340:
34:
831:
144:
803:
156:
789:
195:
348:
735:
Conference of the
Parties in 1997. It is composed of government representatives competent in the fields of expertise relevant to combating desertification and mitigating the effects of drought. The committee identifies priorities for research, and recommends ways of strengthening cooperation among researchers. It is multi-disciplinary and open to the participation of all Parties. It meets in conjunction with the ordinary sessions of the COP.
268:
169:
817:
182:
898:
750:
Under the authority of the CST, a Group of
Experts was established by the COP with a specific work programme, to assist in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the CST. This Group of Experts, working under the authority of the CST, provides advice on the areas of drought and desertification.
406:
The functions of the secretariat are to make arrangements for sessions of the
Conference of the Parties (COP) and its subsidiary bodies established under the Convention, and to provide them with services as required. One key task of the secretariat is to compile and transmit reports submitted to it.
759:
The Group of
Experts (GoE) plays an important institutional role, providing the CST with information on the current knowledge, the extent and the impact, the possible scenarios and the policy implications on various themes assigned in its work programme. The results of the work performed by the GoE
738:
The CST collects, analyses and reviews relevant data. It also promotes cooperation in the field of combating desertification and mitigating the effects of drought through appropriate sub-regional, regional and national institutions, and in particular by its activities in research and development,
776:
National Action
Programmes (NAP) are one of the key instruments in the implementation of the Convention. They are strengthened by Action Programmes on Sub-regional (SRAP) and Regional (RAP) level. National Action Programmes are developed in the framework of a participative approach involving the
742:
The Bureau of the CST is composed of the
Chairperson and the four Vice-Chairpersons. The chairman is elected by the Conference of the Parties at each of its sessions with due regard to ensure geographical distribution and adequate representation of affected Country Parties, particularly those in
410:
The secretariat also provides assistance to affected developing country parties, particularly those in Africa. This is important when compiling information and reports required under the
Convention. UNCCD activities are coordinated with the secretariats of other relevant international bodies and
767:
The Group of
Experts seeks to build on and use existing work and evidence to produce pertinent synthesis and outputs for the use of the Parties to the Convention and for the broader dissemination to the scientific community. The programme of work and its mandate is pluri-annual in nature, for a
763:
The Group of
Experts develops and makes available to all interested people information on appropriate mechanisms for scientific and technological cooperation and articulates research projects, which promote awareness about desertification and drought between countries and stakeholders at the
734:
The UN Convention to Combat
Desertification has established a Committee on Science and Technology (CST). The CST was established under Article 24 of the Convention as a subsidiary body of the COP, and its mandate and terms of reference were defined and adopted during the first session of the
402:
The permanent Secretariat of the UNCCD was established during the first Conference of the parties (COP 1) held in Rome in 1997. It has been located in Bonn, Germany, since January 1999, and moved from its first Bonn address in Haus Carstanjen to the new UN Campus in July 2006.
310:, on 17 June 1994 and entered into force in December 1996. It is the only internationally legally binding framework set up to address the problem of desertification. The Convention is based on the principles of participation, partnership and decentralization—the backbone of
427:
The Conference of the Parties (COP) oversees the implementation of the Convention. It is established by the Convention as the supreme decision-making body, and it comprises all ratifying governments. The first five sessions of the COP were held annually from 1997 to 2001.
743:
Africa, who shall not serve for more than two consecutive terms. The Bureau of the CST is responsible for the follow-up of the work of the Committee between sessions of the COP and may benefit from the assistance of ad hoc panels established by the COP.
382:
became the first country to withdraw from the convention. However, three years later, Canada reversed its withdrawal by re-acceding to the convention on 21 December 2016, which resulted in Canada becoming party to the convention again on 21 March 2017.
948:(2008) Reviewing the international year of deserts and Desertification 2006: What contribution towards combating global desertification and implementing the united nations convention to combat desertification?, j.jaridenv, 72(11), pp2065-2074.
746:
The CST also contributes to distinguishing causal factors, both natural and human, with a view to combating desertification and achieving improved productivity as well as the sustainable use and management of resources.
431:
Starting 2001 sessions are held on a biennial basis interchanging with the sessions of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC), whose first session was held in 2002.
2153:
1948:
295:
and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements.
1988:
271:
1403:
2148:
1723:
1009:
1343:
1035:
760:
are widely recognized and include dissemination of its results on ongoing activities (benchmarks and indicators, traditional knowledge, early warning systems).
