76:
4456:
33:
2235:
3389:
3111:
2929:
7270:
2487:
2247:
an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view, since the 1960s, has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in
Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze and, as a result, trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist
2445:
3267:
3032:
4807:
2757:
2843:
2511:
3093:
2579:. Typically, a castro had one to five stone and earth walls, which complemented the natural defences of the hill. The buildings inside, most of them circular in shape, some rectangular, were about 3.5–15 m (11–49 ft) long; they were made out of stone with thatch roofs resting on a wood column in the centre of the building. In the major
2995:) were abandoned or became sparsely populated. A new period in hillfort development started during the 5th–8th centuries AD, when many new hillforts appeared, in most cases, along the main trades routes—rivers. During the 10th–11th centuries, some of the hillforts became military fortresses with strong fortifications (like hillforts in
3007:). Some of them are considered important political centres of the local peoples, who in this period were subjects of serious social political changes. That period was known for unrest and military activities, as well as power struggles between local aristocracy. Most of the Latvian hillforts were destroyed or abandoned during the
3778:
O'Driscoll, J., Hawkes, A. and O'Brien, W. (2019) 'The Irish hillfort', in Lock, G. and
Ralston, I. (eds.) Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent - Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 77-96. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvnb7r0b.
3188:
from the west. Most forts were located on the banks of a river, or a confluence where two rivers met. These fortifications were typically wooden, although some had additional stone or brick walls. The hill was usually sculpted for defensive purposes, with the top flattened and the natural slopes made
2102:
in the Late Iron Age, settlements could reach as large as 10,000 inhabitants. As the population increased so did the complexity of prehistoric societies. Around 1100 BC hillforts emerged and in the following centuries spread through Europe. They served a range of purposes and were variously
2686:
In Sweden, hillforts are fortifications from the Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the crests of hills and mountains making use of precipices and marshes which worked as natural defences. The crests' more accessible parts were defended with walls of stone and
2275:
were thought by the excavator to implicate the
Cadbury population in a revolt in the 70's AD (roughly contemporary with that of Boudicca in the East of England), although this has been questioned by subsequent researchers. However, the presence of barracks on the hilltop in the decades following the
2246:
The reason for the emergence of hillforts in
Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by
2251:
believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive
2665:
a large number of hilltop settlements were established both on the Roman imperial territory and on
Germanic soil. However, the term embraces a wide range of very different settlements in high locations. At least a few of the Germanic settlements were protected by fortifications. Unlike the Romans,
2458:
Bronze Age and Iron Age hillforts are widely found in
Ireland. They are large circular structures between 1 and 40 acres (most commonly 5–10 acres) in size, enclosed by a stone wall or earthen rampart or both. These would have been important tribal centres where the chief or king of the area would
2693:
are common even on flat ground. The walls often have remaining parts of stone, which were probably the support of pales. They often have well delineated gateways, the gates of which were probably of wood. Hillforts with strong walls are often located beside old trade routes and have an offensive
2979:
offered not only military and administrative functions but they were also cultural and economic centres of some regions. Latvian hillforts generally were a part of a complex consisting of the main fortress, the settlement around it, one or more burial fields and nearby ritual sites. The first
3426:. Traditional pā took a variety of designs, ranging from a simple terraced hill, to complex fortified structures that include multiple rows of palisades and underground defensive and ambush points. Māori pā differed from European hillforts in that they also prominently incorporate food
2087:
Prehistoric Europe saw a growing population. It has been estimated that in about 5000 BC during the
Neolithic between 2 million and 5 million lived in Europe; in the Late Iron Age it had an estimated population of around 15 to 30 million. Outside
3183:
in the 1st millennium BC. The earliest examples in present-day
Lithuania are found in the east of the country. Most of these forts were built or expanded between the fifth and fifteenth centuries, when they were used in the Dukes' Wars, and against the invasion of
2575:). They were located on hilltops, which allowed tactical control over the surrounding countryside and provided natural defences. They usually had access to a spring or small creek to provide water; some even had large reservoirs to use during
2096:, which were more densely populated, the vast majority of settlements in the Iron Age were small, with perhaps no more than 50 inhabitants. Hillforts were the exception, and were the home of up to 1,000 people. With the emergence of
3352:—fortified villages on top of natural hills and raised landforms near the coastlines. These were terraced into defensive ramparts with limited access points. Artifacts recovered from an ijang on the town of Savidug in
2583:
there were regular streets, suggesting some form of central organization. Castros vary in area from less than a hectare to some 50 hectare ones, and most were abandoned after the Roman conquest of the territory.
2282:
in Dorset is the largest hillfort in
England. Where Roman influence was less strong, such as uninvaded Ireland and unsubdued northern Scotland, hillforts were still built and used for several more centuries.
4688:
The Iron Age and its hill-forts: papers presented to Sir
Mortimer Wheeler on the occasion of his eightieth year, at a conference held by the Southampton University Archaeological Society, 5th–7th March,
2697:
Many forts, located centrally in densely populated areas, were permanently settled strongholds and can show traces of settlements both inside and outside. Older place names containing the element
2473:'—a medieval settlement—a common archaeological feature across the whole island of Ireland, of which over 40,000 examples are known; one source claims there may be 10,000 undiscovered ringforts.
2819:
One special feature about the Finnish hillforts that while most of them are located these days within some distance from the sea, but earlier many of the forts were located by the sea, due to
6664:
2252:
strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
2106:
Hillforts were frequently occupied by conquering armies, but on other occasions the forts were destroyed, the local people forcibly evicted, and the forts left derelict. For example,
3743:
2406:
It has been suggested on reasonable evidence that many so-called hillforts were just used to pen in cattle, horses, or other domesticated animals. The large sprawling examples at
2904:
3356:
has been dated to around 1200 CE. These high rocky formations served as a refuge against attacking enemies. Ijang were first described by the English freebooter Captain
2114:
invasions of southern Britain in the 1st century BC. Abandoned forts were sometimes reoccupied and refortified under renewed threat of foreign invasion, such as the
4895:
4951:
4920:
4910:
3114:
4584:
4467:
4905:
4261:
2992:
4338:
2897:. Although some of them were probably used only during times of crisis and stood empty in peacetime (for example Soontagana in Koonga parish,
4440:
2418:). Even those that were defensive settlements in the Iron Age were sometimes used for corralling animals in later periods. For example, see
4915:
3673:
3229:, was a major target for both orders. This territory separated the two Orders and prevented joint action between them and Pagan Lithuania.
3430:
and often, water sources. They survived until the colonial era and later types of pā were designed specifically for fighting with guns.
3365:
2666:
however, the Germanii did not use mortar at that time for their construction. Among the best known hill settlements in Germany are the
7320:
5343:
4718:
Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent: Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017
2826:
Finland has around 100 hillforts verified by excavations, and about 200 more suspected sites. The largest hillfort in Finland is the
5377:
999:
3524:
1426:
4388:
Cunliffe, Barry (2007), "Understanding hillforts: have we progressed?", in Payne, Andrew; Corney, Mark; Cunliffe, Barry (eds.),
6480:
4833:
4957:
4725:
4603:
4541:
4505:
4417:
4399:
3946:
2534:
2430:. However, it is difficult to prove that people definitely did not dwell there, as lack of evidence is not proof of absence.
2115:
2618:
as well as in Atlantic France, Britain and Ireland. These megaliths were probably reused in syncretic rituals by the Celtic
2462:
There are around 40 known hillforts in Ireland. About 12 are multivallate as distinguished by multiple ramparts, or a large
4967:
4124:
2056:
refuge or defended settlement located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typical of the late
3821:
2553:
Iron Age village, usually located on a hill or some naturally easy defendable place. The larger hillforts are also called
7074:
6769:
4865:
2271:, but others were destroyed and abandoned. Partially articulated remains of between 28 and 40 men, women and children at
1782:
75:
5193:
4998:
4981:
3213:
in use decreased, but those that remained had stronger fortifications. Two main defence lines developed: one along the
1977:
1755:
370:
3609:
3125:
3011:
in the 13th century, but some were still used in the 14th century. In total, there are about 470 hillforts in Latvia.
6889:
6674:
4743:
4631:
4523:
4379:
4358:
4311:
4223:
4097:
3079:
2220:. By this time the larger ones had become more like cities than fortresses and many were assimilated as Roman towns.
1431:
3061:
4441:"Iron Age Hillforts in their Landscape Contexts: a Fresh Look at the Field Evidence in the Northumberland Cheviots"
4016:
1509:
3764:
7099:
2708:
In Sweden, there are 1,100 known hillforts with a strong concentration on the northern west coast and in eastern
1854:
1492:
1279:
124:
3840:
2893:
Most likely the Estonian hillforts were in pre-Christian times administrative, economic and military centres of
7305:
5071:
4129:
3854:
3202:
3132:
3057:
2294:, is the most thoroughly investigated Iron Age hillfort in Britain, as well as the most extensively published.
