Russian Revolution of 1905

2004: 977: 832:. Unlike other minority nationalities, the Poles, in the eyes of the Tsar, were a direct threat to the empire's stability. After the rebellion was crushed, the government implemented policies to reduce Polish cultural influences. In the 1870s the government began to distrust German elements on the western border. The Russian government felt that the unification of Germany would upset the power balance among the great powers of Europe and that Germany would use its strength against Russia. The government thought that the borders would be defended better if the borderland were more "Russian" in character. The culmination of cultural diversity created a cumbersome nationality problem that plagued the Russian government in the years leading up to the revolution. 238: 679: 1730: 2793: 760:", were in decline. Although cultivated acreage had increased in the last half century, the increase had not been proportionate to the growth of the peasant population, which had doubled. "There was general agreement at the turn of the century that Russia faced a grave and intensifying agrarian crisis due mainly to rural overpopulation with an annual excess of fifteen to eighteen live births over deaths per 1,000 inhabitants." The investigations revealed many difficulties but the committees could not find solutions that were both sensible and "acceptable" to the government. 1548: 1480: 1335: 2618: 2003: 44: 2109:

an earthquake-like effect on the peasant collective as well. Seeing an opening in the autocracy's waning authority thanks to the Manifesto, the peasants, with a political organisation, took to the streets in revolt. In response, the government exerted its forces in campaigns to subdue and repress both the peasants and the workers. Consequences were now in full force: with a pretext in their hands, the government spent the month of December 1905 regaining the level of authority once lost to

1799: 1544:. The mutineers eventually surrendered the battleship to Romanian authorities on 8 July in exchange for asylum, then the Romanians returned her to Imperial Russian authorities on the following day. Some sources claim over 2,000 sailors died in the suppression. The mutinies were disorganised and quickly crushed. Despite these mutinies, the armed forces were largely apolitical and remained mostly loyal, if dissatisfied—and were widely used by the government to control the 1905 unrest. 1984:

higher property qualification, excluding industrial workers. Both sides—the opposition and the conservatives—were not pleased with the results. Another attempt in August 1905 was almost successful, but that too died when Nicholas insisted on the Duma's functions be relegated to an advisory position. The October Manifesto, aside from granting the population the freedom of speech and assembly, proclaimed that no law would be passed without examination and approval by the

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and plants. Despite these labour protections, the workers believed that the laws were not enough to free them from unfair and inhumane practices. At the start of the 20th century, Russian industrial workers worked on average 11-hours per day (10 hours on Saturday), factory conditions were perceived as grueling and often unsafe, and attempts at independent unions were often not accepted. Many workers were forced to work beyond the maximum of

1879: 1017:, which led to a two-year closure of the university. The consequent conflict with the state was an important factor in the chronic student protests over subsequent decades. The atmosphere of the early 1860s gave rise to political engagement by students outside universities that became a tenet of student radicalism by the 1870s. Student radicals described "the special duty and mission of the student as such to spread the new word of 262: 250: 129: 1940: 2824:. In Courland, the peasants seized or surrounded several towns. In Livonia, the fighters controlled the Rūjiena-Pärnu railway line. Martial law was declared in Courland in August 1905, and in Livonia in late November. Special punitive expeditions were dispatched in mid-December to suppress the movement. They executed 1170 people without trial or investigation and burned 300 peasant homes. Thousands were exiled to 769: 2077:

power to censor provocative material. This opportunity allowed the press to address the tsar, and government officials, in a harsh, critical tone previously unheard of. The freedom of speech also opened the floodgates for meetings and organised political parties. In Moscow alone, over 400 meetings took place in the first four weeks. Some of the political parties that came out of these meetings were the

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forces. The structure of the Duma was changed, becoming a lower chamber below the Council of Ministers, and was half-elected, half-appointed by the Tsar. Legislations had to be approved by the Duma, the council, and the Tsar to become law. The Fundamental State Laws were the "culmination of the whole sequence of events set in motion in October 1905 and which consolidated the new

4898:, Revolutionary History Vol 9 No 1 (Editorial: Pete Glatter; Introduction; The Road to Bloody Sunday (Introduced by Pete Glatter); A Revolution Takes Shape (Introduced by Pete Glatter); The Decisive Days (Introduced by Pete Glatter and Philip Ruff); Rosa Luxemburg and the 1905 Revolution (Introduced by Mark Thomas); Mike Haynes, Patterns of Conflict in the 1905 Revolution) 808:. Like other minorities in Russia, the Jews lived "miserable and circumscribed lives, forbidden to settle or acquire land outside the cities and towns, legally limited in attendance at secondary school and higher schools, virtually barred from legal professions, denied the right to vote for municipal councilors, and excluded from services in the Navy or the Guards". 2105:, it was a watershed period of time: nearly 50 of the unions in St. Petersburg came under Soviet control, while in Moscow, the Soviets had around 80,000 members. This large sector of power allowed the Soviets enough clout to form their own militias. In St. Petersburg alone, the Soviets claimed around 6,000 armed members with the purpose of protecting the meetings. 3582:"A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death". 931:, head of the Moscow security department, "police socialism" planned to have workers form workers' societies with police approval to "provide healthful, fraternal activities and opportunities for cooperative self-help together with 'protection' against influences that might have inimical effect on loyalty to job or country". Some of these groups organised in 639:

prison while it took place. The events in 1905 demonstrated the precarious position in which the Tsar found himself. As a result, Tsarist Russia did not undergo sufficient reform, which had a direct impact on the radical politics brewing in the Russian Empire. Although the radicals were still in the minority of the populace, their momentum was growing.

1610:, and included officials, chiefs of government factories, and private factory owners. It was also meant to have included workers' delegates elected according to a two-stage system. Elections of the workers delegates were, however, blocked by the socialists who wanted to divert the workers from the elections to the armed struggle. On 5 March [ 816:', despite the decades of restrictions on that ethnic group, regularly spoke of individuals 'of Polish descent' or, alternatively, 'of Russian descent', making identity a function of birth." This policy only succeeded in producing or aggravating feelings of disloyalty. There was growing impatience with their inferior status and resentment against " 1995:, the advisory body, into a second chamber with legislative powers "equal to those of the Duma". Not only did this transformation violate the Manifesto, but the Council became a buffer zone between the tsar and Duma, slowing whatever progress the latter could achieve. Even three days before the Duma's first session, on 24 April 1906, the 619:. Despite popular participation in the Duma, the parliament was unable to issue laws of its own, and frequently came into conflict with Nicholas. The Duma's power was limited and Nicholas continued to hold the ruling authority. Furthermore, he could dissolve the Duma, which he did three times in order to get rid of the opposition. 1025:'s phrase 'apostles of knowledge'." During the next two decades, universities produced a significant share of Russia's revolutionaries. Prosecution records from the 1860s and 1870s show that more than half of all political offences were committed by students despite being a minute proportion of the population. "The tactics of the 2073:

problem surfaced in the conscience of Nicholas himself: Witte said in 1911 that the manifesto was written only to get the pressure off the monarch's back, that it was not a "voluntary act". In fact, the writers hoped that the Manifesto would sow discord into "the camp of the autocracy's enemies" and bring order back to Russia.

2574:'s industrial workers went on strike. The first phase of the revolution consisted primarily of mass strikes, rallies, demonstrations—later this evolved into street skirmishes with the police and army as well as bomb assassinations and robberies of transports carrying money to tsarist financial institutions. 2783:

and to end Russification. The radical views were publicly welcomed and in December 1905, martial law was declared in Tallinn. A total of 160 manors were looted, resulting in ca. 400 workers and peasants being killed by the army. Estonian gains from the revolution were minimal, but the tense stability

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Despite what seemed to be a moment for celebration for Russia's population and the reformists, the Manifesto was rife with problems. Aside from the absence of the word "constitution", one issue with the manifesto was its timing. By October 1905, Nicholas was already dealing with a revolution. Another

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turned against the Duma when the issue of land appropriation came up. The issue of land appropriation was the most contentious of the Duma's appeals. The Duma proposed that the government distribute its treasury, "monastic and imperial lands", and seize private estates as well. The Duma, in fact, was

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in November 1902. Daily meetings of 15,000 to 20,000 heard openly revolutionary appeals for the first time, before a massacre defeated the strikes. But reaction to the massacres brought political demands to purely economic ones. Luxemburg described the situation in 1903 by saying: "the whole of South

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came to power. Alexander abolished serfdom and enacted fundamental reforms in the legal and administrative structure of the Russian empire, which were revolutionary for their time. He lifted many restrictions on universities and abolished obligatory uniforms and military discipline. This ushered in a

