176:, led by Bukharin, who advocated 'revolutionary war' with Germany. In February, he resigned from the Bolshevik government to campaign against the treaty, and for the remainder of his life he was in opposition. Part of his reasoning was that there was that to attempt to build socialism in pre-industrialised Russia alone, "a side turning off the main highway of European socialism" was "foredoomed to failure."
731:
67:
327:, protesting against his detention. On April 20 the same year, he was transferred to Moscow and, on 26 May 1937, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court USSR under the chairmanship of V. Ulrich sentenced him to death for participating in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization. Smirnov was shot on the same day, becoming a victim of the
299:
or less openly, they had renounced all allegiance to the existing state and party. They proclaimed that the revolution and
Bolshevism were dead, and that the working class had to begin again from the beginning ... to free itself from exploitation by the new 'state capitalism'. In 1928, Smirnov described the communist party under
298:
Though they shared exile and prison with
Trotsky's supporters, Smirnov and his 'Decist' allies considered themselves to be separate from the rest of the opposition. According to Trotsky's biographer: "In their enmity towards the bureaucracy they had been far less inhibited than the Trotskyists. More
307:
democracy." A fellow prisoner in
Verkhne-Uralsk recorded Smirnov's reaction to a false rumour that went around in spring 1930 that Trotsky had capitulated to Stalin - "Trotsky has capitulated. That is all to the good. This semi-Menshevik will now at last cease to hamper the authentic revolutionary
532:
The opposition, which became known by the name of the
Military Opposition, was compounded of Left-wing Communists and elements dissatisfied with the prevailing military policy as a whole. V. M. Smirnov led for the opposition, which demanded the widening of the scope of the responsibility of the
286:
in
December 1927 along with the rest of the United Opposition. On 31 December 1927, he was told that he had been sentenced to three years of exile in the Ural region, and was given less than a week to leave Moscow. By chance he had just had his teeth removed, in the expectation of getting false
219:...The role of the political commissars is limited to the functions of supervision... Now that we have the political commissars with sufficient combat experience and able not to intervene when not needed, we must give them broader rights, a larger part in the direction of the armies.
20:
805:
98:
groups. Smirnov rebuilt the depleted Moscow party organisation after the other two were arrested in 1910. Mobilised in the outbreak of war with
Germany, he served as a warrant officer in the Russian Imperial Army until after the
840:
537:, attacked the retention of the 'military specialists', sought increased military power for the commissars and required a greater place for local Party organisations in the centrally directed political work of the armed forces.
141:
From 1921 to 1927, Smirnov was a member of the board of the
Council of Labor and Defense, chairman of the financial commission of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, a member of the Presidium of the
349:
with his two cousins when his adoptive parents were arrested in 1937. Drafted in 1942, as a private in the Red Army he took part in the defence of Moscow, the reconquest of
Belarus, and the capture of
345:
Smirnov's son, Rem (an acronym for
Revolution-Engels-Marx), (11 February 1922 β 4 January 2011) was adopted by the Osinsky family when his parents were exiled in 1927, and was sent to an orphanage in
311:
On 10 November 1932, Smirnov's prison term was extended by two years. When it was completed, on 4 November 1934, he was sentenced to three years exile in
Siberia. After the assassination of
223:
Smirnov regarded the commissars as an integral check on the potential disloyalty of the old-rΓ©gime officers. This preference for so-called "politicisation" of the Red Army was shared by the
130:
sovnarkom, which exercised wide powers and had high ambitions of local rule, although it was abolished as early as June 1918. His attempts at forming similar bodies proved short-lived.
450:
705:
126:, which was originally dominated by the left. He moved back to Moscow when it was designated as the capital again, in 1918, and became financial director of the governing body of the
319:
from 22 May 1935, was re-imprisoned for three years. In early 1937, while serving in the Suzdal special prison, Smirnov sent letters to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
258:
in 1923, and acted as one of the main speakers for the opposition at the party conference in January 1924. In 1926, he and Sapronov formed the "Group of 15", which joined the
211:. He did, however, warn of the inadequate political mechanisms that the Soviet authority had at its disposal to control the officer-specialists. Arguing for the repeal of
283:
254:, or 'Decists', a left wing opposition group that opposed the managerial system in industry, and advocated more democracy within the communist party. Smirnov signed
50:
Party (from 1907) and Soviet politician, where he advocated a militant and doctrinally pure line. He was a persistent critic of successive party leaders, including
184:
183:, he was a leader of the Military Opposition, who opposed the presence of thousands of former officers of the Imperial Army in the newly created Red Army. At the
780:
735:
815:
706:"Π Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ-ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΠΠΠ (Rem Vladimirovich Smirnov, Outstanding Physicist, teacher of KSPI) (1952-1983)"
742:
303:
as a 'stinking corpse', and claimed that the destruction of inner-party democracy in 1923 had been "a mere prologue to the development of a peasant-
571:
287:
teeth, so went to the Urals missing half his teeth. On 29 January 1930, he was arrested for being five minutes late in reporting to the local
203:
that he opposed the use of officers, which by this point had become a key part of Bolshevik military strategy, he denied favouring the use of
447:
191:. On 20 March 1919, he gave a speech to the Congress on the use of former Tsarist officers (termed "Specialists" within the party) and of
150:
of the USSR. In the same period, in the years 1924 - 1926, he was simultaneously a member of the editorial boards of the newspapers
825:
820:
795:
114:, from older Bolsheviks who opposed Lenin's line that the Bolsheviks should aim to take power in a second revolution. During the
123:
594:
775:
236:
232:
94:, who were all economists, were "identified as a trio and leaders of theoretical 'raids'" in which they took on rival
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674:
619:
519:
417:
770:
259:
118:, Smirnov organised the heavy artillery that enforced Bolshevik rule in Moscow. In November, he was transferred to
835:
147:
514:. Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Institutions (3rd ed.). Routledge (published 2013). p. 47.
