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754:) existed, by name, only during the 1918–1924, 1937–1940, and 1941–1942 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. The political commissar held military rank equaling the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit-commander's orders at any time. During the other periods of the Red Army's history political officers were militarily subordinate to unit commanders, and the position of political commissar did not exist.
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855:(single-command) system was restored. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army's defeats at the war's start, the position of political commissar reappeared. The commissars had an influential role as "second commanders" within the military units during this time. Their rank and insignia generally paralleled those of officers. Because this proved ineffective, General
437:) and are still responsible for the planning and supervision of the political operations of the Republic of China Army where they are involved in psychological warfare, preparing propaganda for external consumption, along with providing counseling, psychological warfare training and processing news for the Taiwanese military.
347:
Usually, the operational command organ has the military commander as the highest decision maker, while the political commissar serves as the second-in-command. As the deputy, political commissar are largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations, unit welfare, mental health,
348:
morale, and political education. The party organs are chaired by the political commissar, with the military commanders serving as the deputy secretaries. This framework ensures that both military and political officers can collectively design the goals and tasks of their respective units.
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had constantly emphasized its role in both combat and political missions. The political commissioners were tasked to teach communist ideologies to internal members of the Red Army, as well as propaganda tasks targeting the enemy by showing the Red Army as a righteous force.
491:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
785:-level, comprising at least three members—the commander and two political workers. The political workers were denominated "members of the RVS", not "commissars", despite their position as official political commissars.
836:, assistant commander for political work) officer was commissioned sub-ordinate to him. Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS (
359:(PLAN), the political commissar and the Party committee are the supreme decision-makers, while military works are delegated to the operational commander as the second-in-command.
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406:, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was General
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324:(PLA), each level of the command has a dual-command structure, with a military organ and a Party organ. This collective leadership is held between the military commander (
804:
level. Despite their position as official political commissars, they were not addressed as "commissar". Beginning in 1925, the politico-military doctrinal course toward
296:), which established military organizations at various levels with Chinese Communist Party committees. The practice was formalized with the principle of the "
402:(Chinese Nationalist Party) director of secret police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet-style military organization in the
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in the Soviet armed forces. Again, in August 1940, the office of political commissars was abolished, yet the
Military Councils continued throughout the
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Each institution (including universities) received a military 'commissar' who supervised both the administrative work and the political atmosphere.
843:
On 10 May 1937, the role of political commissar was reinstated in the Red Army, and
Military Councils were set up. These derived from the political
511:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
616:, their leaders in each case feared a counter-revolution, and both regarded the military officers as the most likely counter-revolutionary threat.
297:
340:, i.e. the political commissar). The political commissar is always a uniformed military officer with both tactical and political training and
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The political supervision of the
Russian military was effected by the political commissar, who was present in every unit and formation, from
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Finnish propaganda poster (1939–1940) aimed at Red Army soldiers: "Political commissar: worse than the enemy. He shoots you in the back!"
355:(PLAGF), the political commissar is often second-in-command, while the military officer is responsible for the operation. Whereas in the
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875:(deputy for political matters). Although no longer known by the original "commissar" title, political officers were retained by all the
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259:. In fiction, The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy features the murder of the eponymous Soviet submarine's political officer (
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
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867:-related functions. The term "commissar" was abolished in August 1942, and at the company- and regiment-level, the
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to subordinate the political officer to commanding officers: the commissars' work was re-focused to
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The role of the political commissar is not universal across different branches of the PLA. In the
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to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.
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could count on the loyalty of armed forces. Although there was a huge difference between the
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Patterns in the dust: Chinese-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949-1950
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and set up the role of political officers. They were tasked with making sure that
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The
Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the revolutions in China and Taiwan
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armies also used political officers patterned on the Soviet model. For example,
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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386:, literal translation "political warfare officer") also existed in the
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commissars were known as "Cultural
Sections" or "Political Sections".
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Later commissars in the
Eastern bloc could exercise broader roles in
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Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine: La République jacobine
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230:(1936–1939). They also existed, with interruptions, in the Soviet
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The
Communist Party and the Red Army – On the military commissar
1513:. Translated by Ancker, Janice W. University Press of Kentucky.
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In Party on the Bridge: Political
Commissars in the Chinese Navy
840:, Member of the Military Council); they were abolished in 1934.
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An early kind of political commissar was established during the
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and the Kuomintang. Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.
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222:(1789–1799). Political commissars were heavily used within the
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Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower
1145:. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): 9–21.
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Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy
312:. Red Army was part of the Communist revolution forces; thus
798:политрук, from политический руководитель, political leader
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to this template: there are already 928 articles in the
1408:(1996). "Sociotechnics: Basic Problems and Issues". In
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was two-fold, either the military commander joined the
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Occupations in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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538:{{Translated|ru|Комиссар (в воинском подразделении)}}
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from 1918 to 1991, as well as in the armed forces of
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
824:and became his own unit's political officer, or a
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851:(1941–1945), and after. Below army level, the
769:(or Revvoyensoviets, RVS) were established at
580:1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial
526:accompanying your translation by providing an
475:Click for important translation instructions.
462:expand this section with text translated from
902:
271:
156:
1250:Opposition and dissent in contemporary China
1422:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 31.
941:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
673:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1289:. Columbia University Press. p. 181.
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718:(right) in the rank of commissar giving a
425:Today, political commissars belong to the
244:(national socialist leadership officers).
189:or political instructor) is a supervisory
1220:. Harvard University Press. p. 195.
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961:Learn how and when to remove this message
693:Learn how and when to remove this message
288:since the Sanwan Reorganization of 1927 (
193:responsible for the political education (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1452:
1185:. Cornell University Press. p. 67.
1161:"How China commands its 'people's army'"
800:) was assigned to political officers at
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241:Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere
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1459:. Department of the Army. p. 350.
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1139:"The Role of the Political Commissar"
378:The position of political commissar (
276:The position of political commissar (
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726:In the Red Army (1918–1946) and the
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567:The death of the Political Commissar
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362:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1159:Rawson, Payton (13 November 2023).
1013:(Senior commissar of the battalion)
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214:(representative on mission) in the
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404:Republic of China Armed Forces
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1511:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935-1945
1386:, 2nd edition, 1961, Swedish
1253:. Hoover Press. p. 302.
1100:
592:of November 1917, and as the
342:Chinese Communist Party cadre
1552:Military of the Soviet Union
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981:Armeysky komissar 2-go ranga
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208:(political commissioner) or
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1007:(Commissar of the regiment)
995:(Commissar of the division)
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508:will aid in categorization.
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412:Virginia Military Institute
332:) and political commander (
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1046:After World War II, other
1011:Starshi batalonny komissar
1001:(Commissar of the brigade)
903:Red Army rank designations
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600:gradually established the
588:came to power through the
483:Machine translation, like
272:People's Republic of China
197:) and organization of the
162:, a portmanteau word from
1453:Appleman, Roy E. (1998).
1181:Beckley, Michael (2018).
983:(Army Commissar 2nd rank)
977:(Army Commissar 1st rank)
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216:French Revolutionary Army
179:politicheskiy rukovoditel
168:политический руководитель
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1572:People's Liberation Army
1562:Civil–military relations
989:(Commissar of the corps)
893:Strategic Missile Troops
427:Political Warfare Bureau
373:Political Warfare Bureau
322:People's Liberation Army
266:
249:People's Liberation Army
1582:Political communication
1247:Peter R. Moody (1977).
1080:Représentant en mission
547:For more guidance, see
211:représentant en mission
187: political leader
1363:The Russian Revolution
1342:The Russian Revolution
1056:National People's Army
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624:
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388:Republic of China Army
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298:Party commands the gun
253:Republic of China Army
224:International Brigades
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1281:Nancy Bernkopf Tucker
1191:10.7591/9781501724794
1095:Military commissariat
838:Chlen Voennogo Soveta
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549:Knowledge:Translation
520:copyright attribution
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238:from 1943 to 1945 as
206:commissaire politique
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58:"Political commissar"
1068:Korean People's Army
1037:(Junior politleader)
1025:(Senior politleader)
935:improve this section
667:improve this section
596:of 1917–1922 began,
43:improve this article
1507:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
1214:Jay Taylor (2000).
1042:Eastern Bloc armies
993:Divizionny komissar
895:, et al, until the
877:Soviet Armed Forces
788:In 1919, the title
732:political commissar
635:In the Soviet Union
610:February Revolution
578:February Revolution
571:Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin
148:political commissar
1419:Social Engineering
1412:; Alexander, Jon;
1017:Batalonny komissar
987:Korpusnoy komissar
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629:social engineering
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614:October Revolution
590:October Revolution
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528:interlanguage link
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1466:978-0-16-001918-0
1382:Isaac Deutscher,
1200:978-1-5017-2479-4
1005:Polkovoy komissar
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1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
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1403:For example:
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471:(April 2024)
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36:verification
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1435:20 November
728:Soviet Army
251:, Taiwan's
226:during the
218:during the
1577:Propaganda
1567:Commissars
1546:Categories
1477:2022-08-17
1365:, Swedish
1344:, Swedish
1327:2010-09-11
1302:2010-06-28
1266:2010-11-30
1233:2010-06-28
1118:R. Dupuy,
1101:References
1064:Korean War
857:Ivan Konev
705:See also:
586:Bolsheviks
582:Order no 1
466:in Russian
408:Sun Li-jen
400:Kuomintang
394:(Taiwan).
314:Mao Zedong
308:) and the
69:newspapers
1373:, p. 120.
1317:"政治作戰局簡介"
1106:Citations
951:July 2023
922:does not
899:in 1991.
889:Air Force
745:romanized
683:July 2023
654:does not
584:. As the
542:talk page
494:Consider
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1074:See also
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879:, e.g.,
873:zampolit
869:pompolit
834:помполит
826:pompolit
790:politruk
783:flotilla
763:division
751:komissar
740:комиссар
612:and the
602:Red Army
518:provide
261:zampolit
232:Red Army
195:ideology
158:politruk
144:military
1489:Sources
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802:company
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380:Chinese
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326:Chinese
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191:officer
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164:Russian
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926:any
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516:must
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330:军事主官
306:党指挥枪
294:三湾改编
282:政治委员
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