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Because the Russian economy was tied to European finances, the contraction of Western money markets in 1899–1900 plunged Russian industry into a deep and prolonged crisis; it outlasted the dip in European industrial production. This setback aggravated social unrest during the five years preceding the

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The Constitution did not mention any of the provisions of the October Manifesto. While it did enact the provisions laid out previously, its sole purpose seems again to be the propaganda for the monarchy and to simply not fall back on prior promises. The provisions and the new constitutional monarchy

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Perhaps empowered in their newfound window of opportunity, the St. Petersburg Soviets, along with other socialist parties, called for armed struggles against the Tsarist government, a war call that no doubt alarmed the government. Not only were the workers motivated, but the Days of Freedom also had

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The attacks on the Duma were not confined to its legislative powers. By the time the Duma opened, it was missing crucial support from its populace, thanks in no small part to the government's return to Pre-Manifesto levels of suppression. The Soviets were forced to lay low for a long time, while the

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were on strike. These were not the first illegal strikes in the country's history but their aims, and the political awareness and support among workers and non-workers, made them more troubling to the government than earlier strikes. The government responded by closing all legal organisations by the

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factories. Employment of children aged 12 to 15 was prohibited on Sundays and holidays. Workers had to be paid in cash at least once a month, and limits were placed on the size and bases of fines for tardy workers. Employers were prohibited from charging workers for the cost of lighting of the shops

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through taxing peasants forced millions of peasants to work in towns. The "peasant worker" saw his labor in the factory as the means to consolidate his family's economic position in the village and played a role in determining the social consciousness of the urban proletariat. The new concentrations

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Many historians contend that the 1905 revolution set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, which saw the monarchy abolished and the Tsar executed. Calls for radicalism were present in the 1905 revolution, but many of the revolutionaries who were in a position to lead were either in exile or in

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13 January], Russian army troops opened fire on demonstrators killing 73 and injuring 200 people. During the middle of 1905, the focus of revolutionary events moved to the countryside with mass meetings and demonstrations. 470 new parish administrative bodies were elected in 94% of the parishes

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Ironically, the writers of the October Manifesto were caught off guard by the surge in revolts. One of the main reasons for writing the October Manifesto bordered on the government's "fear of the revolutionary movement". In fact, many officials believed this fear was practically the sole reason for

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for Russian industries (especially heavy industry), an increase in exports, currency stabilization, and encouragement of foreign investments. His plan was successful and during the 1890s "Russian industrial growth averaged 8 percent per year. Railroad mileage grew from a very substantial base by 40

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There had been earlier attempts in establishing a Russian Duma before the October Manifesto, but these attempts faced dogged resistance. One attempt in July 1905, called the Bulygin Duma, tried to reduce the assembly into a consultative body. It also proposed limiting voting rights to those with a

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The Minister of the Interior, Plehve, designated schools as a pressing problem for the government, but he did not realize it was only a symptom of antigovernment feelings among the educated class. Students of universities, other schools of higher learning, and occasionally of secondary schools and

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From 1900 to 1903, the period of industrial depression caused many firm bankruptcies and a reduction in the employment rate. Employees were restive: they would join legal organisations but turn the organisations toward an end that the organisations' sponsors did not intend. Workers used legitimate

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Following the Revolution of 1905, the Tsar made last attempts to save his regime, and offered reforms similar to most rulers when pressured by a revolutionary movement. The military remained loyal throughout the Revolution of 1905, as shown by their shooting of revolutionaries when ordered by the

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One should not think that the tsar issued this manifesto under the pressure of the revolution, it was an act of goodwill, that's what Guchkov said: «the agreement between the historical government and the Russian Octobrism was tacit, but solemn loyalty. The manifesto of October 17 seemed to be a

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were proclaimed (tsarist control was later restored in these areas when martial law was introduced). Until November 1905, Poland was at the vanguard of the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire despite the vast military numbers thrown against it; even when the upheaval began its downfall,

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14 May: Workers' delegates are elected. Svirskii had suggested they do so, as he wanted people to negotiate with. A mass meeting is held in Administration Square. Svirskii tells them the mill owners will not meet their demands but will negotiate with elected mill delegates, who will be immune to

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One immediate effect it did have, for a while, was the start of the Days of Freedom, a six-week period from 17 October to early December. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of freedom on all publications—revolutionary papers, brochures, etc.—even though the tsar officially retained the

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as the liberal Witte's replacement. Much to Nicholas's chagrin, Stolypin attempted to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries). After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic

4125:, Vol VII, p. 574. Springfield, Massachusetts: The C. A. Nicholson Co., Publishers. (The original source for this information, according to the book, was Professor Maksim Kovalevsky, who presented these figures in the Duma on 2 May 1906, "in the presence of M. Stolypin, who did not contest it".) 1584:

The number of prisoners throughout the Russian Empire, which had peaked at 116,376 in 1893, fell by over a third to a record low of 75,009 in January 1905, chiefly because of several mass amnesties granted by the Tsar; the historian S G Wheatcroft has wondered what role these released criminals

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massacre of protesters that took place in January 1905 in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire. Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass

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students proved to be remarkably effective, far beyond what any of the students would have dreamed. Sensing that neither the university administrations nor the government possessed the will or authority to enforce regulations, radicals simply went ahead with their plans to turn the schools into

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was published on the eve of the convocation of the First Duma. The new Fundamental Law was enacted to institute promises of the October Manifesto as well as add new reforms. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed

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Nicholas II remained wary of having to share power with reform-minded bureaucrats. When the pendulum in 1906 elections swung to the left, Nicholas immediately ordered the Duma's dissolution just after 73 days. Hoping to further squeeze the life out of the assembly, he appointed a tougher prime

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Among all the groups that benefited most from the Days of Freedoms were the labour unions. In fact, the Days of Freedom witnessed unionisation in the history of the Russian Empire at its apex. At least 67 unions were established in Moscow, as well as 58 in St. Petersburg; the majority of both

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further limited the assembly's movement by giving the tsar the sole power to appoint/dismiss ministers. Adding insult was the indication that the Tsar alone had control over many facets of political reins—all without the Duma's expressed permission. The trap seemed perfectly set for the

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5 February] 1905. He appointed a government commission "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs" in view of the strike movement. The commission was headed by Senator NV Shidlovsky, a member of the

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Every year, thousands of nobles in debt mortgaged their estates to the noble land bank or sold them to municipalities, merchants, or peasants. By the time of the revolution, the nobility had sold off one-third of its land and mortgaged another third. The peasants had been freed by the

2055:, the minister of Russia, frustratedly argued with the Tsar that an immediate implementation of reforms was needed to retain order in the country. It was only after the Revolution started picking up steam that Nicholas was forced to make concessions by writing the October Manifesto. 2000:

unsuspecting Duma: by the time the assembly convened in 27 April, it quickly found itself unable to do much without violating the Fundamental Laws. Defeated and frustrated, the majority of the assembly voted no confidence and handed in their resignations after a few weeks on 13 May.

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Even after Bloody Sunday and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II had been slow to offer a meaningful solution to the social and political crisis. At this point, he became more concerned with his personal affairs such as the illness of his son, whose struggle with

2489:, an anarchist, noted that official statistics excluded executions conducted during punitive expeditions, especially in Siberia, Caucasus and the Baltic provinces. By 1906 some 4,509 political prisoners were incarcerated in Russian Poland, 20 percent of the empire's total. 811:

The government's treatment of Jews, although considered a separate issue, was similar to its policies in dealing with all national and religious minorities. Historian Theodore Weeks notes: "Russian administrators, who never succeeded in coming up with a legal definition of

520: 726:. A peasant could not sell or mortgage this land, so in practice he could not renounce his rights to his land, and he would be required to pay his share of redemption dues to the village commune. This plan was intended to prevent peasants from becoming part of the 923:

and strikes. Dissatisfaction turned into despair for many impoverished workers, which made them more sympathetic to radical ideas. These discontented, radicalized workers became key to the revolution by participating in illegal strikes and revolutionary protests.

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Their earnings were often so small that they could neither buy the food they needed nor keep up the payment of taxes and redemption dues they owed the government for their land allotments. By 1903 their total arrears in payments of taxes and dues was 118 million

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and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry."

