 7627: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7530: 7529:Global Voices 7526: 7520: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7431: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7372:on 2013-05-15 7371: 7367: 7361: 7352: 7350: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7286: 7277: 7268: 7259: 7250: 7241: 7232: 7223: 7214: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7178: 7176: 7166: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7130: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7110: 7101: 7087:on 2017-10-11 7086: 7082: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7018: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6892:Adelaar 2004. 6889: 6881: 6875: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6831:on 2018-09-13 6830: 6826: 6820: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6725: 6721: 6719:9783319035307 6715: 6711: 6710: 6702: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6377: 6375:92-3-301926-8 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6342: 6338: 6336:9789978227398 6332: 6328: 6327: 6319: 6310: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5829:J'acha Mallku 5826: 5822: 5817: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5671: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5495: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5458: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5428: 5423: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5386: 5381: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344:Interrogative 5341: 5336: 5333: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5313: 5291: 5289: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5240: 5238: 5231: 5221: 5216: 5206: 5205:kalu-kuna-kta 5201: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5174: 5171: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5111: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5010:syelutana-shi 5006: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4991:Diosninchi-qa 4987: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4944:puntataruu-qu 4940: 4934: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903:Pidru kunana- 4900: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4640: 4626: 4621: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498:Cusco Quechua 4491: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4436:Wanka Quechua 4433: 4432:evidentiality 4426:Evidentiality 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3800:at the house 3799: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762:of the house 3761: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3409:(1,000,000), 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173:evidentiality 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3011:Cusco Quechua 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2980:Ruwirtum kani 2977: 2976:Robertom kani 2972: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795:Cusco Quechua 2792: 2787: 2766: 2764: 2740: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2349: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2294: 2292: 2291:Cuzco Quechua 2281: 2278: 2270: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2238:This section 2236: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1893:, "donkey"). 