1826:
607:- i.e. by a majority of the Politburo - but met vehement opposition from Lenin, who warned: "Sokolnikov is making a great mistake, which is sure to ruin us, unless the C.C. corrects his line in time, and actually secures implementation of the corrected line. His mistake is abstract enthusiasm for a scheme (something of which Sokolnikov has always been guilty, as a talented journalist and a politician who is easily carried away)." In October 1922, Sokolnikov persuaded the Central Committee to agree to partially lift the monopoly, provoking an angry reaction from Lenin, who missed the meeting through illness. He accused Sokolnikov of being someone who "likes paradoxes". The Central Committee backed down in December, after Trotsky - who also missed the October meeting - had backed Lenin.
1917:
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63:
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702:"The history of recent decades shows that even in countries where the principle of private property dominates, unlimited competition of private enterprises is steadily receding before the advance of gigantic financial and industrial corporations which ... actually plan production and marketing within the limits of certain branches, often carrying their operations across national frontiers ... A policy of non-interference by the state in such conditions would mean paralysis of state power."
619:
675:. He appears to have been motivated by mistrust of Stalin, and friendship with Kamenev. Even while publicly aligned with the opposition, he continued to argue that agricultural output had to be increased before industry could be expanded, and that consumer goods should be imported to give the peasants an incentive to take their produce to market. He was also openly dismissive of the figures produced by
490:
expansionism would be short-lived. The German and
Austrian diplomats complained that his outburst spoiled the final day of negotiations. Sokolnikov later wrote that "the division of labour in capitalist society was brilliantly expressed in this contrast of unceremonial plunder at the front and mannerly gentlemanliness at the green table".
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Committee. In the same month, he was removed from the post of People's
Commissar for finance, and appointed Deputy Chairman of Gosplan, despite his well known scepticism about the value of central planning. In spring 1926, he was sent on a trade mission to the US, which aborted when he was denied a visa.
689:
In
October 1926, the six principal leaders of the opposition, including Sokolnikov, signed a promise to follow the party line in future. He kept to this line, unlike the others but was removed from the Politburo nonetheless, in January 1926, while being allowed to retain his membership of the Central
493:
On 10 May, Sokolnikov told a meeting of the
Central Committee that the Germans could not be trusted to honour the treaty, and that it had been a mistake to sign it. It required a fierce rebuttal from Lenin to avert the threat of resuming the war. Despite his intervention, in June 1918, Sokolnikov led
693:
In March 1928, when the
Central Committee discussed the food crisis - to which Stalin reacted later in the year by sending shock troops into the villages to collect grain by force - Sokolnikov made a speech in which, while admitting that he had been wrong in the past, he stuck to his earlier beliefs
614:
in March 1922, Sokolnikov flatly contradicted those who suggested that the state should print more paper money to finance the revival of war-damaged industry, likening it to poisoning the system by injecting opium. More controversially, he warned that many factories were losing money and living off
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There had been rumours of his arrest. The poor fellow looked very nervous and shifty, and there was a noticeable greenish tinge in his sallow face. He kept glancing anxiously over his shoulder as though at some invisible intruder. With one of the most mirthless smiles I have ever seen, he remarked
706:
In July 1928, Sokolnikov and
Bukharin were returning to the Kremlin from a Central Committee plenum when they encountered Kamenev, and Bukharin talked indiscreetly about the gathering opposition to Stalin within the Politburo. In February 1929, Sokolnikov was formally rebuked by the Politburo for
602:
During 1922, Sokolnikov argued persistently in favour of relaxing the state monopoly on foreign trade, to allow some of the private enterprises that came into existence under NEP to import equipment sell their produce abroad without going through government agencies. He was supported by Stalin,
485:
to sign a truce with
Germany. When the truce broke down, and the Germans were advancing through Latvia towards Petrograd, he backed Lenin's line that the Soviet government would have to capitulate, although he saw this as a delaying tactic while they created a Red Army capable of conducting a
2170:
489:
When the decision was made, on 24 February 1918, no-one wanted to sign the surrender, and
Sokolnikov was instructed to lead the delegation, after he had tried in vain to nominate Zinoviev instead. He signed the final treaty, angrily and under protest, on 3 March, forecasting that German's
2210:
2205:
526:. Two months later, after the rebellion had been crushed, he was transferred to the Southern Front, as commissar for the Ninth Army and later the Thirteenth Army, for the campaign against the Don Cossacks who had been rebelled against Bolshevik rule, and the White Army of
569:
rebellion. He also oversaw the introduction of a new currency, the introduction of tax in place of appropriation of surplus produce, the return of free trade, the return of land to
Kirghiz that had been seized by Russian settlers, and the revival of cotton production.