1618:
2878:. There are several hundred hillforts or presumed ancient hillfort sites all over Estonia. Some of them, like
4972:
2035:
1482:
2208:. During the Hallstatt C period, hillforts became the dominant settlement type in the west of Hungary.
6322:
5860:
5370:
4962:
4947:
4052:
2439:
1972:
676:
436:
4822:
2694:
character, whereas others are reclusive and were weakly fortified, probably only for hiding during raids.
6659:
5740:
5168:
4609:
4478:
2923:
1982:
1169:
971:
842:
380:
2459:
live with his extended family and support themselves by farming and renting cattle to their underlings.
7300:
6255:
4977:
3941:, The Archaeology of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines, vol. 40, ANU Press, pp. 1–8,
2259:, but the great period of hillfort construction was during the Celtic Iron Age, between 700 BC and the
1446:
17:
3119:
2068:
period. The fortification usually follows the contours of a hill and consists of one or more lines of
6704:
4284:
3427:
3053:
2260:
2123:
1556:
1064:
413:
287:
141:
6329:
4455:
4186:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
4037:
2084:, and external ditches. If enemies were approaching, the civilians would spot them from a distance.
7315:
7310:
7201:
6279:
5148:
4083:
3193:
3042:
2297:
2272:
2069:
2007:
1874:
1421:
1114:
932:
780:
5051:
4181:
7248:
7023:
6729:
6724:
6644:
6441:
6388:
6358:
6115:
6045:
5989:
5566:
5363:
5143:
5138:
5118:
5076:
4858:
4389:
3317:
3046:
2909:
2073:
1960:
1942:
1698:
1257:
1179:
1124:
722:
385:
5108:
4391:
The Wessex Hillforts Project: Extensive Survey of Hillfort Interiors in Central Southern England
3670:
3418:
were often built on raised ground, like volcanic hills, headlands, and small islands (including
2629:
people occupied an inland region in central northern Spain, straddling the upper valleys of the
2395:, or military road, which enabled his armies to cover Viking movements at sea. For example, see
7273:
7089:
6679:
6576:
6461:
5645:
5219:
4642:"New Perspectives on the Architecture and Function of Welsh Hillforts and Defended Settlements"
4232:
Avery, Michael (October 1986), "'Stoning and Fire' at Hillfort Entrances of Southern Britain",
1827:
1802:
1524:
1436:
1309:
1184:
785:
762:
208:
107:
4708:
2338:
Some Iron Age hillforts were also incorporated into medieval frontier earthworks. For example
7226:
7064:
6846:
6599:
6336:
6159:
5488:
5173:
4262:"A Round Iron Age: The Circular House in the Hillforts of the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula"
4024:
3921:
3251:
2279:
1416:
1349:
1302:
956:
919:
882:
800:
752:
636:
446:
254:
163:
36:
2886:
in Tartu, are governance centres used since ancient times up until today. Some others, like
2370:, which defined the Celtic-Saxon border in south-west England during the period 577–652 CE.
2325:
7211:
6739:
6365:
6164:
6130:
5530:
5412:
4939:
4564:
3495:
3422:). The slopes were terraced into defensive ramparts that were usually further protected by
2820:
2359:
2317:
2286:
There are over 2,000 Iron Age hillforts known in Britain of which nearly 600 are in Wales.
2229:
2142:
Celtic hillforts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the
1807:
1709:
1566:
1561:
1379:
1344:
1079:
899:
757:
693:
547:
517:
114:
32:
5163:
5158:
2538:
8:
7295:
7028:
6764:
6120:
5498:
5178:
5128:
3465:
3138:
3104:
2831:
2588:
2200:
2167:
1658:
1643:
1519:
1406:
1384:
1359:
1319:
1229:
1039:
944:
894:
661:
651:
616:
408:
398:
168:
92:
5103:
4812:
3716:
King, D. J. Cathcart (1974), "Two Castles in Northern Powys: Dinas Bran and Caergwrle",
2346:
generally dated to the 9th century CE, makes use of the west and south-west ramparts of
2316:
contains east-facing Christian burials of the 4th century CE. In Wales, the hillfort at
7150:
6759:
6734:
6719:
6714:
6564:
6544:
6341:
5902:
5769:
5513:
5249:
5198:
5113:
4930:
4851:
4320:
4249:
4154:
4064:
3997:
3952:
3305:
3287:
2887:
2450:
2335:
was reused in the Middle Ages, with a stone castle built there in the 13th century CE.
1992:
1847:
1767:
1688:
1633:
1608:
1529:
1475:
1441:
1372:
1289:
1199:
1104:
1049:
939:
904:
857:
732:
703:
656:
594:
569:
403:
217:
136:
40:
2610:, which are frequently located near the castros, also pre-date the Celts in Portugal,
2191:
2179:
7206:
7165:
7140:
7013:
6694:
6534:
6381:
5967:
5845:
5523:
5466:
5306:
4739:
4721:
4696:
4627:
4599:
4537:
4519:
4501:
4436:
4413:
4395:
4375:
4354:
4332:
4307:
4276:
4219:
4213:
4146:
4093:
3989:
3942:
3419:
2851:
2721:
2592:
2542:
2419:
2187:
2173:
2143:
2057:
2028:
1937:
1884:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1742:
1725:
1720:
1693:
1638:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1194:
1164:
1054:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1004:
994:
909:
862:
832:
671:
464:
441:
375:
4053:"The Eastern Passage and Its Impact on Spanish Policy in the Philippines, 1758–1790"
4017:"Archaeology of Batanes Province, Northern Philippines: The 1996-1997 Status Report"
3308:. They were the residence of local rulers, and provided for refuge in times of war.
3096:
2466:(outer bank). The imposing example at Mooghaun is defended by multiple stone walls.
2103:
tribal centres, defended places, foci of ritual activity, and places of production.
1997:
7180:
7155:
7084:
7008:
6609:
6604:
6539:
6090:
5894:
5473:
5229:
5188:
4784:
4761:
4672:
4649:
4621:
4569:
4241:
4162:
4138:
3520:
3499:
3442:, Ethiopian flat-topped mountain formations often used as defensive fortifications.
3254:
as the flooded river has washed out the base of the hill. Now around 80 percent of
3206:
3008:
2769:
2662:
2505:
2400:
2363:
2343:
2212:
described the large late Iron Age hillforts he encountered during his campaigns in
2163:
2002:
1967:
1899:
1792:
1730:
1623:
1551:
1544:
1401:
1334:
1284:
1274:
1149:
1069:
1029:
1014:
981:
966:
837:
822:
775:
683:
641:
584:
579:
537:
360:
337:
244:
173:
102:
85:
5123:
4245:
3877:"Ancient History of Latvia (11 000 BC – 1200) ← National History Museum of Latvia"
2234:
39:
in England is one of the largest hillforts in Europe. Photograph taken in 1935 by
7069:
6921:
6894:
6834:
6804:
6689:
6654:
6634:
6619:
6174:
6169:
6137:
5898:
5840:
5828:
5810:
5677:
5658:
5584:
5561:
5322:
5093:
4900:
4087:
3677:
3470:
3357:
3343:
3221:. Two other lines started to form, but did not fully develop. One was to protect
2894:
2615:
2522:
2515:
2423:
2411:
2396:
2127:
2081:
2061:
1812:
1797:
1715:
1671:
1613:
1269:
1264:
1154:
1144:
1059:
1034:
976:
817:
747:
737:
589:
574:
497:
469:
269:
249:
97:
3933:
Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (2013), Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (eds.),
3411:
3393:
3388:
2898:
2713:
7238:
7233:
6899:
6884:
6819:
6809:
6684:
6669:
6569:
6559:
6524:
6398:
6191:
5888:
5855:
5819:
5635:
5493:
5457:
5285:
5133:
5066:
5061:
4367:
3439:
3185:
2658:
2499:
2339:
2313:
2248:
2155:
2151:
2131:
1987:
1735:
1159:
1119:
1097:
1084:
1074:
1044:
961:
914:
717:
708:
599:
552:
532:
522:
492:
459:
347:
304:
259:
131:
64:
4665:"Historical Excavation and Survey of Hillforts in Wales: some critical issues"
4304:
Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The later prehistoric and early historic archaeology
7289:
7243:
7196:
7104:
7094:
7048:
7018:
7003:
6972:
6953:
6814:
6754:
6709:
6624:
6583:
6393:
6026:
6021:
5754:
5717:
5702:
5653:
5598:
5577:
5386:
4463:
4280:
4150:
4125:"Matakawau Stingray Point Pa Excavation, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island 1955–56"
3993:
3956:
3934:
3703:
Dinas Powys: An Iron Age, Dark Age and Early Medieval Settlement in Glamorgan
3339:
3275:
2827:
2355:
2301:
2209:
2107:
2053:
1834:
1822:
1678:
1598:
1514:
1497:
1354:
1209:
1189:
872:
867:
847:
827:
742:
713:
688:
564:
542:
527:
502:
342:
264:
227:
222:
119:
5239:
4374:, Oxford: English Heritage and Oxford University Committee for Archaeology,
4215:"By South Cadbury Is That Camelot...": Excavations at Cadbury Castle 1966–70
4166:
4119:
3374:
as the Ivatan population were moved into centralized towns in the lowlands.
