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December, Hans Blix reported before the United
Nations and stated in regards to Iraq's 7 December report (unedited version): "During the period 1991–1998, Iraq submitted many declarations called full, final and complete. Regrettably, much in these declarations proved inaccurate or incomplete or was unsupported or contradicted by evidence. In such cases, no confidence can arise that proscribed programmes or items have been eliminated." By March, Blix declared that 7 December report had not brought any new documentary evidence to light.
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882:). The US and Britain, while admitting that such a resolution was diplomatically desirable, insisted that Iraq had now been given enough time (noting also the time since the first disarmament resolutions of 1991) to disarm or provide evidence thereof, and that war was legitimized by 1441 and previous UN resolutions. Non-permanent Security Council member Spain declared itself with the US and Britain. Nevertheless, this position taken by the
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how many question marks they actually succeed in straightening out. This is not yet clear. Against this background, the question is now asked whether Iraq has cooperated "immediately, unconditionally and actively" with UNMOVIC, as required under paragraph 9 of resolution 1441 (2002). The answers can be seen from the factual descriptions I have provided. However, if more direct answers are desired, I would say the following:
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While a small number of old, abandoned chemical munitions have been discovered, ISG judges that Iraq unilaterally destroyed its undeclared chemical weapons stockpile in 1991. There are no credible indications that
Baghdad resumed production of chemical munitions thereafter, a policy ISG attributes to
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At this point, the US Administration asserted that Iraq remained in material breach of the UN Resolutions, and that, under 1441, this meant the
Security Council had to convene immediately "in order to consider the situation and the need for full compliance with all of the relevant Council resolutions
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What are we to make of these activities? One can hardly avoid the impression that, after a period of somewhat reluctant cooperation, there has been an acceleration of initiatives from the Iraqi side since the end of
January. This is welcome, but the value of these measures must be soberly judged by
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and Al-fatah missiles violated U.N. range restrictions, the former also being partially destroyed under UNMOVIC supervision. Debate about
Resolution 1441 therefore turns on whether, despite the absence of WMDs and the acceptance of inspections, Iraq failed to comply with the terms of the Resolution,
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The resolution text was drafted jointly by the United States and the United
Kingdom, the result of eight weeks of tumultuous negotiations, particularly with Russia and France. France questioned the phrase "serious consequences" and stated repeatedly that any "material breach" found by the inspectors
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Hans Blix and
Mohamed ElBaradei presented several reports to the UN detailing Iraq's level of compliance with Resolution 1441. On 27 January 2003 Chief UN Weapons Inspector Blix addressed the UN Security Council and stated "Iraq appears not to have come to a genuine acceptance–not even today–of the
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On 7 December 2002, Iraq filed its 12,000-page weapons declaration with the UN in order to meet requirements for this resolution. The five permanent members of the
Security Council received unedited versions of the report, while an edited version was made available for other UN Member States. On 19
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We heard loud and clear during the negotiations the concerns about "automaticity" and "hidden triggers" – the concern that on a decision so crucial we should not rush into military action; that on a decision so crucial any Iraqi violations should be discussed by the
Council. Let me be equally clear
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It is obvious that, while the numerous initiatives, which are now taken by the Iraqi side with a view to resolving some long-standing open disarmament issues, can be seen as "active", or even "proactive", these initiatives 3–4 months into the new resolution cannot be said to constitute "immediate"
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Syria voted in favour of the resolution, having received reassurances from its sponsors, the United States of
America and the United Kingdom, and from France and Russia through high-level contacts, that it would not be used as a pretext for striking against Iraq and does not constitute a basis for
489:. It also stated that "...false statements or omissions in the declarations submitted by Iraq pursuant to this resolution and failure by Iraq at any time to comply with, and cooperate fully in the implementation of, this resolution shall constitute a further material breach of Iraq's obligations."
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and long-range missiles remained unresolved. Blix's 7 March report stated "Iraq, with a highly developed administrative system, should be able to provide more documentary evidence about its proscribed weapons programmes. Only a few new such documents have come to light so far and been handed over
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Inspectors began visiting sites where WMD production was suspected, but found no evidence of such activities, except for 18 undeclared 122mm chemical rockets that were destroyed under UNMOVIC supervision. As was discovered after the invasion of Iraq, no production of WMDs was taking place, and no
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Iraq continued to fail to account for substantial chemical and biological stockpiles which UNMOVIC inspectors had confirmed as existing as late as 1998. Iraq claimed that it had disposed of its anthrax stockpiles at a specific site, but UNMOVIC found this impossible to confirm since Iraq had not
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or a Member State, the matter will return to the Council for discussions as required in paragraph 12. The resolution makes clear that any Iraqi failure to comply is unacceptable and that Iraq must be disarmed. And, one way or another, Iraq will be disarmed. If the Security Council fails to act
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in response... There is no "automaticity" in this resolution. If there is a further Iraqi breach of its disarmament obligations, the matter will return to the Council for discussion as required in paragraph 12. We would expect the Security Council then to meet its responsibilities.