1892: 1888: 1885:, "cow") and 1884: 1880: 1877:, "school"), 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Cholon-Hibito 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356:Ancash Region 1353: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178:(San Martín) 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 989: 988: 985: 983: 982: 975: 974: 971: 970: 967: 965: 964: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 947: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 931: 930: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 913: 912: 905: 904: 897: 896: 889: 888: 881: 880: 876: 874: 860: 859: 857: 856:Quechua II C, 853: 850: 845: 844: 842: 838: 834: 833:Quechua II B, 830: 827: 824: 823:Quechua II A, 820: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 802: 797: 796: 794: 790: 784: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 771: 769: 766: 764: 760: 756: 751: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 712: 707: 705: 704:Wanka Quechua 700: 698: 694: 693:Cusco Quechua 690: 686: 681: 679: 669: 660: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 638: 637: 633: 631: 627: 626: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 595: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 558: 550: 540: 537:February 2023 528: 523: 514: 513: 505: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 449:Central Chile 446: 442: 439: 435: 430: 426: 425: 423: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 358: 348: 346: 342: 338: 333: 330: 329:pre-Columbian 326: 325:Proto-Quechua 322: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 301: 294: 284: 257: 246: 242: 239: 234: 230: 226: 222: 210: 205: 198: 193: 189: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 155: 151: 147: 141: 139: 135: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 120: 116: 113: 109: 107: 103: 99: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 55: 52: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 26: 22: 8169: 8064:Linguistics. 8004: 7979: 7972: 7968:, 1996. ISBN 7961: 7947: 7940: 7926: 7908: 7897: 7883: 7869: 7855: 7847: 7835: 7811: 7810:Curl, John, 7797: 7779: 7772: 7724:Lengamer.org 7719: 7705: 7691: 7677: 7667: 7653: 7640:. Retrieved 7620: 7608: 7588:. Retrieved 7579: 7569: 7558:. Retrieved 7553: 7544: 7533:. Retrieved 7531:. 2011-09-09 7528: 7519: 7508:. Retrieved 7499:The Guardian 7497: 7487: 7476:. Retrieved 7474:. 2018-05-04 7465: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7424:cite journal 7402:(2): 51–58. 7399: 7395: 7385: 7374:. Retrieved 7370:the original 7360: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7165: 7156: 7148:the original 7138: 7129: 7109: 7100: 7089:. Retrieved 7085:the original 7074: 7062:. Retrieved 7048: 7017: 6991: 6986: 6964:(1): 22–36. 6961: 6957: 6951: 6940:. Retrieved 6930: 6923: 6915: 6910: 6902: 6897: 6888: 6874: 6863:. Retrieved 6854: 6844: 6833:. Retrieved 6829:the original 6819: 6808:. Retrieved 6794: 6778:(2): 73–96. 