4820:. Iraq during Saddam was developed in terms of education and Saddam Hussein's government invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, and public buildings. This development contributed to the modernization of Iraq's cities and improved the country's overall infrastructure. Under Saddam Hussein's regime, there was an emphasis on improving access to education and healthcare. The government invested in building schools and hospitals, and literacy rates in Iraq increased significantly during his rule. Saddam Hussein's government implemented policies aimed at advancing women's rights in Iraq. Women were encouraged to participate in education and the workforce, and many held high-ranking positions in government and public institutions. Saddam Hussein's regime had a secular character, which meant that religion did not play a dominant role in the government's policies. This allowed for a degree of religious diversity and tolerance within Iraq. Still today, many Iraqi Jews respect Saddam, for his treatment of Jews. This was also seen for the Iraqi Mandaeans, with many Iraqi Mandaeans holding strong-respect for Saddam's protection of the Mandaeans; Saddam even constructed temples for the Mandaean people. Saddam's regime later placed greater emphasis on Islam in all sectors of Iraqi life from 1993 through the
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economic cooperation between the two countries, particularly in areas such as trade, transport, and joint development projects. The signing of the
Algiers Agreement occurred during a period of relative stability in Iraq, with Saddam Hussein gradually consolidating power within the ruling Ba'ath Party. As Vice President, Saddam Hussein played a pivotal role in the negotiations leading up to the Algiers Agreement, representing Iraq's interests. Saddam Hussein's growing influence within the Iraqi government allowed him to shape Iraq's approach and stance during the negotiation process. Following the agreement, Iraq and Iran restored full diplomatic relations and exchanged ambassadors, representing a significant diplomatic breakthrough. The Algiers Agreement emphasized the importance of economic cooperation between Iraq and Iran, particularly in areas like trade and joint development projects. This agreement, while ultimately unable to prevent future hostilities, remained a notable diplomatic achievement for Iraq during Saddam Hussein's early political career.
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rich and prosperous
Khuzestan and Basra area (the main focus of the war, and the primary source of their economies) were almost completely destroyed and were left at the pre-1979 border, while Iran managed to make some small gains on its borders in the Northern Kurdish area. Both economies, previously healthy and expanding, were left in ruins. Saddam borrowed tens of billions of dollars from other Arab states and a few billions from elsewhere during the 1980s to fight Iran, mainly to prevent the expansion of Shi'a radicalism. This backfired on Iraq and the Arab states, for Khomeini was widely perceived as a hero for managing to defend Iran and maintain the war with little foreign support against the heavily backed Iraq and only managed to boost Islamic radicalism not only within the Arab states, but within Iraq itself, creating new tensions between the Sunni Ba'ath Party and the majority Shi'a population. Faced with rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure and internal resistance, Saddam desperately re-sought cash, this time for postwar reconstruction.
2158:. Pertinent contemporary records relating to CIA operations in Iraq have remained classified or heavily redacted, thus "allow for plausible deniability." It is generally accepted that Egypt, in some capacity, was involved in the assassination attempt, and that "he United States was working with Nasser on some level." Sale and Darwish's account has been disputed by historian Bryan R. Gibson who concludes that available U.S. declassified documents show that "while the United States was aware of several plots against Qasim, it had still adhered to nonintervention policy." On the other hand, historian Kenneth Osgood writes that "the circumstantial evidence is such that the possibility of USâUAR collaboration with Ba'ath Party activists cannot be ruled out," concluding that "hatever the validity of charges, at the very least currently declassified documents reveal that US officials were actively considering various plots against Qasim and that the CIA was building up assets for covert operations in Iraq."
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support, he closely followed the administration of state welfare and development programs. Within just a few years, Iraq was providing unprecedented social services among Middle
Eastern countries. Saddam established and controlled the "National Campaign for the Eradication of Illiteracy" and the campaign for "Compulsory Free Education in Iraq", and largely under his auspices, the government established universal free schooling up to the highest education levels; hundreds of thousands learned to read in the years following the initiation of the program. The government also supported families of soldiers, granted free hospitalization to everyone, and gave subsidies to farmers. Iraq created one of the most modernized public health systems in the Middle East, earning Saddam an award from the
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how many Iraqis were allowed to leave the country. Although citizens needed to undergo a convoluted and bureaucratic procedure to obtain the necessary papers to leave the country, the fact remains that more than one million Iraqis migrated from Iraq from the end of the IranâIraq War in 1988 until the US-led invasion in 2003. Third, religion under Stalin did not function in the same manner as it did in Iraq, and while Faust details how the Shia were not allowed to engage in some of their ceremonies, the average Iraqi was allowed to pray at home and in a mosque. ... it is correct that the security services kept a watch on religious establishments and mosques, but the Iraqi approach is somewhat different from that pursued by Stalin's totalitarianism.
2227:. Being exiled in Egypt at the time, Saddam played no role in the 1963 coup or the brutal anti-communist purge that followed; although he returned to Iraq after the coup, becoming a key organizer within the Ba'ath Party's civilian wing upon his return. Unlike during the Qasim years, Saddam remained in Iraq following Arif's anti-Ba'athist purge in November 1963, and became involved in planning to assassinate Arif. In marked contrast to Qasim, Saddam knew that he faced no death penalty from Arif's government and knowingly accepted the risk of being arrested rather than fleeing to Syria again. Saddam was arrested in October 1964 and served approximately two years in prison before escaping in 1966. In 1966,
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2505:. Saddam implemented a national infrastructure campaign that made great progress in building roads, promoting mining, and developing other industries. The campaign helped Iraq's energy industries. Electricity was brought to nearly every city in Iraq, and many outlying areas. Before the 1970s, most of Iraq's people lived in the countryside and roughly two-thirds were peasants. This number would decrease quickly during the 1970s as global oil prices helped revenues to rise from less than a half billion dollars to tens of billions of dollars and the country invested into industrial expansion. He nationalised independent banks, eventually leaving the banking system insolvent due to
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assassinate Qasim at Al-Rashid Street on 7 October 1959 and take power. Saddam was recruited to the assassination conspiracy by its ring-leader, Abdul Karim al-Shaikhly, after one of the would-be assassins left. During the ambush, Saddam (who was only supposed to provide cover) began shooting prematurely, which disorganised the whole operation. Qasim's chauffeur was killed and Qasim was hit in the arm and shoulder. The assassins thought they had killed Qasim and quickly retreated to their headquarters, but Qasim survived. Saddam himself is not believed to have received any training outside of Iraq, as he was a late addition to the assassination team.
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Iraq's 1990 occupation of Kuwait. Iraq's official toll from
American bombing in that war is 100,000âsurely a gross exaggerationâbut nobody contests that thousands of Iraqi soldiers and civilians were killed in the American campaign to oust Mr. Hussein's forces from Kuwait. In addition, 1,000 Kuwaitis died during the fighting and occupation in their country. Casualties from Iraq's gulag are harder to estimate. Accounts collected by Western human rights groups from Iraqi Ă©migrĂ©s and defectors have suggested that the number of those who have 'disappeared' into the hands of the secret police, never to be heard from again, could be 200,000.
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3130:. There he involved himself with Iraqi Shi'ites and developed a strong religious and political following against the Iranian Government, which Saddam tolerated. When Khomeini began to urge the Shi'ites there to overthrow Saddam and under pressure from the Shah, who had agreed to a rapprochement between Iraq and Iran in 1975, Saddam agreed to expel Khomeini in 1978 to France. Here, Khomeini gained media connections and collaborated with a much larger Iranian community, to his advantage. After Khomeini gained power, skirmishes between Iraq and revolutionary Iran occurred for ten months over the sovereignty of the disputed
4391:. Saddam laughed and later said, "Do you consider this manhood?" The crowd shouted, "go to Hell." Saddam replied, "To the hell that is Iraq!?" Again, one of the crowd asked those who shouted to keep quiet for God. Saddam Hussein started recitation of final Muslim prayers, "I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." One of the crowd shouted, "The tyrant has collapsed!" Saddam said, "May God's blessings be upon Muhammad and his household (family)". He recited the shahada one and a half times, as while he was about to say 'Muhammad' on the second
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3401:; echoing a belief that Iraqi nationalists had supported for the past fifty years. This belief was one of the few articles of faith uniting the political scene in a nation rife with sharp social, ethnic, religious, and ideological divides. The extent of Kuwaiti oil reserves also intensified tensions in the region. The oil reserves of Kuwait (with a population of 2 million next to Iraq's 25) were roughly equal to those of Iraq. Taken together, Iraq and Kuwait sat on top of some 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves;
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4465:. He became well known in the west for his involvement in looting Kuwait during the Gulf War, allegedly taking millions of dollars worth of gold, cars, and medical supplies (which were in short supply at the time) for himself and close supporters. He was widely known for his paranoia and his obsession with torturing people who disappointed him in any way, which included tardy girlfriends, friends who disagreed with him and, most notoriously, Iraqi athletes who performed poorly. He was briefly married to
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either exiled if relatives of the convicted or released and returned to Dujail. Only 96 of the 148 condemned were actually executed, two of the condemned were accidentally released while a third was mistakenly transferred to another prison and survived. The 96 executed included four men mistakenly executed after having been found not guilty and ordered released. The ten children were originally believed to have been among the 96 executed, but they had in fact been imprisoned near the city of
Samawah.
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3620:, where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law." In the end, the Iraqi army proved unable to compete on the battlefield with the highly mobile coalition land forces and their overpowering air support. Some 175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and casualties were estimated at over 85,000. As part of the cease-fire agreement, Iraq agreed to scrap all poison gas and
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gunpoint; the bullet that was gouged out of his flesh under his direction in hiding; the iron discipline that led him to draw a gun on weaker comrades who would have dropped off a seriously wounded member of the hit team at a hospital; the calculating shrewdness that helped him save himself minutes before the police broke in leaving his wounded comrades behind; and finally the long trek of a wounded man from house to house, city to town, across the desert to refuge in
2425:. According to biographers, Saddam never forgot the tensions within the first Ba'athist government, which formed the basis for his measures to promote Ba'ath party unity as well as his resolve to maintain power and programs to ensure social stability. Although Saddam was al-Bakr's deputy, he was a strong behind-the-scenes party politician. Al-Bakr was the older and more prestigious of the two, but by 1969 Saddam clearly had become the moving force behind the party.
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2983:. Egypt's strong material and diplomatic support for Iraq in the war with Iran led to warmer relations and numerous contacts between senior officials, despite the continued absence of ambassadorial-level representation. Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries. Saddam initiated Iraq's nuclear enrichment project in the 1980s, with French assistance. The first Iraqi nuclear reactor was named by the French "
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in various professional fields. Women also saw drastic increase in rights in other-aspects of life, with women being given equal-rights in marriage, divorce, inheritance, and custody. Women in Iraq also had the ability to pass their citizenship down to their children even if they married a non-Iraqi, which Iraqi women no longer have the ability to do. Women's education no longer was a luxury, with women having the same opportunities as men in higher education.
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2805:, both in Baghdad. The Ba'ath Security Forces also protected Jewish sites across Iraq, some of which were also revered by Muslims and Christians. They had their old businesses back, mainly in the import ïżœexport trade and hold jobs as teachers, doctors, enginners and civil servants. The government also sent a Jewish chemist from Basra to represent it on a trade mission to China in 1988. An incident happned in 1998, on the day of Jewish festival of
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that you can harm us although we do not threaten you. But we too can harm you. Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size. We cannot come all the way to you in the US, but individual Arabs may reach you. We do not place
America among the enemies. We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends. But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends.
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Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the
Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned.
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that Saddam's body had been stabbed six times after the execution. Saddam's demeanor while being led to the gallows has been discussed by two witnesses, Iraqi Judge Munir Haddad and Iraqi national security adviser
Mowaffak al-Rubaie. The accounts of the two witnesses are contradictory as Haddad describes Saddam as being strong in his final moments whereas al-Rubaie says Saddam was clearly afraid.
2522:" demanded, following the decline in Egyptian leadership brought about by the trauma of Israel's six-day victory in the 1967 war, the death of the pan-Arabist hero, Gamal Abdul Nasser, in 1970, and the "traitorous" drive by his successor, Anwar Sadat, to sue for peace with the Jewish state. Saddam's self-aggrandizing propaganda, with himself posing as the defender of Arabism against Zionist or
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3806:, the first woman to win a seat on the party executive. Saddam had recently encouraged women to play a greater role in Iraq. The deputy secretary general of the command, Izzat Ibrahim, was re-elected, and according to the constitution, he would become the interim president in the event of Saddam's sudden death. Among those who lost their executive seats was the deputy prime minister,
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up to the midpoint. Iran made significant concessions in the agreement, including relinquishing its claims on the eastern bank of the Shatt al-Arab, which had been under
Iranian control. Saddam Hussein aimed to secure Iraq's territorial claims, particularly regarding the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which had been a longstanding source of contention between Iran and Iraq.
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4433:(or Tulfah/Tilfah) in 1963 in an arranged marriage. Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Saddam's uncle and mentor; the two were raised as brother and sister. Their marriage was arranged for Saddam at age five when Sajida was seven. They became engaged in Egypt during his exile, and married in Iraq after Saddam's 1963 return. The couple had five children.
2991:). Saddam Hussein was widely known for his commitment to the Palestinian cause and his anti-Israel stance. In May 2000, Saddam and his representatives had secret meetings with the Israeli government. He offered that Iraq will end its antiâIsrael foreign policy, if Israel will resolve Palestinian refugees issue in Lebanon. In 2001, Saddam said on Iraqi television:
2735:, in which Iraq sold oil on the world market in exchange for humanitarian needs. The program was accepted by the Ba'athist government in 1996. By 1995, GDP of Iraq dropped to US$ 9 billion from US$ 44.36 billion in 1990. Iraq had lost around US$ 170 billion of oil revenues. The economy of Iraq improved in 2000, as its GDP increased to U$ 23.73 billion by 2000.
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Hussein as to the bipolar nature of the confrontation (the West versus the Arab Muslim world) and the issues that Saddam proclaimed: Arab unity, self-sufficiency, and social justice." As a result, Saddam
Hussein appealed to many people for the same reasons that attracted more and more followers to Islamic revivalism and also for the same reasons that fueled
3118:. The influence of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam grew apace in the region, particularly in countries with large Shi'ite populations, especially Iraq. Saddam feared that radical Islamic ideasâhostile to his secular ruleâwere rapidly spreading inside his country among the majority Shi'ite population. Despite Saddam's fears of massive unrest, Iran's attempts to
3716:), in the hope that Saddam would be overthrown by political enemies inside Iraq. Western charges of Iraqi resistance to UN access to suspected weapons were the pretext for crises between 1997 and 1998, culminating in intensive US and British missile strikes on Iraq, 16â19 December 1998. After two years of intermittent activity, US and British warplanes
1183:. His mother was saved by a Jewish family. Subha "would have nothing to do with him", and Saddam would eventually be taken in by an uncle. His mother remarried, and Saddam gained three half-brothers through this marriage. His stepfather, Ibrahim al-Hassan, treated Saddam harshly after his return, and (according to a psychological profile created by the
3126:. Most Iraqi Shi'ites, who comprised the majority of the Iraqi Armed Forces, chose their own country over their Shi'ite Iranian coreligionists during the war that ensued. There had also been bitter enmity between Saddam and Khomeini since the 1970s. Khomeini, having been exiled from Iran in 1964, took up residence in Iraq, at the Shi'ite holy city of
2327:, which had responsibility for internal security. As the Ba'ath Party's paramilitary, the People's Army acted as a counterweight against any coup attempts by the regular armed forces. In addition to the People's Army, the Department of General Intelligence was the most notorious arm of the state-security system, feared for its use of
2651:. Prior to the Algiers Agreement, Iran and Iraq had been engaged in a long-standing territorial dispute over the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which serves as the border between the two countries. Algeria played a crucial role in mediating the negotiations between Iran and Iraq, with President Boumediene acting as the chief mediator.
4231:, near Tikrit. Following his capture, Saddam was transported to a US base near Tikrit, and later taken to the American base near Baghdad. Documents obtained and released by the National Security Archive detail FBI interviews and conversations with Saddam while he was in US custody. On 14 December, US administrator in Iraq
2923:, one of Saddam's aides, traveled abroad extensively and represented Iraq at many diplomatic meetings. In foreign affairs, Saddam sought to have Iraq play a leading role in the Middle East. Iraq signed an aid pact with the Soviet Union in 1972, and arms were sent along with several thousand advisers. The 1978 crackdown on
4457:. Uday, while originally Saddam's favorite son and likely successor, eventually fell out of favor with his father due to his erratic behavior; he was responsible for many car crashes and rapes around Baghdad, constant feuds with other members of his family, and killing his father's favorite valet and food taster
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ideological rejection of Saddam Hussein, the secular persecutor of Islamic movements, and his invasion of Kuwait to a more populist Arab nationalist, anti-imperialist support for Saddam (or more precisely those issues he represented or championed) and the condemnation of foreign intervention and occupation."
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4142:, which was declined. It was his first interview with a US reporter in over a decade. CBS aired the taped interview later that week. Saddam Hussein later told an FBI interviewer that he once left open the possibility that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction in order to appear strong against Iran.