2675:
7221:
7079:
7043:
6998:
6982:
6910:
6863:
6839:
6829:
6824:
6639:
6456:
6317:
6284:
6149:
6085:
6060:
5972:
5946:
5914:
5908:
5850:
5789:
5759:
5607:
5254:
4890:
4142:
4120:
2933:
2626:
2550:
2463:
2374:
2351:
2309:
2263:
in 43 AD. The Romans occupied some forts, such as the military garrison at
2239:
2065:
2021:
1947:
1927:
1922:
1817:
1762:
1396:
1391:
1214:
1129:
877:
611:
512:
309:
213:
5244:
2687:
outer walls in the slopes beneath are common. Round and closed, so-called
7120:
6977:
6946:
6928:
6916:
6858:
6853:
6794:
6789:
6749:
6649:
6614:
6510:
6413:
6184:
6154:
6144:
6050:
5939:
5556:
5503:
5035:
4346:
3335:
3214:
3110:
2667:
2427:
2407:
2382:
2347:
2198:
and the Czech Republic. The predominant form of rampart construction was
1932:
1683:
1648:
1487:
1174:
1139:
852:
795:
698:
482:
203:
198:
5747:
5280:
4158:
4068:
4001:
3977:
3805:
3735:
3250:
are located near rivers and are endangered by erosion: many have partly
2928:
2725:
7145:
6965:
6937:
6868:
6744:
6699:
6629:
6549:
6446:
6351:
6291:
6250:
6228:
6179:
6125:
6075:
6070:
6055:
6014:
5962:
5920:
5865:
5707:
5623:
5290:
5056:
5019:
5014:
3370:
3180:
2981:
2486:
2367:
2268:
2256:
1889:
1859:
1581:
950:
7125:
5670:
5259:
5234:
4253:
3935:"The Batanes Islands, Their First Observers, and Previous Archaeology"
3100:
3004:
2996:
6554:
6485:
6312:
6307:
6240:
5881:
5794:
5724:
5682:
5508:
5478:
5439:
5405:
5183:
4789:
4776:
4766:
4753:
4677:
4664:
4654:
4641:
4574:
4559:
4372:
The Danebury Environs Programme: The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape
3780:
3615:
3475:
3226:
3176:
2761:
2689:
2671:
2530:
2444:
2291:
2158:
until the Roman conquest. They are most common during later periods:
2119:
1879:
1703:
1653:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1453:
1244:
1239:
1204:
646:
332:
299:
188:
5224:
5214:
3316:
Similar structures can be found elsewhere in the world, such as the
3266:
3031:
3015:
2980:
hillforts in Latvia, such as Daugmale hillfort, appeared during the
2914:
contains a common list of castles, fortresses, forts, an hillforts.
7038:
7033:
6958:
6517:
6492:
6475:
6405:
6346:
6274:
6267:
6110:
5998:
5872:
5692:
5687:
5663:
5591:
5571:
5551:
5153:
5081:
3423:
3404:
3400:
3279:
3271:
2985:
2709:
2646:
2611:
2599:
2526:
2491:
2470:
2391:
2321:
2287:
2264:
2195:
2077:
1894:
1869:
1502:
1134:
1109:
727:
282:
156:
4777:"Breedon Hill, Leicestershire: new surveys and their implications"
2194:
originated in what is now southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria,
7170:
7135:
7130:
6468:
6451:
6436:
6420:
6372:
6300:
6245:
6235:
6203:
6105:
6080:
6065:
5835:
5779:
5697:
5544:
5537:
5483:
5355:
3876:
3807:
The Baltinglass landscape and the hillforts of Bronze Age Ireland
3460:
3455:
3353:
3297:
3222:
3218:
2879:
2729:
2717:
2415:
2217:
1904:
1864:
1628:
1462:
1458:
805:
790:
666:
327:
322:
292:
231:
193:
2756:
2385:
established a network of coastal hillforts and lookout posts in
2324:
hillfort reoccupied from the 5th-6th centuries CE; similarly at
2276:
conquest suggest an ongoing struggle to suppress local dissent.
7175:
6529:
6095:
6033:
5977:
5955:
5932:
5925:
5801:
5784:
5616:
5448:
5430:
5400:
5264:
3450:
3361:
3301:
3293:
3217:(against the Teutonic Order) and another along the border with
3092:
2991:
During the Roman Iron Age, some of the Latvian hillforts (like
2976:
2842:
2642:
2607:
2603:
2580:
2510:
2386:
2378:
2305:
2111:
2098:
2089:
1411:
812:
629:
365:
4092:(reprint ed.). Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited.
3258:
are covered by forests and are hardly accessible to visitors.
27:
Fortified refuge or defended settlement on a rise of elevation
7216:
7160:
6904:
6429:
6260:
6100:
5421:
3445:
3348:
3329:
3000:
2883:
2634:
2619:
2576:
2300:
is the largest amongst forts reoccupied following the end of
2093:
887:
423:
418:
4843:
3415:
3396:
3383:
6198:
6040:
6007:
5982:
5774:
5764:
5733:
5712:
4560:"Hillforts and Defended Enclosures of the Welsh Borderland"
4044:
2638:
2630:
2213:
2147:
183:
178:
56:
3766:
English Heritage page 'History of Old Oswestry Hillfort'
4838:
4353:(electronic ed.), Taylor & Francis e-Library,
2469:
One must be careful to not confuse a hill-fort with a '
4434:
4275:, UW-Milwaukee Center for Celtic Studies: 903–1, 003,
4498:
Pagan Celtic Ireland:the enigma of the Irish Iron age
4269:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
4475:
Council for British Archaeology Research Report No 9
3236:, there were 921 objects in Lithuania identified as
2641:. They built hillforts, fortified hilltop towns and
3311:
4839:Open data resources on hillforts and ancient sites
3841:"The Mystery of Ancient, Irish Ringforts — Part I"
3810:(Doctoral thesis thesis). University College Cork.
3519:
2984:. Some were continuously inhabited until the late
2816:which refers to medieval or later fortifications.
4557:
3978:"Archaeological Explorations in Batanes Province"
3304:Iron Age and Early Medieval hillforts are called
2587:Many castros were already established during the
7287:
3245:
3238:
3196:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3146:
5627:
4691:, Southampton University Archaeological Society
4412:(paperback ed.), Oxford University Press,
6189:
6135:
5953:
5799:
4754:"Hillforts and Hut Groups of North-West Wales"
4113:
3888:
3886:
3803:
2865:
2859:
6844:
6574:
6403:
6379:
5996:
5987:
5944:
5668:
5464:
5455:
5371:
4859:
3975:
3939:4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange
3932:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2810:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2122:, and the successive invasions of Britain by
2029:
6963:
6944:
6935:
6926:
6515:
6490:
6466:
6427:
6418:
6370:
6356:
6327:
6298:
6289:
6265:
6226:
6031:
6012:
5930:
5879:
5870:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5745:
5731:
5722:
5605:
5582:
4686:Hill, David; Jesson, Margaret (eds) (1971),
4123:; Emmitt, Joshua; Wallace, Roderick (2017).
3976:Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Santiago, Rey A. (1996).
2476:
5614:
5596:
5542:
5528:
5446:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5410:
4715:
4534:Cadbury Castle: The hillfort and landscapes
4319:
3892:
3883:
3060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2652:
2566:
2560:
2554:
5378:
5364:
4866:
4852:
4685:
4337:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3403:, showing the stepped nature and the wood
3201:played a major role in conflicts with the
2036:
2022:
5344:Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland
4788:
4774:
4765:
4676:
4653:
4573:
4259:
3611:Time Team: Swords, skulls and strongholds
3572:
3261:
3080:Learn how and when to remove this message
2354:was incorporated into the early medieval
4662:
4619:
4585:"Why do we still dig Iron Age ramparts?"