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terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the

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The Russian language is the common language of the state, and its use is compulsory in the army, the navy and all state and public institutions. The use of local (regional) languages and dialects in state and public institutions are determined by special

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This petition asked for "an eight-hour day, a minimum daily wage of one ruble (fifty cents), a repudiation of bungling bureaucrats, and a democratically elected Constituend Assembly to introduce representative government into the empire." R.R. Palmer,

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Industrial workers began to feel dissatisfaction with the Tsarist government despite the protective labour laws the government decreed. Some of those laws included the prohibition of children under 12 from working, with the exception of night work in

879:. "Besides dangerously concentrating a proletariat, a professional and a rebellious student body in centers of political power, industrialization infuriated both these new forces and the traditional rural classes." The government policy of financing 718:, but their lives were generally quite limited. The government hoped to develop the peasants as a politically conservative, land-holding class by enacting laws to enable them to buy land from nobility by paying small installments over many decades. 2521:

15 May: Svirskii tells the strikers they can negotiate only about each factory in turn, but they can hold elections wherever. The strikers elect delegates to represent each mill while they are still out in the streets. Later the delegates elect a

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growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound, fired by a revolutionary,

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These violent outbreaks caught the attention of the government, so it created many committees to investigate the causes. The committees concluded that no part of the countryside was prosperous; some parts, especially the fertile areas known as the

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Russia was a multi-ethnic empire. Nineteenth-century Russians saw cultures and religions in a clear hierarchy. Non-Russian cultures were tolerated in the empire but were not necessarily respected. Culturally, Europe was favored over Asia, as was

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and his realisation that there was insufficient military force available to pursue alternative options. He regretted signing the document, saying that he felt "sick with shame at this betrayal of the dynasty ... the betrayal was complete".

1865:, by April 1906, more than 14,000 people had been executed and 75,000 imprisoned. Historian Brian Taylor states the number of deaths in the 1905 revolution was in the "thousands" and notes one source that puts the figure at over 13,000 deaths. 1168:), nominally celebrating the 40th anniversary of the liberal court statutes, but actually an attempt to circumvent laws against political gatherings. The banquets resulted in calls for political reforms and a constitution. In November 1904 a 630:

had succeeded in partially industrializing Russia but failed to adequately meet the needs of the population. Tsar Nicholas II and the monarchy narrowly survived the Revolution of 1905, but its events foreshadowed what was to come in the 1917

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dropped, and Russia's foreign debt and need for imports grew. War and military preparations continued to consume government revenues. At the same time, the peasant taxpayers' ability to pay was strained to the utmost, leading to widespread

2051:. Nicholas also refused to believe that the population was demanding changes in the autocratic regime, seeing "public opinion" as mainly the "intelligentsia" and believing himself to be the patronly 'father figure' to the Russian people. 993:

new freedom in the content and reading lists of academic courses. In turn, that created student subcultures, as youth were willing to live in poverty in order to receive an education. As universities expanded, there was a rapid growth of

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Besides the imposition of a uniform Russian culture throughout the empire, the government's pursuit of Russification, especially during the second half of the nineteenth century, had political motives. After the emancipation of the

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Many factors contributed to unrest across the Russian Empire of 1905. Newly emancipated peasants earned too little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic and national minorities resented the policy of

1988:. The Manifesto also extended the suffrage to universal proportions, allowing for greater participation in the Duma, though the electoral law in 11 December still excluded women. Nevertheless, the tsar retained the power of veto. 549: 486: 751:

in 1902, thousands of them, ignoring restraints and authority, burst out in a rebellious fury that led to extensive destruction of property and looting of noble homes before troops could be brought to subdue and punish them."

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carried out many assassinations targeting civil servants and police, and robberies. Between 1906 and 1909, revolutionaries killed 7,293 people, of whom 2,640 were officials, and wounded 8,061. Notable victims included:

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11 and 12 May] 1905, about 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives held three meetings in Moscow, which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level. On 6 June [

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The government was alarmed by these communities, and in 1861 tightened restrictions on admission and prohibited student organisations; these restrictions resulted in the first ever student demonstration, held in

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was the third novel of Gaston Leroux's popular Rouletabille detective series set in 1905 during the revolution and drew upon Leroux's own experience reporting on the event as a journalist for France's Le Matin

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12 December] 1904, the Emperor issued a manifesto promising the broadening of the zemstvo system and more authority for local municipal councils, insurance for industrial workers, the emancipation of

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and beyond. In March, all higher academic institutions were forcibly closed for the remainder of the year, adding radical students to the striking workers. A strike by railway workers on 21 October [

503: 4637: 1971:, also known as the Fundamental Laws, set up a multiparty system and a limited constitutional monarchy. The revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the reforms, but it was not enough to prevent the 721:

Such land, known as "allotment land", would not be owned by individual peasants but by the community of peasants; individual peasants would have rights to strips of land to be assigned to them under the

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agitation for more political democracy and limits to Tsarist rule in Russia, and an increase in strikes by workers against employers for radical economic demands and union recognition, (especially in

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society, a treaty of loyalty, a mutual act of trust in the people on the part of the supreme power; Octobrism was a response on the part of the people - a response of faith in the supreme power."

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They took up problems that were unrelated to their "proper employment", and displayed defiance and radicalism by boycotting examinations, rioting, arranging marches in sympathy with strikers and

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capitalist policies, but this strategy largely failed to gain traction within the Russian economy until the 1890s. Meanwhile, "agricultural productivity stagnated, while international prices for

2142:". The introduction of The Russian Constitution of 1906 was not simply an institution of the October Manifesto. The introduction of the constitution states (and thus emphasizes) the following: 1384:

The events in St. Petersburg provoked public indignation and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centers of the Russian Empire. Polish socialists—both the

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The 1905–1907 revolution was at the time the largest wave of strikes and widest emancipatory movement Poland had ever seen, and it would remain so until the 1970s and 1980s. In 1905, 93.2% of

1251:, where commercial workers gained a reduction in the working day, and were joined by factory workers. In 1904, massive strike waves broke out in Odessa in the spring, in Kyiv in July, and in 413: 1350:(a railway and artillery supplier) in St. Petersburg. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers to 150,000 workers in 382 factories. By 21 January [ 664:

or Navy, and limiting their attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, as it banned strikes and organizing into

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was recorded as killed. Far more violence was inflicted on peasants outside the commune: 50 deaths were recorded. Anti-tsarist protests displaced onto Jewish communities in the October

1009:. The 1860s was a time when the emergence of a new public sphere was created in social life and professional groups. This created the idea of their right to have an independent opinion. 2058:

Issued on 17 October 1905, the Manifesto stated that the government would grant the population reforms such as the right to vote and to convene in assemblies. Its main provisions were:

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in 1861, the Russian state was compelled to take into account public opinion, but the government failed to gain the public's support. Another motive for Russification policies was the

1174: 911:, mistakes in their work, or absence. Russian industrial workers were also the lowest-wage workers in Europe. Although the cost of living in Russia was low, "the average worker's 16 1784:

was also offered. The concessions came hand-in-hand with renewed, and brutal, action against the unrest. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, with

2953: 820:". Russification is cultural assimilation definable as "a process culminating in the disappearance of a given group as a recognizably distinct element within a larger society". 2284:

The years of revolution were marked by a dramatic rise in the numbers of death sentences and executions. Different figures on the number of executions were compared by Senator

626:, which ended in the same year. Calls for revolution were intensified by the growing realisation by a variety of sectors of society of the need for reform. Politicians such as 1849:

22 and 24 November], there was a general strike by Russian workers. The government sent troops on 7 December, and a bitter street-by-street fight began. A week later, the

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13 October] 1905, over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the

1129:, when collective strike activity was met with what is perceived as repression from an autocratic state, economic and political demands grew into and reinforced each other. 372: 2125:

and deputy minister of the interior. Trepov urged Nicholas II to stick to the principles in the Manifesto, for "every retreat ... would be hazardous to the dynasty".

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broke out in March 1902. Strikes on the railways, originating from pay disputes, took on other issues and drew in other industries, culminating in a general strike at

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had said in 1903 that, after the agrarian problem, the most serious issues plaguing the country were those of the Jews, the schools, and the workers, in that order.

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and prepared for upcoming Duma elections, radical socialists and revolutionaries denounced the elections and called for an armed uprising to destroy the Empire.

1389: 481: 1460:, who felt a strong connection to the Bolsheviki, had not given up a compromise but spearheaded strike action in over 200 factories. By 26 October [ 4672: 668:. University students developed a new consciousness after discipline was relaxed in the institutions, and as increasingly radical ideas gained attention. 5228: 2565: 1397: 401: 955:

means to organise strikes or to draw support for striking workers outside these groups. A strike that began in 1902 by workers in the railroad shops in

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in December. This all set the stage for the strikes in St. Petersburg in December 1904 to January 1905 seen as the first step in the 1905 revolution.

3608:"He emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all" 2609:

described Poland as "one of the most explosive centres of the revolutionary movement" which "in 1905 marched at the head of the Russian Revolution".