3841:'s Middle East Committee, was an outspoken supporter of Saddam Hussein. In 2005, an Austrian journalist revealed that Fritz Edlinger's GĂAB had received $ 100,000 from an Iraqi front company as well as donations from Austrian companies soliciting business in Iraq. In 2002, a resolution sponsored by the
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Video of the execution was recorded on a mobile phone and his captors could be heard insulting Saddam. The video was leaked to electronic media and posted on the Internet within hours, becoming the subject of global controversy. It was later claimed by the head guard at the tomb where his remains lay
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Saddam was shown with a full beard and hair longer than his familiar appearance. He was described by US officials as being in good health. Bremer reported plans to put Saddam on trial, but claimed that the details of such a trial had not yet been determined. Iraqis and Americans who spoke with Saddam
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for Iraqi oil. Almost all of Iraq's oil exports under the United Nations oil-for-food program were paid in euros since 2001. Approximately 26 billion euros (ÂŁ17.4bn) was paid for 3.3 billion barrels of oil into an escrow account in New York. Internally Saddam continued authoritarian way of governance
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in these matters. The discussions between ChĂĄvez and Saddam took place in the past, during a period when both leaders were active. ChĂĄvez sought to strengthen ties and foster collaboration among OPEC member states, focusing on the organization's future trajectory and the importance of maintaining oil
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was built on land donated by Saddam. Mandaeans were some of the best goldsmiths and jewelers in Iraq, with Saddam's personal jeweler being of Mandaean background. However, after his downfall, Mandaeans faced severe persecution, and constant kidnappings, and often expressed that they were better under
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Both parties recognized each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, affirming the principle of non-aggression. The Algiers Agreement called for the restoration of full diplomatic relations between Iran and Iraq, including the exchange of ambassadors. The agreement emphasized the importance of
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A peace treaty, which aimed to address the Shatt al-Arab dispute, was signed in 1975. Under the accord, Iraq was granted sovereignty over the eastern bank of the waterway, while Iran retained control over the western bank. The agreement also allowed for joint navigation and other provisions. The 1975
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Saddam focused on fostering loyalty to the Ba'athists in the rural areas. After nationalizing foreign oil interests, Saddam supervised the modernization of the countryside, mechanizing agriculture on a large scale, and distributing land to peasant farmers. The Ba'athists established farm cooperatives
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For a statement asserting the overriding importance of oil to U.S. national security and the U.S. economy, see, e.g., the declassified document, "Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf," The White House, National Security Directive (NSD 54), top secret, 15 January 1991. This document can be read
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Although Qasim was regarded as an adversary by the West, having nationalized the Iraq Petroleum Company, which had joint Anglo-American ownership, no plans had been made to depose him, principally because of the absence of a plausible successor. Nevertheless, the CIA pursued other schemes to prevent
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Weldon Matthews, Malik Mufti, Douglas Little, William Zeman, and Eric Jacobsen have all drawn on declassified American records to largely substantiate the plausibility of Batatu's account. Peter Hahn and Bryan Gibson (in separate works) argue that the available evidence does support the claim of CIA
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Following month Saddam was chosen as party general secretary at the Baath congress in Baghdad, with every delegate in the hall rising to their feet. However, the Baath's 18-member executive, known as the Iraqi Regional Command, was selected through a secret ballot. The state television reported that
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for invading Kuwait were not lifted, blocking Iraqi oil exports. During the late 1990s, the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis. Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions. On
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opposed any prospect of Kurdish independence, and the Saudis and other conservative Arab states feared an Iran-style Shi'ite revolution. Saddam, having survived the immediate crisis in the wake of defeat, was left firmly in control of Iraq, although the country never recovered either economically or
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Nearly from its founding as a modern state in 1920, Iraq has had to deal with Kurdish separatists in the northern part of the country. Saddam did negotiate an agreement in 1970 with separatist Kurdish leaders, giving them autonomy, but the agreement broke down. The result was brutal fighting between
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and others have claimed that Saddam financed Chirac's party. In 1991 Saddam threatened to expose those who had taken largesse from him: "From Mr. Chirac to Mr. ChevĂšnement, politicians and economic leaders were in open competition to spend time with us and flatter us. We have now grasped the reality
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Saddam Hussein also took steps to promote women's rights within Iraq. By the late 1970s, women in Iraq held significant roles in society, representing 46% of all teachers, 29% of all doctors, 46% of all dentist and 70% of all pharmacists. These advancements signaled progress in women's participation
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The Algiers Agreement was based on the principles of territorial integrity, respect for sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. The agreement established a new border line along the Shatt al-Arab, dividing the waterway equally between Iran and Iraq
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393 members of the pro Iranian Dawa Party (a banned organisation) were arrested as suspects of which 148, including ten children, confessed to taking part in the plot. It is believed more than 40 suspects died during interrogation or while in detention. Those arrested who were found not guilty were
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First, Faust totally ignores the economy in his analysis. This oversight is remarkable given his attempt to trace how the regime became totalitarian, which, by definition, encompasses all facets of life. ... Second, the comparison with Stalin or Hitler is weak when one takes into consideration
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documented numerous cases of human rights abuses committed by his government. Saddam's regime suppressed political dissent and opposition through a combination of violence, intimidation, and censorship. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press were severely curtailed, and political opponents were
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Saddam continued involvement in politics abroad. Video tapes retrieved after show his intelligence chiefs meeting with Arab journalists, including a meeting with the former managing director of Al-Jazeera, Mohammed Jassem al-Ali, in 2000. In the video Saddam's son Uday advised al-Ali about hires in
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aimed at Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad 26 June 1993, citing evidence of repeated Iraqi violations of the "no fly zones" imposed after the Gulf War and for incursions into Kuwait. US officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the terms of the Gulf War's cease fire, by developing
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responded cautiously for the first several days. On one hand, Kuwait, prior to this point, had been a virulent enemy of Israel and was the Persian Gulf monarchy that had the most friendly relations with the Soviets. On the other hand, Washington foreign policymakers, along with Middle East experts,
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So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq. This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights. If you use pressure, we will deploy pressure and force. We know
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Reacting to Western criticism in April 1990, Saddam threatened to destroy half of Israel with chemical weapons if it moved against Iraq. In May 1990 he criticized US support for Israel warning that "the US cannot maintain such a policy while professing friendship towards the Arabs." In July 1990 he
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refused to aid Saddam over infuriation of Saddam's treatment of Iraqi communists. Consequently, many viewed Iraq as "an agent of the civilized world." The blatant disregard of international law and violations of international borders were ignored. Instead Iraq received economic and military support
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surpassing US$ 35 billion. The value of 1 Iraqi dinar was worth more than 3 dollars, making it one of the most notable economic expansions in the region. Saddam Hussein's regime aimed to diversify the Iraqi economy beyond oil. The government invested in various industries, including petrochemicals,
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within the Ba'ath Party and directed Muhyi Abdel-Hussein to read out a confession and the names of 68 alleged co-conspirators. These members were labelled "disloyal" and were removed from the room one by one and taken into custody. After the list was read, Saddam congratulated those still seated in
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coup of February 1963; long suspected to be supported by the CIA, however pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified by the U.S. government, although the Ba'athists are documented to have maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials
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The man and the myth merge in this episode. His biographyâand Iraqi television, which stages the story ad nauseamâtells of his familiarity with guns from the age of ten; his fearlessness and loyalty to the party during the 1959 operation; his bravery in saving his comrades by commandeering a car at
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At the time of the attack, the Ba'ath Party had fewer than 1,000 members, however the failed assassination attempt led to widespread exposure for Saddam and the Ba'ath within Iraq, where both had previously languished in obscurity, and later became a crucial part of Saddam's public image during his
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CIA involvement in the 1963 coup that first brought the Ba'th to power in Iraq has been an open secret for decades. American government and media have never been asked to fully account for the CIA's role in the coup. On the contrary, the US government has put forward and official narrative riddled
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Iraq's ethnic and religious divisions, together with the brutality of the conflict that this had engendered, laid the groundwork for postwar rebellions. In the aftermath of the fighting, social and ethnic unrest among Shi'ite Muslims, Kurds, and dissident military units threatened the stability of
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In the late 1960s and early 1970s, as vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, formally al-Bakr's second-in-command, Saddam built a reputation as a progressive, effective politician. At this time, Saddam moved up the ranks in the new government by aiding attempts to strengthen and unify
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Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia
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Working with Nasser, the Ba'ath Party, and other opposition elements, including some in the Iraqi army, the CIA by 1963 was well positioned to help assemble the coalition that overthrew Qasim in February of that year. It is not clear whether Qasim's assassination, as Said Aburish has written, was
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in Amman. When asked about her father, Raghad told CNN, "He was a very good father, loving, has a big heart." Asked if she wanted to give a message to her father, she said: "I love you and I miss you." Her sister Rana also remarked, "He had so many feelings and he was very tender with all of us."
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Saddam was buried at his birthplace of Al-Awja in Tikrit, Iraq, on 31 December 2006. He was buried 3 km (2 mi) from his sons Uday and Qusay Hussein. His tomb was reported to have been destroyed in March 2015. Before it was destroyed, a Sunni tribal group reportedly removed his body to a
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The guards at the Baghdad detention facility called their prisoner "Vic", which stands for "Very Important Criminal" and let him plant a small garden near his cell. The nickname and the garden are among the details about the former Iraqi leader that emerged during a March 2008 tour of the Baghdad
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and then said "When I get something into my head I act. That's just the way I am." Saddam Hussein could pursue such military aggression with a "military machine paid for in large part by the tens of billions of dollars Kuwait and the Gulf states had poured into Iraq and the weapons and technology
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I know you need funds. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait. ... Frankly, we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south.
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states: "Estimates of total casualties range from 1,000,000 to twice that number. The number killed on both sides was perhaps 500,000, with Iran suffering the greatest losses." Neither side had achieved what they had originally desired and the borders were left nearly unchanged. The southern, oil
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together accounted for over 90% of the value of Iraq's arms imports between 1980 and 1988. While the United States supplied Iraq with arms, dual-use technology and economic aid, it was also involved in a covert and illegal arms deal, providing sanctioned Iran with weaponry. This political scandal
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awarded Iraq for having "Most effective literacy campaign in the world.", with estimates being that in 1979 alone, over 2 million Iraqi adults were studying in more than 28,735 literacy schools, with over 75,000 teachers. Saddam Hussein's regime also mandated education for primary to high school,
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Although his position on Kurdish politics has been debated, Saddam has allowed autonomy for the Kurds to an extent, with Kurds being allowed to speak Kurdish in schools, on television, and even in newspapers, with textbooks being translated for the Kurdish regions, and Kurds in Iraq being able to
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Washington wanted to see Qasim and his Communist supporters removed, but that is a far cry from Batatu's inference that the U.S. had somehow engineered the coup. The U.S. lacked the operational capability to organize and carry out the coup, but certainly after it had occurred the U.S. government
3656:
Saddam routinely cited his survival as "proof" that Iraq had in fact won the war against the US. This message earned Saddam a great deal of popularity in many sectors of the Arab world. John Esposito wrote, "Arabs and Muslims were pulled in two directions. That they rallied not so much to Saddam
3480:
did not want force used, they would not take any position on the IraqâKuwait boundary dispute and did not want to become involved. Later, Iraq and Kuwait met for a final negotiation session, which failed. Saddam then sent his troops into Kuwait. As tensions between Washington and Saddam began to
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which opposed being part of an Iraqi state and favored independence (an ongoing ideology which had preceded Ba'ath Party rule). To alleviate the threat of revolution, Saddam afforded certain benefits to the potentially hostile population. Membership in the Ba'ath Party remained open to all Iraqi
9107:
The largest number of deaths attributable to Mr. Hussein's regime resulted from the war between Iraq and Iran between 1980 and 1988, which was launched by Mr. Hussein. Iraq says its own toll was 500,000, and Iran's reckoning ranges upward of 300,000. Then there are the casualties in the wake of
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Such self-serving denials notwithstanding, the CIA actually appears to have had a great deal to do with the bloody Ba'athist coup that toppled Qassim in February 1963. Deeply troubled by Qassim's steady drift to the left, by his threats to invade Kuwait, and by his attempt to cancel Western oil
3801:
succeeded his father as president of the country the 2000, despite not previously holding a high position in the party or government. Saddam commenced the Baghdad party meeting with a speech advising the more than 300 delegates on how to vote. After the speech, the elections took place. Another
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of 1973, France had changed to a more pro-Arab policy and was accordingly rewarded by Saddam with closer ties. He made a state visit to France in 1975, cementing close ties with some French business and ruling political circles. In 1975 Saddam negotiated an accord with Iran that contained Iraqi
2747:
Saddam Hussein also introduced social security programs, with the notable parts of the program consisting of disability benefits, with disabled people in Iraq becoming eligible for financial assistance. It also introduced healthcare coverage, ensuring Iraqi citizens had access to healthcare and
2488:
Saddam actively fostered the modernization of the Iraqi economy and created a strong security apparatus to prevent coups within the power structure and insurrections apart from it. Ever concerned with broadening his base of support among the diverse elements of Iraqi society and mobilizing mass
2471:
Saddam actively fostered the modernization of the Iraqi economy and created a strong security apparatus to prevent coups within the power structure and insurrections apart from it. Ever concerned with broadening his base of support among the diverse elements of Iraqi society and mobilizing mass
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leader of Iraq some years before he formally came to power in 1979. He slowly began to consolidate his power over Iraq's government and the Ba'ath party. Relationships with fellow party members were carefully cultivated, and Saddam soon accumulated a powerful circle of support within the party.
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policy of "Iraq First". To strengthen his own position within the government, Qasim also had an alliance with the Iraqi Communist Party, which was opposed to the notion of pan-Arabism. His policies angered several pan-Arab organisations, including the Ba'ath Party, which later began plotting to
3581:
Cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union made possible the passage of resolutions in the United Nations Security Council giving Iraq a deadline to leave Kuwait and approving the use of force if Saddam did not comply with the timetable. The United States officials feared Iraqi
3053:
Throughout his final years, Saddam provided financial assistance from Iraq's oil revenue, to the families of the Palestinian victims and militants. Around 20% of Iraq's oil revenue, by the oil-for-food programme was for donating Palestinians. Contrary to the claims of the United States and the
2194:, Egypt "where they enjoyed Nasser's protection for the remainder of Qasim's tenure in power." Saddam initially escaped to Syria and then to Egypt itself in February 1960, and he continued to live there until 1963, graduating from high school in 1961 and unsuccessfully pursuing a law degree at
1227:
and the Ba'ath Party had a large following in Syria at the time, but in 1955 there were fewer than 300 Ba'ath Party members in Iraq, and it is believed that Saddam's primary reason for joining the party as opposed to the more established Iraqi nationalist parties was his familial connection to
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Saudi Arabia condemned Iraqi authorities for carrying on with the execution on a holy day. A presenter from the Al-Ikhbariya television station officially stated: "There is a feeling of surprise and disapproval that the verdict has been applied during the holy months and the first days of Eid
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One US Muslim observer noted: "People forgot about Saddam's record and concentrated on America ... Saddam Hussein might be wrong, but it is not America who should correct him." A shift was, therefore, clearly visible among many Islamic movements in the post war period "from an initial Islamic
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of the government. As the ailing, elderly al-Bakr became unable to execute his duties, Saddam took on an increasingly prominent role as the face of the government both internally and externally. He soon became the architect of Iraq's foreign policy and represented the nation in all diplomatic
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Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or
5954:
The documentary record is filled with holes. A remarkable volume of material remains classified, and those records that are available are obscured by redactions â large blacked-out sections that allow for plausible deniability. While it is difficult to know exactly what actions were taken to
4475:(1966â2003), was Saddam's secondâand, after the mid-1990s, his favoriteâson. Qusay was believed to have been Saddam's later intended successor, as he was less erratic than his older brother and kept a low profile. He was second in command of the military (behind his father) and ran the elite
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The end of the war with Iran served to deepen latent tensions between Iraq and its wealthy neighbor Kuwait. Saddam urged the Kuwaitis to waive the Iraqi debt accumulated in the war, some $ 30 billion, but they refused. Saddam pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices by cutting back
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during his exile, and some evidence suggests that he was "in frequent contact with US officials and intelligence agents." A former high-ranking U.S. official told historians Marion FaroukâSluglett and Peter Sluglett that Iraqi Ba'athists, including Saddam, "had made contact with the American
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Al-Jazeera: "During your last visit here along with your colleagues we talked about a number of issues, and it does appear that you indeed were listening to what I was saying since changes took place and new faces came on board such as that lad, Mansour." He was later sacked by Al-Jazeera.
3503:. Just two years after the 1988 Iraq and Iran truce, "Saddam did what his Gulf patrons had earlier paid him to prevent." Having removed the threat of Iranian fundamentalism he "overran Kuwait and confronted his Gulf neighbors in the name of Arab nationalism and Islam." Saddam justified the
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of the situation. If the trickery continues, we will be forced to unmask them, all of them, before the French public." France armed Saddam and it was Iraq's largest trade partner throughout Saddam's rule. Seized documents show how French officials and businessmen close to Chirac, including
4600:, taking their children with them. They returned to Iraq when they received assurances that Saddam would pardon them. Within three days of their return in February 1996, both of the Kamel brothers were attacked and killed in a gunfight with other clan members who considered them traitors.
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appointed him Deputy Secretary of the Regional Command. Saddam, who would prove to be a skilled organizer, revitalized the party. He was elected to the Regional Command, as the story goes, with help from Michel Aflaqâthe founder of Ba'athist thought. In September 1966, Saddam initiated an
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and the Iraqi foreign minister â during which Saddam claimed that the emir stated his intention to turn "every Iraqi woman into a $ 10 prostitute" by ruining Iraq financially â was a decisive factor in triggering the Iraqi invasion. Shortly before he invaded Kuwait, he shipped 100 new
3612:, refrained from retaliating in order not to provoke Arab states into leaving the coalition. A ground force consisting largely of US and British armored and infantry divisions ejected Saddam's army from Kuwait in February 1991 and occupied the southern portion of Iraq as far as the
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and the government also doubled expenditures for agricultural development in 1974â1975. Saddam's welfare programs were part of a combination of "carrot and stick" tactics to enhance support for Saddam. The state-owned banks were put under his thumb. Lending was based on cronyism.
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As IraqâKuwait relations rapidly deteriorated, Saddam was receiving conflicting information about how the US would respond to the prospects of an invasion. For one, Washington had been taking measures to cultivate a constructive relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade. The
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was adopted by the Commission for Human Rights, which stated that there had been no improvement in the human rights crisis in Iraq. The statement condemned President Saddam Hussein's government for its "systematic, widespread and extremely grave violations of human rights and
3365:, killing between 3,200 and 5,000 people, and injuring 7,000 to 10,000 more, mostly civilians. The attack occurred in conjunction with the Anfal campaign designed to reassert central control of the mostly Kurdish population of areas of northern Iraq and defeat the Kurdish
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posted a picture of Saddam wearing white briefs on the front cover of a newspaper. Other photographs inside the paper show Saddam washing his trousers, shuffling, and sleeping. The US government stated that it considered the release of the pictures a violation of the
3873:'s Middle East Committee, was an outspoken supporter of Saddam Hussein. In 2005, an Austrian journalist revealed that Fritz Edlinger's GĂAB had received $ 100,000 from an Iraqi front company as well as donations from Austrian companies soliciting business in Iraq.
2570:, including many Jews. They were accused by the government of spying for Israel. However, as Saddam rose to power in the 1970s, tensions between the Jews and the Muslims eased. Most of the Jews fled Iraq. Gradually, the remaining community was granted recognition.
3267:. Iraq successfully gained some military and financial aid, as well as diplomatic and moral support, from the Soviet Union, China, France, and the United States, which together feared the prospects of the expansion of revolutionary Iran's influence in the region.
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threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE saying "The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security." The US sent warplanes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats.
2577:, during his position as the vice-president and president. During the oil boom in the 1970s, a number of projects took place. Among them was construction of a road in Baghdad, where an old Jewish cemetery lies. The cemetery was transferred to a Shi'ite location.
3586:, deployed a massive number of troops along the Saudi border with Kuwait and Iraq in order to encircle the Iraqi army, the largest in the Middle East. Saddam's officers looted Kuwait, stripping even the marble from its palaces to move it to Saddam's own palace.
2190:, on the grounds that the party should not have initiated the attempt on Qasim's life. At the same time, Aflaq secured seats in the Iraqi Ba'ath leadership for his supporters, one of them being Saddam. The assassins, including Saddam, all eventually escaped to
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was adopted by the Commission for Human Rights, which stated that there had been no improvement in the human rights crisis in Iraq. The statement condemned Saddam's government for its "systematic, widespread and extremely grave violations of human rights and
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of Detroit to Saddam Hussein. At the time, Saddam then asked Yasso, "I heard there was a debt on your church. How much is it?" After the inquiry, Saddam then donated another $ 200,000 to Chaldean Sacred Heart Church. Yasso said that Saddam made donations to
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also supplied Iraq with "satellite photos showing Iranian deployments.", which were later deemed to be misleading intelligence information designed to prolong the war with Iran and increase US influence in the region, contributing to the Iraqi defeat in the
2647:
Algiers Agreement, also known as the Algiers Accord, was a significant diplomatic agreement signed between Iran and Iraq on 6 March 1975, to settle border disputes and improve bilateral relations. The agreement was mediated by the then-President of Algeria,
2796:
By the 1950s, 96% of Iraq's Jewish population left the country. As Saddam assumed more power, situation of the remaining 1,000 Jews of Iraq started improving. He granted them protection and freedom to practice their religion. Saddam helped in restoring the
3748:, who is a major importer of Venezuela's oil. During his tour to invite the leaders of the 10 OPEC member states to a summit the following month, ChĂĄvez expressed that he had engaged in "fruitful" discussions with Saddam regarding the future role of the
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Iraq from coming under Soviet influence, and one such target was an unidentified colonel, thought to have been Qasim's cousin, the notorious Fadhil Abbas al-Mahdawi who was appointed military prosecutor to try members of the previous Hashemite monarchy.
4087:" consisting of Iran, North Korea, and Iraq. Moreover, Bush announced that he would possibly take action to topple the Iraqi government, because of the threat of its weapons of mass destruction. Bush stated that "The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop
3793:
24 candidates stood, and eight new members were elected. Among them was Qusay, Saddam's younger son. Despite holding no high position in the Baath or government, Uday had long been considered the likely successor to his father. This situation resembled
3789:. Diplomatic isloation of Iraq with Arab states were disappearing gradually. On 25 April 2001, the British government started investigation on alleged war crimes done by Saddam. On 28 April 2001, Saddam celebrated his birthday, in form of a mega event.
4550:), is believed to be Saddam's youngest child. He is listed on United States' Treasury sanctions list. Not very much is known about him other than the fact that his mother is Samira Shahbandar. His existence was repeatedly denied by Saddam's family.
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the government and Kurdish groups and Iraqi bombing of Kurdish villages in Iran, which caused Iraqi relations with Iran to deteriorate. After Saddam negotiated the 1975 treaty with Iran, the Shah withdrew support for the Kurds, who were defeated.
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and the conclusion of the major fighting of the war. Various sightings of Saddam were reported in the weeks following the war, but none were authenticated. At various times Saddam released audio tapes promoting popular resistance to his ousting.
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retaliation against oil-rich Saudi Arabia, since the 1940s a close ally of Washington, for the Saudis' opposition to the invasion of Kuwait. Accordingly, the United States and a group of allies, including countries as diverse as Egypt, Syria and
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At the center of this strategy was Iraq's oil. On 1 June 1972, Saddam oversaw the seizure of international oil interests, which, at the time, dominated the country's oil sector. A year later, world oil prices rose dramatically as a result of the
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after he donated almost half a million dollars to a church in the city. The Ba'ath government led by Saddam Hussein successfully turned Iraq into a leading hub for healthcare and education. This improved quality of life in Iraq. For improving
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Hala Hussein (1972), is Saddam's third and youngest daughter. Very little information is known about her. Her father arranged for her to marry General Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti in 1998. She fled with her children and sisters to
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tactics, and it appeared that Saddam had lost control of Iraq. He was last seen in a video which purported to show him in the Baghdad suburbs surrounded by supporters. When Baghdad fell to US-led forces on 9 April, marked symbolically by the
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and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. Human Rights Watch estimates that between 50,000 and 100,000 people were killed. Some Kurdish sources put the number higher, estimating that 182,000 Kurds were killed.