4513:
4407:
4387:
4366:
3902:
3900:
3689:
3596:
3560:
3548:
3387:
3265:
3109:
3091:
2927:
2841:
2755:
2509:
2485:
2443:
2255:Hillforts in Britain are known from the
2233:
1000:List of military strategies and concepts
31:
4882:
4733:
4716:Lock, Gary; Ralston, Ian, eds. (2019),
4558:Britnell, Bill; Silvester, Bob (2018).
4495:
4462:
4301:
4173:
3791:
3734:
3647:
2760:A ruins of the Unikonlinna hillfort in
2373:Some hillforts were re-occupied by the
14:
7288:
4639:
4582:
4516:English Heritage Book of Maiden Castle
4428:Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500
4410:Handbook of Life in Prehistoric Europe
4394:, English Heritage, pp. 151–162,
4345:
4211:
3838:
3700:
3635:
3584:
2366:connected to the existing hillfort at
2176:( early Iron Age, c. 1200 BC – 500 BC)
5359:
4847:
4751:
4531:
4425:
4231:
4179:
4014:
3906:
3897:
3658:
3529:Research records (formerly PastScape)
3225:, the capital, and the other line in
4325:Die altlettischen Burgberge Kurlands
4082:
3715:
3058:adding citations to reliable sources
3025:
2481:
2350:hillfort. Similarly the hillfort at
6770:Weapons Storage and Security System
4188:. R.E. Owen, Wellington. p. 74
4050:
3209:. During this period the number of
2137:
2110:was sacked and deserted during the
24:
5385:
4551:
4089:The Penguin History of New Zealand
3969:
3926:
3781:https://hdl.handle.net/10468/12265
3629:
3368:, ijang were abandoned during the
2182:(late Iron Age, c. 600 BC – 50 AD)
25:
7332:
4798:
2846:Varbola hillfort ruins in Estonia
2238:The ramparts of the multivallate
2170:(Bronze Age, c. 1300 BC – 750 BC)
7321:Types of monuments and memorials
7269:
7268:
4805:
4454:
3312:Hillforts elsewhere in the world
3030:
2740:Norway has about 400 hillforts.
2414:are more than 50 acres (20
2312:invasions. The cemetery outside
2223:
74:
4076:
4008:
3911:
3869:
3847:
3839:Fisher, Mark E. (29 May 2016).
3832:
3814:
3797:
3785:
3772:
3757:
3728:
3709:
3694:
3683:
3664:
3652:
3641:
3126:Mažeikiai district municipality
2890:are historical sites nowadays.
4130:Records of the Auckland Museum
4086:(2003). "First Colonisation".
3918:Lietuvos piliakalniai. Atlasas
3826:www.culturalheritageireland.ie
3736:"Llanymynech Hillfort (92487)"
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3513:
3488:
3377:
3360:when he visited the island of
3323:
3179:has hillforts dating from the
3133:List of hillforts in Lithuania
2724:130, and 90 to 100 in each of
2448:Exterior view of the Ringfort
13:
1:
6665:British "hedgehog" road block
4873:
4536:, Stroud: The History Press,
4500:, London: Thames and Hudson,
4246:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979999
4218:, London: Thames and Hudson,
4204:
4182:"The Capture of Rua-pekapeka"
3234:Atlas of Lithuanian Hillforts
3232:As of 2017, according to the
2329:
2064:. Some were used in the post-
4306:, London: English Heritage,
3021:
3016:Iron Age hillforts in Latvia
2602:from the Bronze Age such as
2440:List of hillforts in Ireland
7:
7075:Cities with defensive walls
6660:Defensive fighting position
6575:
6380:
6190:
6136:
5997:
5988:
5954:
5945:
5800:
3705:, University of Wales Press
3433:
2936:centre in the late Iron Age
2924:List of hillforts in Latvia
2905:List of Estonian fortresses
1493:Military–industrial complex
972:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
7337:
4518:, London: B. T. Batsford,
4514:Sharples, Niall M (1991),
4439:; Pearson, Trevor (2008),
3804:O'Driscoll, James (2016).
3680:, smr.herefordshire.gov.uk
3381:
3327:
3285:
3192:During the early years of
3130:
2921:
2837:
2834:and the Sulkava hillfort.
2751:
2748:Denmark has 26 hillforts.
2743:
2503:
2497:
2454:situated in County Donegal
2437:
2433:
2227:
7259:
7189:
7113:
7057:
6991:
6877:
6782:
6705:Hardened aircraft shelter
6680:Entry control point (ECP)
6592:
6503:
6219:
6212:
5644:
5393:
5335:
5315:
5299:
5273:
5207:
5090:
5044:
5028:
5007:
4991:
4938:
4929:
4881:
4775:Whittaker, Chris (2019).
4663:Guilbert, Graeme (2018).
4260:Ayán Vila, Xurxo (2008),
3525:"Maiden Castle (451864)"
2917:
2735:
2681:
2477:Other Hillforts in Europe
2261:Roman conquest of Britain
1557:Loss-of-strength gradient
414:Combat information center
7202:Continuity of government
4834:The Hillfort Study Group
4720:, Oxford: Archaeopress,
4620:Cunliffe, Barry (1997),
4408:McIntosh, Jane (2009) ,
3481:
3194:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2830:, other notable are the
2705:were usually hillforts.
2653:Migration Period Germany
2298:Cadbury Castle, Somerset
2146:, and were used in many
2144:first millennium BC
1875:Military science fiction
1360:Technology and equipment
781:List of military tactics
7024:Motte-and-bailey castle
6730:Missile launch facility
6725:Main line of resistance
5420:
4532:Tabor, Richard (2008),
4496:Raftery, Barry (1994),
4477:: 37–58, archived from
4212:Alcock, Leslie (1972),
4051:Fry, Howard T. (1985).
4015:Dizon, Eusebio (1997).
3718:Archaeologia Cambrensis
3701:Alcock, Leslie (1963),
3676:7 February 2009 at the
3318:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
2932:Tērvete hillfort. Main
2591:period, pre-dating the
1943:Wartime sexual violence
1699:Full-spectrum dominance
1510:Supply-chain management
7100:Military installations
6964:
6945:
6936:
6927:
6845:
6516:
6491:
6467:
6457:Scarp and Counterscarp
6428:
6419:
6404:
6371:
6357:
6328:
6299:
6290:
6266:
6227:
6032:
6013:
5931:
5880:
5871:
5827:
5818:
5809:
5746:
5732:
5723:
5669:
5628:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5583:
5543:
5529:
5465:
5456:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5411:
5194:Vila Nova de São Pedro
4992:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4752:Smith, George (2018).
4302:Barrett, John (2000),
4143:10.32912/RAM.2018.52.3
4032:Cite journal requires
3407:
3283:
3262:Eastern European gords
3246:
3239:
3197:
3168:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3128:
3107:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2866:
2860:
2847:
2811:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2765:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2518:
2495:
2455:
2243:
1855:Awards and decorations
1828:Peace through strength
1803:Low-intensity conflict
1437:Conscientious objector
1310:Area of responsibility
44:
7306:Archaeology in Europe
6869:Floating water castle
6600:Admiralty scaffolding
5893:Fortified buildings (
4736:Celtic Fortifications
4734:Ralston, Ian (2006),
4640:Driver, Toby (2018).
4583:Collis, John (2010),
4351:The European Iron Age
4180:Cowan, James (1955).
3391:
3269:
3189:steeper for defence.
3113:
3095:
2940:The Latvian word for
2931:
2845:
2808:, as opposed to bare
2759:
2657:During the period of
2513:
2489:
2447:
2377:during the period of
2237:
447:Torpedo data computer
437:Ship gun fire-control
35:
7212:Subterranean warfare
6165:Viking ring fortress
4781:Internet Archaeology
4758:Internet Archaeology
4669:Internet Archaeology
4646:Internet Archaeology
4565:Internet Archaeology
4484:on 27 September 2007
4445:Archaeologia Aeliana
4430:(paperback ed.)
3366:Spanish colonial era
3364:in 1687. During the
3054:improve this section
2821:post-glacial rebound
2304:, to defend against
2267:, and the temple at
2230:Hillforts in Britain
1973:Military occupations
1808:Military engineering
1710:Unrestricted Warfare
1567:Force multiplication
465:Military manoeuvrers
7029:Quadrangular castle
6765:Weapon storage area
6121:Quadrangular castle
4615:on 24 December 2012
4592:Collection Bibracte
4321:Bielenstein, August
3466:Prehistoric warfare
3173:(=mountain, hill).