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preparing to alienate some of its more affluent supporters, a decision that left the assembly without the necessary political power to be efficient.

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also did not stop students. "In fact, when the official decision to overhaul the whole educational system was finally made, in 1904, and to that end

365: 1377:, and at some point, troops opened fire on the demonstrators, causing between 200 (according to Witte) and 1,000 deaths. The event became known as 3347:

Staliūnas, Darius (2007). "Between Russification and Divide and Rule: Russian Nationality Policy in the Western Borderlands in Mid-19th Century".

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in August 1905. Certain groups took the opportunity to settle differences with each other rather than the government. Some nationalists undertook

1566:. The Poles, Finns, and the Baltic provinces all sought autonomy, and also freedom to use their national languages and promote their own culture. 5138: 2170:

The years 1906 and 1907 saw a decline of mass movements, strikes and protests, and a rise of overt political violence. Combat groups such as the

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8 October] 1905 quickly developed into a general strike in Saint Petersburg and Moscow. This prompted the setting up of the short-lived

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Any residual popular loyalty to Tsar Nicholas II was lost on 22 January 1905, when his soldiers fired upon a crowd of protesting workers, led by

5238: 466: 1021:. Students were called upon to extend their freedoms into society, to repay the privilege of learning by serving the people, and to become in 660:" of the Empire: this represented discrimination and repression against national minorities, such as banning them from voting, serving in the 1469: 461: 871:

percent between 1892 and 1902." Ironically, Witte's success in implementing this program helped spur the 1905 revolution and eventually the

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Kropotkin, G. M. (Spring 2008). "The Ruling Bureaucracy and the 'New Order' of Russian Statehood After the Manifesto of 17 October 1905".

2756:

in which about 8 000–10 000 people participated, killing 94 and injuring over 200. The October Manifesto was supported in Estonia and the

1373:

9 January] 1905. The troops guarding the Palace were ordered to tell the demonstrators not to pass a certain point, according to

643:, a revolutionary himself, would later say that the Revolution of 1905 was "The Great Dress Rehearsal", without which the "victory of the 1900: 1707: 4474: 4406: 2597:

Due to its reach, violence, radicalism, and effects, some Polish historians even consider the events of the 1905 revolution in Poland a

1400:). Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, and 93.2% in Poland. There were also strikes in Finland and the 1100:). As an example, Trotsky who would assume a central role in the 1905 revolution, would write several proclamations urging for improved 5233: 3981: 3695:

The beginning of the revolutionary upsurge could be dated back a little earlier, to the Rostov-on-Don general strike in November 1902 .

2514:

13 May: 40,000 workers assemble before the Administration Building to give Svirskii, the regional factory inspector, a list of demands.

3628: 2828:. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or US. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided. 3417:

Perrie, Maureen (November 1972). "The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance".

2335: 2211: 1615: 1080:, head of General Staff Academy, was selected as Minister of Education, the students had grown bolder and more resistant than ever." 1614:

20 February] 1905, the commission was dissolved without having started work. Following the assassination of his uncle, the

1354:

8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and newspaper distribution was halted. All public areas were declared closed.

5223: 4135:

Sohrabi, Nader (May 1995). "Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, 1905–1908".

862:, a crash governmental program was proposed to promote industrialization. His policies included heavy government expenditures for 3586:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941 1991:

Propositions for restrictions to the Duma's legislative powers remained persistent. A decree on 20 February 1906 transformed the

1231:

and the abolition of censorship. The crucial demand—that for a representative national legislature—was missing in the manifesto.

2882:

were written under the impression of the 1905 Revolution. The same authors depicted it in their later works: Andrei Bely in his

2082: 1187:)—a gathering of zemstvo delegates representing all levels of Russian society—called for a constitution, civil liberties and a 1152: 208: 3443: 976: 5208: 5203: 5064: 5040: 5021: 4999: 4980: 4954: 4925: 4838: 4785: 4680: 4187: 3870: 3638: 3593: 3187: 3154: 2303: 739:

The situation worsened as masses of hungry peasants roamed the countryside looking for work and sometimes walked hundreds of

422: 5093: 1776:

When the manifesto was proclaimed, there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all the major cities. The strikes in

1699:

but with consultative powers only. When its slight powers and limits on the electorate were revealed, unrest redoubled. The

927:

The government responded by arresting labour agitators and enacting more "paternalistic" legislation. Introduced in 1900 by

5213: 2812:

in Latvia. The Congress of Parish Representatives was held in Riga in November. In autumn 1905, armed conflict between the

1703:

was formed and called for a general strike in October, refusal to pay taxes, and the en masse withdrawal of bank deposits.

671:

Significantly, this was a period of disaffection in the Russian military. Soldiers returning from a bloody and disgraceful

3297:

Conroy, Mary (2006). "Civil Society in Late Imperial Russia". In Henry, Laura; Sundstrom, Lisa; Evans Jr., Albert (eds.).

5178: 5173: 1215: 863: 583:, began on 22 January 1905. A wave of mass political and social unrest then began to spread across the vast areas of the 213: 4908: 3730: 2633: 5132: 3822: 2764:

used the new political freedoms to widen the rights of Estonians by establishing the first Estonian political party –

1959:

Tsar, making overthrow difficult. These reforms were outlined in a precursor to the Constitution of 1906 known as the

1853:

was deployed, and used artillery to break up demonstrations and to shell workers' districts. On 18 December [

840:

The economic situation in Russia before the revolution presented a grim picture. The government had experimented with

5243: 5218: 4811: 4620: 4551: 4048: 3977: 3681: 3090: 1926: 2500:

was known as the 'Russian Manchester' for its textile mills. In 1905, its local revolutionaries were overwhelmingly

1908: 1538: 4585: 2779:

could not agree about how to continue with the revolution, and only agreed that both wanted to limit the rights of

2307: 2062:

The granting of the population "inviolable personal rights" including freedom of conscience, speech, and assemblage

1992: 1857:

5 December], with around a thousand people dead and parts of the city in ruins, the workers surrendered. After

1696: 1607: 1321:, published in August 1905. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to 5129:

An article on the events of 1905 from an anarchist perspective (Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, no. 42/3, Winter 2005)

2578: 2535:

break up a workers' meeting, arresting over 20 men. Workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burn down a mill.

2508:

11 May 1905: The 'Group', the revolutionary leadership, called for the workers at all the textile mills to strike.

1715: 3794: 852: 694:

The Tsarist government did recognise some of these problems, albeit shortsightedly. The Minister of the Interior

17: 2594:

larger strikes happened more often in Poland than they did in other parts of the Empire in the years 1906–1907.

453: 4803: 4452: 3676:. Volume 131 of Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 2014). p. 167. 2925: 1904: 1571: 884:

and flows of peasants spread urban ideas to the countryside, breaking down isolation of peasants on communes.

622:

The 1905 revolution was set off by the international humiliation that resulted from the Russian defeat in the

4436: 4432: 3965: 2808: 2749: 2705: 2641: 2311: 2269: 2256: 2243: 2229: 2215: 2201: 2187: 1854: 1846: 1765: 1750: 1729: 1692: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1602: 1578: 1518: 1461: 1425: 1409: 1370: 1351: 1223: 1192: 1141: 203: 5168: 2134: 1996: 1968: 678: 616: 101: 4098:"Radical socialists and revolutionaries denounce Duma elections, call for armed uprising against - YTread" 1644:

for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. On 24 and 25 May [

2252: 2183: 2094: 1484: 715: 608: 107: 5102: 2792: 2784:

that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood.

5183: 5050: 4747: 4000: 3711: 3658: 2973: 2065:

Giving the population who were previously cut off from doing so participation in the newly formed Duma

963:

created such a response that by the next summer, 225,000 in various industries in southern Russia and

5193: 4723: 2935: 2585:

was also an active centre of resistance, particularly in terms of strikes, whereas further south the

2118: 2086: 1753:

1 October]. It closely followed the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic

1594: 1165: 1140:

in 1904, which called for a constitutional monarchy. Russian socialists formed two major groups: the

266: 1764:

The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on 30 October [

1416:

a few days later over 100 strikers were shot on the streets. By February, there were strikes in the

406: 5188: 2724:

with a general strike, but the mutiny was quelled within 60 hours by loyal troops and ships of the

2698: 2598: 2318: 2078: 1889: 1660:

and Mr Fyodrov, the Tsar confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people's representatives.

2162:

did not satisfy Russians and Lenin. The Constitution lasted until the fall of the empire in 1917.