251:
224:
353:(Kaliningrad). After the war, he graduated in mathematics from Moscow University, and worked as physicist in
138:
From February to April 1918, Smirnov served as the People's Commissar of Trade and Industry of the RSFSR.
810:
492:
The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, Political Opposition in the Soviet State: First Phase, 1917-1922
235:, who by 1919 exercised full control over the military. But in April 1919 the Central Committee of the
83:
505:
334:
On 16 November 1960, Smirnov was partially rehabilitated but not was fully rehabilitated until 1990.
106:
In summer 1917, the former 'trio' was reunited when they took control of the Bolshevik publications
800:
790:
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18 ΠΡΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ.
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for a routine check, and sentenced to three years in prison, and held in an 'isolator' at
8:
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122:, then still the capital of Russia, to join Bukharin and Osinsky on the executive of the
100:
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ChON: notes on the history of the October Revolution in the Nizhny-Novgorod governorate
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People's commissars and ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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Smirnov was born in Moscow into a middle-class family, and educated at a Moscow
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Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
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90:, who was the Bolsheviks' student organiser in Moscow. Bukharin, Smirnov and
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Vladimir Smirnov's sister, Yekaterina (born 1889) married Valerian Osinsky.
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In January 1918, when the Bolsheviks were divided over whether to sign the
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Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution, A Political Biography, 1888-1938
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58:, for which he spent years in prison and exile before being executed.
551:Π§ΠΠ, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
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47:
315:, in March 1935, he was arrested again and by a special decision of
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The Soviet High Command: a Military-political History 1918-1941
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The decline of the Russian Revolution and the cult of the Party
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volunteers to support the Red Army in the civil-war effort.
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The House of Government, A Saga of the Russian Revolution
82:, and joined the Bolsheviks in 1907, as a law student at
384:"Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ - Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ"
78:. He was drawn into revolutionary politics during the
708:. ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΡΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ
557:] (in Russian). Nizhny-Novgorod. pp. 47β54.
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Smirnov was expelled from the Communist Party at the
185:8th Party Congress of the Russian Communist Party
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589:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U.P. p. 301.
781:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
494:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 137.
239:appointed Smirnov as the first organiser for
744:The Financial Programme and State Capitalism
460:March 1, 2003-03-01, quoting R.V. Daniels:
357:, where he became a renowned specialist in
233:People's Commissar of Army and Navy Affairs
16:Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician
570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
478:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis
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187:, Smirnov appeared as a delegate from the
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227:in opposition, but largely rejected by
46:Communist revolutionary, member of the
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614:. Oxford: Oxford U.P. p. 455.
246:During 1920, Smirnov, Osinsky, and
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124:Supreme Council of National Economy
13:
669:. London: Ink Links. p. 216.
225:Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party
148:Central Statistical Administration
42:; 7 May 1887 β 26 May 1937) was a
14:
852:
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462:The Conscience of the Revolution.
432:
412:. New York: Vintage. p. 16.
199:. Responding to accusations from
172:with Germany, Smirnov joined the
729:
163:
826:Great Purge victims from Russia
821:People of the Russian Civil War
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Π°ΜΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΜΠ²
1:
736:Vladimir Smirnov (politician)
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32:Vladimir Mikhailovich Smirnov
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776:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
308:movement by his presence."
215:, he said to the Congress:
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490:Schapiro, Leonard (1965).
458:Revolutionary Perspectives
408:Cohen, Stephen F. (1975).
84:Imperial Moscow University
610:Deutscher, Isaac (1989).
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323:and the USSR Prosecutor
144:State Planning Committee
771:Politicians from Moscow
692:The House of Government
585:Slezkine, Yuri (2017).
278:Exile, prison and death
170:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
836:Soviet rehabilitations
549:Zakharov, A. (1927).
252:Democratic Centralists
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665:Ciliga, Ante (1979).
347:Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast
256:The Declaration of 46
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158:Ekonomicheskaya Zhizn
146:and the Board of the
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62:Early life and career
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747:, "Kommunist", 1918.
738:at Wikimedia Commons
694:. pp. 304, 894.
193:political commissars
652:The Prophet Unarmed
637:The Prophet Unarmed
284:15th Party Congress
101:February Revolution
811:Russian communists
741:Vladimir Smirnov.
667:The Russian Enigma
654:. pp. 431β32.
453:2014-10-29 at the
201:Grigory Sokolnikov
116:October Revolution
86:. In 1909, he met
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359:quantum mechanics
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365:References
351:Konigsberg
262:headed by
566:cite book
181:civil war
120:Petrograd
76:gymnasium
48:Bolshevik
712:20 March
451:Archived
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393:15 March
197:Red Army
189:5th Army
23:Smirnov
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153:Pravda
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305:kulak
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714:2021
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616:ISBN
591:ISBN
572:link
516:ISBN
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317:NKVD
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241:ChON
156:and
110:and
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