3105:World Heritage Site
2832:Old Castle of Lieto
2796:, or alternatively
2589:Atlantic Bronze Age
2549:is a fortified pre-
2490:Hillfort at Coaña,
2201:pfostenschlitzmauer
2168:Atlantic Bronze Age
2058:European Bronze Age
1659:Penal military unit
1644:Rules of engagement
1320:Command and control
945:Operations research
409:Director (military)
399:Fire-control system
169:Command and control
50:Part of a series on
6760:Underground hangar
6545:Fire control tower
6342:Gunpowder magazine
5770:Butter-churn tower
4931:Lists of hillforts
4921:Multiple enclosure
4707:has generic name (
4468:"Irish Hill-forts"
4437:Ainsworth, Stewart
4435:Oswald, Alastair;
4426:Moora, H (1929) ,
4057:Philippine Studies
3982:Philippine Studies
3661:, pp. 156–164
3638:, pp. 161–163
3420:artificial islands
3414:, villages called
3408:
3288:Gord (archaeology)
3284:
3129:
3115:Daubariai Hillfort
3108:
2938:
2848:
2766:
2716:there are 300, in
2519:
2496:
2456:
2451:Grianan of Aileach
2326:Castell Dinas Brân
2244:
1768:Counter-insurgency
1689:Command of the sea
1634:Jewish laws on war
1609:Geneva Conventions
1145:Divide and conquer
940:Military operation
905:Tactical objective
404:Fire-control radar
381:Electronic-warfare
45:
41:Major George Allen
7301:Bronze Age Europe
7283:
7282:
7207:Military urbanism
7141:Fortified gateway
7014:Concentric castle
6778:
6777:
6695:Fire support base
6535:Coastal artillery
6410:(Spanish America)
6004:
5846:Concentric castle
5353:
5352:
5331:
5330:
5169:San Cibrao de Las
5159:Peñas de la Cerca
4727:978-1-78969-227-3
4626:, Penguin Books,
4623:The Ancient Celts
4605:978-2-909668-64-2
4543:978-0-7524-4715-5
4507:978-0-500-05072-9
4419:978-0-19-538476-5
4401:978-1-873592-85-4
4234:World Archaeology
3948:978-1-925021-27-1
3090:
3089:
3082:
2678:near Dittenheim.
2593:Hallstatt culture
2543:Northern Portugal
2539:province of Ávila
2482:Iberian Peninsula
2188:Hallstatt culture
2174:Hallstatt culture
2162:The Proto-Celtic
2046:
2045:
1938:Horses in warfare
1885:Anti-war movement
1788:Gunboat diplomacy
1778:Disaster response
1726:Philosophy of war
1721:Principles of war
1694:Deterrence theory
1639:Right of conquest
1562:Lanchester's laws
1330:Principles of war
1020:Counter-offensive
1005:Military campaign
910:Target saturation
833:Counterinsurgency
442:Gun data computer
376:Close air support
338:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
7328:
7272:
7271:
7265:
7156:National redoubt
7085:Fortified estate
7009:Circular rampart
6969:
6950:
6941:
6932:
6850:
6610:Anti-tank trench
6605:Air raid shelter
6580:
6540:Disappearing gun
6521:
6496:
6472:
6433:
6424:
6409:
6385:
6376:
6362:
6333:
6304:
6295:
6271:
6232:
6217:
6216:
6195:
6175:Bailey (or ward)
6141:
6046:Motte-and-bailey
6037:
6018:
6002:
5994:
5993:
5959:
5950:
5936:
5885:
5876:
5832:
5823:
5814:
5805:
5751:
5737:
5728:
5674:
5631:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5588:
5548:
5534:
5474:Circular rampart
5470:
5461:
5452:
5443:
5434:
5425:
5416:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5357:
5356:
4958:Northern Ireland
4936:
4935:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4809:
4808:
4794:
4792:
4790:10.11141/ia.52.6
4771:
4769:
4767:10.11141/ia.48.6
4748:
4730:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4678:10.11141/ia.48.3
4659:
4657:
4655:10.11141/ia.48.9
4636:
4616:
4614:
4608:, archived from
4589:
4579:
4577:
4575:10.11141/ia.48.7
4546:
4528:
4510:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4472:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4431:
4422:
4404:
4384:
4363:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4316:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4283:, archived from
4266:
4256:
4228:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3930:
3924:
3920:, Vol. 4, 2017,
3915:
3909:
3904:
3895:
3893:Bielenstein 1869
3890:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3828:. 8 August 2023.
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3606:
3600:
3599:, pp. 71–72
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3521:Historic England
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3500:English Heritage
3492:
3249:
3242:
3207:Teutonic Knights
3200:
3186:Teutonic Knights
3171:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3123:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3034:
3026:
3009:Livonian Crusade
2970:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2913:
2869:
2863:
2814:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2663:Migration Period
2570:
2564:
2558:
2506:Castros in Spain
2401:Battle of Cynwit
2364:linear earthwork
2344:linear earthwork
2334:
2331:
2242:in Herefordshire
2164:Urnfield culture
2138:Celtic hillforts
2038:
2031:
2024:
1793:Humanitarian aid
1731:Security dilemma
1552:Power projection
1335:Economy of force
1315:Chain of command
1030:Defence in depth
1015:Commerce raiding
838:Defeat in detail
174:Defense ministry
78:
69:
68:
59:
47:
46:
21:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7316:Iron Age Europe
7311:Ancient warfare
7286:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7263:
7255:
7185:
7109:
7053:
6987:
6922:Imperial castle
6895:Coercion castle
6890:Coastal defence
6873:
6835:Promontory fort
6805:Hillside castle
6774:
6690:Fallout shelter
6655:Concertina wire
6635:Border security
6588:
6499:
6208:
5841:Coercion castle
5829:Cheval de frise
5811:Chemin de ronde
5659:Albarrana tower
5640:
5585:Schwedenschanze
5562:Promontory fort
5389:
5384:
5354:
5349:
5327:
5311:
5295:
5269:
5250:Napoleon's Hill
5203:
5086:
5040:
5024:
5003:
4987:
4925:
4896:Partial contour
4877:
4872:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4746:
4728:
4704:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4634:
4612:
4606:
4587:
4554:
4552:Further reading
4549:
4544:
4526:
4508:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4470:
4453:
4420:
4402:
4382:
4368:Cunliffe, Barry
4361:
4330:
4329:
4314:
4293:
4291:
4290:on 24 June 2011
4287:
4264:
4226:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4174:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4081:
4077:
4049:
4045:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4009:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3949:
3931:
3927:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3837:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3714:
3710:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3678:Wayback Machine
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3496:"Maiden Castle"
3494:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3471:Promontory fort
3436:
3386:
3380:
3358:William Dampier
3344:Batanes Islands
3332:
3326:
3314:
3290:
3264:
3135:
3117:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3051:
3035:
3024:
2926:
2920:
2907:
2895:Estonian tribes
2840:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2684:
2655:
2508:
2502:
2484:
2479:
2442:
2436:
2424:Dolebury Warren
2412:Bathampton Down
2332:
2308:raids, and the
2232:
2226:
2192:La Tène culture
2180:La Tène culture
2140:
2082:defensive walls
2042:
2013:
2012:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1813:Multilateralism
1798:Law enforcement
1758:
1748:
1747:
1716:Just war theory
1674:
1664:
1663:
1614:Geneva Protocol
1584:
1574:
1573:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1180:Network-centric
1100:
1090:
1089:
997:
987:
986:
935:
925:
924:
873:Rapid dominance
778:
768:
767:
723:Electromagnetic
632:
622:
621:
608:
561:
509:
485:
475:
474:
470:Combat training
451:
428:
394:Combat systems:
390:
352:
348:Auxiliary ships
314:
274:
270:Military police
236:
159:
149:
148:
88:
62:
61:
60:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7334:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7241:
7239:Trench warfare
7236:
7234:Tunnel warfare
7231:
7230:
7229:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7090:Fortifications
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6942:
6933:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6902:
6900:Counter-castle
6897:
6892:
6887:
6885:Border barrier
6881:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6820:Lowland castle
6817:
6812:
6810:Hilltop castle
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:Electric fence
6682:
6677:
6675:Dragon's teeth
6672:
6670:Czech hedgehog
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6584:Wire obstacles
6581:
6572:
6570:Polygonal fort
6567:
6562:
6560:Martello tower
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Border outpost
6522:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6399:Polygonal fort
6396:
6391:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6221:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6010:
6005:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5937:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5891:
5889:Flanking tower
5886:
5877:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5856:Counter-castle
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5743:
5738:
5729:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5646:Post-classical
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5636:Vitrified fort
5633:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5589:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5540:
5535:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5494:Defensive wall
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5387:Fortifications
5383:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5286:Grogarnsberget
5283:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Monte Valinhas
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Heunischenburg
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4944:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:External links
4797:
4796:
4795:
4772:
4749:
4744:
4731:
4726:
4713:
4683:
4660:
4637:
4632:
4617:
4604:
4580:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4529:
4524:
4511:
4506:
4493:
4464:Raftery, Barry
4460:
4432:
4423:
4418:
4405:
4400:
4385:
4380:
4364:
4359:
4343:
4317:
4312:
4299:
4257:
4240:(2): 216–230,
4229:
4224:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4172:
4112:
4098:
4075:
4043:
4034:|journal=
4007:
3988:(4): 479–499.