5198: 3549: 2939: 2890: 2821: 2525:

17 May: The meetings are moved to the bank of the Talka River, on suggestion by the police chief.

2221: 1893: 1858: 1700: 1673: 1598: 1552: 1429: 1322: 1115:

Many socialists view this as a period when the rising revolutionary movement was met with rising

804:

had been considered a special problem. Jews constituted only about 4% of the population but were

794: 661: 510: 382: 188: 4858:; Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995 3082:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

2803:

Following the shooting of demonstrators in St. Petersburg, a wide-scale general strike began in

1861:, the uprisings ended in December 1905. According to figures presented in the Duma by Professor 5108: 3179: 2913: 2817: 2737: 2629: 2171: 2150: 1839: 1835: 1563: 1385: 1006: 603:

was forced to go back on his earlier authoritarian stance and enact some reform (issued in the

5081: 4038: 3080: 866:

and operations, subsidies and supporting services for private industrialists, high protective

4478: 4410: 2694: 2225: 2197: 1723: 1366: 1219: 1160: 695: 600: 493: 242: 143: 90: 3144: 3118: 2775:

was founded as well. The moderate supporters of Tõnisson and the more radical supporters of

2541:

12 June: All prisoners are released. Most mill owners flee to Moscow. Neither side gives in.

1498: 1361:, who headed a police-sponsored workers' association, led a huge workers' procession to the 2968: 2850: 2741: 2690: 2645: 2110: 1850: 1830:

railroad fell into the hands of striker committees and demobilised soldiers returning from

1785: 1514: 1378: 1339: 1308: 1303: 1200: 396: 49: 4663:

Bleiere, Daina; Ilgvars Butulis; Antonijs Zunda; Aivars Stranga; Inesis Feldmanis (2006).

776:

ideology of the time, the group labelled "Russians" includes not only what are considered

8: 2898: 2745: 2674: 2481:

These numbers reflect only executions of civilians, and do not include a large number of

2331: 1633: 1526: 1381:, and is considered by many scholars as the start of the active phase of the revolution. 1204: 1199:

passed a resolution demanding the establishment of an elected national legislature, full

1137: 675:

found inadequate factory pay, shortages, and general disarray, and organized in protest.

471: 218: 3673:

Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905

5054: 4969: 4431:

683 executions by sentences of Field Courts Martial, acting from 1 September [

4307: 4160: 4152: 4020: 3172: 2884: 2721: 2709: 2338:

Chief Prison Administration, at the International Prison Congress in Washington, 1910.

1758: 1510: 1494: 1312: 1207:. Similar resolutions and appeals from other city dumas and zemstvo councils followed. 1057: 1034: 1026: 805: 773: 672: 644: 632: 623: 612: 556: 527: 476: 4870:

1905 : La première révolution russe (Actes du colloque sur la révolution de 1905)

4097: 3440: 1547: 1479: 1334: 5117: 5060: 5036: 5017: 4995: 4976: 4950: 4921: 4918:

Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry

4834: 4807: 4799: 4781: 4686: 4676: 4616: 4547: 4311: 4183: 4164: 4044: 3973: 3866: 3762: 3677: 3634: 3589: 3183: 3150: 3086: 2903: 2670: 2659: 2482: 2285: 1960: 1951: 1862: 1792: 1742: 1637: 1628: 989: 919:

would buy for him." Furthermore, the same labour laws prohibited the organisation of

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The history of Russia, which was ordered to be forgotten. Nicholas II and his time

4662: 4512: 2954:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § The Revolution of 1905

2761: 1392:—called for a general strike. By the end of January 1905, over 400,000 workers in 5097: 5090: 5009: 4935: 4572: 3671: 3611: 3447: 3174:

States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China

2978: 2919: 2874: 2853:

published their works dedicated to the 1905 Revolution in the satirical magazine

2842: 2752:

16 October], the Russian army opened fire in a meeting on a street market in

2686: 2654: 2617: 2571: 2486: 2239: 1972: 1734: 1711: 1681: 1641: 1393: 1097: 1093: 1048:

This disturbed the government, but it believed the cause was lack of training in

872: 163: 5091:

Russian Chronology 1904–1914, including the Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath

2504:. It was the first Bolshevik branch in which workers outnumbered intellectuals. 1710:

in which peasants seized land and tools. Disturbances in the Russian-controlled

743:

to find it. Desperate peasants proved capable of violence. "In the provinces of

730:. However, the peasants were not given enough land to provide for their needs: 4303: 3328:

Weeks, Theodore (December 2004). "Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914".

2864: 2838: 2813: 2780: 2637: 2606: 2602: 2122: 1757:, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards 1622:

4 February] 1905, the Tsar made new concessions. On 2 March [

1421: 1120: 1109: 1022: 1014: 1002: 928: 876: 640: 584: 301: 261: 249: 198: 153: 133: 128: 74: 5126: 4501:

Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the Origins of Polish Communism,

2068:

Ensuring that no law would be passed without the consent of the Imperial Duma.

1818:, was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included 907:

hours per day. Others were still subject to arbitrary and excessive fines for

43: 5162: 5121: 4964: 4931: 3904:

Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study of the Origins of Polish Communism

2757: 2748:, for universal suffrage, and for national autonomy. On 29 October [ 2031: 2026: 1985: 1964: 1815: 1798: 1559: 1445: 1401: 1362: 1239: 1105: 1101: 964: 960: 842: 817: 813: 592: 178: 4690: 3426: 1247:(where separate wage struggles culminated in a citywide general strike) and 772:

French ethnic map of European Russia from 1898. In accordance with official

5112: 5085: 4891: 4882: 2846: 2776: 2725: 2678: 2052: 1827: 1754: 1746: 1506: 1457: 1374: 1358: 1073: 859: 801: 702: 665: 627: 296: 284: 254: 4638:"Rosa Luxemburg, Her Family and the Origins of her Polish-Jewish Identity" 4439:

20 April] 1907 were listed separately and not subdivided by year.

4182:. New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. p. 171. 2557: 1749:

and Alexis Obolenskii, was presented to the Tsar on 14 October [

1668: 1581:, possibly with government aid, and in total over 3,000 Jews were killed. 350: 4729: 4719: 4392:

Galina Mikhaĭlovna Ivanova, Carol Apollonio Flath and Donald J. Raleigh,

3508:

Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism

2958: 2879: 2869: 2717: 2117:

the Manifesto's creation in the first place. Among those more scared was

2044: 1802:

A locomotive overturned by striking workers at the main railway depot in

1653: 1597:

as governor in St Petersburg and dismissed the Minister of the Interior,

1575: 1530: 1347: 1211: 1116: 1065: 1061: 956: 920: 781: 727: 5142: 3670:

Wynn, Charters (1992). "The Revolutionary Surge: 1903 to October 1905".

3659:

Chapter 4, "The Interaction of the Political and the Economic Struggle."

4877:

Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906

4516: 4156: 3920: 2963: 2907: 2649: 2260: 2255: – the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Killed 24 July [ 2090: 1943: 1811: 1522: 1497:(1904–1905) there was unrest in army reserve units. On 2 January 1905, 1437: 1433: 1188: 1089: 1049: 1042: 785: 4872:, Publications de la Sorbonne et Institut d'Études Slaves, Paris, 1986 1838:. The Tsar had to send a special detachment of loyal troops along the 4743: 2622: 2501: 1831: 1819: 1534: 1228: 994: 908: 757: 740: 2708:

17 July] 1906, Russian artillerymen and military engineers

1878: 1656:

had received a Zemstvo deputation. Responding to speeches by Prince

1030:

centres of political activity for students and non-students alike."

4148: 2713: 2532: 2485:

by punitive army detachments and executions of military mutineers.

2233: 2191: 2048: 2017: 1954:

by Nicholas II, which led to the granting of the 1906 Constitution.

1823: 1769: 1719: 1473: 1465: 1417: 1235: 1158:

In late 1904 liberals started a series of banquets (modeled on the

1145: 1053: 1038: 944: 777: 5153: 4774:История России, которую приказали забыть. Николай II и его время; 4394:

Labour camp socialism: the Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system

3997:

Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689–2000

2511:

12 May: The strike begins. Strike leaders meet in the local woods.

1939: 915:

per month could not buy the equal of what the French worker's 110

4611:

Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.).

4542:

Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.).

2825: 2797: 2753: 2664: 2497: 2247: 1781: 1780:

and elsewhere officially ended or quickly collapsed. A political

1567: 1521:

23 August] 1905). In 1905, there were naval mutinies at

1218:

as Minister of the Interior after the July 1904 assassination of

1149: 1133: 1018: 948: 748: 744: 148: 1483:

Artistic impression of the mutiny by the crew of the battleship

768: 705:, who were marching to present a petition at the Winter Palace. 4868:

François-Xavier Coquin and Céline Gervais-Francelle (Editors);

4381:

The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood

4326:

The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood

3854: 2922:

which takes place from the years between 1902 and World War II.