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Iraq under Saddam Hussein was known for religious tolerance, as different religious minorities coexisted peacefully. During his tenure, more than 1.2 million Christians lived in Iraq, highlighting the country's diverse religious landscape.
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Saddam's last words during the execution, "May God's blessings be upon Muhammad and his household. And may God hasten their appearance and curse their enemies." Then one of the crowd repeatedly said the name of the Iraqi Shiite cleric,
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prison and cell where Saddam slept, bathed, kept a journal, and wrote poetry in the final days before his execution; he was concerned to ensure his legacy and how the history would be told. The tour was conducted by US Marine Maj. Gen.
2538:
After the Ba'athists took power in 1968, Saddam focused on attaining stability in a nation riddled with profound tensions. Long before Saddam, Iraq had been split along social, ethnic, religious, and economic fault lines: Sunni versus
2346:
described Saddam as "one of the last of the 20th century's great dictators, but not the least in terms of egotism, or cruelty, or morbid will to power." Saddam's regime brought about the deaths of at least 250,000 Iraqis and committed
4273:, overseer of detention operations for the US military in Iraq at the time. During his imprisonment he exercised and was allowed to have his personal garden; he also smoked his cigars and wrote his diary in the courtyard of his cell.
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Later in his life, relatives from his native city became some of his closest advisors and supporters. Under the guidance of his uncle, he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad. After secondary school, Saddam studied at an
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in 1982, following a failed assassination attempt against him. Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others. Among the many challenges of the trial were:
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Iraq's relations with the Arab world have been extremely varied. Relations between Iraq and Egypt violently ruptured in 1977, when the two nations broke relations with each other following Iraq's criticism of Egyptian President
2809:. A Palestinian man shot four people to death at the Baghdad Synagogue, including two Jews. After the arrest of the preparator, the government in a meeting, chaired by Saddam condemned the attack. Saddam's childhood neighbor in
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waterway, which divides the two countries. During this period, Saddam publicly maintained that it was in Iraq's interest not to engage with Iran, and that it was in the interests of both nations to maintain peaceful relations.
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Having devoted extensive time and effort to documenting atrocities, we estimate that in the last twenty-five years of Ba'ath Party rule the Iraqi government murdered or 'disappeared' some quarter of a million Iraqis, if not
6702:
What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first
6475:
Batatu infers on pp. 985â86 that the CIA was involved in the coup of 1963 (which brought the Ba'ath briefly to power): Even if the evidence here is somewhat circumstantial, there can be no question about the Ba'ath's fervent
2298:
Iraqi society fissures along lines of language, religion and ethnicity. The Ba'ath Party, secular by nature, adopted Pan-Arab ideologies which in turn were problematic for significant parts of the population. Following the
6591:
Barring the release of new information, the balance of evidence suggests that while the United States was actively plotting the overthrow of the Qasim regime, it did not appear to be directly involved in the February 1963
2417:, whose support had been essential to the coup's success. According to a semi-official biography, Saddam personally led Naif at gunpoint to the plane that escorted him out of Iraq. Arif was given refuge in London and then
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A second unofficial video, apparently showing Saddam's body on a trolley, emerged several days later. It sparked speculation that the execution was carried out incorrectly as Saddam Hussein had a gaping hole in his neck.
2410:, Salam Arif's brother and successor. While Saddam's role in the coup was not hugely significant (except in the official account), Saddam planned and carried out the subsequent purge of the non-Ba'athist faction led by
3558:, and therefore control of the world economy, was at stake. Britain profited heavily from billions of dollars of Kuwaiti investments and bank deposits. Bush was perhaps swayed while meeting with British prime minister
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would become deputy leader in a union, and this would drive Saddam to obscurity. Saddam acted to secure his grip on power. He forced the ailing al-Bakr to resign on 16 July 1979, and formally assumed the presidency.
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to return to Iraq. During the renewed inspections beginning in November 2002, Blix found no stockpiles of WMD and noted the "proactive" but not always "immediate" Iraqi cooperation as called for by Resolution 1441.
3605:. Saddam's proposal further split the Arab world, pitting US- and Western-supported Arab states against the Palestinians. The allies ultimately rejected any linkage between the Kuwait crisis and Palestinian issues.
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in February 1982. Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former US Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, "No one had any doubts about continued involvement in
17772:
4809:. These actions resulted in significant loss of life and destabilized the region. While there were economic development initiatives, Saddam's regime was also marked by mismanagement and widespread corruption. The
4894:
Cultural depictions of Saddam can be found in various movies, including three documentary movies made on Saddam. Saddam's Tribe, released in 2007, explores the complex relationship between Saddam Hussein and the
2698:, substantial reforms in education and literacy took place, with Saddam Hussein introducing mandatory reading groups for adults, with punishments for not attending consisting of heavy fines, and even jail time.
16409:
2518:, "Much as Adolf Hitler won early praise for galvanizing German industry, ending mass unemployment and building autobahns, Saddam earned admiration abroad for his deeds. He had a good instinct for what the "
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congratulated Saddam Hussein on his presidency. In return, Yasso said that Saddam Hussein donated US$ 250,000 to his church, which is made up of at least 1,200 families of Middle Eastern descent. In 1980,
1271:
in Egypt profoundly influenced young Ba'athists like Saddam. The rise of Nasser foreshadowed a wave of revolutions throughout the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s, with the collapse of the monarchies of
1211:, which remained a major colonial power in the region. Talfah was appointed the mayor of Baghdad during Saddam's time in power, until his notorious corruption compelled Saddam to force him out of office.
4138:. Talking for more than three hours, he denied possessing any weapons of mass destruction, or any other weapons prohibited by UN guidelines. He also expressed a wish to have a live televised debate with
2824:
first copy translation into Arabic was given to him. After this Saddam vowed to construct temples for the Mandaeans, with quoting, "Iraqis have religious freedom, whether they are Muslims, Christians or
3648:
The US, which had urged Iraqis to rise up against Saddam, did nothing to assist the rebellions. The Iranians, despite the widespread Shi'ite rebellions, had no interest in provoking another war, while
3472:
Saddam stated that he would attempt last-ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq "would not accept death." US officials attempted to maintain a conciliatory line with Iraq, indicating that while
3193:
In the first days of the war, there was heavy ground fighting around strategic ports as Iraq launched an attack on Khuzestan. After making some initial gains, Iraq's troops began to suffer losses from
4044:
he officially achieved 100% of approval votes and 100% turnout, as the electoral commission reported the next day that every one of the 11,445,638 eligible voters cast a "Yes" vote for the president.
3608:
Saddam ignored the Security Council deadline. Backed by the Security Council, a US-led coalition launched round-the-clock missile and aerial attacks on Iraq, beginning 16 January 1991. Israel, though
8975:
Indicates that of $ 29,079 million of arms exported to Iraq from 1980 to 1988 the Soviet Union accounted for $ 16,808 million, France $ 4,591 million, and China $ 5,004 million (Info must be entered)
10052:
7918:
3165:, the United States, and Europe, and heavily financed by the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Saddam Hussein had become "the defender of the Arab world" against a revolutionary, fundamentalist and
17762:
17669:
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512:
372:
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4777:, and foreign intervention in the region, while many Iraqis, especially Shias and Kurds, view him negatively as a dictator responsible for brutal authoritarianism, repression and injustices.
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to the cuts that Saddam had requested. Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil, and thus keeping prices low, when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off its huge debt.
3058:
1 billion to Palestinians, supporting them in the uprisings. He also stopped supplying oil to the western countries, to force Israel, abandoning its offensive in the Palestinian territories.
4345:, head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court in 1982, were convicted of similar charges. The verdict and sentencing were both appealed, but subsequently affirmed by Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals.
4673:
stated that the decision was unanimous. The award was bestowed on Saddam Hussein, during his 54th birthday, in appreciation of his exceptional contributions and significant impact on Iraq.
2748:
medication when needed, Although during the 90's Iraqi-healthcare decreased in its effectiveness with the sanctions restricting basic-medical equipment and supplies from getting into Iraq.
8547:
2339:, commanded Mukhabarat. Foreign observers believed that from 1982 this department operated both at home and abroad in its mission to seek out and eliminate Saddam's perceived opponents.
8213:
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concessions on border disputes. In return, Iran agreed to stop supporting opposition Kurds in Iraq. Saddam led Arab opposition to the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel (1979).
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provided by the Soviet Union, Germany, and France." It was revealed during his 2003â2004 interrogation that in addition to economic disputes, an insulting exchange between the Kuwaiti
4669:, the country's highest honor, as a recognition of his "historic role" and "noble services to Iraq". This announcement was made following a Cabinet meeting, and Information Minister
2266:; 22 were sentenced to execution. Other high-ranking members of the party formed the firing squad. By 1 August 1979, hundreds of high-ranking Ba'ath party members had been executed.
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4075:
Many members of the international community, especially the US, continued to view Saddam as a bellicose tyrant who was a threat to the stability of the region. In his January 2002
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against Iranian forces fighting on the southern front and Kurdish separatists who were attempting to open up a northern front in Iraq with the help of Iran. Iraqi Foreign Minister
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3624:
and allow UN observers to inspect the sites. UN trade sanctions would remain in effect until Iraq complied with all terms. Saddam publicly claimed victory at the end of the war.
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fertilizer production, and textile manufacturing, to reduce dependence on oil revenues and promote economic self-sufficiency. By the 1970s, women employment rate also increased.
16760:
6462:"The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers (Review)"
3405:
held another 25 percent. Saddam still had an experienced and well-equipped army, which he used to influence regional affairs. He later ordered troops to the IraqâKuwait border.
9864:
3499:" was proclaimed, but a total lack of legitimacy and support for it led to an 8 August announcement of a "merger" of the two countries. On 28 August Kuwait formally became the
1175:. Saddam's name means "the fighter who stands steadfast". His father died before his birth. This made Saddam's mother, Subha, so depressed that she unsuccessfully attempted to
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military critics, and firms heavily invested in the region, were extremely concerned with stability in this region. The invasion immediately triggered fears that the world's
4367:(which he argued was the lawful military capital punishment, citing his military position as the commander-in-chief of the Iraqi military). The execution was carried out at
2612:
in the Middle East. It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States." In response, the US covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by
1267:
assailed traditional political elites (colonial-era bureaucrats and landowners, wealthy merchants and tribal chiefs, and monarchists). Moreover, the pan-Arab nationalism of
14225:
3259:. Saddam reached out to other Arab governments for cash and political support during the war, particularly after Iraq's oil industry severely suffered at the hands of the
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15067:
9312:. The Mount Holyoke International Relations Program also provides a free-access document briefing on U.S.âIraq relations (1904âpresent); this can be accessed on line at
3495:
On 2 August 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait, initially claiming assistance to "Kuwaiti revolutionaries", thus sparking an international crisis. On 4 August an Iraqi-backed "
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members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.
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2793:. Due to close relations with Chaldeans, Saddam donated heavy amount to Chaldean churches and institutions across the United States, despite having hostile relations.
1928:
1870:
3438:, met with Saddam in an emergency meeting on 25 July 1990, where the Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE):
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was also present at the summit, representing Iraq. The Iraqi representative did not opposed the plan. In the summit, Arab countries also rejected any attack on Iraq.
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The Iranians, demanding that the international community should force Iraq to pay war reparations to Iran, refused any suggestions for a cease-fire. Despite several
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for allegedly financing and supporting the insurgency of the now banned Iraqi Ba'ath Party. The Jordanian royal family refused to hand her over. She was married to
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executive, but later became the mistress of Saddam. Eventually, Saddam forced Samira's husband to divorce her so he could marry her. After the war, Samira fled to
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escalate, the Soviet Union, under Mikhail Gorbachev, strengthened its military relationship with the Iraqi leader, providing him military advisers, arms and aid.
2446:
In 1979, al-Bakr started to make treaties with Syria, also under Ba'athist leadership, that would lead to unification between the two countries. Syrian President
9439:
4037:, conducted on 15 October, he reportedly received 99.96% of the votes in a 99.47% turnout, getting 3,052 negative votes among an electorate of 8.4 million.
19795:
15101:
11659:
9470:""Bush to Gorbachev: Choose Between Saddam and the West," by Jay P. Kosminsky and Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #280, 30 August 1990"
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6454:'one of the most elaborate CIA operations in the history of the Middle East.' That judgment remains to be proven. But the trail linking the CIA is suggestive.
4106:, which demanded that Iraq give "immediate, unconditional and active cooperation" with UN and IAEA inspections, Saddam allowed U.N. weapons inspectors led by
3178:
from its allies, who overlooked Saddam's use of chemical warfare against the Kurds and the Iranians, in addition to Iraq's efforts to develop nuclear weapons.
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Nationalization of oil was implemented, which aimed to achieve economic independence. By the late 1970s, Iraq experienced significant economic growth, with a
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Saddam had consistently argued that Kuwait had historically been an integral part of Iraq, and had only come into being as a result of interference from the
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gave Iraq roughly $ 4 billion in agricultural credits to bolster it against Iran. Saddam's Iraq became "the third-largest recipient of US assistance."
1223:, of which his uncle was a supporter. During this time, Saddam apparently supported himself as a secondary school teacher. Ba'athist ideology originated in
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Saddam had allegedly married a third wife, Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Center in the Council of Scientific Research.
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rebels and the mostly Kurdish civilian population of rural Northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 culminating in 1988. This campaign also targeted
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Iran. The only exception was the Soviet Union, which initially refused to supply Iraq on the basis of neutrality in the conflict, although in his memoirs,
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Under his government, this date was his official date of birth. His real date of birth was never recorded, but it is believed to be between 1935 and 1939.
4149:
on 20 March. By the beginning of April, US-led forces occupied much of Iraq. The resistance of the much-weakened Iraqi Army either crumbled or shifted to
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3217:, but said that Iran had used them against Iraq first. These chemical weapons were developed by Iraq from materials and technology supplied primarily by
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destabilize or overthrow Qasim's regime, we can discern fairly clearly what was on the planning table. We also can see clues as to what was authorized.
4580:
Wafa Mullah Huwaysh is rumored to have married Saddam as his fourth wife in 2002. There is no firm evidence for this marriage. Wafa is the daughter of
2311:) which aspired to model Iraq on its neighbour Iran as a Shia theocracy. A separate threat to Iraq came from parts of the ethnic Kurdish population of
3161:. The invasion was initially successful, as Iraq captured more than 25,900 km of Iranian territory by 5 December 1980. With the support of other
2257:
Saddam convened an assembly of Ba'ath party leaders on 22 July 1979. During the assembly, which he ordered videotaped, Saddam claimed to have found a
17779:
17757:
17659:
15639:
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and suppressed political opponents. Between October and November 2000 Saddam led volunteer's campaign in solidarity with the Palestinians during the
1933:
1891:
1707:
1235:
10811:
8792:
6525:
Qasim was killed three years later in a coup welcomed and possibly aided by the CIA, which brought to power the Ba'ath, the party of Saddam Hussein.
6364:
There is ample evidence that the CIA not only had contacts with the Iraqi Ba'th in the early sixties, but also assisted in the planning of the coup.
2501:, and skyrocketing revenues enabled Saddam to expand his agenda. With the help of increasing oil revenues, Saddam diversified the largely oil-based
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collusion with the Ba'th. However, each makes this argument in the course of a much broader study, and neither examines the question in any detail.
5293:
This brings us to the first, and primary, reason many newsrooms use 'Saddam' â it's how he's known throughout Iraq and the rest of the Middle East.
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4235:
confirmed that Saddam Hussein had indeed been captured at a farmhouse in ad-Dawr near Tikrit. Bremer presented video footage of Saddam in custody.
3322:
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1220:
840:
621:
516:
376:
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is derogatory or inappropriate may be based on the assumption that Hussein is a family name, and "Hussein" was treated this way in English. Thus
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Saddam once sent a Boeing 747 full of presentsârugs, televisions, ornaments. Saddam enjoyed a close relationship with Russian intelligence agent
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sent a message to Saddam, promoting diplomatic relations between Iraq and Russia. Saddam also invited Kurds to the negotiation table. A foreign
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concessions, U.S. intelligence made contact with anticommunist Ba'ath activists both inside and outside the Iraqi army during the early 1960s.
4704:), which is rare and was awarded to only a few Iraqi rulers. Order of the Mother of Battles was awarded to Saddam Hussein for his role in the
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and a shift of trade toward the West strained Iraqi relations with the Soviet Union; Iraq then took on a more Western orientation until the
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2547:, tribal chief versus urban merchant, nomad versus peasant and Jews versus anti-Semites. The desire for stable rule in a country rife with
1960:
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Washington backed the movement by military officers linked to the pan-Arab Ba'th Party that overthrew Qasim in a coup on February 8, 1963.
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Saddam's government. Uprisings erupted in the Kurdish north and Shi'a southern and central parts of Iraq, but were ruthlessly repressed.
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4511:(1969), is Saddam's second daughter. She, like her sister, fled to Jordan and has stood up for her father's rights. She was married to
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the room for their past and future loyalty. The 68 people arrested at the meeting were subsequently tried together and found guilty of
2237:
1420:
1122:
1109:, and resisted foreign intervention in the region. Conversely, some Iraqis, particularly Shias and Kurds, perceive him negatively as a
913:
head of Iraq for several years. Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with Sunni Arabs, a minority that made up about a
13241:
19905:
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4891:, Saddam developed good relations with some Kurds who supported him. Many Iraqi Jews regard Saddam as he granted protection to them.
3142:
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1993:
1665:
1410:
329:
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will appear in a new movie about Saddam which was announced in 2024. Saddam dominated politics of Iraq for 35 years and developed a
4780:
Saddam is sometimes accused of a repressive totalitarian government. His regime was notorious for its repressive tactics, including
2566:
from 1970. On the other hands the Jews of Iraq were facing persecution, when he was vice-president. Saddam was also given charge of
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the Ba'ath party and taking a leading role in addressing the country's major domestic problems and expanding the party's following.
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leader, Joseph Sassoon notes that there are important differences between Saddam's repression and the totalitarianism practiced by
2275:
2155:
1749:
956:, after a million people were killed and Iran suffered economic losses of $ 561 billion. At the end of the war, Saddam ordered the
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2150:, and other experts, reported that the unsuccessful assassination attempt on Qasim was a collaboration between the United States
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During his rule, he implemented various policies and initiatives that some people viewed as beneficial for Iraq and the broader
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13500:
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13378:
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7919:"In Iraq, respect for the Jews Baghdad: A tiny minority that has seen good days and bad is treated well under Saddam Hussein"
7519:
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met Saddam Hussein on 19â20 December 1983. Iraq quickly found itself bogged down in one of the longest and most destructive
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3676:" ("God is great"), in Saddam's handwriting, was added to the national flag. Saddam also commissioned the production of a "
2830:
2720:
2558:
in oil-rich regions around Kirkuk and Khanaqin in Northern Iraq, was one of the triggers for the Second IraqiâKurdish War.
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191:
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9601:
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for much of the early 1990s. Despite this, few observers today doubt that it was Iraq that executed the Halabja massacre.
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19755:
19440:
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reports that he "tried to assassinate" Saddam in 1995, amid "a decade-long effort to encourage a military coup in Iraq."
3700:
3543:
200 Series cars to top editors in Egypt and Jordan. Two days before the first attacks, Saddam reportedly offered Egypt's
3214:
2422:
1828:
1090:
A highly polarizing and controversial figure, Saddam dominated Iraqi politics for three decades and was the subject of a
13268:
12986:
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The major instruments for accomplishing this control were the paramilitary and police organizations. Beginning in 1974,
1187:) beat him regularly, sometimes to wake him up. At around the age of 10, Saddam fled the family and returned to live in
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Saddam, back in Iraq, and other Ba'athists posing on top of a tank after the successful Ba'athist coup in February 1963
2117:
The Ba'ath Party was originally represented in Qasim's cabinet; however, Qasimâreluctant to join Nasser's newly formed
2097:
13426:
Braut-Hegghammer, MĂ„lfrid (Summer 2020). "Cheater's Dilemma: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Path to War".