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office, and accuse him of being part of a conspiracy to restore capitalism in the USSR. Bukharin shouted at him "Have you lost your reason?" - but
Sokolnikov, whose face was "pale but not tortured" stuck to his story. In January 1937, he was a defendant at the
764:
Sokolnikov was arrested on 26 July 1936. He was sufficiently broken under interrogation, either through torture or more probably through threats to harm his young wife and daughter, that he not only incriminated himself, but was made to confront Bukharin, in
2165:
595:(NEP). More than anyone else, he is credited with introducing a stable currency to end the economic chaos of the civil war years. He proposed the introduction of a new currency in the month when he first took office. The 'gold bank notes' or
2160:
590:
from that time. In March 1922, he was re-elected to the Central Committee (from which he had been dropped in 1920) and in the autumn he was formally appointed as People's Commissar. This role made him central to the introduction of the
634:, as minister of finance Sokolnikov proved himself to be a capable administrator, accomplishing every task he was asked to do, such as creating the first stable Soviet currency. Bajanov also notes that despite Sokolnikov's past in the
1822:
395:
in 1905. In 1906-07, he was based in the Sokolniki district of Moscow as a Bolshevik propagandist until autumn 1907, when mass arrests crushed the district organization, and he was detained for 18 months in solitary confinement in
2004:
811:
441:
In April 1917, Sokolnikov was elected to the Moscow party committee. He backed Lenin's call for a second revolution. When Lenin was forced to go into hiding, in July, Sokolnikov moved to Petrograd, where he and
183:
187:
670:
against Stalin's leadership. His decision seems to have been personal than political, because politically he was on the right of the party, whereas Zinoviev and Kamenev were about to join Trotsky in the
711:
to the United Kingdom, where the newly elected Labour government had extended diplomatic recognition to the USSR. Speaking very little English, he had limited contacts with leading British politicians.
1997:
465:, but the 'bureau' never met. Trotsky wrote later that it was 'completely impractical', with Lenin and Zinoviev in hiding, and Zinoviev and Kamenev opposed to the planned Bolshevik insurrection.
542:, who wrote to Lenin demanding:"Where did the idea come from that Sokolnikov could command an army? ... Is it to protect Sokolnikov's pride that he has been allowed to play with a whole army?"
506:
After his return from Brest, late in 1917, Sokolnikov supervised the seizure of Russian banks, and the creation of new centralised banking system. In March 1918, he was appointed an editor of
1990:
400:, and sentenced to lifelong exile in Siberia. Deported in February 1909, it took four months for him to reach his assigned destination, a village called Rybnoye, on the bank of the
1593:
2225:
1681:
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Prison. Did he look like it? He asked, getting his teeth into a chocolate eclair. Alas, he did, and I was not surprised to hear, in due course, that he had been liquidated.
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being present during this conversation, after a transcript had been published abroad. He was removed from his post in Gosplan. From 1929 to 1932, Sokolnikov was the Soviet
2013:
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1953:
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1489:"ИЗ СПРАВКИ ПРЕДСЕДАТЕЛЯ КГБ ПРИ СМ СССР И.А. СЕРОВА В ЦК КПСС ПО ДЕЛУ "АНТИСОВЕТСКОГО ТРОЦКИСТСКОГО ЦЕНТРА" ОБ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВАХ УБИЙСТВА Г.Я. СОКОЛЬНИКОВА И К.Б. РАДЕКА"
683:
1003:
The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution, Minutes of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (bolsheviks) August 1917-February 1918
1503:, by Gregory Y. Sokolnikov & Associates; translated by Elena Varneck, edited by Lincoln Hutchinson & Carl C. Plehn. Stanford University Press. 1931.