2855: 2582: 1978: 1803: 1413: 1248: 932: 867: 596: 4887:

Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917.

4831:

Union on October 17th. Russia's Political Class: Rise and Fall

3712:

Chapter 3, "Development of the Mass Strike Movement in Russia"

2816:

nobility and the Latvian peasants began in the rural areas of

2553: 1214:

made a move to meet many of these demands, appointing liberal

1761:, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body. 1501:

was lost; in February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at

1453: 1441: 1069: 936: 916: 912: 889: 847: 825: 683: 5147: 5143:

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University

1318:

Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution

1056:. Therefore, the curriculum was "toughened up" to emphasize 951:, but these groups and the idea of police socialism failed. 4827:Союз 17 октября. Политический класс России: взлет и падение 4668: 2804: 2273: 1632:, which promised the formation of a consultative assembly, 1505:, losing almost 80,000 men. On 27–28 May 1905, the Russian 1405: 1252: 1244: 940: 588: 65:(2 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) 4375: 4373: 3948:

Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin

3934:

Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin

3782: 1302:

Another contributing factor behind the revolution was the

4272: 4270: 3890:, second edition, Alfred A. Knopf (New York) 1960, p. 715 3708:

The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions

3655:

The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions

2242: – former war minister. Killed 5 December [ 2200: – Minister of Interior. Killed 10 August [ 591:, the nobility, and the ruling class. It included worker 1768:

17 October] 1905, citing his desire to avoid a

1551:

A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow during

4994:. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. 4896:

The Russian Revolution of 1905: Change Through Struggle

4370: 3205: 4447: 4445: 4267: 4070:

Paul Barnes, R. Paul Evans, Peris Jones-Evans (2003).

3860: 3053: 1513:. Witte was dispatched to make peace, negotiating the 4615:. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 11. 3542: 3540: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3099: 2101:

combined were formed in November 1905 alone. For the

1826:, and was only suppressed after a fierce battle. The 1408:, 130 protesters were killed on 26 January [ 4546:. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 9. 2007:

Speech by Emperor Nicholas II on the opening of the

1315:. Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet 1243:

Russia in May, June and July was aflame", including

4442: 3569: 3567: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3394: 3392: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3222: 3220: 4968: 4819:The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored 4796:The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray 3959: 3537: 3514: 3364: 3362: 3283: 3281: 3178:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3171: 2771:Another, more radical political organisation, the 2720:), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported the 2685:: the revolution resulted in the abolition of the 4575:, Encyklopedia Interia, retrieved on 8 April 2008 4143:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1424–1425. 3330:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1791:While the Russian liberals were satisfied by the 27:Political and social unrest in the Russian Empire 5160: 4017:Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History 3564: 3483: 3467: 3453: 3389: 3305: 3247: 3229: 3217: 2681:, leader of the constitutionalists, crafted the 2640:of 1905 (30 October – 6 November [ 985:theological seminaries were part of this group. 587:. The unrest was directed primarily against the 5139:Russian Graphic Art and the Revolution of 1905. 4947:Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary 4278:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4262:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4249:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 4180:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East 3359: 3278: 2658:, written by Finnish politician and journalist 2581:, but unrest happened in many other areas too. 2577:One of the major events of that period was the 2566:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) 2544:27 June: Workers agree to stop striking 1 July. 2528:27 May: The delegates' meeting house is closed. 2128: 1398:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) 780:today (here called "Great Russians"), but also 4749:Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film 3510:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20. 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2697:. It also resulted in a temporary halt to the 1822:, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military 1064:in secondary schools, but defiance continued. 971: 5133:Estonia during the Russian Revolution of 1905 4920:, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2012. 4879:; Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1985 4798:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988; 4435:19 August] 1906, to 3 May [ 4230: 4228: 4201: 4199: 3991: 3989: 2165: 1674:Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg 366: 4901: 4856:Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905 4011: 4009: 3299:Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment 1979:Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin 1626:18 February] 1905 he published the 1440:headed by Khrustalev-Nossar and despite the 682:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1897 ( 4851:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2004 4821:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1994 4718: 4037:Allen, Rowan; Rose, Denny (28 March 2018). 3609: 3588:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. 3272:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution 3149:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–2. 3065: 2760:was displayed publicly for the first time. 2297:Number of executions by different accounts 1975:that would later topple the Tsar's regime. 1907:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1663: 1558:Nationalist groups had been angered by the 1489:against the ship's officers on 14 June 1905 1472:, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku 1346:In December 1904, a strike occurred at the 380: 5229:Naval battles involving the Russian Empire 5035:. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books. 4780:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Вече. 4565: 4563: 4225: 4196: 4064: 3986: 3898: 3896: 3558:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray 3146:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray 3078: 2906:originally intended this film to be a pro- 1329: 607:). This took the form of establishing the 373: 359: 5008: 4742: 4703: 4665:History of Latvia : the 20th century 4289: 4036: 4006: 3848: 3816: 3752: 3610:Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968). 3583: 3560:. Stanford University Press. p. 202. 3505: 3499: 3346: 3340: 3136: 2910:narrative of the 1905 Russian Revolution. 2773:Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Union 2228:of Finland. Killed 19 February [ 2212:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia 2146:The Russian State is one and indivisible. 1950:Russians celebrating the granting of the 1927:Learn how and when to remove this message 1810:Some of the November uprising of 1905 in 1132:Russian progressives formed the Union of 1083: 988:Student radicalism began around the time 345:17,000 civilian killed by revolutionaries 4824: 4771: 4712: 4704:Клейман, Наум И.; Левина, К. Б. (eds.). 4177: 3626: 3584:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). 3105: 3059: 2791: 2616: 2552: 2002: 1938: 1797: 1728: 1667: 1546: 1478: 1333: 975: 767: 677: 5049: 4930: 4849:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History 4560: 4134: 3893: 3840: 3828: 3808: 3788: 3768: 3744: 3736: 3725:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History 3169: 3163: 2518:prosecution, according to the governor. 1593:On 12 January 1905, the Tsar appointed 1432:of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of 806:concentrated in the western borderlands 14: 5161: 4708:. Шедевры советского кино. p. 24. 4635: 4573:Rewolucja 1905–07 Na Ziemiach Polskich 3555: 3416: 3410: 3296: 3290: 3142: 2796:Bloody Sunday Monument in Riga on the 1737:, during the December uprising of 1905 1695:18 February] to the creation of a 1588: 1570:groups were also active, founding the 1311:, held in London in April 1905 at the 1153:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 1144:(founded in 1902), which followed the 763: 599:. In response to the public pressure, 209:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 5239:Rebellions against the Russian Empire 4963: 4736: 4178:Sixsmith, Martin (31 December 2013). 4072:GCSE History for WJEC Specification A 3832: 3800: 3772: 3327: 3321: 3301:. New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 12. 3269: 3263: 3211: 2831: 2268: – Killed 22 December [ 2214: – Killed 17 February [ 1814:, headed by retired naval Lieutenant 1788:on strikers, left-wingers, and Jews. 1585:played in the 1905–06 social unrest. 858:In the 1890s, under Finance Minister 647:in 1917 would have been impossible". 354: 4989: 4944: 4629: 4610: 4541: 3844: 3836: 3812: 3804: 3776: 3748: 3740: 3669: 3349:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 2693:, and to the creation of the modern 2218:4 February] 1905 in Moscow. 2037: 2011:of the Russian Empire, 27 April 1906 1905:adding citations to reliable sources 1872: 1676:in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The 5030: 3756: 1845:Between 5 and 7 December [ 1216:Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky 1136:Constitutionalists in 1903 and the 708: 337:1 battleship surrendered to Romania 24: 4940:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3450:", Spartacus Educational, undated. 1412:13 January] 1905, and in 1104:, political rights and the use of 204:Party of Socialist Revolutionaries 25: 5255: 5234:Revolutions in the Russian Empire 5075: 4971:The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919 4863:1905, La Révolution russe manquée 4725:Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography 4407:"Article Death penalty in Russia" 4043:. UK: ED-Tech Pres. p. 167. 3627:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005). 2701:that Russia had started in 1899. 2652:. During the general strike, the 2579:insurrection in Łódź in June 1905 2560:monument to the 1905 insurrection 2538:9 June: The police chief resigns. 2492: 1708:there were many peasant uprisings 1493:With the unsuccessful and bloody 835: 4902:Pete Glatter (17 October 2005). 4865:; Editions Complexe, Paris, 1999 3970:The History of the Baltic States 1877: 1697:State Duma of the Russian Empire 1616:Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich 1369:on Sunday, 22 January [ 1195:30 November] 1904, the 290: 278: 260: 248: 236: 172: 127: 42: 5224:Naval battles involving Romania 5082:1905 Russian Revolution Archive 4904:"1905 The consciousness factor" 4697: 4656: 4604: 4578: 4535: 4530:The Russian Revolution of 1905, 4522: 4506: 4493: 4467: 4425: 4399: 4386: 4357: 4344: 4331: 4318: 4283: 4254: 4241: 4212: 4171: 4128: 4115: 4090: 4077: 4030: 3940: 3925: 3909: 3879: 3861:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). 3717: 3700: 3663: 3647: 3620: 3602: 3576: 3528: 3433: 3401: 3380: 3371: 3274:. New York: Vintage. p. 8. 3196: 2888:(1913/1922) and Maxim Gorky in 2677:, and abolition of censorship. 2288:, and are listed in the table. 1714:culminated in June 1905 in the 595:, peasant unrest, and military 3865:. Da Capo Press. p. 117. 3111: 3026: 3010: 3000: 2991: 2926:Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich) 2246:22 November] 1905 in 1572:Union of the Muslims of Russia 1517:(signed 5 September [ 1357:Controversial Orthodox priest 1088:The events of 1905 came after 1041:, and writing anti-government 86:Democratization of government 63:22 January 1905 – 16 June 1907 13: 1: 4636:Castle, Rory (16 June 2013). 4137:American Journal of Sociology 3888:A History of the Modern World 3633:. Routledge. pp. 1–264. 3046: 2669:demanding dissolution of the 2279: 2272:9 December] 1906 in 2232:6 February] 1905 in 1658:Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy 1539:mutiny aboard the battleship 1444:split would see the likes of 1365:to deliver a petition to the 1142:Socialist Revolutionary Party 5209:Political history of Estonia 5204:Political history of Finland 5148:Revolution of 1905 in Poland 4025:The Pre-Revolutionary Period 3616:. Hill and Wang. p. 61. 2997:The defeat of the Socialists 2648:were formed, led by captain 2321:Military Justice department 2304:Ministry of Internal Affairs 2135:Russian Constitution of 1906 2129:Russian Constitution of 1906 1969:Russian Constitution of 1906 1691:agreed on 2 March [ 617:Russian Constitution of 1906 7: 5214:Political history of Latvia 5141:From the collection of the 5014:Conspirator: Lenin in Exile 4992:Lenin: A Revolutionary Life 4975:. London: Collins Harvill. 4123:History for ready reference 2947: 2186:. Killed 30 June [ 2184:Governor-General of Finland 2095:Union of the Russian People 1680:were an early example of a 1618:, on 17 February [ 1601:, on 18 February [ 1537:, peaking in June with the 1222:. On 25 December [ 1191:. On 13 December [ 972:Educated class as a problem 716:emancipation reform of 1861 10: 5260: 5179:1905 in the Russian Empire 5174:Russian Revolution of 1905 4990:Read, Christopher (2005). 4945:Rice, Christopher (1990). 4772:Borisyuk, Andrei (2023). 4764: 4304:10.2753/RSH1061-1983460401 4292:Russian Studies in History 4001:Cambridge University Press 3921:The Birth of the "Soviets" 3085:. McFarland. p. 340. 2974:Russian Revolution of 1917 2807:. On 26 January [ 2731: 2612: 2563: 2314:6 February] 1909 2259:11 July] 1906 in 2204:28 July] 1904 in 2190:17 June] 1904 in 2166:Rise of political violence 1868: 577:Russian Revolution of 1905 37:Russian Revolution of 1905 5016:. New York: Basic Books. 4475:"Death penalty in Russia" 4365:Historicizing Revolutions 4352:Historicizing Revolutions 4339:Historicizing Revolutions 4236:Historicizing Revolutions 4220:Historicizing Revolutions 4207:Historicizing Revolutions 3613:Revolutionary Silhouettes 3506:Morrissey, Susan (1998). 3119:"1906 Russian Duma Meets" 3036: 3020: 2936:Rouletabille chez le Tsar 2787: 2644:17–24 October]). The 2548: 2310:on 19 February [ 2306:Police Department to the 2296: 2293: 2119:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov 2087:Socialist Revolutionaries 1718:. Surprisingly, only one 1595:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov 1184: 1166:French Revolution of 1848 1001:, and an organisation of 650: 392: 344: 310: 267:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov 226: 119: 55: 41: 36: 5244:Labor disputes in Russia 5219:20th-century revolutions 5118:Russia and reform (1907) 5105:by Rosa Luxemburg, 1906. 