10053:"She represented Saddam Hussein, and now 'the Claudia Schiffer of North Africa' is backing her father Muammar Gaddafi"
4048:
3026:, a volunteer force in solidarity with Palestinians. It was under the supervision of his younger son Qusay. On eve of
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preferred the Nasserists and Ba'athists in power, and provided encouragement and probably some peripheral assistance.
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after his capture generally reported that he remained self-assured, describing himself as a "firm, but just leader."
4213:
3370:
2620:; the Kurds were defeated in 1975, leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians.
727:
260:
105:
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11667:
6433:
Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958".
5974:
Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958".
5934:
Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958".
5874:
Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958".
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and was instrumental in suppressing Shi'ite rebellions in the mid-1990s. He was married once and had three children.
4299:", along with 11 other senior Ba'athist leaders, was handed over to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for
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13295:"Barry Keoghan to Star in Film From 'Chernobyl' Director Johan Renck About Saddam Hussein's Final Days (Exclusive)"
12819:
11766:[Raghad Saddam Hussein responds to allegations regarding the existence of an undisclosed brother of hers].
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problem by promising to withdraw his forces from Kuwait if Israel would relinquish the occupied territories in the
3526:
When later asked why he invaded Kuwait, Saddam first claimed that it was because Kuwait was rightfully Iraq's 19th
3424:
3398:
1980:
1754:
909:(1974â1975). Following al-Bakr's resignation in 1979, Saddam formally took power, although he had already been the
10969:"Saddam Hussein Talks to the FBI: Twenty Interviews and Five Conversations with "High Value Detainee # 1" in 2004"
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8944:
8096:
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15652:
15499:
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14509:
14495:
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13709:
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9949:
9806:"Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics"
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3717:
3275:
3123:
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1068:
1036:
174:
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11708:"Treasury Designates 16 Family Members of the Former Iraqi Regime, Submits 191 Iraqi Entities to United Nations"
11540:
10456:
3680:", written using 27 litres of his own blood, to thank God for saving him from various dangers and conspiracies.
3030:, Saddam wrote a public letter, calling for Christians and Muslims, to lead jihad against Zionist movement. The
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He was honored by titles such as "Field Marshal" and "Comrade". Saddam Hussein is one of the recipients of the
3882:
3847:
3753:
3609:
13222:"Trump praises Saddam Hussein's efficient killing of 'terrorists,' calls today's Iraq 'Harvard for terrorism'"
13064:"Palestinians Erect Memorial To Saddam Hussein In Qalqilya, Bearing Slogan 'Arab Palestine From River To Sea'"
12899:
11964:
11826:
10713:
8425:
4227:, Saddam was captured by American forces after being found hiding in a hole in the ground near a farmhouse in
3589:
During the period of negotiations and threats following the invasion, Saddam focused renewed attention on the
3511:
had always been an integral part of Iraq and only became an independent nation due to the interference of the
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19735:
18642:
18267:
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5907:
5446:
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2090:
1603:
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19018:
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8851:
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made a visit to Iraq and met Saddam. He was first leader of a foreign state to visit the country, since the
2233:
2186:, the leader of the Ba'athist movement, organized the expulsion of leading Iraqi Ba'athist members, such as
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by Iran. By 1982, Iraq was on the defensive and looking for ways to end the war. Middle East special envoy
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906:
783:
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14536:
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10026:
8002:"STANDOFF IN THE GULF; Synagogue's Keeper Tells of Standing Watch for Baghdad's Dwindling Jewish Remnant"
4581:
4354:
4099:
for over a decade ... Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror."
3885:." The resolution demanded that Iraq immediately put an end to its "summary and arbitrary executions ...
3850:." The resolution demanded that Iraq immediately put an end to its "summary and arbitrary executions ...
3705:
3378:
3374:
3222:
2151:
1907:
1632:
1617:
1304:, was reported to have served five years in prison for his role in fighting against Great Britain in the
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al-Adha. Leaders of Islamic countries should show respect for this blessed occasion ... not demean it."
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3616:. On 6 March 1991, Bush announced "What is at stake is more than one small country, it is a big ideaâa
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Revolutionary sentiment was characteristic of the era in Iraq and throughout the Middle East. In Iraq,
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10942:"Online NewsHour Update: Coalition Says Iraqi Regime Has Lost Control of Baghdad â 9 April 2003"
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Ba'thist forces and army officers overthrew Qasim on February 8, 1963, in collaboration with the CIA.
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4395:, the trapdoor opened, cutting him off mid-sentence. The rope broke his neck, killing him instantly.
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993:
827:(28 April 1937 â 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth
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3960:. This doctrine was officially endorsed by his government and promoted by the Iraqi daily newspaper
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prices at a reasonable level. The aim was to ensure stability and fairness in the global oil market.
3708:
and other banned weaponry, and violating the UN-imposed sanctions. Also during the 1990s, President
2421:. Al-Bakr was named president and Saddam was named his deputy, and deputy chairman of the Ba'athist
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3305:(and many others) in Kurdish regions of Iraq led by the government of Saddam Hussein and headed by
2006:
1195:, who became a fatherly figure to Saddam. Talfah, the father of Saddam's future wife, was a devout
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885:
in 1957, and later in 1966 the Iraqi and Baghdad-based Ba'ath parties. He played a key role in the
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took the official position that Iran was partly to blame for the Halabja massacre. A study by the
2785:, held various political positions in the Ba'athist government and was a close advisor to Saddam.
2433:
In 1976, Saddam rose to the position of general in the Iraqi armed forces, and rapidly became the
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Saddam visited only two Western countries. The first visit took place in December 1974, when the
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minority in Iraq. Mandaeans were given state protection under Saddam, as a sign of respect, the
2282:"There is a feeling that at least three million Iraqis are watching the eleven million others."
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churches all over the world, and even went on record as saying "He's very kind to Christians."
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229:
133:
99:
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6823:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"
6288:
6088:
4828:
does not take a neutral stance between faith and atheism; it is always on the side of faith."
4319:
Saddam and his lawyers contesting the court's authority and maintaining that he was still the
4145:
The Iraqi government and military collapsed within three weeks of the beginning of the US-led
3278:, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988. The bloody eight-year war ended in a stalemate.
2554:
Saddam signed a peace treaty with Mustafa Barzani in 1970. However the government coordinated
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Confrontation in the Gulf; U.S. Aid Helped Hussein's Climb; Now, Critics Say, the Bill Is Due
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Following the outbreak of the second intifada in Palestinian territories, Saddam established
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citizens regardless of background, and repressive measures were taken against its opponents.
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1345:
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1040:
12924:"These Iraqi Gnostics Hold Water Sacred. Jordanian Authorities Wonât Let Them Near a River."
11579:
7475:
7401:
4847:, Palestine. Additionally, many portraits and other forms of memorials are found throughout
4556:
4497:, Jordan where she received sanctuary from the royal family. She is currently wanted by the
3046:
was proposed in the summit, solving matter between Israelis and Palestinians. Saddam's ally
2206:
835:
from 1979 to 1991 and later from 1994 to 2003. He was a leading member of the revolutionary
19695:
19690:
19646:
19616:
19576:
19571:
19475:
19350:
19187:
18672:
18657:
18594:
18518:
17458:
17371:
17223:
17168:
17038:
16963:
16816:
16618:
15957:
15952:
15880:
15757:
15465:
15165:
15158:
15084:
14830:
14712:
14646:
14608:
14504:
14430:
14425:
14350:
14198:
13816:
13782:
13685:
13621:
11070:
8700:
8122:"These Iraqi Gnostics Hold Water Sacred. Jordanian Authorities Won't Let Them Near a River"
5067:
4717:
4523:. In June 2021, an Iraqi court ordered the release of her husband after 18 years in prison.
4342:
3822:
3713:
3699:
Relations between the US and Iraq remained tense following the Gulf War. The US launched a
3642:
3527:
2947:
2593:
2472:
support, he closely followed the administration of state welfare and development programs.
2434:
2403:
2228:
2223:
became president. Arif dismissed and arrested the Ba'athist leaders later that year in the
2118:
1487:
1229:
1009:
981:
977:
894:
798:
155:
9027:
The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. A Middle East Watch Report: Human Rights Watch 1993.
6289:
Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon; Middle East Studies Pedagogy Initiative (MESPI) (20 July 2018).
3237:
In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the
2526:
intruders, was heavy-handed, but consistent as a drumbeat. It helped, of course, that his
1219:
for three years, dropping out in 1957 at the age of 20 to join the revolutionary pan-Arab
8:
19636:
18993:
18926:
18770:
18730:
18725:
18720:
18715:
18574:
18569:
18483:
17868:
17573:
17416:
17283:
17238:
17208:
17193:
17033:
17023:
17013:
16998:
16343:
16049:
15837:
15807:
15684:
14772:
14730:
14656:
14531:
14453:
13982:
13952:
13937:
12595:
11801:
11541:"Saddam's allies moved his corpse, fearful Shi'ite militias would harm it: tribal leader"
11398:
9918:
9869:
9568:
9301:
A free-access on-line archive relating to U.S.âIraq relations in the 1980s is offered by
8597:
8033:
7503:
7443:
7159:
6917:
4908:
4797:
often executed or imprisoned. Saddam initiated several military conflicts, including the
4670:
4584:, a former minister of military industry in Iraq and Saddam's last deputy Prime Minister.
4368:
3918:
3306:
2605:
2387:
2383:
2324:
2320:
1091:
914:
579:
559:
139:
10968:
10738:
9565:
George Washington University's National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 21
8174:"The Plight of Iraq's Mandeans â Mandaean Associations Union â ۧŰȘŰۧۯ ۧÙŰŹÙ
ŰčÙۧŰȘ ۧÙÙ
ÙۯۧۊÙŰ©"
6626:
The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy
5649:
4192:
In April 2003, Saddam's whereabouts remained in question during the weeks following the
2869:
that dated back to the 1960s; Primakov may have helped Saddam to stay in power in 1991.
2219:
before, during, and after the coup. Ba'athist leaders were appointed to the cabinet and
19780:
19641:
19621:
19581:
19497:
19480:
19455:
19262:
19073:
19063:
19043:
19013:
18988:
18584:
18197:
18142:
17853:
17538:
17513:
17401:
17233:
17138:
16948:
16918:
16801:
16735:
16555:
16394:
16348:
16338:
16189:
16140:
16120:
16059:
16029:
15890:
15832:
15573:
15302:
15216:
15052:
14903:
14898:
14883:
14845:
14820:
14757:
14618:
14553:
14188:
13997:
13912:
13489:
13411:. Translated by Emanuel, Susan. Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Columbia University Press.
12961:
12937:
The Plight of Iraq's Mandeans â Mandaean Associations Union â ۧŰȘŰۧۯ ۧÙŰŹÙ
ŰčÙۧŰȘ ۧÙÙ
ÙۯۧۊÙŰ©"
12302:
11707:
11637:
11149:
11021:
10625:
10349:
10164:
10110:
9840:
9805:
9198:
9094:
8965:
8867:
8282:
7628:
7280:
7218:
6799:
6746:
6576:
6336:"A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime"
6008:
5576:
5567:
5523:
5347:
5108:
4970:
4888:
4848:
4802:
4729:
4725:
4334:
4224:
4023:
3980:
3621:
3590:
3574:
3500:
3496:
3154:
3111:
3094:(1980â1988), Iraq claimed it had the right to hold sovereignty to the east bank of the
2980:
2908:
2782:
2498:
2399:
2352:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2215:
1567:
1557:
1324:
1316:
1315:
In 1958, a year after Saddam had joined the Ba'ath party, army officers led by General
1268:
1204:
1118:
1017:
965:
933:
886:
760:
19257:
14745:
13630:
11517:
9865:"Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. That was 'a spectacular lie.'"
9063:
8491:
6618:
Declassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support these suggestions.
6554:
The agency finally backed a successful coup in Iraq in the name of American influence.
6211:
4287:
3991:
origins and heritage of Iraqi Arabs was complementary to supporting Arab nationalism.
3086:
2551:
led Saddam to pursue both massive repression and the improvement of living standards.
2530:(secret police) put dozens of Arab news editors, writers and artists on the payroll."
808:
19601:
19292:
19227:
19142:
19122:
18710:
18538:
18498:
18028:
17563:
17528:
17468:
17298:
17113:
17078:
17008:
17003:
16983:
16938:
16781:
16565:
16399:
15967:
15939:
15905:
15875:
15787:
15782:
15694:
15452:
15423:
15382:
15255:
15249:
15201:
15062:
14972:
14923:
14888:
14725:
14666:
14568:
14478:
14448:
14443:
14310:
14305:
14289:
14178:
14118:
14038:
14033:
13942:
13730:
13692:
13591:
13572:
13553:
13534:
13515:
13496:
13473:
13454:
13412:
13393:
13374:
13355:
13328:
12716:
12683:
12526:
12454:
12425:
12330:
12306:
12265:
12242:
12211:
12201:
11613:
11310:
11253:
11204:
11043:
10508:
10476:
10405:
10324:
10316:
10145:
10091:
9986:
9845:
9827:
9757:
9738:
9476:
9263:
9085:
8895:
8800:
8771:
8747:
8605:
8552:
8459:
8451:
8348:
8009:
7657:
7515:
7371:
7339:
7307:
7284:
7132:
7110:
7099:
7005:
6973:
6929:
6897:
6865:
6842:
6803:
6791:
6750:
6738:
6691:
6660:
6633:
6607:
6580:
6543:
6514:
6487:
6442:
6417:
6413:
6379:
6355:
6317:
6266:
6237:
6191:
6159:
6130:
6092:
6081:
6056:
6012:
5983:
5943:
5883:
5827:
5798:
5747:
5698:
5589:
5581:
5515:
5498:
Post, Jerrold (June 1991). "Saddam Hussein of Iraq: A Political Psychology Profile".
5426:
5369:
5264:
4872:
4840:
4813:
during his rule further exacerbated economic hardships for the country's population.
4721:
4629:
4529:
4453:
4320:
4250:
4011:
3995:
3972:
3961:
3949:
3925:
3559:
3550:
3473:
3202:
3194:
3170:
3115:
3091:
3075:
2857:
Saddam developed a reputation for liking expensive goods, such as his diamond-coated
2695:
2648:
2548:
2407:
1970:
1572:
1552:
1336:
1320:
1301:
1192:
949:
945:
828:
788:
750:
664:
318:
93:
64:
12479:
9440:"CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy"
9225:
9119:
4493:(1968) is Saddam's oldest daughter. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Raghad fled to
3821:
was planned to overthrow Saddam, which was later dropped down after three months of
3818:
2889:
2232:
extraordinary challenge to Syrian domination of the Ba'ath Party in response to the
19535:
19242:
19207:
19177:
19172:
19147:
18956:
18842:
18533:
18316:
18306:
18066:
17543:
17293:
17288:
17178:
17158:
17143:
16953:
16923:
16841:
16811:
16806:
16725:
16538:
16456:
16363:
16155:
16135:
16089:
15998:
15992:
15926:
15920:
15847:
15762:
15714:
15689:
15583:
15527:
15486:
15480:
15439:
15433:
15413:
15285:
15172:
14815:
14750:
14740:
14414:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14325:
14300:
13437:
13347:
13116:"Palestinian Saddam statue is a 'poke in America's eye,' diplomats and leaders say"
12871:"The New Humanitarian | Women were more respected under Saddam, say women's groups"
12518:
12294:
10873:
10868:
10545:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
10191:"CNN.com - Saddam ends campaign for volunteers to fight Israel - November 10, 2000"
9835:
9819:
9752:
9251:
8825:
7620:
7272:
6834:
6783:
6730:
6409:
6347:
6126:
6122:
6116:
5507:
5133:
4942:
4856:
4658:
4498:
4458:
4270:
3976:
3971:
During his leadership, Saddam promoted the idea of dual nationalism which combines
3862:
3830:
3825:. In 2002, Austrian prosecutors investigated Saddam government's transactions with
3570:
3377:
held Iran responsible for the attack. This assessment was subsequently used by the
3362:
3158:
3146:
2877:
2866:
2220:
2195:
2076:
2033:
1637:
1281:
1277:
1216:
1114:
1021:
1020:, which sought to gain independence or overthrow the government. Saddam adopted an
848:
18423:
7820:
6302:
with holesâredactions that cannot be declassified for "national security" reasons.
3189:â a Chilean businessman who provided Iraq with weapons during the war in the 1980s
2916:, his former interior minister, personally benefitted from the deals with Saddam.
1125:. Saddam's government has been described by several analysts as authoritarian and
19586:
19555:
19550:
19395:
19335:
19282:
19212:
19192:
19167:
19157:
19058:
18936:
18795:
18404:
17941:
17931:
17858:
17804:
17426:
17406:
17303:
17268:
17263:
17248:
17213:
17133:
17123:
17063:
16978:
16881:
16876:
16866:
16831:
16791:
16745:
16720:
16650:
16608:
16575:
16220:
16130:
16125:
15827:
15817:
15792:
15777:
15767:
15752:
15729:
15699:
15617:
15309:
14913:
14878:
14767:
14762:
14681:
14592:
14330:
14183:
14095:
14083:
14007:
14002:
13992:
13927:
13902:
13887:
13874:
13862:
13637:
13615:
13089:
12298:
10495:
9319:
9274:
Today, few observers question the assertion that it was Iraq that gassed Halabja.
8999:
8984:
8972:
8765:
8259:
7422:
7082:
7054:
6770:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"
6717:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"
5222:
5201:
5102:
for short. The observation that referring to the deposed Iraqi president as only
5046:
5037:
4978:
4956:
4900:
4867:, whom he met in 1974 during an international trip to India. Former US president
4686:
4677:
4641:
4462:
4444:
4388:
4311:
4184:
3857:
In 2002, Austrian prosecutors investigated Saddam government's transactions with
3798:
3786:
3769:
3677:
3338:
3243:
3206:
3198:
3174:
3107:
2988:
2935:
2861:
wristwatch, and sent copies of them to his friends around the world. To his ally
2613:
2502:
2371:
2312:
2069:
1497:
1467:
1462:
1400:
1309:
1273:
1248:
1200:
1159:, to Hussein Abd Al-Majid and Subha Tulfah Al-Mussallat. They were both from the
1126:
1076:
902:
882:
855:, while the policies and political ideas he championed are collectively known as
836:
615:
563:
19846:
Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Iraq Region
9564:
9313:
9310:
8989:. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 24 November 2006
8767:
Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy
7733:
3752:
and the defense of reasonable oil prices. ChĂĄvez emphasized the significance of
3054:
Israelis, not all the money was sent to support suicide bombing. Saddam donated
2608:, the treaty upset "the US-sponsored security system established as part of the
1163:
tribe, which was descended from Ahmed Bin Hussein 'Nasiruddin', a descendant of
19591:
19430:
19325:
19320:
19287:
19277:
19267:
19162:
19152:
19033:
18961:
18856:
18523:
18398:
18321:
17951:
17583:
17518:
17411:
17318:
17313:
17128:
17118:
17043:
16861:
16796:
16786:
16740:
16660:
16603:
16560:
16446:
16441:
16373:
16281:
16074:
16069:
16054:
16044:
15661:
15558:
15275:
15231:
15179:
15074:
14893:
14868:
14078:
13217:
12506:
11366:
9651:
9609:
8826:
Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program
6285:
For sources that agree or sympathize with assertions of U.S. involvement, see:
4871:
praised Saddam for militant suppression and stability during his presidency in
4821:
4697:
4490:
4326:
The assassinations and attempted assassinations of several of Saddam's lawyers.
4139:
4096:
4080:
3877:
3858:
3842:
3826:
3814:
3773:
3684:
3583:
3512:
3298:
3292:
3186:
3023:
2955:
2913:
2897:
2862:
2600:
In 1972, Saddam signed a 15-year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the
2589:
2447:
2363:
and torture. Conversely, Saddam used Iraq's oil wealth to develop an extensive
2243:. Saddam then created a Ba'athist security service, which he alone controlled.
2187:
2038:
1532:
1482:
1472:
1447:
1380:
1208:
1164:
1025:
1001:
957:
852:
703:
180:
12522:
12215:
11145:
11017:"Saddam Hussein, Defiant Dictator Who Ruled Iraq With Violence and Fear, Dies"
9823:
7276:
7024:
6787:
6734:
6398:"Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East"
6372:
Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change
4295:
On 30 June 2004, Saddam Hussein, held in custody by US forces at the US base "
3737:
3518:
3301:
was a genocidal campaign that took place during the IranâIraq War against the
19841:
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
19679:
19596:
19222:
19202:
19137:
19089:
19003:
18800:
18662:
18589:
18554:
18513:
18341:
18336:
17956:
17508:
17503:
17396:
17328:
17308:
17228:
17183:
17173:
17073:
16988:
16851:
16836:
16730:
16034:
15265:
15245:
14966:
14918:
14908:
14873:
14825:
14802:
14777:
14541:
14370:
14365:
14242:
14043:
13892:
13710:
Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance of Iraq
12720:
12687:
12530:
12458:
11314:
10328:
10149:
10095:
9831:
8899:
8804:
8609:
8463:
8352:
8013:
7476:"Scars that won't heal: Iraq recognises Fayli Kurd persecution as 'genocide'"
7448:
7390:
CNN, "Hussein was a symbol of autocracy, cruelty in Iraq," 30 December 2003.