1943:
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223:
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a delegation to Berlin to negotiate a trade treaty with Germany, but the talks were aborted after the assassination of the German ambassador in Moscow,
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1749:
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1933:
1906:
1901:
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1729:
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408:. In France, Sokolnikov obtained a doctorate in economics. He joined the 'conciliatior' Bolsheviks, who wanted to avert an outright split with the
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1966:
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77:
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with the Second Army, which was responsible for putting down anti-Bolshevik rebellions on the western side of the Ural mountains, around
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On 5 September 1925, Sokolnikov signed the unpublished 'Platform of the Four', a joint protest by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Lenin's widow,
2255:
794:"Lenin was very fond of Sokolnikov because he's a very smart man...and his whole struggle is the struggle against Stalin's influence."
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Elected to the Central Committee in August 1917, he was selected in October as a member of the 'Political Bureau', a forerunner of the
1526:
797:
Reportedly, Sokolnikov was assassinated in a prison by other convicts on 21 May 1939. A post-Stalin official investigation during the
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by arguing that the way to get peasants to sell their produce was to raise the price of grain. However, after the introduction of the
2250:
638:, he was not ruthless in his personality. Privately, Sokolnikov lost faith in the Soviet Union under Stalin and later described the
2135:
1807:
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at which he 'confessed' that he had been party to a terrorist plot against Stalin since 1932, and that Trotsky was conspiring with
786:. Even at the time, there were Soviet citizens who were not taken in by the trial and the forced confessions, such as the writer
392:
698:, he defended the principle that it was possible and necessary for the state to intervene and plan economic output. He wrote:
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According to historian, Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin pleaded with Sokolnikov, not to discuss Lenin’s testament at the
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This volume has an English translation of Sokolnikov's autobiographical essay first published in Moscow in 1927.
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head the Turkestan front. The image taken during Aug 1920 Red Army troops offensive against the city of Bukhara.
2171:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
1881:
1876:
679:, believing that 'state capitalism' properly managed would be more efficient that a centrally planned economy.
20:
904:
1830:
1215:
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Trotsky, L. 'A New Moscow Amalgam' in "Writings of Leon Trotsky (1936-37)", pg.120, Pathfinder, New York
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Grigori Sokolnikov, People's Commissar for Finance of the USSR, marked (1) negotiates in Berlin Sep 1923
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the state, and would have to pay their way by selling products in the new free market conditions of NEP.
2260:
2220:
538:. He was also, for a time, military commander of the Eighth Army, despite a protest from Stalin's ally
2211:
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2206:
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
716:
who invited Sokolnikov and his wife to her home and introduced him to the Chancellor of the Exchequer
1517:
747:, who had met Sokolnikov in the United Kingdom, visited his Moscow flat just before the start of the
2201:
Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2196:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2191:
Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2186:
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2181:
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2155:
2150:
1846:
825:
534:, he became commissar of the Eighth army, using this position to order mass shootings during the
482:
2176:
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1163:
1190:
771:
383:
as a teenager and became involved in revolutionary circles alongside his friend and classmate,
2166:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1410:
1851:
2012:
545:
2145:
2125:
2120:
1523:
695:
790:, who was reported to the NKVD for saying, in private conversation with the film director
720:
noted in her diary: “We are the only ‘Cabinet’ members who have consorted with them. The
8:
735:, who spoke fluent English) and appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs.
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592:
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519:
515:
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270:
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1861:
1630:
1625:
1563:
1546:
744:
667:
583:
561:
In August 1920, Sokolnikov was posted to Central Asia as chairman of the government of
554:
531:
474:
165:
127:
62:
2089:
1376:
2161:
Members of the Bureau of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2074:
1468:
1414:
1403:
1356:
1286:
1085:
1060:
1006:
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886:
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511:
1452:. Moscow: People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR. 1937. pp. 152–153, 579.