1978:
1173:
879:
2138:
1898:
1328:
864:
322:
984:"United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa"
1117:
1086:
285:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
27:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
2163:
1653:
983:
885:
1358:
869:
2083:
1153:
2173:
1423:
1273:
1968:
1703:
1065:
777:
local communities and they spell out the practical steps and measures to be taken to combat desertification in specific ecosystems.
2158:
2048:
1943:
1193:
854:
2168:
2088:
1393:
923:
213:
1488:
1443:
412:
1828:
1363:
47:
2028:
1843:
1773:
1148:
739:
which contribute to increased knowledge of the processes leading to desertification and drought as well as their impact.
360:
148:
1658:
1523:
1163:
416:
2063:
1953:
1923:
1903:
1688:
1298:
1043:
339:
2008:
1983:
1973:
1863:
1778:
1438:
1398:
1373:
1353:
1223:
1168:
1158:
929:
Rechkemmer, Andreas (2004): Postmodern Global Governance. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
919:
2103:
2033:
2018:
1918:
1893:
1748:
1738:
1708:
1673:
1668:
1623:
1603:
1483:
1368:
1323:
1233:
1218:
1138:
331:
was appointed as Under Secretary General of the United Nations and UNCCD Executive Secretary on 31 January 2019.
2113:
1963:
1928:
1783:
1713:
1663:
1558:
1513:
1208:
1198:
844:
2133:
2093:
2023:
1998:
1993:
1938:
1933:
1853:
1833:
1813:
1733:
1683:
1613:
1538:
1458:
1418:
1413:
1348:
1313:
1308:
1293:
1278:
1238:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2078:
2053:
1908:
1873:
1868:
1793:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1588:
1573:
1548:
1543:
1508:
1493:
1468:
1453:
1448:
1428:
1408:
1378:
1303:
1268:
1248:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1203:
1183:
1178:
902:
33:
2128:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2003:
1913:
1883:
1878:
1848:
1823:
1803:
1728:
1718:
1678:
1633:
1618:
1598:
1578:
1528:
1518:
1503:
1473:
1388:
1318:
1288:
1283:
1263:
1253:
1188:
2123:
2043:
2013:
1958:
1888:
1858:
1818:
1788:
1768:
1763:
1698:
1608:
1593:
1583:
1553:
1533:
1498:
1478:
1433:
1338:
1258:
2038:
1838:
1808:
1798:
1693:
1628:
1568:
1563:
1463:
1383:
1333:
1143:
298:
The Convention, the only convention stemming from a direct recommendation of the Rio Conference's
2143:
315:
874:
1112:
394:) is the only state that is not a party to the convention that is eligible to accede to it.
325:" but debates have ensued regarding how effective the International Year was in practice.
8:
44:
966:
808:
372:
200:
953:
949:
945:
859:
251:
246:
236:
231:
57:
794:
311:
292:
241:
61:
1010:"Canada: Canada Rejoins The United Nations Convention To Combat Desertification"
830:
822:
356:
174:
1122:
1132:
802:
328:
99:
849:
836:
602:
391:
364:
161:
1066:"The New Delhi Declaration: Investing in Land and Unlocking Opportunities"
907:
930:
788:
690:
The New Delhi Declaration: Investing in Land and Unlocking Opportunities
666:
275:
347:
1087:"Saudi Arabia to host largest-ever UN conference on land and drought"
682:
299:
634:
618:
387:
2154:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
771:
702:
570:
718:
650:
586:
554:
538:
506:
379:
307:
226:
490:
303:
1949:
Treaties of the Transitional National Government of Somalia
522:
474:
368:
187:
94:
913:
318:. It has 197 parties, making it near universal in reach.
1105:
1118:
The Economics of Land Degradation Initiative - Homepage
1113:
2006: International Year of Deserts and Desertification
729:
880:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
321:
To help publicise the Convention, 2006 was declared "
784:
272:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
22:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
1989:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
865:International Year of Deserts and Desertification
323:International Year of Deserts and Desertification
1404:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1130:
16:International treaty on environmental protection
2149:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
886:World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
1724:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
870:List of international environmental agreements
772:National, regional and sub-regional programmes
1002:
1979:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1174:Treaties of the Islamic State of Afghanistan
764:international, regional and national level.