7196:
6846:
6795:
6742:
6421:
6359:
6291:"Essential Readings: The United States and Iraq before Saddam Hussein's Rule"
5585:
5519:
5032:
4904:
4864:
4798:
4767:
4713:
4705:
4637:
4634:
4561:
4533:
4472:
4430:
4209:
4030:
3760:
3745:
3598:
3555:
3544:
3540:
3463:
3435:
3427:
3410:
3342:
3330:
3166:
3131:
3095:
2893:
2712:
2682:, but Mustafa Barazani eventually disagreed with the deal, which incited the
2678:
elect a Kurdish representative to go to Baghdad. Saddam had already signed a
2559:
2514:
2379:
2303:
of 1979, Iraq faced the prospect of régime change from two Shi'ite factions (
1260:
1099:
1013:
997:
697:
642:
175:
Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance of Iraq
15351:
9715:
9133:"BBC ON THIS DAY | 16 | 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack"
5719:
Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq
5054:, is his personal name, and means "the stubborn one" or "he who confronts".
4899:, a powerful tribal group in Iraq. In 2008, a TV series based on his life â
3122:
were largely unsuccessful in rallying support from Shi'ites in Iraq and the
2573:
An account on Saddam's treatment of Jews in Iraq by IraqiâIsraeli historian
2129:) that told him such an action would be dangerous. Instead, Qasim adopted a
19631:
19272:
19132:
19127:
18983:
18909:
18861:
18692:
18632:
18326:
18311:
17799:
17742:
17153:
16856:
16776:
16698:
16655:
16523:
16507:
16502:
16312:
15772:
15742:
15704:
15568:
15279:
15271:
15261:
14792:
14558:
14355:
14063:
14058:
14048:
13882:
13409:
A History of the Iraq Crisis: France, the United States, and Iraq 1991â2003
12230:
11601:
9849:
8201:"The National, Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq"
7359:
7327:
7094:
6993:
6961:
6885:
6225:
6179:
6112:
6076:
6044:
5735:
5686:
5593:
5414:
4983:
4880:
4868:
4781:
4693:
4593:
4565:
4512:
4508:
4436:
4333:
On 5 November 2006, Saddam was found guilty of crimes against humanity and
4296:
4205:
4084:
3965:
3956:
The political ideas and politics pursued by Saddam Hussein became known as
3709:
3673:
3402:
3264:
3247:
3246:... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran." The
3218:
2786:
2765:
2761:
2728:
2601:
2574:
2480:
2375:
2360:
2258:
2183:
2167:
2147:
1849:
1452:
1353:
1285:
844:
708:
691:
400:
352:
13351:
11495:
9644:"Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union"
9359:"Iraq Chief, Boasting of Poison Gas, Warns of Disaster if Israelis Strike"
9037:
8297:
7137:
6862:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
6688:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
6484:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
6310:
Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US-Arab Relations, 1945â1967
6152:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
5122:. A full discussion can be found in the CBC reference preceding this note.
4483:. He was believed to have ordered the army to kill thousands of rebelling
4398:
Not long before the execution, Saddam's lawyers released his last letter.
3712:
maintained sanctions and ordered air strikes in the "Iraqi no-fly zones" (
2789:, the founder of Ba'athist ideology, which Saddam followed, was himself a
2703:
with Saddam's regime also mandating free tuition for university students.
2323:(himself a Kurdish Ba'athist), a close associate of Saddam, commanded the
1284:. Nasser inspired nationalists throughout the Middle East by fighting the
19247:
19104:
18951:
18946:
18892:
18871:
18356:
18331:
17961:
17578:
17323:
17243:
17218:
17203:
17198:
17163:
17088:
16846:
16826:
16703:
16677:
16115:
16039:
15910:
15885:
15517:
15185:
14976:
14938:
14787:
14623:
14548:
14345:
13907:
13656:
13441:
11609:
10645:
8048:
7658:"President Saddam Hussein patronises the illiteracy eradication campaign"
7367:
7335:
7001:
6969:
6893:
6629:
6469:
6262:
6233:
6187:
6052:
5794:
5694:
5422:
4928:
4770:
4603:
In August 2003, Saddam's daughters Raghad and Rana received sanctuary in
4484:
4360:
4262:
4232:
3988:
3721:
3632:
3477:
3358:
3354:
2968:
2638:
2519:
2048:
1477:
1312:, and often mentored and told tales of his exploits to the young Saddam.
1293:
1289:
1196:
1137:
1102:
875:
48:
13390:
Saddam Husayn and Islam, 1968â2003: Ba'thi Iraq from Secularism to Faith
11069:
Clark, Roger; McIntyre, Jamie; Payne, Ed; Starr, Barbara (21 May 2005).
8548:"Palestinians mourn fall of their hero Saddam after flow of dollars for"
7646:"Iraqi Ambassador Mohamed Sadeg al-Mashat speaks about Kurdish Autonomy"
7191:
6838:
6351:
4950:
4692:
Saddam received a number of medals, which were displayed at a museum in
4420:
4188:
Saddam Hussein's fingerprints, obtained by the National Security Archive
4126:
With war still looming on 24 February 2003, Saddam Hussein took part in
3987:
as a whole. Saddam Hussein believed that the recognition of the ancient
2719:
Following the invasion of Kuwait which initiated the Gulf War, Iraq was
19182:
19099:
19094:
19023:
18508:
18351:
17558:
16958:
15900:
15797:
15563:
15512:
15316:
14053:
13702:
13662:
12741:
12281:"New Sources for the Study of Iraqi Intelligence during the Saddam Era"
12041:
7632:
7612:
6531:
5527:
4896:
4884:
4876:
4863:," stating that he was a well-reputed person. Saddam was an admirer of
4832:
4612:
4135:
3720:
harder at sites near Baghdad in February 2001. Former CIA case officer
3602:
3210:
3162:
2920:
2778:
2540:
1297:
1264:
941:
170:
12195:
12143:
11518:"Iraq conflict: Saddam's tomb destroyed in Tikrit fighting â BBC News"
10534:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 2009. Pp. 174.
7946:
4855:. Even today, Saddam has a huge fan following in India. Indian singer
4758:
4329:
The replacement of the chief presiding judge midway through the trial.
3221:
companies as well as using dual-use technology imported following the
2838:
Saddam's rule, and often praise him for the protection they received.
2813:
was also a Jewish family, who helped his mother during her hard days.
2596:
signing the IraqiâSoviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-Operation in 1972
2236:
earlier that year, resulting in the Party's formalized split into two
18866:
18346:
16416:
14863:
14835:
14782:
14320:
14012:
13972:
11884:"Iraq Rewards Hussein With Medal for 'Historic Role, Noble Services'"
11375:
11225:
10376:"CNN.com - Hussein appeals to Kurds in northern Iraq - July 16, 2001"
8793:"Iraq Acknowledges Its Use of Gas But Says Iran Introduced It in War"
8742:
Esposito, John, "Political Islam Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform",
6438:
6375:
6295:
5979:
5939:
5879:
4532:, in 1979 and married her in 1986. She was originally the wife of an
4372:
4150:
4107:
4092:
3983:
which supports Iraqi nationalism and links it to matters that impact
3957:
3939:
3613:
3594:
3366:
3318:
3027:
2826:
2817:
2506:
2364:
2348:
2053:
2043:
856:
12570:"Why sanctions fell short of their objectives in the First Gulf War"
12381:"State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein | Political Science"
8142:"Genocide in Iraq? A Political History of the Yazidis and Mandaeans"
7624:
6600:
Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I
5511:
2198:(1962â1963). It is possible that Saddam visited the U.S. embassy in
19606:
19315:
18811:
18102:
15079:
14380:
14210:
14193:
13967:
13962:
13657:
Federal Bureau of Investigation Records: The Vault â Saddam Hussein
13625:
11097:
8889:"IRAQ ASCRIBES A KEY DEFEAT IN '86 TO MISINFORMATION FROM THE U.S."
8518:"CNN.com - Arab summit rejects any attack on Iraq - March 28, 2002"
8339:
Burke, Jason; Vulliamy, Ed; Beaver, Paul; York, New (21 May 2000).
8000:
Shenon, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (12 December 1990).
6435:
America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics
5976:
America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics
5936:
America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics
5876:
America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics
5287:
5213:
4844:
4806:
4733:
4448:
4131:
4068:
4022:, Saddam claimed the historic roles of Nebuchadnezzar, Saladin and
4019:
3886:
3851:
3741:
3490:
2942:
2928:
2873:
2609:
2418:
2214:
Army officers with ties to the Ba'ath Party overthrew Qasim in the
1587:
1577:
1176:
1110:
1029:
989:
969:
803:
793:
12846:"Casualties of War: Iraqi Women's Rights and Reality Then and Now"
10695:"The toppling of Saddam's statue: how the US military made a myth"
9892:"Not My Job: Former CIA Officer Robert Baer Gets Quizzed On Bears"
9419:"U.S. Deploys Air and Sea Forces After Iraq Threatens 2 Neighbors"
8492:"King of Clubs Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: Saddam's ally and enforcer"
8071:"CNN - Palestinian kills 4 in Baghdad synagogue - October 4, 1998"
5450:
4253:
and that it would investigate the photographs. During this period
4047:
He erected statues around the country, which Iraqis toppled after
15007:
14840:
14797:
13977:
13922:
12375:
12373:
12042:"Iraq: The Rise And Fall Of Saddam Hussein, Iraq's 'Great Uncle'"
11683:"Iraq frees Saddam Hussein's son-in-law after 18 years in prison"
11399:"Witness: Saddam Hussein argued with guards moments before death"
9810:
8937:"Inverse Engagement: Lessons from U.S.-Iraq Relations, 1982â1990"
6370:
Ismael, Tareq Y.; Ismael, Jacqueline S.; Perry, Glenn E. (2016).
5230:
4785:
4681:
4392:
4228:
4088:
4015:
3999:
3944:
3929:
3909:
3781:
3350:
3181:
3039:
3000:
2987:". Osirak was destroyed on 7 June 1981 by an Israeli air strike (
2951:
2885:
2834:
2810:
2769:
2336:
2328:
2263:
1188:
1180:
1152:
1080:
944:, and end Iranian calls for the overthrow of the Sunni-dominated
863:
583:
555:
12768:"Empty classrooms and black market textbooks â Iraq | ReliefWeb"
10671:
8791:
Schmemann, Serge; Times, Special To the New York (2 July 1988).
8426:"Thinking About the History of Militias in Iraq | Wilson Center"
7760:"The Iraqi Economy under Saddam Hussein: Development or Decline"
4469:'s daughter, but later divorced her. The couple had no children.
2491:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
16161:
15589:
14720:
14375:
13666:
12235:
Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World
5740:
The Old Social Classes & The Revolutionary Movement in Iraq
5091:
4737:
4709:
4597:
4537:
4520:
4114:
3768:
In October 2000, Saddam was also visited by then Libyan leader
3669:
3649:
3508:
3334:
3150:
3035:
2984:
2972:
2881:
2806:
2699:
2490:
2146:(UPI), citing former U.S. diplomat and intelligence officials,
1156:
1129:, although the applicability of that label has been contested.
973:
867:
770:
13470:
Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War
13392:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press.
13269:"Kurdish model arrested for allegedly praising Saddam Hussein"
12949:"Saddam pledges to construct temples for the Mandaean peoples"
12370:
10526:
10524:
7101:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
6949:
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
6573:
Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War
6567:
For sources that dispute assertions of U.S. involvement, see:
6083:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
6005:
Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War
5447:"ۏ۱ÙŰŻŰ© ۧÙ۱Ùۧ۶ | ŰŁŰÙ
ŰŻ ŰŰłÙ Ű§ÙŰšÙ۱ Ű±ŰŹÙ Ű§ÙÙ
ÙۧÙÙ
Ű© ۧÙŰŁÙÙ Ű¶ŰŻ ۚ۱Ù۷ۧÙÙۧ"
4180:
Saddam after being captured and shaven to confirm his identity
3645:
led to the death of 100,000â180,000 people, mostly civilians.
2727:, which caused economic decline. In 1995, then U.S. president
2459:
1243:
19410:
14933:
13917:
13642:
National Security Archive at The George Washington University
13569:
Enemy of the State: The Trial and Execution of Saddam Hussein
10242:"CNN.com - UK launches Saddam investigation - April 25, 2001"
9256:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja
8154:
Saddam pledges to construct temples for the Mandaean peoples.
8144:
Published in 2014, Author Rene Wadlow. Retrieved August 2024.
7785:"Why women are less free 10 years after the invasion of Iraq"
5159:
5148:
5086:
5072:
4604:
4569:
4494:
4217:
3984:
3794:
3302:
3251:
3127:
3063:
2901:
2858:
2544:
2199:
2191:
2176:
1252:
1224:
1172:
1095:
961:
897:. During his time as vice president, Saddam nationalized the
878:
13588:
Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime
13451:
The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism
12323:
The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism
12144:"afrol News â South African museum displays Saddam's medals"
10401:"MI6 made secret plan for anti-Saddam coup in December 2001"
10082:
Islam, Faisal; correspondent, economics (16 February 2003).
9494:
Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age
7253:
The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism
5768:
Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age
4732:
revolutions, cooperation with Syria, peace in 1970, and the
2342:
Saddam was notable for using terror against his own people.
16102:
15540:
14128:
14105:
13848:
13842:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11371:"Saddam Hussein's body was stabbed in the back, says guard"
10537:
10521:
7415:
The Iraq War player profile: Saddam Hussein's Rise to Power
5168:
5139:
4680:. In 1980, Saddam Hussein was awarded a key to the city of
4003:
3777:
3749:
3532:
3391:
3059:
2523:
2512:
The oil revenue benefited Saddam politically. According to
929:
871:
745:
11431:
11226:
Mariam Karouny and Ibon Villelabeitia (26 December 2006).
9120:
Saddam's Chemical Weapons Campaign: Halabja, 16 March 1988
7683:"Iraq's economy: Past, present, future â Iraq | ReliefWeb"
4766:
Many Arabs praise Saddam as a true leader who stood up to
3867:
General Secretary of the Society for Austro-Arab relations
3865:
and embargo regulations. Fritz Edlinger, president of the
3835:
General Secretary of the Society for Austro-Arab relations
3833:
and embargo regulations. Fritz Edlinger, president of the
3114:, thus giving way to an Islamic republic led by Ayatollah
13226:
12545:"Corruption is the forgotten legacy of the Iraq invasion"
11047:
5857:
5855:
5840:
4608:
4258:
2642:
Saddam Hussein and Reza Shah during the Algiers agreement
1184:
16219:
13038:"Palestinian Activists Build Monument to Saddam Hussein"
13012:"Palestinian activists build monument to Saddam Hussein"
11558:
11124:"Tour of prison reveals the last days of Saddam Hussein"
10559:"Inside the Abandoned Babylon That Saddam Hussein Built"
10450:"Victim Competition: Antisemitism and the Austrian Left"
8220:. The Jamestown Foundation. 4 March 2003. Archived from
7306:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press.
7128:
7126:
2269:
12987:"Why was Saddam Hussein so popular among Palestinians?"
12622:"Iraq â Dictatorship, Invasion, Sanctions | Britannica"
11736:"ALI SADDAM HUSSEIN AL-TIKRITI | Security Council"
11573:
11068:
10532:
The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq
10136:
MacAskill, Ewen; editor, diplomatic (3 November 2000).
8842:
Dickey, Christopher, Thomas, Evan (22 September 2002).
8338:
8253:
8251:
8249:
7867:"Saddam Hussein Helped Detroit Church, Got Key to City"
7841:"Why Did Assad, Saddam and Mubarak Protect Christians?"
7304:
The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq
6256:
4689:
of Iraqis, Saddam was honored by an award from UNESCO.
3998:
officially included the historic Kurdish Muslim leader
3390:
production; Kuwait refused, then led the opposition in
3082:
United States support for Iraq during the IranâIraq War
2724:
1121:
estimated that Saddam's regime was responsible for the
13242:"Iraq's Saddam still revered in Jordan 20 years later"
11764:"۱ŰșŰŻ ۔ۯۧÙ
ŰŰłÙÙ ŰȘ۱ۯ ŰčÙÙ ŰÙÙÙŰ© ÙŰŹÙŰŻ ŰŁŰź ŰșÙ۱ Ù
ŰčÙÙ ŰčÙÙ ÙÙۧ"
10084:"Iraq nets handsome profit by dumping dollar for euro"
8203:
Published by The National 2018, Retrieved August 2024.
6025:
5852:
3924:
Saddam's palace near the ruins of the North Palace of
2979:
that condemned and ostracized Egypt for accepting the
12820:"IRAQ: Was Life for Iraqi Women Better Under Saddam?"
10424:"FORMAT: Staatsanwalt ermittelt gegen Fritz Edlinger"
9777:"Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance?"
7123:
5189:
5171:
5165:
5136:
2463:
Promoting women's literacy and education in the 1970s
13533:(Updated ed.). University of California Press.
13512:
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein
12279:
Woods, Kevin M.; Stout, Mark E. (16 December 2010).
8246:
7538:. The Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C., 1978.
5343:"Defiant Hussein Rebukes Iraqi Court for Trying Him"
5145:
4918:
3547:
50 million dollars in cash, "ostensibly for grain."
3153:, before occupying the oil-rich Iranian province of
2121:âsided with various groups within Iraq (notably the
1123:
murder or disappearance of 250,000 to 290,000 Iraqis
18453:
13550:
The IranâIraq War: A Military and Strategic History
12067:"Saddam Hussein's medals displayed in South Africa"
11819:
8841:
8596:MacAskill, Ewen; Macalister, Terry (9 April 2002).
8595:
7811:
University of Edinburgh 2013, Retrieved April 2024.
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7564:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5162:
5156:
5151:
5142:
4447:, and several media corporations in Iraq including
3764:
Saddam addresses state television, in January 2001.
3325:administration for a series of attacks against the
19421:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
17947:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
15647:
13488:
12795:"The Iraq Report: Baghdad struggles to rise again"
12407:"The long shadow of Saddam's dictatorship in Iraq"
11467:
10612:. 2002. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012
10081:
9288:
9286:
9284:
9282:
9194:"Halabja â America didn't seem to mind poison gas"
8887:Times, Special to the New York (19 January 1987).
8568:"Iraq pledges Palestinians billion euros from oil"
8034:Iraq launches project to renovate Ezekiel's shrine
7779:
7777:
7709:"Iraq's economy: Old obstacles and new challenges"
7562:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7098:
6507:Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity
6080:
4439:(1964â2003), was Saddam's oldest son, who ran the
3889:and all enforced and involuntary disappearances."
3854:and all enforced and involuntary disappearances."
3692:9 December 1996, Saddam's government accepted the
3384:
3003:who emigrated to the land of Palestine must leave.
1098:regard Saddam as a resolute leader who challenged
1067:. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted by the
19811:Iraqi people convicted of crimes against humanity
13652:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
13344:The Iran-Iraq War: New International Perspectives
12894:
12892:
12651:"The US-led war in Iraq and Saddam's Arab legacy"
12170:"The US-led war in Iraq and Saddam's Arab legacy"
11988:
11906:
11904:
10895:Borger, Julian; Steele, Jonathan (24 July 2003).
10350:"News â President â Events â President of Russia"
8695:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8659:
7976:"THREE DOZEN IRAQI JEWS FEARFUL FOR THEIR SAFETY"
6369:
6257:FaroukâSluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001).
5016:
4461:at a party in Egypt honoring Egyptian first lady
4018:with his name and titles next to him. During the
2689:
1171:tribe had settled in Tikrit after migrating from
277:Acting President of the Governing Council of Iraq
19677:
16432:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
13425:
13192:"Forty Years Ago, October 5, 1980: PM's Letters"
13142:"Reminiscing Saddam Hussein and India-Iraq Ties"
12676:"Iraqis Must Learn to Read and Write â Or Else!"
12447:"State of Repression: Iraq Under Saddam Hussein"
11301:Temko, Ned; Beaumont, Peter (31 December 2006).