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declared on 10 March that France would veto any resolution which would automatically lead to war. This caused open displays of dismay by the U.S. and British governments. The drive by Britain for unanimity and a "second resolution" was effectively abandoned at that point.
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disarmament, which was demanded of it and which it needs to carry out to win the confidence of the world and to live in peace." Blix went on to state that the Iraqi regime had allegedly misplaced "1,000 tonnes" of VX nerve agent—one of the most toxic ever developed.
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The Iraqi side has tried on occasion to attach conditions, as it did regarding helicopters and U-2 planes. Iraq has not, however, so far persisted in these or other conditions for the exercise of any of our inspection rights. If it did, we would report it.
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decisively in the event of further Iraqi violations, this resolution does not constrain any Member State from acting to defend itself against the threat posed by Iraq or to enforce relevant United Nations resolutions and protect world peace and security.
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Following the speech, intensive negotiations began with other members of the Security Council. In particular, three permanent members (with veto power) of the council were known to have misgivings about an invasion of Iraq: Russia, China, and France.
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explicitly declared the period of diplomacy to be over, as declared by Resolution 1441's prohibition on giving Iraq new opportunities for compliance, and that no further authorization from the UN would be sought before an invasion of Iraq (see
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any automatic strikes against Iraq. The resolution should not be interpreted, through certain paragraphs, as authorizing any State to use force. It reaffirms the central role of the Security Council in addressing all phases of the Iraqi issue.
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who hosted the meeting, announced the imminent deadline of 17 March for complete Iraqi compliance, with statements such as "Tomorrow is a moment of truth for the world". On the 17th, speeches by Bush and
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and the Iraq Survey Group. In October 2004, Bush said of Duelfer's analysis: "The chief weapons inspector, Charles Duelfer, has now issued a comprehensive report that confirms the earlier conclusion of
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should not automatically lead to war; instead the UN should pass another resolution deciding on the course of action. In favour of this view is the fact that previous resolutions legitimizing war under
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Thirteenth quarterly report of the Executive Chairman of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission in accordance with paragraph 12 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999)
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cooperation. Nor do they necessarily cover all areas of relevance. They are nevertheless welcome and UNMOVIC is responding to them in the hope of solving presently unresolved disarmament issues.
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allowed the destruction to be witnessed by inspectors as required by the pertinent Resolutions. Chemical testing done at the site was unable to show that any anthrax had been destroyed there.
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While some politicians have argued that the resolution could authorize war under certain circumstances, the representatives in the meeting were clear that this was not the case. The
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In the leadup to the meeting, it became apparent that a majority of UNSC members would oppose any resolution leading to war. As a result, no such resolution was put to the council.
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his resolution contains no "hidden triggers" and no "automaticity" with respect to the use of force. If there is a further Iraqi breach, reported to the Council by
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Resolution 1441 stated that Iraq was in material breach of the ceasefire terms presented under the terms of Resolution 687. Iraq's breaches related not only to
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of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The inspectors had been absent from Iraq since December 1998 when they were withdrawn immediately prior to
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to determine whether in fact any WMD existed in Iraq. After a year and half of meticulously searching the country, the inspectors reported:
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On 8 November 2002, the Security Council passed Resolution 1441 by a unanimous 15–0 vote; Russia, China, France, and Syria, the only
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Baghdad's desire to see sanctions lifted, or rendered ineffectual, or its fear of force against it should WMD be discovered.
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Letter dated 13 November 2002 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2002/1242
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and its supporters, has been and still is being disputed by numerous legal experts. According to most members of the
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and whether an invasion was justified in the absence of any further UN Security resolutions on the subject.
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Iraq flagrantly violated the terms of the weapons inspection program before discontinuing it altogether.
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in 1990 and that Resolution 1441 stated that the Security Council shall "remain seized of the matter."
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571:(biological weapons, chemical weapons, and long-range missiles), all in violation of U.N. resolutions.