422:
2139:Treaties entered into by the European Union
1344:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
32:
1329:Treaties of the Central African Republic
855:Economics of Land Degradation Initiative
346:
338:
214:Secretary-General of the United Nations
2164:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1654:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1131:
978:
976:
413:Framework Convention on Climate Change
1359:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
2084:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
351:Global desertification vulnerability
1154:Treaties entered into force in 1996
973:
754:
730:Committee on Science and Technology
355:The UNCCD has been ratified by the
13:
2174:Treaties of the State of Palestine
1424:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1274:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
417:Convention on Biological Diversity
411:conventions, like those of the UN
343:Parties to the Convention in green
14:
2185:
1969:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
1899:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1097:
990:. United Nations. 10 October 2019
334:
86:14 October 1994 – 13 October 1995
1704:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
988:United Nations Treaty Collection
901: This article incorporates
896:
829:
815:
801:
787:
487:30 November to 11 December 1998
471:29 September to 10 October 1997
266:
193:
180:
167:
154:
142:
2159:Treaties extended to Montserrat
2049:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
1944:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
1194:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
1036:"UNCCD COP14: New Delhi, India"
599:21 September to 2 October 2009
2169:Treaties extended to Greenland
2089:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1394:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1079:
1058:
1028:
959:
954:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.010
939:
845:Action for Climate Empowerment
551:25 August to 5 September 2003
435:
397:
1:
1489:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1444:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
891:
1829:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
1364:Treaties of the Cook Islands
291:) is a Convention to combat
7:
2029:Treaties of North Macedonia
1844:Treaties of the Philippines
1774:Treaties of the Netherlands
780:
10:
2190:
1149:Treaties concluded in 1994
110:26 December 1996
1659:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1524:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1164:Water and the environment
922:Full text available from
423:Conference of the Parties
265:
260:
219:
209:
129:
125:Ratification by 50 States
121:
106:
90:
82:
67:
53:
40:
31:
26:
2064:Treaties of Turkmenistan
1954:Treaties of South Africa
1924:Treaties of Sierra Leone
1904:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
1689:Treaties of the Maldives
1299:Treaties of Burkina Faso
920:(Archived 2003 edition.)
631:16 to 27 September 2013
361:all 193 UN member states
149:All 193 UN Member States
2009:Treaties of Switzerland
1984:Treaties of South Sudan
1974:Treaties of Saint Lucia
1864:Treaties of South Korea
1779:Treaties of New Zealand
1439:Treaties of El Salvador
1399:Treaties of North Korea
1374:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1354:Treaties of the Comoros
1224:Treaties of the Bahamas
1169:1996 in the environment
1159:United Nations treaties
768:maximum of four years.
679:2 to 13 September 2019
663:6 to 16 September 2017
583:3 to 14 September 2007
519:11 to 22 December 2000
503:15 to 26 November 1999
316:sustainable development
48:environmental agreement
2104:Treaties of Uzbekistan
2034:Treaties of East Timor
2019:Treaties of Tajikistan
1919:Treaties of Seychelles
1894:Treaties of San Marino
1749:Treaties of Mozambique
1739:Treaties of Montenegro
1709:Treaties of Mauritania
1674:Treaties of Madagascar
1669:Treaties of Luxembourg
1624:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1604:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1484:Treaties of the Gambia
1369:Treaties of Costa Rica
1324:Treaties of Cape Verde
1234:Treaties of Bangladesh
1219:Treaties of Azerbaijan
1139:Environmental treaties
1106:UNCCD official website
1040:UNCCD official website
903:public domain material
875:Terrafrica partnership