3968:
3947:
3925:
3910:
3896:
3882:
3868:
3846:
3831:
3813:
3796:
3784:
3771:
3756:
3727:
3708:
3693:
3682:
3663:
3651:
3640:
3628:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3573:Ayán Vila 2008
3565:
3553:
3541:
3512:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3440:Amba (geology)
3435:
3432:
3382:Main article:
3379:
3376:
3328:Main article:
3325:
3322:
3313:
3310:
3286:Main article:
3263:
3260:
3203:Livonian Order
3165:(=castle) and
3097:Kernavė Mounds
3088:
3087:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
2922:Main article:
2919:
2916:
2882:in Tallinn or
2839:
2836:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2683:
2680:
2659:Late Antiquity
2654:
2651:
2535:Basque Country
2504:Main article:
2500:Castro culture
2498:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2438:Main article:
2435:
2432:
2420:Coney's Castle
2389:, linked by a
2333: 600 BCE
2328:a hillfort of
2314:Poundbury Hill
2273:Cadbury Castle
2249:Barry Cunliffe
2228:Main article:
2225:
2222:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2156:western Europe
2139:
2136:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Military terms
1975:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:Tripwire force
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:Administrative
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:New generation
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Fleet in being
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:Grand strategy
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:Scorched earth
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
998:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Deep operation
959:
954:
947:
942:
936:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
788:
779:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
763:Unconventional
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
711:
709:Disinformation
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
680:
679:
674:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
607:
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
486:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:Basic training
457:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
389:
388:
386:Reconnaissance
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
313:
312:
307:
305:Special forces
302:
297:
296:
295:
285:
280:
273:
272:
267:
262:
260:Reconnaissance
257:
252:
247:
242:
235:
234:
225:
220:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
129:
128:
127:
122:
112:
111:
110:
103:Post-classical
100:
95:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7333:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7276:
7275:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7244:Urban warfare
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:Civil defense
7195:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Bastion forts
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7049:Z-plan castle
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7019:L-plan castle
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:Bridge castle
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Refuge castle
6971:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6954:Military base
6952:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Hunting lodge
6915:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:Moated castle
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6815:Island castle
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:By topography
6781:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Submarine pen
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6710:Hesco bastion
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6625:Blast shelter
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6394:Place-of-arms
6392:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6027:Machicolation
6025:
6023:
6022:L-plan castle
6020:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:Bridge castle
5753:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5718:Bent entrance
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5703:Battery tower
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Advanced work
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5578:Refuge castle
5576:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:Monte Mozinho
5142:
5140:
5139:Monte Castelo
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Chao Samartín
5122:
5120:
5119:Castelo Velho
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4982:Monmouthshire
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4940:British Isles
4937:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Level terrain
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4745:0-7524-2500-5
4741:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4705:|first2=
4698:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4633:0-14-025422-6
4629:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4525:0-7134-6083-0
4521:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:0-947816-48-8
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:0-203-44211-3
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:1-85074-716-4
4309:
4305:
4300:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4225:0-8128-1505-X
4221:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4121:Furey, Louise
4116:
4101:
4099:9781742288260
4095:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4084:King, Michael
4079:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4026:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3958:
3957:j.ctt5hgz91.6
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3690:Cunliffe 2000
3686:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3618:, 19 May 2008
3617:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3597:Sharples 1991
3593:
3586:
3581:
3575:, p. 913
3574:
3569:
3563:, p. 162
3562:
3561:McIntosh 2009
3557:
3551:, p. 349
3550:
3549:McIntosh 2009
3545:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3340:Ivatan people
3337:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3039:This section
3037:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:Hillforts in
2973:
2971:
2969:
2964:(castle) and
2963:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:Rapola Castle
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2280:Maiden Castle
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2224:Great Britain
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:Julius Caesar
2207:
2206:Kelheim-style
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Solsbury Hill
2104:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:is a type of
2051:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Warrior caste
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1835:Show of force
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Peacebuilding
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Air supremacy
1677:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Islamic rules
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Court-martial
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Arms industry
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Broken-backed
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Expeditionary
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
929:
928:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:Counterattack
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
777:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:Psychological
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:Combined arms
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Fortification
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
511:
510:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
484:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
344:
343:Landing craft
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
228:Standing army
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
152:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
121:
120:pike and shot
118:
117:
116:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
66:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
42:
38:
37:Maiden Castle
34:
30:
19:
7267:
7222:Siege engine
7190:Other topics
7114:Related word
7080:Defense line
7044:Tower castle
6999:Bastion fort
6983:Urban castle
6911:Ganerbenburg
6909:
6864:Water castle
6840:Ridge castle
6825:Marsh castle
6799:
6640:Bomb shelter
6620:Belgian gate
6593:20th century
6504:19th century
6442:Retrenchment
6414:Punji sticks
6323:Entrenchment
6318:Device Forts
6285:Counterguard
6220:Early modern
6150:Tower castle
6086:Powder tower
6061:Outer bailey
5973:Inner bailey
5947:Gulyay-gorod
5915:Ganerbenburg
5913:
5909:Fujian tulou
5851:Corner tower
5790:Chamber gate
5760:Bridge tower
5608:Trou de loup
5518:
5342:
5092:
5077:Schanzenkopf
5072:Schanzenkopf
5052:Amelungsburg
4874:
4821:
4820:
4819:profile for
4816:
4780:
4757:
4735:
4717:
4687:
4668:
4645:
4622:
4610:the original
4595:
4591:
4563:
4533:
4515:
4497:
4486:, retrieved
4479:the original
4474:
4448:
4444:
4427:
4409:
4390:
4371:
4350:
4347:Collis, John
4324:
4303:
4292:, retrieved
4285:the original
4272:
4268:
4237:
4233:
4214:
4190:. Retrieved
4185:
4175:
4134:
4128:
4115:
4105:18 September
4103:. Retrieved
4088:
4078:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4025:cite journal
4010:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3960:, retrieved
3938:
3928:
3922:Introduction
3917:
3913:
3871:
3859:. Retrieved
3849:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3806:
3799:
3794:, p. 39
3792:Raftery 1972
3787:
3774:
3765:
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3739:
3730:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3685:
3671:The Iron Age
3666:
3654:
3648:Barrett 2000
3643:
3631:
3622:16 September
3620:, retrieved
3610:
3604:
3592:
3587:, p. 79
3580:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3528:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3490:
3428:storage pits
3412:Māori people
3409:
3369:
3347:
3333:
3315:
3291:
3256:piliakalniai
3255:
3247:piliakalniai
3240:piliakalniai
3237:
3233:
3231:
3211:piliakalniai
3210:
3198:piliakalniai
3191:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3154:piliakalniai
3142:
3136:
3103:, part of a
3076:
3070:January 2023
3067:
3052:Please help
3040:
2990:
2974:
2965:
2957:
2941:
2939:
2903:
2899:Pärnu county
2892:
2875:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2806:ancient fort
2805:
2800:muinaislinna
2797:
2793:
2789:
2773:
2767:
2747:
2739:
2722:Östergötland
2714:Södermanland
2707:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2656:
2645:, including
2624:
2598:Many of the
2597:
2586:
2572:
2546:
2520:
2514:Hillfort in
2468:
2464:counterscarp
2461:
2457:
2449:
2405:
2397:Daw's Castle
2390:
2375:Anglo-Saxons
2372:
2352:Old Oswestry
2337:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2254:
2245:
2240:British Camp
2205:
2199:
2185:
2141:
2105:
2097:
2086:
2049:
2047:
1948:Fifth column
1928:War resister
1923:Women in war
1818:Peacekeeping
1763:Arms control
1708:
1397:Mobilization
1392:Conscription
1350:Intelligence
1303:Organization
949:
878:Encirclement
758:Radiological
694:Conventional
548:Subterranean
455:Development:
454:
431:
393:
355:
318:Naval units:
317:
310:Signal corps
277:
255:Intelligence
240:Specialties:
239:
164:Organization
115:Early modern
43:(1891–1940).