6775: 6771: 6740: 6728:. Retrieved 6708: 6701: 6689:. Retrieved 6678: 6668: 6654: 6643:. Retrieved 6634:The Guardian 6632: 6604: 6594: 6585: 6579: 6565:cite journal 6554:. Retrieved 6529: 6523: 6513: 6496: 6490: 6467: 6461: 6449:. Retrieved 6440: 6417: 6412: 6393: 6384: 6365: 6356: 6345:. Retrieved 6325: 6318: 6309: 6298:. Retrieved 6265: 6261: 6251: 6239:. Retrieved 6235:the original 6230: 6221: 6211:, retrieved 6184: 6129: 6100: 6072: 6044: 6021: 6010:. Retrieved 5996: 5979: 5971: 5937:Sumak Kawsay 5893:Andes portal 5870: 5864: 5853: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5833:Savia Andina 5818: 5815: 5805: 5799: 5794: 5790:Johnny Payne 5786: 5770: 5747: 5729: 5712: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5639: 5636: 5624: 5621: 5613: 5611:machray-chru 5610: 5605: 5602: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5531: 5518: 5515: 5510: 5509:chay-nuu-pa- 5508: 5501: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5477:chay-nuu-pa- 5476: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5441:ima-lla-kta- 5440: 5429: 5426: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5387: 5384: 5368: 5364: 5363:ima-lla-kta- 5362: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5278:Acquiescence 5277: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5222: 5219: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5082: 5079: 5071: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4993: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4965: 4957: 4954: 4947:at:the:peak- 4946: 4943: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4919:Yaru Quechua 4916: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4891: 4888: 4880: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4791: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4760: 4748: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4627: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4543: 4540: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4429: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4272: 4223: 4220: 4171: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4056:("hither"). 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3993:-naw, -hina 3978: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3902: 3898: 3879: 3860: 3856: 3852:-kama, -yaq 3837: 3833: 3814: 3795: 3776: 3757: 3738: 3715: 3696: 3688:instrumental 3677: 3644:their house 3639: 3630: 3620: 3611: 3601: 3592: 3582: 3573: 3563: 3554: 3544: 3535: 3525: 3521: 3501: 3469: 3440: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395:iskay chunka 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3321: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3142: 3127: 3119: 3117: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2943:Cusco Region 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926:from uvular 2923: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2868: 2844: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2788: 2769: 2760: 2706: 2300: 2288: 2273: 2264: 2253:Please help 2246: 2239: 2214: 2212: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092:"let's go", 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:"hangover", 2073: 2069: 2067: 2058: 2050: 