10630:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
10503:. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA:
9526:
9402:"Iraq Threatens Emirates And Kuwait on Oil Glut"
9163:"Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore"
8934:
8701:"Iran-Iraq War â Summary, Timeline & Legacy"
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8375:Muslim Anti-Semitism: A Clear and Present Danger
8236:"Reportaje | El obsequio de Sadam a Franco"
7461:
7459:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
6308:Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court".
6259:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
6250:
5960:
3744:. His meeting with Saddam was criticized by the
3143:launching airstrikes on numerous targets in Iran
2203:authorities in the late 1950s and early 1960s."
1232:and other leading Ba'athists through his uncle.
13567:Newton, Michael A.; Scharf, Michael P. (2008).
11877:
11875:
11873:
11634:"Hussein's wife, daughter on new 'wanted' list"
11496:"Tribal chief: Saddam buried in native village"
10834:"FBI says Saddam's weapons bluff aimed at Iran"
10268:"Remembering Saddam's Birthday: April 28, 2001"
10135:
9804:Dyson, Tim; Cetorelli, Valeria (24 July 2017).
9504:
9502:
9496:, University of California Press, 1999, p. 105.
9435:
9433:
9431:
9279:
8598:"Saddam chokes off oil to put pressure on west"
7893:"Safe Under Saddam, Iraqi Jews Fear for Future"
7774:
7541:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7192:"Saddam Hussein â The blundering dictator"
6859:
6820:
6685:
6481:
6149:
4406:secret location, fearful of what might happen.
3892:
3205:of the 20th century. During the war, Iraq used
2896:. In September 1975 he met with Prime Minister
952:ended in stalemate after nearly eight years in
16359:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
12889:
12258:Saddam's Word: The Political Discourse in Iraq
12197:State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein
11912:"Saddam showers southern fighters with medals"
11901:
11850:
11848:
10736:
9803:
9226:"FMFRP 3-203 â Lessons Learned: Iran-Iraq War"
8790:
7502:
7215:"War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention"
6916:
5770:, University of California Press, 1999, p. 68.
5681:
5679:
5677:
5066:) is not a surname in the Western sense but a
4843:. A memorial dedicated to Saddam was built in
4835:, Saddam is well-regarded, especially for his
2907:Several Iraqi leaders, Lebanese arms merchant
2393:
19796:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
19451:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
18898:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
18827:
18439:
18123:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
16205:
15633:
15381:
15367:
15023:
13824:
13618: (archived 30 September 2000) (2000â2003)
13531:Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
11965:"Saddam Hussein's Key to the City of Detroit"
11334:
11300:
11246:
10914:Borger, Julian; Younge, Gary (23 July 2003).
8636:
8286:. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
7734:"Iraq â Oil, Agriculture, Trade | Britannica"
7456:
7427:
7177:
6143:
5474:"The Iraqi Tribes and the Post-Saddam System"
4851:. During his regime, Iraq and India shared a
4515:and has had four children from this marriage.
4505:and has had five children from this marriage.
4212:and 14-year-old grandson Mustafa were killed
4054:
3750:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
2098:
992:(1990â1991), which ended in Iraq's defeat by
713:
192:Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
19:"Saddam" redirects here. For other uses, see
17910:
13566:
13548:Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014).
13341:
12430:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
11938:"Saddam Hussein Given Keys to Detroit, 1980"
11870:
11201:"Judge Closes Trial During Saddam Testimony"
10966:
10913:
10894:
10447:
9712:"Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency'"
9499:
9428:
8872:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7260:International Journal of Middle East Studies
7237:
7087:
6942:
6775:International Journal of Middle East Studies
6722:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5927:
5308:Notzon, Beth; Nesom, Gayle (February 2005).
5303:
5301:
5090:meaning he was born and raised in, or near,
4312:crimes committed against residents of Dujail
4161:
3562:, who happened to be in the US at the time.
3286:
19861:People executed for crimes against humanity
19791:Heads of government convicted of war crimes
13547:
13486:
13342:Ashton, Nigel; Gibson, Bryan, eds. (2013).
12742:"From 0% to 20% illiteracy â an Iraqi feat"
12644:
12642:
11845:
11600:
11278:. Sky News. 5 November 2006. Archived from
11014:
10487:
10443:
10441:
10439:
10437:
9968:"Venezuelan President Meets Saddam Hussein"
9782:Middle East Review of International Affairs
9374:
8049:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal"
7999:
7821:"Iraq's Public Healthcare System in Crisis"
7444:"Banking in Iraq â A tricky operation"
7358:
7326:
7295:
7105:. University of California Press. pp.
6992:
6960:
6884:
6224:
6178:
6043:
5685:
5674:
5413:
5307:
4409:
4363:, 30 December 2006, despite his wish to be
3754:bilateral cooperation between their nations
3430:calls upon Saddam for an emergency meeting.
3215:Iraq's use of chemical weapons against Iran
3069:
2816:Saddam was recognized for safeguarding the
1132:
18834:
18820:
18446:
18432:
16212:
16198:
15640:
15626:
15374:
15360:
15030:
15016:
13831:
13817:
13292:
12596:"Saddam Hussein's Iraq â Iraq | ReliefWeb"
12278:
11574:Sheri & Bob Stritof (1 January 2004).
11470:"New Video of Saddam's Corpse on Internet"
11337:"Saddam Execution Images Shown on TV, Web"
11303:"Frame by frame: last moments of a tyrant"
11228:"Iraq court upholds Saddam death sentence"
11094:"Interrogator Shares Saddam's Confessions"
10692:
10610:"Iraq â July 22 â Saddam Plans Referendum"
10497:Saddam's Word: Political discourse in Iraq
10418:
10416:
10265:
10216:"Saddam Gives Defiant Speech - 2001-01-17"
9650:. University of California. Archived from
9510:"Interrogator Shares Saddam's Confessions"
9250:
9191:
9062:. Jafi.org.il. 15 May 2005. Archived from
8320:1981: Israel bombs Baghdad nuclear reactor
6864:. Stanford University Press. p. 206.
6690:. Stanford University Press. p. 117.
6486:. Stanford University Press. p. 119.
6087:. University of California Press. p.
3369:rebel forces. Following the incident, The
2246:
2105:
2091:
964:rebels who sided with Iran, recognized by
47:
18004:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
14139:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Iraq Region
12444:
11827:"Saddam's daughters express love for dad"
11461:
11203:. Fox News. 15 March 2006. Archived from
10310:
10308:
10138:"Murders and mutilation in Iraq revealed"
9839:
9756:
9739:"Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions"
9699:"Iraqi leader's Koran 'written in blood'"
9692:
9331:
8941:U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8722:
5908:"Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot"
5572:"Was a Tyrant Prefigured by Baby Saddam?"
5298:
4754:Leadership analysis § Saddam Hussein
4429:Saddam married his first wife and cousin
4306:A few weeks later, he was charged by the
4006:, while Saddam called himself son of the
3731:
2919:Because Saddam Hussein rarely left Iraq,
2662:
2627:
2533:
1961:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
928:in 1980 in a purported effort to capture
326:Secretary General of the National Command
19531:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
19461:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
19426:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
17967:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
13963:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
13090:"PA city erects Saddam Hussein memorial"
12639:
11881:
11177:. Softpedia. 15 May 2006. Archived from
10434:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10050:
10025:Archives, L. A. Times (11 August 2000).
10024:
10020:
10018:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10010:
10008:
9192:Hiltermann, Joost R. (17 January 2003).
9113:
8372:
8278:Iraq Court Sentences Tariq Aziz to Death
7797:"Evolution of Disability Rights in Iraq"
7498:
7496:
7160:"U.S. Relations With Anti-Saddam Groups"
7073:. 27 September 1990, citing Fuad Matar.
6767:
6714:
6653:Encyclopedia of Political Assassinations
6333:
6111:
6031:
5861:
5846:
5643:
5641:
5566:
5280:
5219:áčąaddÄm កusayn ÊżAbd al-Maǧīd al-TikrÄ«tiyy
4757:
4588:In August 1995, Raghad and her husband,
4555:
4419:
4286:
4183:
4175:
4113:
3943:
3759:
3672:law were re-introduced, and the phrase "
3631:
3564:
3517:
3419:
3180:
3085:
2995:Palestine is Arab and must be liberated
2941:
2755:
2680:deal in 1970 to grant the Kurds autonomy
2637:
2584:
2479:
2458:
2370:Although Saddam is often described as a
2205:
1242:
1234:
1136:
389:16 July 1979 â 30 December 2006
342:January 1992 â 30 December 2006
19406:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
19391:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
18108:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
18087:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
17937:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
13585:
13368:
13267:Iraq, Dana Taib Menmy (23 March 2022).
13216:
12504:
12193:
12016:"12 unusual facts about Saddam Hussein"
11956:
11882:Archives, L. A. Times (30 April 1991).
11538:
11488:
10897:"The last moments of Saddam's grandson"
10739:"Full text: State of the Union address"
10547:. Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. 587.
10471:
10469:
10413:
10317:"Saddam's army son gets top party seat"
9961:
9959:
9730:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9038:"Iraqi Anfal, Human Rights Watch, 1993"
8770:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
8452:"Saddam calls for jihad against Israel"
8312:
7301:
7248:
7209:
7207:
6768:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011).
6715:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011).
6623:
6536:Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
6504:
4743:
4424:Saddam Hussein's family, mid-late 1980s
4375:, a neighborhood of northeast Baghdad.
4214:in a three-hour gunfight with US forces
3948:Propaganda art to glorify Saddam after
3876:In 2002, a resolution sponsored by the
3696:that the UN had first offered in 1992.
3225:'s lifting of export restrictions. The
2398:In July 1968, Saddam participated in a
1117:, repression, and numerous injustices.
19801:Heads of state convicted of war crimes
19678:
19401:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
18019:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
13528:
13509:
13467:
13322:
13293:Roxborough, Scott (15 February 2024).
13113:
12353:"The Complex Legacy of Saddam Hussein"
12255:
12229:
11788:
11445:. UK. 30 December 2006. Archived from
11365:
11104:from the original on 24 September 2013
11091:
11071:"Pentagon vows to probe Saddam photos"
11015:MacFarquhar, Neil (30 December 2006).
10994:"Saddam 'caught like a rat' in a hole"
10814:from the original on 24 September 2013
10493:
10027:"Venezuelan Leader Meets With Hussein"
9736:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9332:Galbraith, Peter W. (31 August 2006).
8928:
8719:
8591:
8589:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8395:
8393:
8334:
8332:
8257:
8196:
8194:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8095:Philp, By Catherine (16 August 2024).
8065:
8063:
8061:
8043:
8041:
7969:
7967:
7093:
6821:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (1 January 2015).
6570:
6530:
6432:
6395:
6307:
6075:
6002:
5973:
5933:
5873:
5817:
5734:
5600:from the original on 11 September 2016
5212:
5112:refers to him as "Mr. Hussein", while
4887:. Despite having tense relations with
4607:, Jordan. That month, they spoke with
4359:Saddam was hanged on the first day of
4014:and had stamped the bricks of ancient
3484:
3349:On 16 March 1988, the Kurdish town of
3239:US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism
2751:
1994:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
19816:Iraqi politicians convicted of crimes
18815:
18427:
18288:
17909:
17616:
16477:
16259:
16193:
15621:
15355:
15011:
14698:
14590:
14412:
14287:
13860:
13812:
13491:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
13487:Karsh, Efraim; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
13448:
13387:
13139:
13087:
12939:mandaeanunion.com Retrieved May 2024.
12900:"Baghdad Jews: Exodus or extinction?"
12320:
12118:"Saddam medals on display in Jo'burg"
12039:
11991:"11 Crazy Facts About Saddam Hussein"
11680:
11660:"Saddam's family on Iraq wanted list"
11606:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
11468:Qassum Abdul-Zahra (9 January 2007).
11138:
10556:
10314:
10285:
10070:
10005:
9771:
9672:
9185:
9143:from the original on 10 February 2018
9090:"How Many People Has Hussein Killed?"
9084:
8886:
8631:Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991
8449:
8156:Retrieved May 2024, published by HRWF
8094:
7941:
7939:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7823:Enabling Peace, Retrieved April 2024.
7757:
7670:"Iraqi's must learn to read! or else"
7493:
7364:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
7332:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
6998:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
6966:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
6890:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
6230:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
6184:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
6049:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
5691:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
5638:
5621:"Saddam's Roots an Abusive Childhood"
5471:
5419:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
5340:
5045:
3908:Stamped brick at the ancient city of
3736:In August 2000, Venezuelan president
3610:subjected to attack by Iraqi missiles
3577:for unification talks in Bagdad, 1990
3497:Provisional Government of Free Kuwait
2706:
2359:issued regular reports of widespread
2276:Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2270:Paramilitary and police organizations
2234:Marxist takeover of the Syrian Ba'ath
1300:politically. Saddam's father-in-law,
1296:, modernizing Egypt, and uniting the
831:from 1979 to 2003. He also served as
529:February 1964 â 9 April 2003
440:February 1964 â October 1966
290:16 July 1979 â 23 March 1991
18841:
18138:Palestinian National Salvation Front
14992:
14934:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
13648:Saddam Hussein and the IranâIraq War
13406:
13266:
12792:
12321:Faust, Aaron M. (15 November 2015).
11116:
10711:
10693:Tunzelmann, Alex von (8 July 2021).
10466:
9956:
9624:
9173:from the original on 28 January 2010
9125:
8818:
8763:
8341:"Saddam in secret talks with Israel"
8097:"Fall of Saddam unnerves Iraqi Jews"
7204:
6650:
6597:
6459:
5902:
5788:
5497:
5076:, his father's given personal name;
4652:
4200:Saddam was placed at the top of the
2580:
2454:
2367:system for the regime's supporters.
920:In 1979, upon taking office, Saddam
478:17 July 1968 â 16 July 1979
204:16 July 1979 â 9 April 2003
77:16 July 1979 â 9 April 2003
19936:People with cervical spine fracture
19441:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
18668:Zuhayr Talib Abd al-Sattar al-Naqib
18208:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
18173:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
14982:
12648:
12445:Waterbury, John (16 October 2018).
12405:Ahmad, Hayder Al-Shakeri,Alfadhel.
12167:
11856:"Guess Who Got The Key To Detroit?"
11666:. 30 September 2007. Archived from
10944:. PBS. 9 April 2003. Archived from
10864:"Smashing statues through the ages"
10712:Bush, George W. (29 January 2002).
10670:. toppledsaddam.org. Archived from
10051:Robinson, Georgina (1 April 2011).
9862:
9599:
9586:
9377:"Iraqi Takes Harsh Line at Meeting"
8586:
8535:
8477:
8390:
8329:
8307:Library of Congress Country Studies
8191:
8159:
8058:
8038:
7964:
7885:
7147:Library of Congress Country Studies
6396:Little, Douglas (14 October 2004).
5449:. 23 September 2020. Archived from
5226:
5205:
5041:
4337:by hanging. Saddam's half-brother,
3887:the use of rape as a political tool
3852:the use of rape as a political tool
3309:. The campaign takes its name from
2672:
2475:
2351:in Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.
1055:and Saddam went into hiding. After
242:29 May 1994 â 9 April 2003
16:President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003
13:
19876:People of the 1991 Iraqi uprisings
19866:People executed by Iraq by hanging
19381:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
18903:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
18258:General Federation of Trade Unions
18118:Lebanese National Resistance Front
17831:National Progressive Front (Syria)
15846:
15713:
15037:
13316:
13114:Medoff, Rafael (29 October 2017).
12286:Intelligence and National Security
11989:We Are The Mighty (12 July 2022).
11962:
11789:Harvey, Michael (2 January 2007).
11636:. CNN. 2 July 2006. Archived from
11044:"Saddam underwear photo angers US"
10764:"CNN Transcript of Blix's remarks"
10737:George W. Bush (30 January 2002).
10477:"UN condemns Iraq on human rights"
10266:Margonelli, Lisa (28 April 2010).
9914:"The CIA And the Coup That Wasn't"
9737:Spagat, Michael (September 2010).
8986:The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On
8214:"Saving Saddam â the sequel?"
7973:
7936:
7916:
7826:
5058:(sometimes also transliterated as
4875:. A beach near the Indian city of
4811:economic sanctions imposed on Iraq
4158:, Saddam was nowhere to be found.
3912:bearing the name of Saddam Hussein
3017:
2846:
2667:
2287:â"A European diplomat", quoted in
1533:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
862:Saddam was born in the village of
604:Al-Awja, Saladin Governorate, Iraq
14:
19947:
19446:Palestine Liberation Organization
18683:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
18289:
18082:Palestine Liberation Organization
17826:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
17479:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
16909:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
15227:Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat
15097:Saddamâal-Qaeda conspiracy theory
13741:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
13605:
13505:– via the Internet Archive.
12505:Kelidar, Abbas (1 October 1992).
12404:
11254:"Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq"
11092:Pelley, Scott (27 January 2008).
10967:Joyce Battle, ed. (1 July 2009).
10426:. 23 October 2002. Archived from
9675:"2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed"
9551:Russia, America, and the Cold War
9206:from the original on 24 July 2012
8744:Political Islam and Gulf Security
7249:Sassoon, Joseph (February 2017).
7026:A Documentary on Saddam Hussein 5
6860:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
6686:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
6482:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
6150:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
5542:"Not mad, just bad and dangerous"
5281:Shewchuk, Blair (February 2003).
5094:. He was commonly referred to as
4716:. Saddam received medals for the
2841:
2738:
1199:Muslim and a veteran of the 1941
1043:, accusing Saddam of developing
972:. Later, Saddam accused his ally
261:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
106:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
19906:People of the Lebanese Civil War
19660:
19659:
19386:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
19069:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
17987:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
17617:
16891:Members of the Regional Commands
16160:
16154:
16088:
15997:
15991:
15925:
15919:
15588:
15582:
15526:
15485:
15479:
15438:
15432:
15337:
15336:
15139:
14991:
14981:
14971:
14962:
14961:
14267:2021â2022 Iraqi political crisis
13841:
13286:
13260:
13234:
13210:
13184:
13159:
13140:Rawat, Yash (30 December 2022).
13133:
13107:
13081:
13056:
13030:
13004:
12979:
12954:
12942:
12929:
12917:
12863:
12838:
12812:
12786:
12760:
12734:
12701:
12668:
12614:
12588:
12562:
12537:
12498:
12472:
12438:
12398:
12345:
12222:
12187:
12161:
12136:
12110:
12085:
12059:
12040:Moore, Kathleen (9 April 2008).
12033:
12008:
11982:
11930:
11782:
11756:
11742:
11728:
11714:
11700:
11674:
11652:
11626:
11594:
11539:Rasheed, Ahmed (6 August 2014).
11532:
11510:
11421:"How Saddam died on the gallows"
11413:
11391:
11359:
11335:Bauder, David (2 January 2007).
11328:
11294:
11264:
11219:
11193:
11167:
11085:
11062:
11036:
11008:
10986:
10960:
10934:
10907:
10888:
10856:
10826:
10800:
10778:
10756:
10730:
10705:
10686:
10660:
10638:
10602:
10576:
10557:Magid, Pesha (2 December 2019).
10550:
10393:
10368:
10342:
10259:
10234:
10208:
10183:
10129:
10044:
9965:
9934:
9906:
9884:
9856:
9797:
9765:
9758:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2010.00437.x
9714:. 12 August 1999. Archived from
9704:
9666:
9641:
9573:
9556:
9543:
9520:
9486:
9462:
9449:
9411:
9394:
9368:
9351:
9325:
9295:
9244:
9218:
9155:
9122: â Bureau of Public Affairs
9078:
9060:"Ethnic Cleansing and the Kurds"
9052:
9030:
9019:
8992:
8978:
8959:
8913:
8880:
8835:
8784:
8757:
8623:
8560:
8510:
8443:
8418:
8381:
8366:
8289:
8270:
8228:
8206:
7758:Mehdi, Abbas S. (22 June 2003).
7165:. Congressional Research Service
6414:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00446.x
6334:Jacobsen, E. (1 November 2013).
5662:from the original on 21 May 2021
5650:"Saddam is Iraq: Iraq is Saddam"
5647:
5618:
5132:
4963:
4949:
4935:
4921:
4883:. Saddam is still loved by many
4696:, South Africa. He received the
4065:Firdos Square statue destruction
3994:In the course of his reign, the
3917:
3901:
3861:that possibly violated Austrian
3829:that possibly violated Austrian
1981:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
1360:
1330:
807:
744:
726:
19911:20th-century presidents in Asia
19851:Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
19711:21st-century executions by Iraq
19029:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
18455:U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis
18235:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
16369:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
15500:Coalition Provisional Authority
14746:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
14169:1979â1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
14159:1974â1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
13898:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
12793:Arab, The New (13 April 2022).