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on 15 August 1888, the son of a Jewish doctor employed by the railways. He moved to
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2028:
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936:
859:
844:
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721:
643:
604:
454:
384:
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Grigorii Yakovlevich Sokolnikov and the development of the Soviet state, 1921–1929
2079:
1739:
1719:
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1660:
1635:
1530:
1235:"Письма моя мать – Галина Серебрякова (Letter to my mother, Galina Serebryakova)"
817:
798:
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over tea that, if the capitalist press was to be believed, he was languishing in
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1948:
1650:
639:
627:
550:
430:
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274:
98:
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2048:
1714:
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1645:
964:
821:
713:
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527:
462:
443:
360:
294:
290:
1450:
Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyite Centre
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to incite a Nazi invasion of the USSR. He was sentenced to ten years in the
618:
412:. During the war, he moved to Switzerland, and contributed to the newspaper
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2043:
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930:
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364:
298:
105:
1242:
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2038:
1938:
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732:
414:
1831:
Ministers of Finance of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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409:
328:
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24:
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had been appointed Ambassador to Germany, he was in fact in charge of
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562:
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1057:
Revolution and Survival, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1917-18
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and commander of the Turkestan Front. He led the suppression of the
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357:
969:
Makers of the Russian Revolution, Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders
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523:
458:
32:
905:"Was the Russian Revolution Jewish? - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post"
380:
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405:
376:
266:
2014:
13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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In 1932, Sokolnikov was recalled to Moscow (and replaced by
802:
375:
Grigori Sokolnikov was born Girsh Yankelevich Brilliant in
425:
In April 1917, Sokolnikov was a passenger in the famous
1119:
Boris Bajanov, Bajanov révèle Staline, Gallimard, 1979
971:. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 245–246.
2226:
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom
1335:
1151:. Moscow: Novosti State Publishing House. p. 39.
477:, he was a member of the original delegation led by
446:
were given joint control over Bolsheviks newspapers.
1402:
582:on 10 January 1922. Since the People's Commissar,
1232:
2112:
1336:Gregory Y. Sokolnikov, & associates (1931).
1325:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 82.
599:were issued by the state bank in November 1922.
1351:Larina, Anna (Nikolai Bukharin's wife) (1993).
1028:History of the Russian Revolution, volume three
433:and other Bolsheviks across Germany to Russia.
1462:
801:revealed that the murder was organized by the
658:. They had a daughter, Geliana, born in 1934.
1998:
1808:
1587:
1216:"The Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.)"
1005:. London: Pluto Press. 1974. pp. 88–89.
1774:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1463:Katerina Clark, and Evgeny Dobrenko (2007).
135:People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR
2005:
1991:
1815:
1801:
1594:
1580:
1501:Soviet Policy in Public Finance, 1917–1928
1405:Chronicles of Wasted Time, The Green Stick
1400:
1340:. Stanford, Ca: Stanford U.P. p. 335.
1338:Soviet Policy in Public Finances 1917-1928
1323:Foundations of a Planned Economy, volume 1
1191:"Letter to I.V.Stalin, 12-13 October 1922"
963:
935:. Princeton University Press. p. 28.
78:People's Commissar for Finance of the USSR
61:
1059:. Liverpool: Liverpool U.P. p. 155.
404:, and six weeks to escape, via Moscow to
2216:Ministers of finance of the Soviet Union
1611:Ministers of Finance of the Soviet Union
1320:
1278:
1263:
928:
617:
573:
544:
501:
2236:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
1079:
1025:
738:
661:
654:In 1925, Sokolnikov married the writer
468:
214:10 October 1917 – 29 July 1918
147:22 November 1922 – 6 July 1923
2113:
1350:
1146:
393:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
356:; 15 August 1888 – 21 May 1939) was a
90:6 July 1923 – 16 January 1926
1986:
1796:
1575:
1355:. London: Pandora. pp. 112–121.
1164:"Letter to L.B.Kamenev, 3 March 1922"
724:do not ‘know them’ socially, nor the
610:Speaking to the 11th Congress of the
578:Sokolnikov was appointed USSR Deputy
236:2 June 1924 – 1 January 1926
1467:. New Haven: Yale U.P. p. 310.
1279:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013).
1054:
957:
626:He became a candidate member of the
2231:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiators
1465:Soviet Culture and Power, 1917-1953
1381:Rethinking Poverty, the Webb Legacy
13:
1433:
461:, Trotsky, Stalin, Sokolnikov and
14:
2277:
2256:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
1507:
1321:E.H.Carr, and R.W.Davies (1974).