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1106:"Resolution 1441 (2002) - Adopted by the Security Council at its 4644th meeting, on 8 November 2002"
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CHIEF PROSECUTOR OF THE KUALA LUMPUR WAR CRIMES COMMISSION v. GEORGE W BUSH & ANTHONY L. BLAIR
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Iraq agreed to the Resolution on 13 November. Weapons inspectors returned on 27 November, led by
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on 12 September 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States against the Iraqi government.
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The resolution itself never mentioned a war and only required Iraq to support inspections by
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and outlined a catalogue of complaints against the Iraqi government. These included:
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BBC report on the initial controversy over the access to the 12,000 page declaration
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obligations" that had been set out in several previous resolutions (Resolutions
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that Iraq did not have the weapons that our intelligence believed were there."
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The ambassador for the United Kingdom, the co-sponsor of the resolution, said:
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1409:"JURIST - O'Connell: UN Resolution 1441 - Compelling Saddam, Restraining Bush"
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555:] terrorists escaped from Afghanistan are known to be in Iraq."
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1151: 12 September 2002 at 10:00. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
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List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1401 to 1500
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1185: 8 November 2002 at 10:00. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
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The message was further confirmed by the ambassador for Syria:
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2002 UN Security Council resolution regarding Iraqi disarmament
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used much stronger terms, like "...all necessary means..." in
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After the invasion, the Bush administration commissioned the
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1440:"The United Nations, International Law, and the war in Iraq"
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United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq
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stockpiles existed. U.N. inspectors also found that the
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Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction
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in order to secure international peace and security".
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Head of Legal: Independent Legal Comment and Analysis
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704:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441"
1942:2002 United Nations Security Council resolutions
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1069:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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992:"Text of U.N. resolution on Iraq - Nov. 8, 2002"
842:Before the meeting took place, French president
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1514:Examination of if the resolution justified war
619:United States Ambassador to the United Nations
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1555:United Nations Security Council resolutions
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408:United Nations Security Council resolution
1483:"Transcript: Bush Responds to WMD Report"
1262:United Nations Security Council Document
861:, George W. Bush, Spanish prime minister
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
560:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
32:United Nations resolution adopted in 2002
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57:Map of Iraq (green) and Kuwait (orange).
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1022:"Gulf war - PBS Frontline Interviews"
895:United Nations actions regarding Iraq
865:as well as Portuguese prime minister
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1937:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
1504:Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
693:adding citations to reliable sources
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1932:Causes and prelude of the Iraq War
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1045:"The invasion of Iraq was lawful"
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1383:"Iraq war illegal, says Annan"
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1043:Gardner, Carl (2010).
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386:Lists of resolutions
1389:. 16 September 2004
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1002:on 22 November 2007
972:Mass graves in Iraq
884:Bush administration
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481:for the widespread
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1462:GlobalSecurity.org
1438:Taylor, Rachel S.
1363:. 14 February 2003