2042: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1908:, including 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1845:Quechua has 1844: 1756: 1741:system. The 1728: 1429: 1397:through the 1395:Huancavelica 1382: 1377: 1369:"Traveler") 1366: 1364: 1351: 1349: 1340: 1290: 1275: 1259: 1243: 1228: 1213: 1197: 1174: 1158: 1141: 1140: 1110: 1094: 1069: 1053: 1035: 1005: 979: 978: 961: 960: 944: 943: 927: 926: 909: 908: 871: 855: 832: 822: 815: 811: 807: 792: 788: 782: 773: 767: 748: 720: 715: 709:The lack of 708: 701: 682: 674: 658: 634: 629: 623: 621: 607: 603: 599: 596: 590: 571: 559: 555: 534: 526: 499: 483:Pablo Landeo 468: 457: 431: 427: 420: 414: 409: 390: 375: 361:The Quechua 360: 334: 297: 255: 254: 118:Subdivisions 59:distribution 8376:Santiagueño 8319:Chachapoyas 6241:12 December 5872:Overwatch 2 5821:Los Kjarkas 5801:Don Quixote 5385:u-you-shrun 5069:wankayuu-pu 4936:so:already- 4933:Chawrana-qa 4555:ñawi-i-wan- 4523:ñawi-i-wan- 4422:'rather'). 4414:'but') and 4285:-rqa-(n)ku 4219:-nchik-man 4216:-sqa-nchik 4210:-qka-nchik 4207:-rqa-nchik 4052:("this") – 4048:("there"), 4044:("that") – 3989:comparative 3848:terminative 3806:directional 3730:benefactive 3549:your house 3422:iskay ñiqin 3244:(exclusive) 3239:(inclusive) 3169:conjugation 2911:instead of 2882:orthography 2853:Orthography 2710:of the tap 2136:. The name 2086:q'omer uchu 1984:. The word 1869:, "good"), 1775:Uru-Chipaya 1657:'he gives' 1409:regions of 1162:(Amazonas) 1160:Chachapoyas 841:Inga Kichwa 745:Family tree 378:Inca Empire 227:Runa / Nuna 100:7.2 million 8400:Categories 8300:Lambayeque 8271:Quechua II 7900:. Berlin: 7642:2016-01-05 7590:2022-04-10 7560:2012-11-10 7535:2017-01-02 7510:2019-10-28 7478:2019-10-28 7376:2012-11-09 7091:2008-01-21 6942:2020-06-04 6865:2022-08-20 6835:2018-09-17 6810:2016-09-23 6730:7 November 6645:2019-10-28 6556:2023-04-25 6451:7 November 6347:2020-11-07 6300:2024-01-09 6213:2024-01-09 6012:2018-06-02 5981:Ethnologue 5964:References 5825:Kala Marka 5740:Huarochirí 5726:Literature 5513:yachra-nki 5499:yachra-nki 5427:chra-alu-l 5080:kuti-mu-la 4966:wamrata-qa 4889:tuwa-sha-n 4362:'yes' and 4273:-waq-chik 4265:-nki-chik 4256:-nki-chik 4213:-su-nchik 4201:ñuqanchik 4120:Pluperfect 4097:indicative 4081:infinitive 3917:-(ni)ntin 3913:comitative 3871:transitive 3669:accusative 3653:nominative 3616:-yki-chik 3452:, and the 3323:Adjectives 3318:Adjectives 3237:Ñuqanchik 3084:ñuqanchik 3081:nuqanchis 3078:ñuqanchik 2873:since the 2763:media help 2708:Gemination 2352:Consonants 2267:March 2023 2029:"potato", 1861:, "but"), 1841:Vocabulary 1767:Mapudungun 1465:San Martin 1057:(Cañaris) 1055:Lambayeque 804:Quechua II 783:Quechua B, 716:Ethnologue 630:Ethnologue 625:Ethnologue 602:(infant), 502:Elva Ambía 455:the most. 391:After the 310:indigenous 247:Runasimi / 236:Runakuna / 129:Quechua II 66:including 57:Geographic 8293:Cajamarca 8181:(Waywash) 8178:Quechua I 7416:0719-8949 7366:"History" 6978:143633302 6691:April 22, 6546:244279716 6282:0959-7743 5856:Star Wars 5774:catechism 5754:Atahualpa 5744:Popol Vuh 5656:ayka-lla- 5622:puñu-ya-n 5591:how^much- 5585:ayka-lla- 5127:tarma-kta 5072:Huancayo- 4958:arriving- 4688:section. 4647:ni-ya-ami 4625:ni-ya-ami 4595:section. 