4861:François-Xavier Coquin; 4826: 4773: 4754:George Allen & Unwin 4586:"Republika Zagłębiowska" 3556:Ascher, Abraham (1994). 3143:Ascher, Abraham (1994). 3037:Первая Русская Революция 2984: 2079:Constitutional Democrats 1664:Height of the revolution 1470:Armenian–Tatar massacres 980:Troops in St. Petersburg 581:First Russian Revolution 462:Armenian–Tatar massacres 5096:5 December 2008 at the 4909:International Socialism 4613:O rewolucji: 1905, 1917 4590:encyklopedia.interia.pl 4544:O rewolucji: 1905, 1917 4015:Wheatcroft, SG (2002). 3441:1905 Russian Revolution 3270:Pipes, Richard (1996). 3170:Skocpol, Theda (1979). 3079:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 2940:The Secret of the Night 2891:The Life of Klim Samgin 2766:National Progress Party 2740:, Estonians called for 2222:Eliel Soisalon-Soininen 2093:, and the far-rightist 2034:, on 5 September 1911. 1859:a final spasm in Moscow 1706:In June and July 1905, 1701:Saint Petersburg Soviet 1652:24 May] 1905, 1599:Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirsky 1553:Moscow uprising of 1905 1430:Saint Petersburg Soviet 1420:, and by April, in the 1338:Artistic impression of 1330:Start of the revolution 1323:constitutional monarchy 1264:Average annual strikes 1074:forced military service 875:because it exacerbated 830:Polish uprising of 1863 784:("White Russians") and 384:1905 Russian Revolution 319:3,611 killed or wounded 189:Saint Petersburg Soviet 4825:Solovyov, K. (2023). 4706:Броненосец "Потемкин." 4644:. Praktyka Teoretyczna 4642:praktykateoretyczna.pl 4592:. Interia Encyklopedia 4121:Larned, J. N. (1910). 4085:The Russian Revolution 3863:Black Night White Snow 3123:www.historycentral.com 2800: 2738:Governorate of Estonia 2673:, universal suffrage, 2630:Grand Duchy of Finland 2625: 2599:fourth Polish uprising 2591:Republika Zagłębiowska 2561: 2172:SR Combat Organization 2151:Grand Duchy of Finland 2121:, governor general of 2012: 1955: 1840:Trans-Siberian Railway 1807: 1738: 1685: 1555: 1490: 1343: 1234:Worker strikes in the 1112:on behalf of workers. 1084:Rise of the opposition 1007:professional societies 981: 797:over other religions. 789: 737: 687: 227:Commanders and leaders 48:Demonstrations before 5059:. London: Macmillan. 5031:Lih, Lars T. (2011). 4455:. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu 3427:10.1093/past/57.1.123 2795: 2704:On 30 July [ 2695:Parliament of Finland 2620: 2587:Republika Ostrowiecka 2556: 2435:Number of executions 2226:Procurator of Justice 2198:Vyacheslav von Plehve 2006: 1942: 1801: 1732: 1671: 1550: 1482: 1337: 1220:Vyacheslav von Plehve 1161:campagne des banquets 979: 795:Orthodox Christianity 771: 732: 696:Vyacheslav von Plehve 681: 311:Casualties and losses 106:Establishment of the 4833:] (in Russian). 4532:pp. 135–137, 335–338 3811:, pp. 168–170; 3803:, pp. 363–364; 3775:, pp. 362–363; 3755:, pp. 117–120; 2969:Bourgeois revolution 2851:Mstislav Dobuzhinsky 2742:freedom of the press 2699:Russification policy 2334:, assistant head of 1901:improve this section 1851:Semyonovsky Regiment 1724:1905 Kishinev pogrom 1515:Treaty of Portsmouth 1396:were on strike (see 1309:Third RSDLP Congress 1201:freedom of the press 788:("Little Russians"). 691:Revolution of 1905. 579:, also known as the 102:Constitution enacted 5169:Communism in Russia 5154:The Soviet Archives 4949:. London: Cassell. 4756:. pp. 193–199. 3995:Taylor, BD (2003). 3982:Google Print, p. 58 3972:, Greenwood Press, 3946:Bascomb, N (2007). 3791:, pp. 170–171. 3439:John Simkin (ed), " 3377:Weeks 2004, 475–476 3021:Революция 1905 года 2959:1905 (Trotsky book) 2899:Battleship Potemkin 2712:in the fortress of 2662:, was published in 2414:1,435 + 683 = 2,118 2336:Ministry of Justice 2332:Mikhail Borovitinov 1634:religious tolerance 1589:Government response 1527:Sevastopol Uprising 1205:freedom of religion 1155:(founded in 1898). 1148:tradition, and the 1138:Union of Liberation 1102:economic conditions 1035:political prisoners 764:Nationality problem 219:Union of Liberation 5056:Lenin: A Biography 4854:Donald C. Rawson; 4074:. Heinemann. p. 68 4021:Palgrave Macmillan 3917:Unknown Revolution 3839:, pp. 90–91; 3807:, pp. 89–90; 3771:, pp. 44–45; 3743:, pp. 86–88; 3546:Morrissey 1998, 23 3534:Morrissey 1998, 20 3525:Morrissey 1998, 22 3446:4 May 2012 at the 3214:, pp. 21, 25. 2932:, written in 1957. 2918:, a 1957 novel by 2832:Cultural portrayal 2801: 2722:Sveaborg Rebellion 2683:November Manifesto 2675:political freedoms 2626: 2562: 2498:Ivanovo Voznesensk 2483:summary executions 2013: 1963:which created the 1956: 1842:to restore order. 1836:Russo–Japanese War 1808: 1786:right-wing attacks 1759:universal suffrage 1739: 1686: 1556: 1495:Russo-Japanese War 1491: 1344: 1313:Brotherhood Church 1164:leading up to the 1123:stated in 1906 in 1058:classical language 982: 790: 688: 645:October Revolution 633:Russian Revolution 624:Russo-Japanese War 613:multi-party system 93:retains the throne 5184:Conflicts in 1905 5066:978-0-333-72625-9 5042:978-1-86189-793-0 5023:978-0-465-01395-1 5001:978-0-415-20649-5 4982:978-0-679-73660-8 4956:978-0-304-31814-8 4937:The Life of Lenin 4926:978-0-804763-83-7 4840:978-5-4448-2149-7 4787:978-5-4484-3841-7 4682:978-9984-38-038-4 4528:Solomon Schwarz, 4379:G. 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Kropotkin, 4276:Martin Sixsmith, 4260:Martin Sixsmith, 4247:Martin Sixsmith, 4189:978-1-4683-0501-2 4040:History of Europe 3872:978-0-306-80154-9 3779:, pp. 88–89. 3640:978-1-134-57214-4 3595:978-1-108-21041-6 3189:978-0-521-22439-0 3156:978-0-8047-2327-5 2904:Sergei Eisenstein 2671:Senate of Finland 2621:Demonstrators in 2479: 2478: 2427: 2426: 2286:Nikolai Tagantsev 2038:October Manifesto 1961:October Manifesto 1952:October Manifesto 1937: 1936: 1929: 1863:Maksim Kovalevsky 1793:October Manifesto 1743:October Manifesto 1716:Łódź insurrection 1638:freedom of speech 1562:undertaken since 1342:in St. Petersburg 1300: 1299: 990:Tsar Alexander II 881:industrialization 864:railroad building 800:For generations, 758:black-soil region 724:open field system 673:defeat with Japan 605:October Manifesto 570: 569: 349: 348: 115: 114: 97:October Manifesto 16:(Redirected from 5251: 5194:1900s in Estonia 5070: 5046: 5027: 5010:Rappaport, Helen 5005: 4986: 4974: 4960: 4941: 4913: 4847:Abraham Ascher; 4844: 4817:Abraham Ascher; 4794:Abraham Ascher; 4791: 4758: 4757: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4510: 4504: 4499:Robert Blobaum: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4477:. 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Neue Folge. 3339: 3320: 3304: 3289: 3277: 3262: 3246: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3195: 3188: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3110: 3098: 3091: 3064: 3062:, p. 116. 3051: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3025: 3009: 2999: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2933: 2923: 2915:Doctor Zhivago 2911: 2895: 2860: 2839:Valentin Serov 2833: 2830: 2789: 2786: 2781:Baltic Germans 2733: 2730: 2716:(later called 2710:rose in revolt 2638:general strike 2636:organised the 2614: 2611: 2607:Rosa Luxemburg 2603:Russian Empire 2564:Main article: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2494: 2493:Ivanovo Soviet 2491: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2263: 2250: 2237: 2219: 2209: 2195: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2130: 2127: 2123:St. Petersburg 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2039: 2036: 1980: 1977: 1935: 1934: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1733:Barricades in 1665: 1662: 1590: 1587: 1394:Russian Poland 1331: 1328: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1121:Rosa Luxemburg 1119:movements. As 1110:Tsarist regime 1085: 1082: 1037:, circulating 1023:Nikolai Ogarev 1015:St. Petersburg 973: 970: 929:Sergei Zubatov 853:famine in 1891 837: 836:Labour problem 834: 765: 762: 710: 707: 662:Imperial Guard 658:"Russification 652: 649: 641:Vladimir Lenin 585:Russian Empire 568: 567: 565: 564: 559: 554: 542: 530: 525: 513: 508: 496: 491: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 451: 439: 427: 411: 410: 409: 399: 393: 390: 389: 378: 377: 370: 363: 355: 347: 346: 342: 341: 339: 338: 335: 332: 331:20,000 wounded 329: 325: 323: 321: 320: 316: 313: 312: 308: 307: 305: 304: 302:Pavel Milyukov 299: 287: 274: 272: 270: 269: 257: 245: 232: 229: 228: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 199:Chita Republic 196: 191: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 154:Black Hundreds 151: 146: 134:Russian Empire 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 104: 99: 94: 83: 79: 78: 75:Russian Empire 73: 71: 67: 66: 61: 53: 52: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5256: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 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Year 1905 2927: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:Baltic German 2810: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2762:Jaan Tõnisson 2759: 2758:Estonian flag 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 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1783: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745:, written by 1744: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:State Council 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Russification 1554: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:Julius Martov 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1379:Bloody Sunday 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Winter Palace 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348:Putilov plant 1341: 1340:Bloody Sunday 1336: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1304:Bloody Sunday 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1240:Rostov-on-Don 1237: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185:Земский съезд 1182: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106:strike action 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 986: 978: 969: 968:end of 1903. 966: 965:Transcaucasia 962: 961:Rostov-on-Don 958: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 922: 918: 914: 910: 891: 885: 882: 878: 874: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 849: 845: 844: 843:laissez-faire 833: 831: 827: 821: 819: 818:Russification 815: 809: 807: 803: 798: 796: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:"All-Russian" 770: 761: 759: 753: 750: 746: 742: 736: 731: 729: 725: 719: 717: 706: 704: 699: 697: 692: 685: 680: 676: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 648: 646: 642: 636: 634: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 563: 560: 558: 555: 551: 546: 545:2nd Kronstadt 543: 539: 534: 531: 529: 526: 522: 517: 514: 512: 509: 505: 500: 499:Tikhoretskaya 497: 495: 494:1st Kronstadt 492: 488: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 456: 452: 448: 443: 442:Verkhneudinsk 440: 436: 431: 428: 424: 420: 415: 412: 408: 405: 404: 403: 400: 398: 397:Bloody Sunday 395: 394: 391: 386: 376: 371: 369: 364: 362: 357: 356: 353: 343: 336: 333: 330: 328:15,000 killed 327: 326: 324: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 303: 300: 298: 288: 286: 276: 275: 273: 268: 263: 258: 256: 251: 246: 244: 234: 233: 231: 230: 225: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183:Supported by: 180: 169: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138:Supported by: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 109: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68: 62: 59: 58: 54: 51: 50:Bloody Sunday 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 5113:Leon Trotsky 5086:marxists.org 5055: 5032: 5013: 4991: 4970: 4946: 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Boston: 3833:Pipes 1990 3801:Pipes 1990 3773:Pipes 1990 3212:Pipes 1990 3047:References 2964:David Shub 2885:Petersburg 2878:(1909) by 2868:(1907) by 2650:Johan Kock 2646:Red Guards 2330:Report by 2317:Report by 2308:State Duma 2302:Report by 2280:Repression 2261:Sevastopol 2140:status quo 2091:Octobrists 2081:(Kadets), 1944:Ilya Repin 1834:after the 1812:Sevastopol 1523:Sevastopol 1452:spar with 1438:Mensheviks 1434:Bolsheviks 1404:coast. 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