12046:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
11722:"Ali Saddam Hussein Al-Tikriti"
10808:"Behind The Scenes With Saddam"
9648:The American Presidency Project
9527:Stephen F. Hayes (5 May 2003).
9232:from the original on 4 May 2012
8764:Hiro, Dilip (1 February 2019).
8147:
8135:
8114:
8088:
8027:
7993:
7910:
7859:
7814:
7802:
7799:JMU 2015, Retrieved April 2024.
7790:
7751:
7726:
7701:
7675:
7663:
7651:
7639:
7605:
7588:"Timeline: Iran-Arab relations"
7528:
7468:
7407:
7395:
7384:
7352:
7320:
7152:
7143:Internal Security in the 1980s"
7059:
7035:
7018:
6986:
6954:
6910:
6878:
6853:
6814:
6761:
6708:
6679:
6561:
6279:
6218:
6204:
6172:
6105:
6069:
6037:
5996:
5896:
5867:
5811:
5782:
5773:
5760:
5728:
5711:
5612:
5560:
5534:
5491:
5465:
5439:
5407:
5004:Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
4989:Saddam Hussein Nagar, Sri Lanka
4775:Israeli occupation of Palestine
4619:
4611:and the Arab satellite station
4568:were killed in a gun battle in
4172:Interrogation of Saddam Hussein
3385:Tensions with Kuwait: 1988â1990
3276:United Nations Security Council
2225:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
1239:Saddam in his youth, late 1950s
1107:Israeli occupation of Palestine
1035:In 2003, the United States and
673:
651:
19741:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world
19721:21st-century Iraqi politicians
19706:20th-century Iraqi politicians
19471:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
19233:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
18756:Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun
18057:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
16478:
15224:Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid
14029:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
13590:. Cambridge University Press.
13552:. Cambridge University Press.
13514:. W. W. Norton & Company.
13088:Polon, Tal (22 October 2017).
12962:"The Legacy Of Saddam's Islam"
12850:www.opensocietyfoundations.org
12480:"The Gulf War | Miller Center"
12200:. Princeton University Press.
12071:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
10810:. CBS News. 24 February 2003.
10788:. United Nations. 7 March 2003
10448:Karl Pfeifer (December 2008).
9673:Moore, Solomon (5 June 2006).
7783:Zainab Salbi (18 March 2013).
6511:University of California Press
5723:University of California Press
5472:Baram, Amatzia (8 July 2003).
5382:
5362:
5341:Burns, John F. (2 July 2004).
5334:
5274:
5251:
5217:; also known by his full name
5125:
5025:
4859:mentioned Saddam in his song "
4120:being toppled in Firdos Square
3883:international humanitarian law
3869:(GĂAB) and a former member of
3848:international humanitarian law
3837:(GĂAB) and a former member of
3776:. Saddam later decided to use
3653:militarily from the Gulf War.
2690:Education and literacy reforms
2382:, particularly with regard to
1:
19786:Kurdish genocide perpetrators
18643:Barzan Abdul Ghafoor Sulaiman
18268:General Union of Syrian Women
18178:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
18133:Palestinian National Alliance
16405:Revolutionary Command Council
16297:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
14288:
13631:The Saddam Hussein Sourcebook
13453:. University of Texas Press.
12385:politicalscience.stanford.edu
12093:"Saddam medals on show in SA"
11770:(in Arabic). 20 February 2021
11576:"Marriages of Saddam Hussein"
10840:. 2 July 2009. Archived from
9948:. 16 May 2005. Archived from
9942:"Uday's Oil-for-News Program"
9701:. BBC News, 25 September 2000
9303:The National Security Archive
8258:Guitta, Olivier (Fall 2005).
5244:
5227:۔ۯۧÙ
ŰŰłÙÙ Űčۚۯ ۧÙÙ
ŰŹÙŰŻ ۧÙŰȘÙ۱ÙŰȘÙ
4999:US list of most-wanted Iraqis
4640:allowed Yasso to present the
4544:
4202:US list of most-wanted Iraqis
3802:surprise was the election of
3120:export its Islamic Revolution
2975:. In 1978, Baghdad hosted an
2428:
2423:Revolutionary Command Council
2119:union between Egypt and Syria
1604:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
1142:
936:, thwart Iranian attempts to
843:. Ideologically, he espoused
19716:21st-century Iraqi novelists
19701:20th-century Iraqi novelists
19416:Federation of Arab Republics
19376:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
19366:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
18967:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
18915:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
18529:Muhammad Zimam Abd Al-Razzaq
18077:National Democratic Alliance
18062:Forces of Freedom and Change
17059:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
17019:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
16969:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
14525:in ISIL-controlled territory
14413:
12507:"The wars of Saddam Hussein"
12453:. Vol. 97, no. 6.
12299:10.1080/02684527.2010.537033
11341:International Business Times
10646:"Saddam 'wins 100% of vote'"
10315:Faleh, Waiel (19 May 2001).
9789:(4): 100â115. Archived from
9553:, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p. 358.
9309:. It can be read on line at
9307:George Washington University
8746:, Lynne Rienner Publishers,
8629:Erik Goldstein, Erik (Dr.).
8401:"Who Will Fight for Saddam?"
7404:, CBC News, 29 December 2006
7047:U.S. News & World Report
4626:Sacred Heart Chaldean Church
4592:, and Rana and her husband,
4528:Saddam met his second wife,
4348:
3893:Political and cultural image
3141:on 22 September 1980, first
2954:president of Iraq alongside
1628:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
7:
19541:Flag of the Arab Federation
19371:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
19361:Arab Socialist Action Party
18653:Abd al-Tawab Mullah Huwaysh
18494:Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar
18203:Social Democratic Unionists
18168:Arab Democratic Union Party
17864:National Defense Battalions
16260:
16222:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
14699:
14591:
14436:Council of Representatives
14174:Weapons of mass destruction
13861:
13764:as Acting President of the
13371:Saddam Hussein: A Biography
13325:The Trial of Saddam Hussein
11681:Jawad, Ali (19 June 2021).
11578:. About.com. Archived from
11498:. Reuters. 30 December 2006
10584:"No surprise in Iraqi vote"
9375:Alan Cowell (29 May 1990).
8943:. U.S. Army. Archived from
8824:Dr. Khalil Ibrahim Al Isa,
8324:BBC On This Day 7 June 1981
7613:"Iraq and Kurdish Autonomy"
7075:Saddam Hussein: A Biography
5214:[sË€ÉdËdÉËmÉħËsÉȘeÌŻn]
4914:
4582:Abd al-Tawab Mullah Huwaysh
4355:Execution of Saddam Hussein
4033:, in 1995 and 2002. In the
3706:weapons of mass destruction
3575:Provisional Free Government
3573:, Prime Minister of Kuwait
3434:The US ambassador to Iraq,
3379:Central Intelligence Agency
3375:Defense Intelligence Agency
3353:was attacked with a mix of
3157:, which also has a sizable
3102:In early 1979, Iran's Shah
2962:in Baghdad in November 1978
2803:Al-Habibiya Jewish Cemetery
2394:Vice Presidency (1968â1979)
2152:Central Intelligence Agency
1633:Assadist-Saddamist conflict
1151:Saddam Hussein was born in
1045:weapons of mass destruction
1024:stance and established the
837:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
616:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
330:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
10:
19952:
19921:Politicians killed in wars
19756:Capital punishment in Iraq
19512:On the Way of Resurrection
19505:The Battle for One Destiny
19436:Lebanese National Movement
18877:Third International Theory
18504:Rukan Razuki Abd al-Ghafar
18381:On the Way of Resurrection
18374:The Battle for One Destiny
18163:Arab Socialist Union Party
18113:Lebanese National Movement
17343:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
17054:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
14164:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
13323:Al-Ani, Abdul-Haq (2008).
12875:www.thenewhumanitarian.org
12239:W. W. Norton & Company
10916:"Dead: the sons of Saddam"
10620:– via Find Articles.
9863:Sly, Liz (4 August 2017).
9260:Cambridge University Press
8450:Staff (25 December 2000).
7787:CNN, Retrieved April 2024.
7512:Cambridge University Press
7269:Cambridge University Press
6926:Cambridge University Press
6314:Cambridge University Press
6214:. Britannica. 29 May 2023.
5913:United Press International
5820:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam
5789:Polk, William Roe (2005).
5744:Princeton University Press
5323:(1): 20â21. Archived from
5310:"The Arabic Naming System"
4903:was released. Irish actor
4824:. In 1977, Saddam stated "
4794:Human rights organizations
4747:
4441:Iraqi Football Association
4413:
4352:
4280:
4242:British tabloid newspaper
4165:
4077:state of the union address
4058:
4055:2003 invasion and Iraq War
4042:15 October 2002 referendum
3937:
3488:
3290:
3079:
3073:
2971:'s peace initiatives with
2850:
2631:
2568:publicly hanging of 13 men
2273:
2250:
2143:United Press International
1527:The Battle for One Destiny
1522:On the Way of Resurrection
1334:
1079:and sentenced to death by
938:export its 1979 revolution
371:Regional Secretary of the
18:
19826:Iraq War prisoners of war
19776:Filmed executions in Iraq
19746:Arabic-language novelists
19655:
19564:
19521:
19489:
19466:Unified Political Command
19356:Arab Nationalist Movement
19301:
19253:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
19113:
19082:
19049:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
18920:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
18885:
18849:
18783:
18751:Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti
18746:Amir Hamudi Hasan al-Sadi
18701:
18623:
18610:Sayf al-Din Al-Mashhadani
18605:Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim
18600:Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti
18547:
18471:
18461:
18390:
18365:
18299:
18295:
18284:
18263:General Union of Peasants
18250:
18155:
18095:
18072:National Consensus Forces
18049:
18042:
17975:
17924:
17920:
17905:
17885:Revolutionary Youth Union
17877:
17846:
17839:
17818:
17792:
17720:
17642:
17631:
17627:
17612:
17597:
17487:
17447:
17440:
17385:
17360:
17353:
17337:
17102:
16897:
16890:
16759:
16713:
16691:
16670:
16643:
16596:
16589:
16548:
16516:
16495:
16488:
16484:
16473:
16387:
16326:
16305:
16274:
16270:
16255:
16229:
16173:
16152:
16111:
16101:
16086:
16020:
16010:
15989:
15948:
15938:
15917:
15871:
15861:
15844:
15738:
15728:
15711:
15670:
15660:
15601:
15580:
15549:
15539:
15524:
15508:
15498:
15477:
15461:
15451:
15430:
15404:
15394:
15333:
15294:
15254:Uncle and Father-in-Law:
15215:
15194:
15148:
15137:
15045:
14957:
14856:
14711:
14707:
14694:
14599:
14586:
14421:
14408:
14296:
14283:
14104:
14021:
13873:
13869:
13856:
13797:
13787:
13779:
13774:
13766:Governing Council of Iraq
13754:
13745:
13737:
13727:
13718:
13699:
13690:
13682:
13677:
13468:Gibson, Bryan R. (2015).
12523:10.1080/00263209208700928
12327:University of Texas Press
11858:. CBS News. 26 March 2003
11272:"'I Want a Firing Squad'"
11175:"Saddam Formally Charged"
10973:National Security Archive
10718:(Speech). Washington, D.C
10057:The Sydney Morning Herald
9824:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000311
9334:"The true Iraq appeasers"
8935:Douglas A. Borer (2003).
8373:Wistrich, Robert (2002).
8326:referenced 6 January 2007
8264:The Middle East Quarterly
7809:"Health services in Iraq"
7514:. pp. xii, 211â214.
7277:10.1017/S0020743816001392
7043:When Saddam ruled the day
6788:10.1017/S0020743811000882
6735:10.1017/S0020743811000882
6624:Barrett, Roby C. (2007).
6571:Gibson, Bryan R. (2015).
6505:Mitchel, Timothy (2002).
6156:Stanford University Press
6118:Saddam: His Rise and Fall
6003:Gibson, Bryan R. (2015).
5655:. Maxwell Airforce Base.
5546:The Sydney Morning Herald
4204:. In July 2003, his sons
4168:Capture of Saddam Hussein
4162:Capture and interrogation
4002:as a patriotic symbol in
3979:, a much broader form of
3808:Mohammed Hamza al-Zubaidi
3507:in 1990 by claiming that
3287:Anfal campaign: 1986â1989
3066:also supported the move.
2997:from the river to the sea
2853:Foreign relations of Iraq
2604:. According to historian
2333:Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti
2005:
1992:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1921:
1900:
1879:
1858:
1837:
1816:
1800:
1779:
1763:
1742:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1658:
1563:November 1963 coup d'Ă©tat
1419:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1255:, in the period 1959â1963
1179:her pregnancy and commit
1141:Saddam in his childhood,
1049:having ties with al-Qaeda
994:a multinational coalition
818:
776:
766:
756:
739:
734:
722:
684:
631:
608:
600:
590:
569:
542:
537:
533:
522:
510:
500:
490:
482:
471:
464:
454:
444:
433:
423:
413:
393:
382:
370:
358:
346:
335:
324:
312:
302:
294:
283:
266:
254:
246:
235:
228:
218:
208:
197:
190:
161:
149:
118:
81:
70:
62:
58:
46:
37:
30:
18974:1952 Egyptian revolution
18761:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
18213:Socialist Unionist Party
18183:Libyan National Movement
18009:Arabic Toilers' Movement
17913:Associated organizations
17773:National Security Bureau
17721:Syrian-dominated faction
17149:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
17084:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
16934:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
16634:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
16549:Syrian-dominated faction
16245:Syrian-dominated faction
14515:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
14426:Administrative divisions
13775:Party political offices
13586:Sassoon, Joseph (2011).
13449:Faust, Aaron M. (2015).
12951:HRWF Retrieved May 2024.
11604:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
9581:The Downing Street Years
8971:25 November 2015 at the
7421:15 November 2013 at the
7362:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
7330:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
7071:New York Review of Books
6996:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
6964:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
6888:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
6657:Rowman & Littlefield
6228:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
6182:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
6047:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
5689:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
5417:; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
5283:"Saddam or Mr. Hussein?"
5009:
4718:1948â'49 Palestinian War
4624:In 1979, Jacob Yasso of
4416:Family of Saddam Hussein
4410:Personal life and family
4371:, an Iraqi army base in
4365:executed by firing squad
4276:
4223:On 13 December 2003, in
3627:
3571:Colonel Alaa Hussein Ali
3501:19th Governorate of Iraq
3227:United States government
3070:IranâIraq War: 1980â1988
2684:Second IraqiâKurdish War
2618:Second IraqiâKurdish War
2484:Saddam in the late 1960s
1421:Baath Party (pro-Syrian)
1133:Early life and education
1065:Iraqi Interim Government
1008:. Saddam suppressed the
907:Second IraqiâKurdish War
784:Second IraqiâKurdish War
591:Cause of death
38:
19896:Vice presidents of Iraq
19891:Prime ministers of Iraq
19881:Politicide perpetrators
19806:Iraqi Arab nationalists
19766:Executed mass murderers
19751:Cairo University alumni
19731:Anti-Iranian sentiments
19627:Palestinian nationalism
19546:Flag of the Arab Revolt
19039:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
19019:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
18999:1961 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
18736:Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf
18678:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
18188:National Covenant Party
17992:Arab Socialist Movement
17643:Iraqi-dominated faction
17569:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
17259:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
16944:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
16914:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
16517:Iraqi-dominated faction
16437:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
16427:Union of Arab Republics
16379:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
16354:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
16334:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
16292:Arab Socialist Movement
16236:Iraqi-dominated faction
16012:Iraqi Governing Council
15649:Prime ministers of Iraq
15342:Category:Saddam Hussein
15058:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
14074:Mandate for Mesopotamia
13948:First Babylonian Empire
13758:Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum
13510:MacKey, Sandra (2003).
13407:Bozo, Frédéric (2016).
13388:Baram, Amatzia (2014).
13369:Balaghi, Shiva (2008).
12709:"A new history of Iraq"
12262:Oxford University Press
12122:The Mail & Guardian
11750:"Sanctions List Search"
10996:. CNN. 14 December 2003
10505:Oxford University Press
9579:See Margaret Thatcher,
9318:8 February 2019 at the
9005:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
8295:Helen Chapin Metz (ed)
7917:By (13 November 1998).
7053:16 January 2014 at the
6604:Oxford University Press
5375:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5260:Saddam: The Secret Life
5115:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4994:Saddam Hussein's novels
4782:widespread surveillance
4667:Order of the Two Rivers
4301:crimes against humanity
4291:Saddam speaks in court.
4283:Trial of Saddam Hussein
4255:Saddam was interrogated
4079:to Congress, President
3871:Socialist International
3839:Socialist International
3804:Huda Saleh Mehdi Ammash
3425:U.S. Ambassador to Iraq
3317:), which was used as a
3280:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3110:were overthrown by the
3032:2002 Arab League summit
2822:Mandaean Book of John's
2696:Saddam Hussein's regime
2564:persecuted under Saddam
2438:situations. He was the
2253:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
2247:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
1623:Intervention in Lebanon
1411:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)
1247:Saddam Hussein and the
1155:, a small village near
1113:responsible for severe
1073:crimes against humanity
1053:Ba'ath Party was banned
922:purged the Ba'ath Party
915:fifth of the population
905:. He presided over the
622:Iraq-based Ba'ath Party
394:National Secretary
273:Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum
128:Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf
21:Saddam (disambiguation)
19831:Iraqi prisoners of war
19054:1969 Libyan revolution
18932:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
18580:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
18565:Kamal Mustafa Abdullah
18560:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
18489:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
18218:Syrian Communist Party
18024:Palestinian Arab Front
17554:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
17534:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
17524:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
17474:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
17279:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
17254:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
17189:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
17094:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
17029:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
16974:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
16929:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
16629:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
16534:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
15851:
15718:
14233:Insurgency (2011â2013)
14154:IraqiâKurdish conflict
13958:Middle Assyrian Empire
13801:Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
13748:Prime Minister of Iraq
13721:Prime Minister of Iraq
13622:Saddam Hussein Profile
13571:. St. Martin's Press.
13529:Makiya, Kanan (1998).
13472:. Palgrave Macmillan.
13429:International Security
13299:The Hollywood Reporter
12511:Middle Eastern Studies
12194:Blaydes, Lisa (2018).
12020:Sky HISTORY TV channel
11439:"Saddam's final words"
10766:. CNN. 27 January 2003
10648:. BBC. 16 October 2002
9894:. NPR. 10 January 2015
9492:R. Stephen Humphreys,
8298:Iraq: A Country Study:
7417:, PBS Online Newshour
7302:Bashkin, Orit (2009).
7255:[Book Review]"
7138:Iraq: A Country Study:
6055:. pp. 15â22, 25.
5818:Simons, Geoff (1996).
5766:R. Stephen Humphreys,
5052:Modern Standard Arabic
4790:extrajudicial killings
4763:
4762:Saddam Hussein in 1980
4590:Hussein Kamel al-Majid
4573:
4560:Saddam Hussein's sons
4503:Hussein Kamel al-Majid
4477:Iraqi Republican Guard
4467:Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
4425:
4308:Iraqi Special Tribunal
4292:
4189:
4181:
4156:toppling of his statue
4123:
4029:He also conducted two
3953:
3765:
3732:Final years: 2000â2003
3694:Oil-for-Food Programme
3689:sanctions against Iraq
3637:
3578:
3523:
3522:Saddam in duty uniform
3468:
3447:
3431:
3232:First Battle of al-Faw
3190:
3099:
3048:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
3011:
2963:
2773:
2733:Oil-for-Food Programme
2663:Presidency (1979â2003)
2643:
2634:1975 Algiers Agreement
2628:Peace treaty with Iran
2597:
2534:Ethnicity and religion
2485:
2464:
2284:
2211:
2181:
1651:Regional organisations
1503:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1306:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
1256:
1240:
1148:
1006:sanctions against Iraq
899:Iraq Petroleum Company
891:vice president of Iraq
881:family. He joined the
833:prime minister of Iraq
506:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
466:Vice President of Iraq
429:Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
365:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
230:Prime Minister of Iraq
134:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
100:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
19926:Iraqi philanthropists
19761:Executed Iraqi people
19612:Jordanian nationalism
19346:Arab Islamic Republic
19341:Arab Higher Committee
19218:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
19198:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
19009:North Yemen civil war
18942:ArabâIsraeli conflict
18791:Nayif Shindakh Thamir
18741:Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim
18648:Rafi Abd Latif Tilfah
18638:Hani Abd Latif Tilfah
18034:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
17549:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
17499:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
17274:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
17069:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
16822:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
16683:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
16318:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
15850:
15717:
14520:in post-invasion Iraq
14226:U.S. troop withdrawal
13988:Neo-Babylonian Empire
13352:10.4324/9780203074787
13120:Jewish News Syndicate
12256:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
11670:on 30 September 2007.