4559:lika-la-a 4541:lika-la-a 4356:Particles 4297:-nku-man 4248:-yku-man 4245:-sqa-yku 4239:-qka-yku 4236:-rqa-yku 4184:-rqa(-n) 4170:-nki-man 4167:-sqa-nki 4161:-qka-nki 4158:-rqa-nki 4124:Optative 4089:., much'a 3970:exclusive 3951:intrative 3932:immediate 3875:-(ni)nta 3825:inclusive 3768:causative 3530:my house 3477:Function 3458:possessor 3426:huk ñiqin 3405:(1,000), 3292:addressee 3180:particles 3157:isolating 3112:p'unchaw 3109:p'unchay 3070:llamk'ay 3067:llank'ay 3033:to drink 3022:Ayacucho 2616:Semivowel 2582:Fricative 2491:aspirated 2441:Affricate 2375:Post-alv. 2259:talk page 2221:Phonology 2215:runa simi 2084:"mouse", 2043:suruqch'i 2031:chuchaqui 1987:lagniappe 1455:Cajamarca 1419:Argentina 1378:Runashimi 1247:(Collao) 1071:Cajamarca 808:Quechua A 779:Quechua I 576:(IBE) in 460:Mapudungu 438:Mapudungu 182:Glottolog 168:ISO 639-3 150:ISO 639-2 138:ISO 639-1 124:Quechua I 68:Argentina 47:Ethnicity 8356:Ayacucho 8273:(Wampuy) 8258:Pacaraos 8239:Pacaraos 8215:Huallaga 8026:Archived 8011:, 1989. 7826:Archived 7727:Archived 7636:Archived 7584:Archived 7504:Archived 7118:Archived 7064:July 10, 7058:Archived 7037:Archived 7026:Archived 6936:Archived 6859:Archived 6804:Archived 6724:Archived 6685:Archived 6639:Archived 6609:Archived 6550:Archived 6501:Valdivia 6472:Santiago 6445:Archived 6392:(1974). 6341:Archived 6294:Archived 6290:59132956 6207:archived 6006:Archived 5976:Quechuan 5879:See also 5749:Ollantay 5652:ima-lla- 5567:ima-lla- 4994:our:God- 4983:already- 4811:old.man- 4400:manachu? 4294:-sqa-ku 4291:-nqa-ku 4279:paykuna 4253:qamkuna 4242:-saq-ku 4230:ñuqayku 4144:-sqa-ni 4138:-qka-ni 4135:-rqa-ni 4107:Present 4093:much'a-y 4091:'kiss'; 3974:-lla(m) 3890:ablative 3787:locative 3749:genitive 3707:abessive 3483:Example 3472:(house) 3312:pay-kuna 3308:qam-kuna 3284:pronouns 3276:Paykuna 3261:Qamkuna 3242:Ñuqayku 3206:Singular 3186:Pronouns 3161:fusional 3153:suffixes 3149:suffixes 3124:toponyms 3106:punchaw 3064:llamkay 3061:to work 3019:English 2907:It uses 2791:phonemic 2537:ejective 2370:Alveolar 2365:Bilabial 2251:instead. 2118:pasarime 2082:juk'ucho 2051:sorojchi 1847:borrowed 1819:Kawapana 1803:Barbakoa 1787:Kandoshi 1624:'white' 1591:'sweet' 1497:suk, huk 1477:Ayacucho 1426:Cognates 1399:Ayacucho 1367:Wamp'una 1360:Huancayo 1263:(Apolo) 1215:Ayacucho 1007:Pacaraos 898:Central 816:Wanp'una 793:Waywash, 774:Quechuan 759:Pacaraos 739:homeland 727:Germanic 308:, is an 300:Runasimi 289:Spanish: 249:Nunasimi 244:Language 238:Nunakuna 188:quec1387 80:Colombia 37:Quechuan 8209:Huánuco 8201:Huaylay 7904:, 2004. 7842:, 1986. 7601:Sources 7580:Inverse 7469:El País 6994:, 2014. 5558:Riddles 5470:–chr(a) 5430:arrive- 5411:family- 5356:–chr(a) 5235:ni-nki- 5220:li-la-a 5184:–chr(a) 5083:return- 4878:wasi-ta 4860:kunana- 4819:payacha 4728:shanti- 4713:borrow- 4702:Shanti- 4696:shanti- 4609:return- 4588:-chr(a) 4571:-chr(a) 4453:-chr(a) 4392:manaraq 4305:subject 4204:-nchik 4116:Future 4018:Adverbs 4013:Adverbs 3772:-rayku 3673:-(k)ta 3621:ykichik 3578:-nchik 3517:-y, -: 3506:houses 3494:plural 3480:Suffix 3403:waranqa 3401:(100), 3371:qanchis 3343:ch'usaq 3333:Numbers 3134:Grammar 3098:-chka- 3092:-chka- 2982:. (The 2949:'knot'. 