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established political commissars in 1918 to control and improve morale in the military forces. Commissars were in charge of communist political propaganda and indoctrinating the public with communist ideology. From 1917 the
Bolshevik administration, like the Provisional Government before it, relied
377:
with dual commanders in units, commissars and other political officers were removed from direct command-roles. Political officers were then more directly tasked with morale- and regulation-based goals. A political officer's classification changed to the form of a "Deputy for
Political Matters" in
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summarised the solution to the issue: "We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar ." During the early stages of the usage of commissars, no military order might be issued which did not have the prior approval of both the commander and the commissar.
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Many lower-level political officers never received the same military training as commanding officers. Prior to becoming a commissar an individual had to be registered as a communist for a minimum of three years and had to attend specific political institutions, many of which never offered any
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had no personal ranks, and used many various position-ranks instead. In 1935, the
Militsiya created a special system of personal ranks that was a blend of standard military ranks and position-ranks; this system was largely reused by the newly created
677:
Some analysts of the PLA believe that professional performance is increasingly important, and that the political commissar's job is increasingly that of a personnel manager and 'human resources' specialist, rather than ideological
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3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, even though they used army-standard Major
General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. These Commissar ranks were replaced by corresponding General ranks in 1975.
227:
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Other
Communist-bloc militaries also adopted systems of using political commissars. Mulvenon and Yang (2002) report that the role of the political commissar in the
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We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar β who was in those days something different from what he is today.
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The GUGB also switched to military-style ranks and insignia in 1945, although they replaced
Commissar-style ranks with General officer ranks right away.
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was a high-ranking functionary at a military headquarters who held coequal rank and authority with the military commander of the unit. The
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454:(GUGB) in their rank structure, although they had Commissar-style ranks for top officers in place of Militsiya-style
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People's
Commissars and People's Commissariats were renamed Ministers and Ministries in 1946 by a decree of the
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253:(MarchβJuly 1917) for regional heads of administration, but the term commissar is associated with a number of
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widely used the collective term "bolsheviks and commissars" for their opponents) and with the later terms
658:. Volume 182 of Conference proceedings (Rand Corporation). Vol. V 1.0, Volume 1. Rand. p. 483.
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183:, was used in Russia for both political and administrative officials. The title has been used in the
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to denote an officer in charge of supplying an army with provisions and equipment (and
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From 1943, the
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314:) and then copied among the many Soviet and Bolshevik-controlled states in the
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in German, and komisszΓ‘r (or nΓ©pbiztos; archaic: csendbiztos) in
Hungarian.
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226:'war') were officials in charge of supply for the armed forces (see Rus.
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on experienced (ex-Tsarist) army-officers whose loyalty it distrusted.
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The government departments headed by a People's
Commissar were called
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1942. The specific position of "Commissar" itself survived only at
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and Eastern-bloc armies or to the people's commissars (effectively
622:. Translated by Brian Pearce. New Park Publications. p. 125.
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but reported back to the political authorities: the king and the
521:
A similar term in French describes the equivalent of the rank of
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Commissar is linked to titles in a variety of languages, such as
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Various historical German states have used an equivalent title,
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Political commissar Β§ Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
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men for military service, executes plans for military
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Mulvenon, James C.; Yang, Andrew N. D., eds. (2002).
393:(PLA) of China has become one resembling that of an
590:"ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ"
310:(out of dislike for the tsarist and bourgeois term
210:In the 18th and 19th centuries in the Russian army
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
261:and Soviet government military forces during the
16:Military political officer in Communist countries
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469:. Instead of General ranks, top officers used
243:German-Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
298:A People's Commissar (informally abbreviated
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655:The People's Liberation Army as Organization
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429:and maintains records on military reserves.
172:), while administrative officers are called
302:) was a government official serving in a
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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179:The Russian word ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΜΡ, from French
707:Military supporting service occupations
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689:
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619:How the Revolution armed, Volumes 4-5
541:National Assembly (French Revolution)
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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373:Following the problems encountered
327:(informally abbreviated narkomat).
306:. This title was first used by the
156:'. In English, the transliteration
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452:Main Directorate of State Security
332:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
249:Commissaries were used during the
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160:often refers specifically to the
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279:) for government ministers and
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41:needs additional citations for
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304:Council of People's Commissars
191:since the time of the emperor
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697:Politics of the Soviet Union
370:military-oriented training.
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535:. Such officials were not
437:Until the late 1930s, the
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257:and military functions in
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421:β a regional office that
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525:both in the army of the
391:People's Liberation Army
614:Trotsky, Lev Davidovich
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241:in leather coat at the
139:transliteration of the
19:For the 1967 film, see
471:Commissar of Militsiya
251:Provisional Government
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245:on September 22, 1939.
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419:military commissariat
324:People's Commissariat
236:
228:ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»-ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ
170:government ministers
162:political commissars
50:improve this article
417:, is the head of a
354:political commissar
338:Political commissar
282:political commissar
239:political commissar
439:People's Militsiya
401:Military commissar
294:People's Commissar
271:People's Commissar
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537:military officers
533:French Revolution
413:), translated as
316:Russian Civil War
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263:Russian Civil War
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481:Similar terms
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61:Find sources:
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669:. Retrieved
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516:Commissariat
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48:Please help
43:verification
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493:in French,
491:commissaire
467:Soviet Army
181:commissaire
65:"Commissar"
702:Commissars
691:Categories
635:2013-10-16
599:2022-04-18
576:References
503:commissary
487:commissary
423:conscripts
409:(Russian:
380:regimental
267:White Army
212:kommissars
154:commissary
76:newspapers
678:policeman
558:Kommissar
500:The term
495:Kommissar
456:inspector
259:Bolshevik
158:commissar
133:Kommissar
129:Commissar
671:29 March
616:(1981).
564:See also
531:and the
460:director
350:Red Army
312:minister
289:Variants
237:Russian
150:komissar
145:ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΓ‘Ρ
135:) is an
508:British
445:of the
411:Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ
407:voenkom
375:in 1941
363:Trotsky
348:In the
214:, then
206:History
187:and in
141:Russian
137:English
90:scholar
662:
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594:nlr.ru
300:narkom
276:narkom
220:German
218:(from
189:Russia
166:Soviet
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553:Reich
523:Major
265:(the
255:Cheka
224:Krieg
97:JSTOR
83:books
673:2021
660:ISBN
624:ISBN
510:and
458:and
447:NKVD
441:and
433:NKVD
405:The
382:and
352:, a
273:(or
69:news
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52:by
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