29:
7121:Castle town
6978:Toll castle
6947:Lustschloss
6929:Kaiserpfalz
6859:Spur castle
6854:Rock castle
6795:Hill castle
6790:Cave castle
6750:Spider hole
6650:Bremer wall
6615:Barbed tape
6511:Barbed wire
6185:Witch tower
6155:Tower house
6145:Toll castle
6131:Shield wall
6051:Murder hole
5940:Guard tower
5557:Pincer gate
5504:Faussebraye
5300:Switzerland
5220:Aukštupėnai
5174:Santa tegra
5036:Uxellodunum
4968:Isle of Man
4192:11 November
4063:(1): 3–21.
3857:. Castrenor
3855:"Castrenor"
3822:"Ringforts"
3636:Alcock 1972
3585:Collis 2003
3392:Model of a
3378:New Zealand
3371:Reducciones
3336:Philippines
3324:Philippines
3215:Neman River
3148:piliakalnis
3118: [
2934:Semigallian
2908: [
2870:), meaning
2794:castle hill
2788:), meaning
2785:linnavuoret
2668:Runder Berg
2627:Celtiberian
2428:Pilsdon Pen
2408:Bindon Hill
2383:King Alfred
2348:Llanymynech
2340:Offa's Dyke
2320:was a late
2318:Dinas Powys
2310:Anglo-Saxon
2116:Dukes' Wars
1933:War studies
1756:Non-warfare
1684:Appeasement
1649:Martial law
1488:War economy
1427:Transgender
1380:Recruitment
1140:Containment
1025:Culminating
933:Operational
853:Envelopment
796:Air assault
677:Air cavalry
637:Air defence
617:Information
518:Cold-region
483:Battlespace
432:Historical:
278:Land units:
204:Space force
199:Coast guard
132:Late modern
93:Prehistoric
7296:Hill forts
7290:Categories
7146:Gatekeeper
6966:Ordensburg
6938:Landesburg
6745:Sentry gun
6700:Flak tower
6630:Blast wall
6550:Gun turret
6447:Sally port
6352:Kotta mara
6292:Couvreface
6256:Breastwork
6251:Blockhouse
6229:Abwurfdach
6180:Watchtower
6170:Wall tower
6126:Shell keep
6076:Portcullis
6071:Peel tower
6056:Neck ditch
6015:Landesburg
5963:Half tower
5921:Gate tower
5866:Drawbridge
5708:Battlement
5624:Wagon fort
5467:Chengqiang
5307:Mont-Terri
5291:Torsburgen
5240:Medvėgalis
5230:Karmazinai
5057:Bunkenburg
5020:Monkodonja
5015:Miholjanec
4999:Straževica
4901:Promontory
4738:, Tempus,
4488:10 October
4294:25 October
4205:References
4167:Q104815050
3962:25 January
3907:Moora 1929
3659:Tabor 2008
3410:Among the
3181:Bronze Age
3139:Lithuanian
3131:See also:
2993:Ķivutkalns
2982:Bronze Age
2779:linnavuori
2690:ring forts
2676:Gelbe Bürg
2571:(English:
2368:Maes Knoll
2362:was a new
2356:Wat's Dyke
2302:Roman rule
2269:Brean Down
2257:Bronze Age
2070:earthworks
1993:War crimes
1983:Operations
1890:Foot drill
1860:Battle cry
1773:deterrence
1432:Harassment
1407:Specialism
1230:Technology
1225:Succession
1170:Liberation
1105:Asymmetric
1040:Empty fort
951:Blitzkrieg
920:Withdrawal
883:Investment
662:Camouflage
657:Biological
595:Underwater
570:Amphibious
489:Aerospace
356:Air units:
333:Submarines
142:fourth-gen
137:industrial
125:napoleonic
18:Univallate
7249:Guerrilla
6992:By design
6740:Revetment
6555:Land mine
6486:Star fort
6313:Crownwork
6308:Covertway
6241:Barricade
5882:Embrasure
5795:Chartaque
5725:Bergfried
5683:Arrowslit
5509:Gatehouse
5479:City gate
5440:Castellum
5406:Acropolis
5245:Molavėnai
5208:Lithuania
5184:Termantia
5129:Cidadelhe
5109:Briteiros
4906:Hillslope
4875:Hillforts
4598:: 27–36,
4447:, fifth,
4349:(2003) ,
4281:1540-4889
4151:1174-9202
4137:: 39–57.
3994:0031-7837
3749:1 October
3724:: 113–139
3616:Channel 4
3476:Acropolis
3424:palisades
3405:palisades
3270:Hradisko
3252:collapsed
3227:Samogitia
3177:Lithuania
3141:word for
3099:complex,
3041:does not
3022:Lithuania
2953:pilskalni
2950:(plural:
2947:pilskalns
2884:Toomemägi
2876:hillburgh
2867:linnamäed
2861:linnamägi
2854:word for
2790:fort hill
2772:word for
2764:, Finland
2762:Janakkala
2672:Bad Urach
2600:megaliths
2562:cividades
2531:Cantabria
2292:Hampshire
2150:areas of
2120:Lithuania
2078:stockades
2072:or stone
2054:fortified
1880:War novel
1783:Grey-zone
1743:War games
1704:Overmatch
1654:War crime
1604:Desertion
1594:Ceasefire
1589:Armistice
1476:Logistics
1454:Mercenary
1442:Volunteer
1373:Personnel
1345:Engineers
1290:Sociology
1245:World war
1240:Total war
1220:Strategic
1210:Religious
1195:Political
1190:Perpetual
1165:Irregular
1080:Offensive
1055:Defensive
1050:Deception
1010:Attrition
863:Guerrilla
858:Formation
801:Airbridge
733:Loitering
647:Artillery
300:Artillery
250:Engineers
218:Irregular
189:Air force
7274:Category
7264:See also
7151:Loophole
7039:Ringwork
7034:Ringfort
6959:Obstacle
6800:Hillfort
6720:Loophole
6518:Barbette
6493:Tenaille
6476:Sea fort
6406:Presidio
6366:Magazine
6347:Hornwork
6280:Cavalier
6275:Casemate
6268:Caponier
6111:Ringwork
5999:Detinets
5968:Hoarding
5873:Enceinte
5748:Bretèche
5693:Bartizan
5688:Barbican
5664:Alcazaba
5592:Stockade
5572:Ringfort
5552:Palisade
5524:Landwehr
5519:Hillfort
5281:Gåseborg
5199:Zambujal
5154:Numantia
5114:Borneiro
5091:Iberia (
5082:Sigiburg
4973:Scotland
4952:Somerset
4823:Hillfort
4697:citation
4466:(1972),
4370:(2000),
4333:citation
4323:(1869),
4163:Wikidata
4159:90016661
4069:42632762
4002:42634196
3674:Archived
3434:See also
3401:headland
3280:Slovakia
3276:Piešťany
3272:Kostolec
3244:. Most
3205:and the
3157:), from
3151:(plural
3143:hillfort
2986:Iron Age
2972:(hill).
2956:), from
2942:hillfort
2872:hillfort
2864:(plural
2856:hillfort
2852:Estonian
2804:meaning
2782:(plural
2774:hillfort
2726:Bohuslän
2710:Svealand
2674:and the
2647:Numantia
2612:Asturias
2556:citanias
2527:Asturias
2492:Asturias
2471:ringfort
2392:Herepath
2360:Wansdyke
2322:Iron Age
2288:Danebury
2265:Hod Hill
2196:Slovakia
2074:ramparts
2062:Iron Age
2050:hillfort
1895:War song
1870:War film
1503:Materiel
1422:Children
1402:Training
1340:Medicine
1325:Doctrine
1280:Training
1215:Resource
1200:Princely
1150:Economic
1135:Conquest
1130:Colonial
1125:Cold war
1110:Blockade
995:Strategy
967:Maneuver
728:Infantry
684:Chemical
538:Mountain
498:Airborne
361:Fighters
328:Warships
283:Infantry
209:Reserves
157:Military
7181:Vedette
7171:Schloss
7136:Festung
7131:Dungeon
7126:Château
7070:Castles
6878:By role
6735:Pillbox
6565:Outpost
6481:Station
6469:Schanze
6452:Sandbag
6437:Redoubt
6421:Ravelin
6389:Palanka
6373:Orillon
6359:Lunette
6301:Coupure
6246:Bastion
6236:Arsenal
6204:Zwinger
6116:Roundel
6106:Ricetto
6081:Postern
6066:Outwork
5990:Kremlin
5861:Curtain
5836:Citadel
5820:Chemise
5780:Caltrop
5698:Bastion
5671:Alcázar
5567:Rampart
5545:Oppidum
5538:Nuraghe
5484:Crannog
5458:Castros
5394:Ancient
5316:Ukraine
5260:Ukmergė
5255:Pieštvė
5235:Kernavė
5179:Terroso
5164:Sacóias
5094:castros
5045:Germany
5008:Croatia
4963:Ireland
4948:England
4891:Contour
4813:Scholia
4073:, p.18.