2847:apocope 2651:lateral 2395:Glottal 2380:Palatal 2330:Spanish 2180:Quichua 2176:Quechua 2157:*qiĉ.wa 2150:quechua 2144:in his 2138:quichua 2098:chhurco 2080:"cat", 2059:soroche 2055:Ecuador 2047:Bolivia 2035:Ecuador 2008:la yapa 2004:la ñapa 1976:vigogne 1959:quinine 1906:Spanish 1898:English 1875:escuela 1871:iskwila 1851:Spanish 1830:Indians 1791:Muniche 1771:Mochika 1745:of the 1739:affixal 1569:ch'unka 1543:ishkay 1539:ishkay 1535:ishkay 1531:ishkay 1527:ishkay 1485:(II-C) 1479:(II-C) 1473:(II-B) 1467:(II-B) 1415:Bolivia 1352:Waywash 1111:Laraos 723:Romance 612:Mapuche 606:(cat), 586:Ecuador 582:Bolivia 527:updated 489:of the 479:Sevilla 441:Mapuche 351:History 256:Quechua 84:Ecuador 72:Bolivia 51:Quechua 21:Quechan 8324:Kichwa 8195:Ancash 8015: 7997: 7986: 7954: 7933: 7915: 7890: 7876: 7862: 7818: 7804: 7790: 7748:Print. 7712: 7698: 7684: 7660: 7628: 7414: 6976: 6751:Aymara 6716: 6544: 6478: 6400: 6372: 6333: 6288: 6280: 6199: 6145: 6107: 6079: 6051: 5860:Greedo 5848:Kukuli 5625:sleep- 5552:–sh(i) 5182:While 5130:Tarma- 4977:mayna- 4969:child- 4892:build- 4881:house- 4789:ka-sqa 4674:–sh(i) 4666:-sh(i) 4533:-with- 4458:-sh(i) 4418:(from 4416:sinuqa 4337:before 4309:object 4288:-q-ku 4282:-n-ku 4224:-swan 4196:-nman 4147:-yman 4069:Aymara 4054:kayman 4046:chaypi 4000:, wasi 3979:lla(m) 3955:-pura 3901:, wasi 3859:, wasi 3836:, wasi 3753:-p(a) 3726:dative 3635:-n-ku 3597:-y-ku 3524:, wasi 3497:-kuna 3454:person 3446:number 3430:ñawpaq 3399:pachak 3397:(20), 3393:(12), 3389:(11), 3385:(10), 3383:chunka 3363:pichqa 3253:Second 3222:Person 3213:Plural 3197:Number 3095:-sha- 3056:utqha 3053:usqha 3042:upyay 3039:uhyay 3036:upyay 3025:Cusco 2841:Stress 2835:Aymara 2811:Kichwa 2801:, and 2682:rhotic 2645:Liquid 2390:Uvular 2344:, and 2326:Jaqaru 2297:Vowels 2204:, and 2132:, the 2114:pásame 2094:chhiri 2074:ch'aki 2057:, and 1981:gaucho 1971:vicuña 1965:quinoa 1947:poncho 1917:condor 1902:French 1889:(from 1881:(from 1873:(from 1865:(from 1857:(from 1817:, and 1815:Jivaro 1795:Pukina 1783:Arawak 1779:Zaparo 1731:Aymara 1690:'yes' 1618:misk'i 1610:mishki 1606:mishki 1602:mishki 1598:mishki 1594:mishki 1585:chunka 1581:chunka 1577:chunka 1573:chunka 1565:ćhunka 1557:'ten' 1524:'two' 1490:'one' 1471:Kichwa 1439:Ancash 1405:, and 1389:II-C: 1383:Kichwa 1143:Kichwa 1096:Lincha 1040: 1036: 911:Ancash 837:Kichwa 786:a.k.a. 763:Yauyos 761:, and 735:Arabic 731:Slavic 685:Kichwa 584:, and 563:Aymara 386:Aymara 367:Chavín 232:People 224:Person 86:, and 29:Quiché 8361:Cusco 8338:Lamas 8223:Wanka 6974:S2CID 6542:S2CID 6443:(7). 6420:p. 6. 6286:S2CID 5907:Andes 5869:game 5837:Uchpa 5812:Media 5782:Bible 5645:waaka 5614:cave- 5573:what- 5502:know- 5483:that- 5465:Irony 5400:llapa 5394:12FUT 5388:give- 5369:what- 5352:–m(i) 5138:li-n- 5120:-chun 5094:imay- 5061:when- 5055:imay- 4855:Pedro 4852:Pidru 4822:woman 4781:once- 4678:–s(i) 4617:-now- 4490:-m(i) 4448:-m(i) 4384:manam 4380:manan 4329:-chik 4321:-chik 4233:-yku 4193:-sqa 4190:-nqa 4172:-waq 4164:-nki 4155:-nki 4141:-saq 4129:ñuqa 4110:Past 4087:(e.g. 4075:Verbs 4065:ñawpa 4061:qhipa 3903:piqta 3899:manta 3838:puwan 3834:piwan 3810:-man 3777:rayku 3692:-wan 3660:wasi 3583:nchik 3540:-yki 