1305:
1188:
1161:
1128:
1104:
1084:. London: Papermac. p. 380.
510:, but he spent almost the entire
334:Saint Petersburg State University
203:11 March – 25 March 1919
2251:Great Purge victims from Ukraine
1915:
1824:
1691:
1603:
1266:Socialism In One Country, volume
1135:(biographical note by J.J.Marie)
887:"Сокольников Григорий Яковлевич"
628:Politburo of the Communist Party
2136:People from Poltava Governorate
1481:
1456:
1442:
1427:
1394:
1369:
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1329:
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1182:
1155:
1140:
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1113:
1098:
1073:
1048:
1034:
436:
370:
1554:People's Commissar for Finance
1030:. London: Sphere. p. 148.
1019:
995:
986:
967:; Marie, Jean-Jacques (1974).
922:
897:
879:
853:
849:Григорий Яковлевич Сокольников
838:
514:on the front line, firstly as
363:revolutionary, economist, and
346:Grigori Yakovlevich Sokolnikov
1:
929:Slezkine, Yuri (2017-08-07).
872:
580:People's Commissar of Finance
453:, whose members were Lenin,
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1401:Muggeridge, Malcolm (1973).
1233:Tartikova-Sokolnikova, G.G.
7:
1170:. Marxists Internet Archive
354:Girsh Yankelevich Brilliant
254:Girsh Yankelevich Brilliant
10:
2282:
2241:University of Paris alumni
1514:Grigory Sokolnikov Archive
1409:. London: Morrow. p.
1268:. Penguin. pp. 84–85.
864:Гирш Я́нкелевич Бриллиа́нт
630:in May 1924. According to
19:In this name that follows
18:
2141:Jewish Soviet politicians
2067:
2021:
1962:
1924:
1913:
1837:
1768:
1700:
1689:
1618:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1518:Marxists Internet Archive
1285:. Routledge. p. 68.
1147:Ghenis, Vladimir (1989).
1055:Debo, Richard K. (1979).
863:
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339:
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304:
280:
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244:
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111:
94:
83:
76:
72:
60:
51:
44:
1149:Names That Have Returned
1080:Service, Robert (2001).
1042:The Bolsheviks...Minutes
831:
219:Candidate member of the
52:
2131:People from Sumy Oblast
1847:Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov
1840:for Finance (1917–1946)
1701:Deputy heads of Finance
932:The House of Government
743:The British journalist
321:Russian Communist Party
2266:Soviet rehabilitations
2246:Trial of the Seventeen
1195:Lenin Internet Archive
1168:Lenin Internet Archive
1026:Trotsky, Leon (1967).
772:Trial of the Seventeen
762:
704:
623:
603:Zinoviev, Kamenev and
558:
1852:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
941:10.1515/9781400888177
753:
700:
621:
574:Commissar for Finance
548:
502:Role in the Civil War
486:'revolutionary war'.
1925:Ministers of Finance
1838:People's Commissars
1436:This I Cannot Forget
1353:This I Cannot Forget
739:Arrest and execution
696:First five-year plan
662:Opposition to Stalin
549:Grigori Sokolnikov,
469:Brest-Litovsk Treaty
54:Григорий Сокольников
824:personally. He was
684:15th party Congress
656:Galina Serebryakova
593:New Economic Policy
540:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
530:. Later, alongside
516:Political commissar
496:Wilhelm von Mirbach
271:Poltava Governorate
182:Full member of the
177:Myron K. Vladimirov
2095:Grigori Sokolnikov
2085:Vyacheslav Molotov
1972:Russian Federation
1944:Andrei Bobrovnikov
1867:Grigori Sokolnikov
1862:Nikolay Krestinsky
1781:Russian Federation
1745:Nikolai Garetovsky
1631:Nikolai Bryukhanov
1626:Grigori Sokolnikov
1564:Nikolai Bryukhanov
1547:Nikolai Krestinsky
1539:Political offices
1529:2017-03-02 at the
1438:. pp. 293–94.
1306:Haupt, and Marie.
1245:on 9 February 2019
1129:Haupt, and Marie.