715:2 to 13 December 2024
647:12 to 23 October 2015
615:10 to 20 October 2011
567:17 to 28 October 2005
352:
344:
71:17 June 1994
2114:Treaties of Venezuela
1964:Treaties of Sri Lanka
1929:Treaties of Singapore
1784:Treaties of Nicaragua
1714:Treaties of Mauritius
1664:Treaties of Lithuania
1559:Treaties of Indonesia
1514:Treaties of Guatemala
1209:Treaties of Australia
1199:Treaties of Argentina
967:"Executive Secretary"
535:1 to 12 October 2001
350:
342:
2134:Treaties of Zimbabwe
2094:Treaties of Tanzania
2024:Treaties of Thailand
1999:Treaties of Eswatini
1994:Treaties of Suriname
1939:Treaties of Slovenia
1934:Treaties of Slovakia
1854:Treaties of Portugal
1834:Treaties of Paraguay
1814:Treaties of Pakistan
1734:Treaties of Mongolia
1684:Treaties of Malaysia
1614:Treaties of Kiribati
1539:Treaties of Honduras
1459:Treaties of Ethiopia
1419:Treaties of Dominica
1414:Treaties of Djibouti
1349:Treaties of Colombia
1314:Treaties of Cameroon
1309:Treaties of Cambodia
1294:Treaties of Bulgaria
1279:Treaties of Botswana
1239:Treaties of Barbados
2119:Treaties of Vietnam
2109:Treaties of Vanuatu
2099:Treaties of Uruguay
2079:Treaties of Ukraine
2054:Treaties of Tunisia
1909:Treaties of Senegal
1874:Treaties of Romania
1869:Treaties of Moldova
1794:Treaties of Nigeria
1759:Treaties of Namibia
1754:Treaties of Myanmar
1744:Treaties of Morocco
1649:Treaties of Liberia
1644:Treaties of Lesotho
1639:Treaties of Lebanon
1589:Treaties of Jamaica
1574:Treaties of Ireland
1549:Treaties of Iceland
1544:Treaties of Hungary
1509:Treaties of Grenada
1494:Treaties of Germany
1469:Treaties of Finland
1454:Treaties of Estonia
1449:Treaties of Eritrea
1429:Treaties of Ecuador
1409:Treaties of Denmark
1379:Treaties of Croatia
1304:Treaties of Burundi
1269:Treaties of Bolivia
1249:Treaties of Belgium
1244:Treaties of Belarus
1229:Treaties of Bahrain
1214:Treaties of Austria
1204:Treaties of Armenia
1184:Treaties of Algeria
1179:Treaties of Albania
1123:UNESCO Water Portal
23:
2129:Treaties of Zambia
2074:Treaties of Uganda
2069:Treaties of Tuvalu
2059:Treaties of Turkey
2004:Treaties of Sweden
1914:Treaties of Serbia
1884:Treaties of Rwanda
1879:Treaties of Russia
1849:Treaties of Poland
1824:Treaties of Panama
1804:Treaties of Norway
1729:Treaties of Monaco
1719:Treaties of Mexico
1679:Treaties of Malawi
1634:Treaties of Latvia
1619:Treaties of Kuwait
1599:Treaties of Jordan
1579:Treaties of Israel
1529:Treaties of Guyana
1519:Treaties of Guinea
1504:Treaties of Greece
1474:Treaties of France
1389:Treaties of Cyprus
1319:Treaties of Canada
1289:Treaties of Brunei
1284:Treaties of Brazil
1264:Treaties of Bhutan
1254:Treaties of Belize
1189:Treaties of Angola
909:The World Factbook
809:Environment portal
378:On 28 March 2013,
373:State of Palestine
353:
345:
21:
2124:Treaties of Yemen
2044:Treaties of Tonga
2014:Treaties of Syria
1959:Treaties of Spain
1889:Treaties of Samoa
1859:Treaties of Qatar
1819:Treaties of Palau
1789:Treaties of Niger
1769:Treaties of Nepal
1764:Treaties of Nauru
1699:Treaties of Malta
1609:Treaties of Kenya
1594:Treaties of Japan
1584:Treaties of Italy
1554:Treaties of India
1534:Treaties of Haiti
1499:Treaties of Ghana
1479:Treaties of Gabon
1434:Treaties of Egypt
1339:Treaties of Chile
1259:Treaties of Benin
912:(2024 ed.).
727:
726:
699:9 to 20 May 2022
415:(UNFCCC) and the
302:, was adopted in
281:
280:
2181:
2039:Treaties of Togo
1839:Treaties of Peru
1809:Treaties of Oman
1799:Treaties of Niue
1694:Treaties of Mali
1629:Treaties of Laos
1569:Treaties of Iraq
1564:Treaties of Iran
1464:Treaties of Fiji
1384:Treaties of Cuba
1334:Treaties of Chad
1109:
1108:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:on 10 April 2019
1042:. Archived from
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
971:
970:
963:
957:
943:
917:
900:
899:
860:Hama Arba Diallo
839:
834:
833:
825:
820:
819:
818:
811:
806:
805:
797:
792:
791:
755:Group of Experts
705:(Côte d’Ivoire)
451:
450:
448:
447:
443:
359:and 196 states:
270:
269:
199:
197:
196:
186:
184:
183:
173:
171:
170:
160:
158:
157:
147:
146:
145:
117:
115:
78:
76:
58:Environmentalism
36:
24:
20:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
1144:Desertification
1129:
1128:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1016:. 31 March 2017
1008:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
982:
981:
974:
965:
964:
960:
944:
940:
933:: Nomos Verlag.