3456:of a 3437:Nouns 3418:ñiqin 3411:lluna 3381:(9), 3379:isqun 3377:(8), 3375:pusaq 3373:(7), 3369:(6), 3367:suqta 3365:(5), 3361:(4), 3357:(3), 3355:kimsa 3353:(2), 3351:iskay 3349:(1), 3345:(0), 3327:nouns 3296:-kuna 3268:Third 3234:Ñuqa 3229:First 3177:topic 3050:utqa 3047:fast 2947:khipu 2827:*čaka 2823:č'aki 2819:*čaki 2720:] 2716:[ 2446:plain 2402:Nasal 2385:Velar 2016:karpa 2012:carpa 1992:yapay 1941:pampa 1935:llama 1929:jerky 1923:guano 1891:burro 1867:bueno 1863:bwenu 1759:Kunza 1651:yuraq 1647:yuraq 1643:yurak 1639:yurak 1635:yuraq 1631:yulaq 1627:yuraq 1614:miski 1551:iskay 1547:iskay 1483:Cusco 1445:Wanka 1403:Cusco 1230:Cusco 1176:Lamas 963:Wanka 689:Cusco 608:waska 382:Cuzco 337:Incas 321:Andes 76:Chile 27:, or 8371:Puno 8330:Inga 8233:Yaru 8013:ISBN 7995:ISBN 7984:ISBN 7952:ISBN 7931:ISBN 7913:ISBN 7888:ISBN 7874:ISBN 7860:ISBN 7816:ISBN 7802:ISBN 7788:ISBN 7710:ISBN 7696:ISBN 7682:ISBN 7658:ISBN 7626:ISBN 7430:link 7412:ISSN 7066:2017 6732:2020 6714:ISBN 6693:2016 6571:link 6476:ISBN 6453:2020 6398:ISBN 6370:ISBN 6331:ISBN 6278:ISSN 6243:2023 6197:ISBN 6143:ISBN 6105:ISBN 6077:ISBN 6049:ISBN 5865:The 5670:help 5637:puka 5627:IMPF 5525:help 5493:CONJ 5457:help 5421:EVEN 5379:CONJ 5332:help 5318:chra 5311:EMPH 5307:CONJ 5303:2FUT 5293:pay- 5288:chra 5259:chra 5252:EMPH 5248:CONJ 5242:say- 5237:chra 5208:far- 5200:more 5170:help 5157:chun 5140:chun 5110:help 5089:PAST 5085:AFAR 4894:PROG 4866:now- 4840:help 4826:huk- 4813:WITH 4775:huk- 4742:help 4719:AFAR 4657:help 4630:IMPV 4628:say- 4619:CONJ 4615:3FUT 4611:AFAR 4586:The 4544:see- 4529:eye- 4504:and 4420:sino 4412:pero 4408:piru 4396:-chu 4388:-raq 4368:mana 4364:mana 4345:-wa- 4341:-ma- 4331:and 4323:and 4317:-wa- 4313:-su- 4178:pay 4152:qam 4132:-ni 4079:The 4042:chay 4026:-lla 4002:hina 3996:wasi 3977:wasi 3960:pura 3958:wasi 3939:wasi 3922:ntin 3920:wasi 3897:wasi 3878:wasi 3857:kama 3855:wasi 3832:wasi 3813:wasi 3794:wasi 3791:-pi 3775:wasi 3758:p(a) 3756:wasi 3737:wasi 3714:wasi 3695:wasi 3676:wasi 3638:wasi 3619:wasi 3600:wasi 3581:wasi 3562:wasi 3543:wasi 3520:wasi 3502:kuna 3500:wasi 3470:wasi 3450:case 3442:Noun 3407:hunu 3359:tawa 3310:and 3302:and 3273:Pay 3258:Qam 3103:day 3009:and 2915:for 2831:čaka 2436:Stop 2346:/qʰ/ 2342:/qʼ/ 2316:and 2178:and 2163:and 2096:and 2090:jacu 2078:misi 2070:wawa 2063:Peru 2027:papa 1953:puma 1911:coca 1904:via 1900:and 1887:wuru 1883:vaca 1879:waka 1859:pero 1855:piru 1811:Jaqi 1799:Pano 1763:Leko 1693:awmi 1510:shuk 1459:II-A 1441:(I) 1411:Peru 1407:Puno 1245:Puno 946:Yaru 604:misi 600:wawa 578:Peru 371:Wari 369:and 317:Peru 88:Peru 7404:doi 6966:doi 6780:doi 6534:doi 6270:doi 6189:doi 6135:doi 5978:at 5654:shi 5648:cow 5640:red 5616:LOC 5606:one 5603:juk 5597:HSY 5593:LIM 5579:HSY 5575:LIM 5569:shi 5511:chr 5489:GEN 5485:SIM 5479:chr 5443:chr 5432:ASP 5417:ACC 5403:all 5390:ASP 5375:ACC 5371:LIM 5365:chr 5348:–mi 5295:POL 5261:-ri 5239:-ri 5225:PST 5223:go- 5214:ACC 5197:mas 5144:go- 5132:ACC 5074:ABL 5063:DIR 5022:shi 5015:IND 4996:TOP 4985:IND 4979:shi 4971:TOP 4960:TOP 4949:TOP 4938:TOP 4923:–qa 4898:3SG 4883:ACC 4868:DIR 4803:one 4800:huk 4792:be- 4783:HSY 4723:PST 4715:REF 4704:HSY 4676:or 4645:chr 4638:DIR 4605:chr 4546:PST 4535:DIR 4513:–mi 4502:–mi 4404:yaw 4386:), 4360:arí 4333:-ku 4325:-ku 4187:-q 4181:-n 4050:kay 4022:-ta 3998:naw 3941:raq 3880:nta 3861:yaq 3815:man 3739:paq 3716:naq 3697:wan 3640:nku 3602:yku 3559:-n 3545:yki 3347:huk 3304:pay 3300:qam 3159:or 3001:or 2978:or 2934:or 2917:/w/ 2784:/ɡ/ 2780:/d/ 2776:/b/ 2772:/f/ 2712:/ɾ/ 2558:tʃʼ 2512:tʃʰ 2338:/q/ 2110:-ri 2106:-ri 2102:-ri 2061:in 2053:in 2045:in 2041:": 2018:). 