1105:Haupt, and Marie.
1082:Lenin, a Biography
1044:. pp. 230–32.
911:. 15 November 2017
828:on June 12, 1988.
767:Lazar Kaganovich's
751:. He wrote later:
745:Malcolm Muggeridge
668:Nadezhda Krupskaya
624:
584:Nikolai Krestinsky
559:
555:Valerian Kuybyshev
532:Rosalia Zemlyachka
475:October Revolution
166:Nikolay Krestinsky
128:Nikolai Bryukhanov
67:Sokolnikov in 1923
46:Grigori Sokolnikov
2261:Jewish socialists
2221:Bolshevik finance
2108:
2107:
2075:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2068:Candidate members
1980:
1979:
1882:Varvara Yakovleva
1790:
1789:
1682:Vladimir Rayevsky
1570:
1569:
1561:Succeeded by
1474:978-0-300-10646-6
1292:978-1-317-86780-7
1264:E.H.Carr (1970).
950:978-1-4008-8817-7
792:Sergei Eisenstein
673:United Opposition
536:Russian Civil War
512:Russian Civil War
343:
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16:Soviet politician
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2034:Grigory Zinoviev
2029:Nikolai Bukharin
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2017:
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1934:Arseny Safronov
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1710:Alexei Poskonov
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1661:Vasily Garbuzov
1636:Hryhoriy Hrynko
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31: and the
30:
26:
22:
2059:Leon Trotsky
2044:Alexei Rykov
2022:Full members
1967:Soviet Union
1954:Igor Lazarev
1887:Vasili Popov
1680:
1666:Boris Gostev
1552:
1500:
1483:
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1404:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
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1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1301:
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1274:
1265:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1239:Альтернативы
1238:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1189:Lenin, V.I.
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
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437:Role in 1917
427:sealed train
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418:, edited by
413:
402:Angara River
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371:Early career
367:politician.
353:
349:
345:
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299:Soviet Union
286:(1939-05-21)
231:
209:
198:
173:Succeeded by
142:
123:Succeeded by
106:Alexei Rykov
102:(until 1924)
85:
36:
28:
2146:Soviet Jews
2126:1939 deaths
2121:1888 births
2039:Lev Kamenev
2016:(1924–1926)
1939:Ivan Fadeev
1927:(1946–1991)
1703:(1946–1992)
1641:Vlas Chubar
1200:11 February
1174:11 February
810: [
788:Isaac Babel
780:Rudolf Hess
749:Great Purge
733:Ivan Maisky
415:Nashe Slovo
323:(1918–1936)
317:(1905–1918)
284:21 May 1939
161:Preceded by
113:Preceded by
33:family name
29:Yakovlevich
2115:Categories
1558:1922–1926
1516:, part of
1386:8 February
1249:8 February
915:2019-10-31
873:References
722:Hendersons
709:ambassador
597:chervontsi
473:After the
429:that took
410:Mensheviks
329:Alma mater
313:Bolsheviks
260:1888-08-15
37:Sokolnikov
25:patronymic
805:official
588:Narkomfin
563:Turkestan
498:in July.
451:Politburo
389:Bolshevik
232:In office
224:Politburo
210:In office
199:In office
143:In office
86:In office
1527:Archived
1434:Larina.
1308:Makers..
758:Lubyanka
636:Red Army
567:Basmachi
481:sent to
455:Zinoviev
860:Russian
845:Russian
778:deputy
677:Gosplan
524:Izhevsk
459:Kamenev
420:Trotsky
358:Russian
152:Premier
95:Premier
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1131:Makers
1107:Makers
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650:Family
520:Vyatka
508:Pravda
463:Bubnov
444:Stalin
381:Moscow
365:Soviet
348:(born
191:Bureau
23:, the
832:Notes
814:]
784:Gulag
479:Joffe
406:Paris
377:Romny
309:RSDLP
267:Romny
1469:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1388:2019
1357:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1251:2019
1202:2019
1176:2019
1086:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1007:ISBN
973:ISBN
945:ISBN
820:and
803:NKVD
612:CPSU
553:and
522:and
281:Died
250:Born
221:13th
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642:as
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311:(
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258:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