3861:21 June
3740:Coflein
3461:Oppidum
3456:Nuraghe
3354:Sabtang
3342:of the
3334:In the
3298:Belarus
3223:Vilnius
3219:Livonia
3101:Kernavė
3062:removed
3047:sources
3005:Mežotne
2997:Tērvete
2888:Varbola
2880:Toompea
2838:Estonia
2770:Finnish
2752:Finland
2744:Denmark
2730:Gotland
2718:Uppland
2616:Galicia
2608:dolmens
2604:menhirs
2523:Galicia
2516:Galicia
2494:, Spain
2434:Ireland
2381:raids.
2152:central
2132:Vikings
2076:, with
2008:Writers
2003:Weapons
1968:Battles
1917:Related
1905:Wargame
1900:Uniform
1848:Culture
1629:Perfidy
1624:Justice
1545:Science
1530:Outpost
1483:History
1463:Warrior
1459:Soldier
1447:foreign
1385:counter
1285:Service
1235:Theater
1175:Limited
1155:Endemic
1070:Nuclear
843:Foxhole
818:Cavalry
806:Airdrop
791:Airlift
776:Tactics
748:Nuclear
738:Missile
667:Cavalry
652:Barrage
630:Weapons
590:Surface
371:Command
366:Bombers
323:Frogman
293:Cavalry
265:Medical
232:Militia
214:Regular
194:Marines
108:castles
98:Ancient
86:History
65:outline
7176:Trench
7166:Picket
6577:Sangar
6530:Bunker
6462:Sconce
6382:Ostrog
6330:Flèche
6213:Modern
6192:Yagura
6160:Turret
6096:Reduit
6034:Merlon
5978:Kasbah
5956:Gusuku
5933:Glacis
5926:Gabion
5895:church
5802:Chashi
5785:Castle
5629:Laager
5617:Vallum
5574:(Rath)
5449:Castra
5431:Burgus
5401:Abatis
5323:Khotiv
5274:Sweden
5265:Voruta
5225:Bisenė
5215:Apuolė
5189:Vieito
5104:Baroña
5029:France
4815:has a
4783:(52).
4760:(48).
4742:
4724:
4671:(48).
4648:(48).
4630:
4602:
4568:(48).
4540:
4522:
4504:
4451:: 1–45
4416:
4398:
4378:
4357:
4327:, Riga
4310:
4279:
4254:124616
4252:
4222:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4096:
4067:
4000:
3992:
3955:
3945:
3744:RCAHMW
3722:CXXIII
3534:27 May
3505:31 May
3451:Chashi
3362:Ivuhos
3346:built
3338:, the
3302:Poland
3294:Russia
3169:kalnas
2977:Latvia
2918:Latvia
2736:Norway
2682:Sweden
2643:oppida
2620:Druids
2581:oppida
2577:sieges
2573:cities
2547:castro
2387:Wessex
2379:Viking
2358:. The
2306:pirate
2218:oppida
2148:Celtic
2128:Saxons
2124:Romans
2112:Belgic
2099:oppida
2090:Greece
1988:Sieges
1672:Theory
1412:Morale
1270:Policy
1265:Branch
1045:Mosaic
1035:Fabian
982:Covert
915:Trench
900:Screen
823:Charge
813:Battle
786:Aerial
704:Denial
672:Horses
600:Seabed
553:Tunnel
533:Jungle
523:Desert
493:Aerial
7217:Siege
7161:Palas
7105:Walls
7095:Forts
7058:Lists
6905:Fence
6847:Rocca
6715:Kabal
6430:Redan
6337:Gorge
6261:Canal
6138:Shiro
6101:Ribat
6091:Qalat
5903:Dzong
5899:house
5599:Sudis
5531:Limes
5489:Ditch
5422:Broch
5413:Agger
5336:Other
4978:Wales
4916:Marsh
4883:Types
4817:topic
4613:(PDF)
4588:(PDF)
4482:(PDF)
4471:(PDF)
4288:(PDF)
4265:(PDF)
4250:JSTOR
4155:JSTOR
4065:JSTOR
3998:JSTOR
3953:JSTOR
3482:Notes
3446:Broch
3399:on a
3394:Māori
3349:ijang
3330:Ijang
3306:gords
3161:pilis
3122:]
3001:Talsi
2968:kalns
2912:]
2812:linna
2720:150,
2712:. In
2703:stein
2670:near
2635:Douro
2568:cidás
2551:Roman
2204:, or
2094:Italy
2066:Roman
1961:Lists
1417:Women
1355:Ranks
1275:Staff
1205:Proxy
1120:Class
1075:Naval
1060:Depth
895:Swarm
888:Siege
868:Naval
848:Drone
743:Music
718:Robot
714:Drone
699:Cyber
642:Armor
612:Cyber
585:Green
580:Brown
543:Urban
503:Space
424:Radar
419:Sonar
288:Armor
245:Staff
223:Ranks
7227:list
6645:Buoy
6199:Yett
6041:Moat
6008:Ksar
5983:Keep
5775:Caer
5765:Burh
5741:Boom
5734:Berm
5713:Bawn
5678:Amba
5514:Gord
5134:Cola
4740:ISBN
4722:ISBN
4709:help
4689:1971
4628:ISBN
4600:ISBN
4538:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4502:ISBN
4490:2006
4414:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4376:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4339:link
4308:ISBN
4296:2010
4277:ISSN
4220:ISBN
4194:2010
4147:ISSN
4107:2020
4094:ISBN
4038:help
3990:ISSN
3964:2021
3943:ISBN
3863:2010
3751:2021
3624:2009
3536:2009
3507:2009
3300:and
3137:The
3045:any
3043:cite
2960:pils
2850:The
2768:The
2728:and
2699:sten
2639:Tajo
2637:and
2631:Ebro
2625:The
2614:and
2606:and
2541:and
2426:and
2410:and
2399:and
2342:, a
2214:Gaul
2190:and
2186:The
2166:and
2154:and
2130:and
2092:and
2060:and
1998:Wars
1515:Base
1065:Goal
977:Raid
575:Blue
513:Land
184:Navy
179:Army
5499:Dun
5067:Ipf
4785:doi
4762:doi
4673:doi
4650:doi
4570:doi
4242:doi
4139:doi
3292:In
3145:is
3124:in
3056:by
2944:is
2901:).
2874:or
2858:is
2792:or
2776:is
2661:or
2565:or
2521:In
2290:in
2216:as
2118:in
2080:or
1582:Law
1525:FOB
1520:MOB
565:Sea
57:War
7292::
7266::
5901:,
5897:,
4779:.
4756:.
4701::
4699:}}
4695:{{
4667:.
4644:.
4596:19
4594:,
4590:,
4562:.
4473:,
4449:36
4443:,
4335:}}
4331:{{
4271:,
4267:,
4248:,
4238:18
4236:,
4184:.
4161:.
4153:.
4145:.
4135:52
4133:.
4127:.
4061:33
4059:.
4055:.
4029::
4027:}}
4023:{{
3996:.
3986:44
3984:.
3980:.
3951:,
3937:,
3899:^
3885:^
3824:.
3742:.
3738:.
3720:,
3614:,
3527:.
3523:.
3498:.
3416:pā
3397:pā
3384:Pā
3320:.
3296:,
3274:,
3120:lt
3003:,
2999:,
2988:.
2910:et
2823:.
2732:.
2649:.
2633:,
2622:.
2595:.
2559:,
2545:a
2537:,
2533:,
2529:,
2525:,
2422:,
2416:ha
2403:.
2330:c.
2134:.
2126:,
2048:A
1461:/
716:/
230:/
216:/
6003:)
5995:(
5905:)
5632:)
5626:(
5379:e
5372:t
5365:v
5097:)
4984:)
4980:(
4954:)
4950:(
4867:e
4860:t
4853:v
4827:.
4793:.
4787::
4770:.
4764::
4711:)
4681:.
4675::
4658:.
4652::
4578:.
4572::
4341:)
4273:6
4244::
4196:.
4169:.
4141::
4109:.
4071:.
4040:)
4036:(
4019:.
4004:.
3879:.
3865:.
3843:.
3753:.
3538:.
3509:.
3282:)
3278:(
3083:)
3077:(
3072:)
3068:(
3064:.
3050:.
2701:/
2037:e
2030:t
2023:v
67:)
63:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)