1717:arí 1713:arí 1709:ari 1705:ari 1701:ari 1697:aw 1684:qun 1680:qun 1676:kun 1672:kun 1668:qun 1664:qun 1660:qun 1562:, 1518:huk 1514:huk 1506:suk 1502:suq 1499:, 1493:huk 1358:to 854:or 831:or 814:or 810:or 806:or 791:or 781:or 733:or 725:or 473:at 174:que 160:que 8402:: 7925:. 7652:. 7634:. 7582:. 7578:. 7552:. 7527:. 7502:. 7496:. 7464:. 7426:}} 7422:{{ 7398:. 7394:. 7348:^ 7174:^ 7056:. 6999:^ 6972:. 6962:16 6960:. 6857:. 6853:. 6802:. 6776:53 6774:. 6770:. 6758:^ 6722:. 6683:. 6677:. 6637:. 6631:. 6617:^ 6607:. 6603:. 6567:}} 6563:{{ 6548:. 6532:. 6530:67 6503:: 6439:. 6425:^ 6339:. 6292:. 6284:. 6276:. 6266:17 6264:. 6260:. 6229:. 6205:, 6195:, 6183:, 6169:^ 6157:^ 6141:. 6119:^ 6091:^ 6063:^ 6033:^ 6004:. 5831:, 5827:, 5823:, 5808:. 5784:. 5768:. 5756:. 5672:); 5658:sh 5587:sh 5527:); 5459:); 5436:SS 5413:PL 5334:); 5320:-a 5290:-a 5210:PL 5172:); 5150:YN 5112:); 5096:mi 5057:mi 4905:mi 4872:EV 4862:mi 4842:); 4828:si 4794:SD 4777:si 4744:); 4730:sh 4698:sh 4659:); 4583:. 4557:mi 4531:1P 4525:mi 4508:. 4506:–n 4438:: 4376:-m 4372:-n 4347:. 4085:-y 4040:: 3796:pi 3678:ta 3657:– 3448:, 3341:. 3329:. 2984:-m 2971:. 2960:. 2936:qu 2913:hu 2797:, 2782:, 2778:, 2774:, 2572:qʼ 2565:kʼ 2551:tʼ 2544:pʼ 2526:qʰ 2519:kʰ 2505:tʰ 2498:pʰ 2466:tʃ 2340:, 2210:. 2198:, 2192:, 2152:. 2120:. 2065:. 2049:, 2000:la 1968:, 1962:, 1956:, 1950:, 1944:, 1938:, 1932:, 1926:, 1920:, 1914:, 1813:, 1809:, 1805:, 1801:, 1797:, 1793:, 1789:, 1785:, 1781:, 1777:, 1773:, 1769:, 1765:, 1761:, 1461:) 1451:) 1401:, 843:) 757:, 680:. 614:. 580:, 569:. 287:, 274:tʃ 152:/ 143:qu 82:, 78:, 74:, 70:, 23:, 8162:e 8155:t 8148:v 8108:. 8098:. 7645:. 7593:. 7563:. 7538:. 7513:. 7481:. 7432:) 7418:. 7406:: 7400:5 7379:. 7094:. 7068:. 7043:. 6980:. 6968:: 6945:. 6882:. 6868:. 6838:. 6813:. 6788:. 6782:: 6734:. 6695:. 6662:. 6648:. 6573:) 6559:. 6536:: 6507:. 6484:. 6455:. 6406:. 6378:. 6350:. 6303:. 6272:: 6245:. 6191:: 6151:. 6137:: 6113:. 6085:. 6057:. 6015:. 5631:3 5629:- 5595:- 5577:- 5504:2 5491:- 5487:- 5434:- 5419:- 5415:- 5392:- 5377:- 5373:- 5309:- 5305:- 5301:› 5299:1 5297:- 5250:- 5246:- 5244:2 5229:1 5227:- 5212:- 5148:- 5146:3 5087:- 4896:- 4870:. 4721:- 4717:- 4636:- 4634:1 4632:- 4613:- 4550:1 4548:- 4398:( 4390:( 4382:/ 4378:( 4374:/ 3728:/ 3564:n 3526:i 3522:y 2932:c 2928:q 2924:k 2919:. 2909:w 2765:. 2722:. 2718:r 2691:ɾ 2667:ʎ 2660:l 2633:w 2626:j 2608:h 2597:ʃ 2590:s 2480:q 2473:k 2459:t 2452:p 2438:/ 2422:ɲ 2415:n 2408:m 2377:/ 2336:( 2322:/ 2320:u 2318:/ 2314:/ 2312:i 2310:/ 2307:/ 2305:a 2303:/ 2280:) 2274:( 2269:) 2265:( 2261:. 1974:( 1457:( 1449:I 1447:( 539:) 535:( 529:. 477:( 424:. 283:/ 280:ə 277:u 271:ɛ 268:k 265:ˈ 262:/ 258:( 154:5 90:. 31:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Quechuan languages

Index