906:
897:
894:
835:
828:
821:
816:
814:
807:
800:
795:Politics portal
793:
786:
783:
774:
757:
732:
721:(Saudi-Arabia)
449:
445:
441:
439:
438:
425:
400:
337:
312:good governance
293:desertification
267:
256:
205:
194:
192:
181:
179:
168:
166:
155:
153:
143:
141:
138:
137:
113:
111:
102:, United States
98:
74:
72:
62:Desertification
17:
12:
11:
5:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:1994 in France
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1098:External links
1096:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1057:
1027:
1001:
972:
958:
937:
936:
935:
934:
893:
890:
889:
888:
883:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
840:
826:
823:Ecology portal
812:
798:
782:
779:
773:
770:
756:
753:
731:
728:
725:
724:
716:
713:
709:
708:
706:
700:
697:
693:
692:
686:
680:
677:
673:
672:
670:
664:
661:
657:
656:
654:
648:
645:
641:
640:
638:
632:
629:
625:
624:
622:
621:(South Korea)
616:
613:
609:
608:
606:
600:
597:
593:
592:
590:
584:
581:
577:
576:
574:
568:
565:
561:
560:
558:
552:
549:
545:
544:
542:
541:(Switzerland)
536:
533:
529:
528:
526:
520:
517:
513:
512:
510:
504:
501:
497:
496:
494:
488:
485:
481:
480:
478:
472:
469:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
437:
434:
424:
421:
399:
396:
357:European Union
336:
335:States Parties
333:
279:
278:
263:
262:
258:
257:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
223:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
204:
203:
190:
177:
175:European Union
164:
151:
135:
134:
133:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
69:
65:
64:
55:
51:
50:
42:
38:
37:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1005:
989:
985:
979:
977:
968:
962:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
932:
928:
927:
926:
925:
921:
915:
911:
910:
904:
887:
884:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
832:
827:
824:
813:
810:
804:
799:
796:
790:
785:
778:
769:
765:
761:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
444:
433:
429:
420:
418:
414:
408:
404:
395:
393:
389:
384:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
349:
341:
332:
330:
329:Ibrahim Thiaw
326:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
277:
273:
264:
259:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
202:
191:
189:
178:
176:
165:
163:
152:
150:
140:
139:
132:
128:
124:
120:
109:
105:
101:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
1081:
1071:14 September
1069:. Retrieved
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1039:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1013:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
987:
961:
946:Stringer, LC
941:
908:
895:
850:Earth Summit
837:World portal
775:
766:
762:
758:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
722:
689:
688:Adoption of
605:(Argentine)
603:Buenos Aires
430:
426:
409:
405:
401:
392:Vatican City
385:
377:
365:Cook Islands
354:
327:
320:
297:
288:
284:
282:
162:Cook Islands
45:Multilateral
18:
931:Baden-Baden
436:List of COP
398:Secretariat
1133:Categories
994:10 October
892:References
667:Ordos City
637:(Namibia)
525:(Germany)
493:(Senegal)
371:, and the
276:Wikisource
210:Depositary
114:1996-12-26
75:1994-06-17
924:UNCCD.int
683:New Delhi
653:(Turkey)
509:(Brazil)
300:Agenda 21
261:Full text
220:Languages
201:Palestine
122:Condition
107:Effective
97:, Germany
1020:16 April
882:(UNFCCC)
781:See also
685:(India)
669:(China)
635:Windhoek
619:Changwon
589:(Spain)
573:(Kenya)
477:(Italy)
388:Holy See
100:New York
91:Location
1125:: UNCCD
1050:18 June
712:COP 16
703:Abidjan
696:COP 15
676:COP 14
660:COP 13
644:COP 12
628:COP 11
612:COP 10
571:Nairobi
557:(Cuba)
463:Remark
419:(CBD).
252:Spanish
247:Russian
237:English
232:Chinese
130:Parties
112: (
73: (
68:Drafted
54:Context
1014:Mondaq
918:
719:Riyadh
651:Ankara
596:COP 9
587:Madrid
580:COP 8
564:COP 7
555:Havana
548:COP 6
539:Geneva
532:COP 5
516:COP 4
507:Recife
500:COP 3
484:COP 2
468:COP 1
440:": -->
380:Canada
363:, the
308:France
242:French
227:Arabic
198:
185:
172:
159:
83:Signed
905:from
491:Dakar
460:City
457:Date
304:Paris
289:UNCCD
1073:2019
1052:2019
1022:2017
996:2019
523:Bonn
475:Rome
454:COP
442:edit
386:The
369:Niue
314:and
283:The
188:Niue
95:Bonn
41:Type
950:doi
914:CIA
274:at
136:197
1135::
1038:.
1012:.
986:.
975:^
375:.
367:,
306:,
60:,
1089:.
1075:.
1054:.
1024:.
998:.
969:.
956:.
952::
916:.
446:]
390:(
287:(
116:)
77:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