951:Invasion of Kuwait
919:Charles A. Duelfer
813:, the nerve agent
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118:None voted against
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395:
394:
388:
383:
372:
371:
369:
368:
355:
342:
329:
316:
303:
290:
277:
264:
251:
237:
235:
229:
226:
225:
223:
222:
209:
207:United Kingdom
196:
183:
170:
156:
154:
151:
148:
147:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
129:
128:
125:None abstained
121:
114:
106:
104:
102:Voting summary
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1969:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:Faisal Mekdad
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1182:United States
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1148:United States
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1017:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
983:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
961:Jus ad bellum
959:
957:
956:Iran–Iraq War
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
927:
925:
920:
914:
909:
907:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
857:of 16 March,
856:
855:Azores Summit
851:
848:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
770:
759:
756:
748:
745:November 2015
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706: –
705:
701:
700:Find sources:
694:
690:
684:
683:
678:This section
676:
672:
667:
666:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
599:
597:
593:
587:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
565:
561:
557:
554:
553:
548:
544:
541:
537:
536:
535:
533:
529:
526:
521:
519:
515:
507:
503:
499:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
393: →
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:←
378:
377:
373:
367:
356:
354:
343:
341:
330:
328:
317:
315:
304:
302:
291:
289:
278:
276:
265:
263:
252:
250:
239:
238:
236:
231:Non-permanent
227:
221:
220:United States
210:
208:
197:
195:
184:
182:
171:
169:
158:
157:
155:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
122:
120:
115:
113:
108:
107:
105:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1952:2002 in Iraq
1842:
1486:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1443:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1308:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1258:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1214:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1180:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1091:
1079:
1053:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:the original
995:
986:
916:
911:
903:
852:
849:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
808:
804:
800:
796:
787:
772:
751:
742:
732:
725:
718:
711:
699:
687:Please help
682:verification
679:
654:
650:
645:
641:
628:
616:
605:
588:
584:
576:oil for food
550:
522:
511:
472:
403:
402:
123:
116:
111:15 voted for
109:
94:
82:S/RES/1441 (
29:
1557:adopted in
1110:undocs.org/
968:(2002–2003)
791:Al-Samoud 2
592:Chapter VII
424:disarmament
146:composition
1926:Categories
1055:19 January
1006:8 December
978:References
875:Jack Straw
859:Tony Blair
715:newspapers
608:Arab state
549: [
44:Resolution
1387:bbc.co.uk
1361:bbc.co.uk
1335:bbc.co.uk
1241:S/PV.4644
1207:S/PV.4644
1173:S/PV.4644
1143:A/57/PV.2
924:David Kay
900:Aftermath
775:Hans Blix
353:Singapore
314:Mauritius
1280:Document
1116:28 March
1065:cite web
1028:28 March
930:See also
625:, said:
547:al-Qaida
275:Colombia
262:Cameroon
249:Bulgaria
84:Document
1309:cnn.com
1239:.
1205:.
1171:.
1141:.
1094:. 2003.
996:CNN.com
853:At the
811:anthrax
729:scholar
631:UNMOVIC
514:UNMOVIC
483:looting
301:Ireland
233:members
138:Adopted
91:Subject
1467:7 July
1423:25 May
1393:7 July
1367:7 July
1341:7 July
1315:7 July
1282:
1247:
1235:
1213:
1201:
1179:
1167:
1137:
731:
724:
717:
710:
702:
633:, the
479:Kuwait
462:, and
418:under
363:
350:
340:Norway
337:
327:Mexico
324:
311:
298:
288:Guinea
285:
272:
259:
246:
217:
204:
194:Russia
191:
181:France
178:
165:
135:Result
1278:
1250:Syria
1231:
1197:
1163:
1088:(PDF)
736:JSTOR
722:books
406:is a
366:Syria
168:China
74:4,644
1908:1454
1903:1453
1898:1452
1893:1451
1888:1450
1883:1449
1878:1448
1873:1447
1868:1446
1863:1445
1858:1444
1853:1443
1848:1442
1843:1441
1838:1440
1833:1439
1828:1438
1823:1437
1818:1436
1813:1435
1808:1434
1803:1433
1798:1432
1793:1431
1788:1430
1783:1429
1778:1428
1773:1427
1768:1426
1763:1425
1758:1424
1753:1423
1748:1422
1743:1421
1738:1420
1733:1419
1728:1418
1723:1417
1718:1416
1713:1415
1708:1414
1703:1413
1698:1412
1693:1411
1688:1410
1683:1409
1678:1408
1673:1407
1668:1406
1663:1405
1658:1404
1653:1403
1648:1402
1643:1401
1638:1400
1633:1399
1628:1398
1623:1397
1618:1396
1613:1395
1608:1394
1603:1393
1598:1392
1593:1391
1588:1390
1583:1389
1578:1388
1573:1387
1559:2002
1469:2015
1425:2006
1395:2015
1369:2015
1343:2015
1317:2015
1237:4644
1203:4644
1169:4644
1118:2019
1071:link
1057:2024
1030:2019
1008:2007
708:news
635:IAEA
558:The
518:IAEA
516:and
464:1284
416:Iraq
391:1442
381:1440
79:Code
63:Date
46:1441
691:by
552:sic
460:986
456:715
452:707
448:688
444:687
440:686
436:678
432:661
428:660
38:UN
1928::
1485:.
1460:.
1442:.
1411:.
1385:.
1359:.
1333:.
1307:.
1294:^
1108:.
1090:.
1067:}}
1063:{{
1047:.
994:.
815:VX
785:.
621:,
614:.
520:.
470:.
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
1911:→
1570:←
1547:e
1540:t
1533:v
1471:.
1446:.
1427:.
1397:.
1371:.
1345:.
1319:.
1139:2
1120:.
1073:)
1059:.
1032:.
1010:.
758:)
752:(
747:)
743:(
733:·
726:·
719:·
712:·
685:.
86:)
20:)
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