10494:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
9482:on 23 September 2013.
8844:"How Saddam Happened"
8260:"The Chirac Doctrine"
8178:www.mandaeanunion.com
5330:on 30 September 2022.
4818:Middle Eastern region
4761:
4671:Hamid Youssef Hummadi
4665:medal, also known as
4594:Saddam Kamel al-Majid
4559:
4423:
4290:
4187:
4179:
4147:2003 invasion of Iraq
4117:
4102:After the passing of
4061:2003 invasion of Iraq
3947:
3763:
3635:
3568:
3521:
3455:
3442:
3423:
3411:Reagan administration
3371:U.S. State Department
3272:calls for a ceasefire
3223:Reagan administration
3184:
3104:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
3089:
3044:Arab Peace Initiative
2993:
2945:
2831:SabianâMandaean Mandi
2799:Meir Taweig Synagogue
2759:
2641:
2588:
2483:
2462:
2415:Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif
2357:Amnesty International
2280:
2209:
2172:
2156:Egyptian intelligence
2127:Iraqi Communist Party
2007:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
1618:Corrective Revolution
1458:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1335:Further information:
1246:
1238:
1140:
1087:on 30 December 2006.
1063:took place under the
1059:on 13 December 2003,
841:Iraqi regional branch
517:Iraqi Regional Branch
377:Iraqi Regional Branch
19916:Iraqi mass murderers
19736:Anti-Zionism in Iraq
19647:Tunisian nationalism
19617:Lebanese nationalism
19577:Egyptian nationalism
19572:Algerian nationalism
19476:United Arab Republic
19351:Arab Liberation Army
19331:Arab Ba'ath Movement
19188:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
18673:Muhammad Mahdi Salih
18658:Mizban Khadr al-Hadi
18595:Hossam Mohammed Amin
18519:Amer Mohammad Rashid
18128:National Union Front
17459:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
17417:Abdul Halim Khaddam
17372:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
17224:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
17169:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
17039:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
16964:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
16817:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
16619:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
16590:Regional Secretaries
16287:Arab Ba'ath Movement
15166:The Fortified Castle
15159:Zabibah and the King
14469:Council of Ministers
14351:Mesopotamian Marshes
13783:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
13686:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
13442:10.1162/isec_a_00382
12715:. 25 November 2003.
12682:. 22 December 2023.
12357:Imperial War Museums
11520:. BBC. 16 March 2015
11126:. CNN. 27 March 2008
10844:on 24 September 2015
9400:Youssef M. Ibrahim,
9252:Hiltermann, Joost R.
9040:. Human Rights Watch
8430:www.wilsoncenter.org
8224:on 27 December 2010.
7672:Washington post 1979
7081:23 July 2008 at the
7067:The Thief of Baghdad
6651:West, Nigel (2017).
6598:Hahn, Peter (2011).
6316:. pp. 182â183.
5500:Political Psychology
5453:on 23 September 2020
5210:Mesopotamian Arabic:
4744:Reception and legacy
4543:Ali Saddam Hussein (
4343:Awad Hamed al-Bandar
4303:and other offences.
4104:UNSC Resolution 1441
3823:September 11 attacks
3714:Operation Desert Fox
3321:by the former Iraqi
3255:became known as the
2801:and construction of
2594:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2404:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2229:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1488:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1391:Arab Ba'ath Movement
1230:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1077:1982 Dujail massacre
1010:1991 Iraqi uprisings
1004:subsequently placed
895:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
799:1991 Iraqi uprisings
595:Execution by hanging
496:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
486:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
460:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
450:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
419:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
308:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
214:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
156:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
19821:Iraqi Sunni Muslims
19771:Executed presidents
19637:Sahrawi nationalism
18994:1959 Mosul uprising
18927:Great Syrian Revolt
18771:Adil Abdallah Mahdi
18731:Taha Yassin Ramadan
18726:Tahir Jalil Habbush
18721:Muzahim Saab Hassan
18716:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
18688:Fadil Mahmud Gharib
18575:Latif Nassif Jassim
18570:Saif Al-Din Al-Rawi
18484:Ali Hassan al-Majid
18251:Other organizations
18193:Popular Unity Party
18043:Political alliances
17574:Wael Nader al-Halqi
17441:Heads of government
17284:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
17239:Abdul Halim Khaddam
17209:Mohammad al-Hussein
17194:Wael Nader al-Halqi
17034:Taha Yassin Ramadan
17024:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
17014:Ali Hassan al-Majid
16999:Latif Nassif Jassim
16489:General Secretaries
16422:Corrective Movement
16344:1959 Mosul uprising
15808:Muzahim al-Pachachi
15092:Human rights record
14731:Mesopotamian Arabic
14537:Freedom of religion
13983:Neo-Assyrian Empire
13953:Old Assyrian Period
13938:Neo-Sumerian Empire
13636:13 May 2008 at the
13373:. Greenwich Press.
12926:Retrieved May 2024.
12748:. 17 September 2010
12602:. 13 September 1999
11791:"Saddam's billions"
11474:The Washington Post
11449:on 11 December 2008
11443:The Daily Telegraph
11369:(1 November 2008).
11260:. 30 December 2006.
11232:The Washington Post
10354:President of Russia
9946:The Weekly Standard
9919:The Washington Post
9870:The Washington Post
9793:on 28 October 2012.
9602:"Battle at Rumalia"
9533:The Weekly Standard
9459:Chapter 2, "Plume".
9446:, 23 September 1990
9417:Michael R. Gordon,
9088:(26 January 2003).
8854:on 13 December 2011
7619:(27): 26â30. 1974.
7077:. Highlight. 1990.
5625:The Washington Post
5568:Bumiller, Elisabeth
5080:his grandfather's;
5047:[sË€ÉdËdĂŠËm]
4909:cult of personality
4889:Kurdish separatists
4853:strong relationship
4661:awarded Saddam the
3485:Gulf War: 1990â1991
3307:Ali Hassan al-Majid
3213:later acknowledged
3098:river held by Iran.
2946:Saddam Hussein and
2752:Freedom of religion
2606:Charles R. H. Tripp
2556:Arabization program
2388:freedom of religion
2384:freedom of movement
2335:, Saddam's younger
2331:and assassination.
2321:Taha Yassin Ramadan
1294:Suez Crisis of 1956
1092:cult of personality
1069:Iraqi High Tribunal
986:invaded the country
901:, diversifying the
560:Saladin Governorate
406:Himself (from 1989)
140:Taha Yassin Ramadan
111:Himself (1994â2003)
90:Himself (1979â1991)
19886:Presidents of Iraq
19871:People from Tikrit
19642:Syrian nationalism
19622:Libyan nationalism
19582:Greater Mauritania
19498:The Arab Awakening
19481:United Arab States
19456:Rejectionist Front
19263:Gamal Abdel Nasser
19074:Yemeni unification
19064:Lebanese Civil War
19044:17 July Revolution
19014:Ramadan Revolution
18989:14 July Revolution
18585:Walid Hamid Tawfiq
18143:Rejectionist Front
17539:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
17514:Nureddin al-Atassi
17402:Nureddin al-Atassi
17234:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
17139:Nureddin al-Atassi
17049:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
16949:Salih Mahdi Ammash
16919:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
16872:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
16802:Nureddin al-Atassi
16736:Nureddin al-Atassi
16614:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
16566:Abdullah al-Ahmar
16556:Nureddin al-Atassi
16452:De-Ba'athification
16395:17 July Revolution
16349:Ramadan Revolution
16339:14 July Revolution
15852:
15719:
15383:Presidents of Iraq
15324:The Devil's Double
15303:Al-ayyam al-tawila
15053:17 July Revolution
14662:Telecommunications
14637:Foreign Investment
14574:Wars and conflicts
14510:in pre-Saddam Iraq
14474:Presidency Council
14260:2019â2021 protests
14189:Invasion of Kuwait
14013:Sassanid Asorestan
14008:Parthian Babylonia
14003:Seleucid Babylonia
13998:Achaemenid Assyria
13913:Jemdet Nasr period
13678:Political offices
13612:Government of Iraq
13196:The Indian Express
13171:archive.pib.gov.in
12966:Hoover Institution
12774:. 22 December 2016
12626:www.britannica.com
11942:History and Things
11640:on 5 December 2007
11476:. Associated Press
11347:on 5 February 2008
11282:on 11 October 2007
11207:on 2 February 2011
11152:. 19 November 2006
11150:Human Rights Watch
11022:The New York Times
10948:on 1 December 2010
10786:"UN news briefing"
10715:State of the Union
10674:on 1 November 2013
10588:The New York Times
10430:on 3 October 2013.
10175:has generic name (
10121:has generic name (
9997:has generic name (
9654:on 29 January 2017
9600:Pierson, David S.
9516:. 24 January 2008.
9444:The New York Times
9423:The New York Times
9406:The New York Times
9381:The New York Times
9363:The New York Times
9199:The New York Times
9095:The New York Times
9066:on 2 December 2008
8947:on 11 October 2006
8923:The New York Times
8892:The New York Times
8832:, 1 December 2003.
8797:The New York Times
8574:. 10 December 2000
8283:The New York Times
8006:The New York Times
7974:By (13 May 2003).
7764:Middle East Policy
7738:www.britannica.com
7370:. pp. 33â34.
7338:. pp. 27â35.
7219:Human Rights Watch
7065:Edward Mortimer. "
6972:. pp. 26â27.
6896:. pp. 25â26.
6827:Diplomatic History
6577:Palgrave Macmillan
6441:. pp. 26â27.
6402:Diplomatic History
6340:Diplomatic History
6236:. pp. 20â21.
6190:. pp. 15â22.
6158:. pp. 53â54.
6011:. pp. 25â26.
6009:Palgrave Macmillan
5982:. pp. 21â23.
5824:St. Martin's Press
5791:Understanding Iraq
5697:. pp. 13â15.
5577:The New York Times
5548:. 16 November 2002
5348:The New York Times
5109:The New York Times
4971:Middle East portal
4803:Invasion of Kuwait
4764:
4750:De-Ba'athification
4574:
4451:and the newspaper
4426:
4335:sentenced to death
4293:
4225:Operation Red Dawn
4190:
4182:
4124:
4122:after the invasion
4024:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3981:ethnic nationalism
3954:
3813:Russian president
3766:
3638:
3579:
3524:
3505:invasion of Kuwait
3432:
3399:British government
3311:Qur'anic chapter 8
3257:IranâContra affair
3234:in February 1986.
3195:human wave attacks
3191:
3112:Islamic Revolution
3100:
2981:Camp David Accords
2977:Arab League summit
2964:
2960:Arab League summit
2909:Sarkis Soghanalian
2774:
2760:Saddam talking to
2644:
2598:
2499:1973 energy crisis
2486:
2465:
2353:Human Rights Watch
2301:Iranian Revolution
2290:The New York Times
2216:Ramadan Revolution
2212:
1965:1960–1962/63
1593:De-Ba'athification
1568:17 July Revolution
1558:Ramadan Revolution
1325:14 July Revolution
1317:Abd al-Karim Qasim
1269:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1257:
1241:
1205:Iraqi nationalists
1149:
1119:Human Rights Watch
982:Iraqi oil reserves
966:Human Rights Watch
934:Khuzestan province
889:and was appointed
887:17 July Revolution
761:Iraqi Armed Forces
19856:Muslim socialists
19673:
19672:
19602:Iraqi nationalism
19293:Constantin Zureiq
19143:Abdul Rahman Arif
19123:Butrus al-Bustani
18809:
18808:
18779:
18778:
18711:Abid Hamid Mahmud
18539:Rashid Taan Kazim
18499:Hamid Raja Shalah
18421:
18420:
18417:
18416:
18413:
18412:
18280:
18279:
18276:
18275:
18156:Political parties
18151:
18150:
18029:Socialist Lebanon
17901:
17900:
17897:
17896:
17893:
17892:
17788:
17787:
17634:Regional branches
17608:
17607:
17604:
17603:
17593:
17592:
17564:Riyad Farid Hijab
17529:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
17436:
17435:
17422:
17349:
17348:
17299:Hikmat al-Shihabi
17114:Abdullah al-Ahmar
17079:Hardan al-Tikriti
17009:Adnan Khayr Allah
17004:Rashid Taan Kazim
16939:Salah Omar al-Ali
16782:Abdullah al-Ahmar
16755:
16754:
16585:
16584:
16571:
16469:
16468:
16465:
16464:
16187:
16186:
16169:
16168:
16097:
16096:
16006:
16005:
15934:
15933:
15857:
15856:
15724:
15723:
15615:
15614:
15597:
15596:
15535:
15534:
15494:
15493:
15447:
15446:
15424:Abdul Rahman Arif
15349:
15348:
15256:Khairallah Talfah
15250:Samira Shahbandar
15005:
15004:
14953:
14952:
14949:
14948:
14939:Mandaean New Year
14690:
14689:
14582:
14581:
14564:Political parties
14459:Foreign relations
14404:
14403:
14311:Lower Mesopotamia
14306:Upper Mesopotamia
14279:
14278:
14275:
14274:
14039:Abbasid Caliphate
14034:Umayyad Caliphate
13943:Isin-Larsa period
13807:
13806:
13798:Succeeded by
13770:
13755:Succeeded by
13728:Succeeded by
13700:Succeeded by
13693:President of Iraq
13597:978-0-521-14915-0
13578:978-0-312-38556-9
13559:978-1-107-06229-0
13540:978-0-520-21439-2
13521:978-0-393-32428-0
13502:978-0-8021-3978-8
13479:978-1-137-48711-7
13460:978-1-4773-0557-7
13418:978-0-231-70444-1
13399:978-1-4214-1582-6
13380:978-0-313-33077-3
13361:978-0-415-68524-5
13334:978-0-932863-58-4
13327:. Clarity Press.
13167:"Latest Releases"
13044:. 23 October 2017
13018:. 23 October 2017
12826:. 3 February 2015
12336:978-1-4773-0557-7
12271:978-0-19-511439-3
12248:978-0-393-31141-9
12207:978-1-4008-9032-3
12124:. 16 January 2007
12073:. 22 January 2007
11888:Los Angeles Times
11807:on 11 August 2017
11619:978-0-8021-3978-8
11427:. 1 January 2007.
11181:on 30 August 2007
10590:. 17 October 1995
10406:Independent.co.uk
10222:. 28 October 2009
10031:Los Angeles Times
9811:BMJ Global Health
9775:(December 2001).
9679:Los Angeles Times
9612:on 11 August 2011
9606:Military Magazine
9583:(1979â1990), 817.
9539:on 29 April 2003.
9269:978-0-521-87686-5
8925:, 13 August 1990.
8830:Al Zaman (London)
8777:978-0-19-005022-1
8752:978-1-55587-262-5
8553:Independent.co.uk
7847:. 14 October 2011
7534:Khadduri, Majid.
7521:978-0-521-87823-4
7508:A History of Iraq
7377:978-0-8021-3978-8
7345:978-0-8021-3978-8
7313:978-0-8047-7415-4
7251:"Aaron M. Faust,
7221:. 25 January 2004
7200:. 4 January 2007.
7133:Helen Chapin Metz
7116:978-0-520-92124-5
7011:978-0-8021-3978-8
6979:978-0-8021-3978-8
6951:(Princeton 1978).
6935:978-0-521-87823-4
6922:A History of Iraq
6903:978-0-8021-3978-8
6871:978-1-5036-1382-9
6839:10.1093/dh/dht121
6697:978-1-5036-1382-9
6586:978-1-137-48711-7
6493:978-1-5036-1382-9
6460:Sluglett, Peter.
6385:978-1-317-66282-2
6352:10.1093/dh/dht049
6323:978-1-108-10755-6
6243:978-0-8021-3978-8
6197:978-0-8021-3978-8
6165:978-1-5036-1382-9
6136:978-0-06-050543-1
6098:978-0-520-92124-5
6062:978-0-8021-3978-8
6018:978-1-137-48711-7
5906:(10 April 2003).
5889:978-1-134-03672-1
5849:, pp. 25â26.
5753:978-0-691-05241-0
5704:978-0-8021-3978-8
5432:978-0-8021-3978-8
5269:978-0-330-39310-2
5263:Pan Books, 2003 (
4841:Palestinian cause
4722:Kurdish rebellion
4653:Honors and awards
4630:Detroit, Michigan
4530:Samira Shahbandar
4321:President of Iraq
4251:Geneva Convention
4118:Statue of Saddam
3973:Iraqi nationalism
3964:owned by his son
3926:Nebuchadnezzar II
3668:Some elements of
3643:Uprisings in 1991
3560:Margaret Thatcher
3551:George H. W. Bush
3474:George H. W. Bush
3451:Glaspie replied:
3203:wars of attrition
3171:Mikhail Gorbachev
3139:Iraq invaded Iran
3116:Ruhollah Khomeini
3028:Christmas in 2000
2880:, invited him to
2766:Ba'athist thought
2764:, the founder of
2649:Houari Boumediene
2581:Foreign relations
2455:Political program
2408:Abdul Rahman Arif
2164:president of Iraq
2115:
2114:
2018:
2017:
1971:Socialist Lebanon
1942:
1941:
1613:1966 coup d'Ă©tats
1432:
1431:
1321:Faisal II of Iraq
1302:Khairallah Talfah
1193:Khairallah Talfah
988:, initiating the
932:'s Arab-majority
924:. He ordered the
829:president of Iraq
822:
821:
665:Samira Shahbandar
65:President of Iraq
19943:
19726:Anti-Americanism
19663:
19662:
19536:Eagle of Saladin
19243:Amin al-Husseini
19208:Faisal I of Iraq
19178:Sultan al-Atrash
19173:Mansur al-Atrash
19148:Abdul Salam Arif
18957:War of Attrition
18843:Arab nationalism
18836:
18829:
18822:
18813:
18812:
18704:
18626:
18534:Saad Abdul-Majid
18469:
18468:
18448:
18441:
18434:
18425:
18424:
18317:Arab nationalism
18307:Anti-imperialism
18297:
18296:
18286:
18285:
18067:March 8 Alliance
18047:
18046:
17979:
17978:Breakaway groups
17922:
17921:
17914:
17907:
17906:
17844:
17843:
17670:Regional Command
17640:
17639:
17635:
17629:
17628:
17621:
17614:
17613:
17544:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
17491:
17451:
17445:
17444:
17418:
17389:
17364:
17358:
17357:
17294:Farouk al-Sharaa
17289:Hammouda Sabbagh
17179:Ibrahim al-Hadid
17159:Mahdi Dakhlallah
17144:Shibli al-Aysami
17106:
16954:Hussein Al-Awadi
16924:Saad Abdul-Majid
16901:
16895:
16894:
16842:Akram al-Hawrani
16812:Shibli al-Aysami
16807:Mansur al-Atrash
16769:
16768:National Command
16763:
16726:Shibli al-Aysami
16594:
16593:
16567:
16539:Salah Al-Mukhtar
16493:
16492:
16486:
16485:
16475:
16474:
16457:Syrian civil war
16364:Ar-Rashid revolt
16272:
16271:
16264:
16257:
16256:
16246:
16237:
16223:
16214:
16207:
16200:
16191:
16190:
16164:
16158:
16109:
16108:
16103:Republic of Iraq
16092:
16018:
16017:
16001:
15995:
15946:
15945:
15929:
15923:
15869:
15868:
15813:Mustafa al-Umari
15736:
15735:
15668:
15667:
15642:
15635:
15628:
15619:
15618:
15592:
15586:
15547:
15546:
15541:Republic of Iraq
15530:
15506:
15505:
15489:
15483:
15459:
15458:
15442:
15436:
15414:Abdul Salam Arif
15402:
15401:
15376:
15369:
15362:
15353:
15352:
15340:
15339:
15286:Mustapha Hussein
15207:Alleged shredder
15173:Men and the City
15143:
15032:
15025:
15018:
15009:
15008:
14995:
14994:
14985:
14984:
14975:
14965:
14964:
14709:
14708:
14696:
14695:
14627:
14588:
14587:
14439:
14410:
14409:
14396:Sinjar Mountains
14386:Zagros Mountains
14326:Hamrin Mountains
14285:
14284:
14248:Mosul liberation
14221:Iraqi insurgency
14143:National Command
14132:
13968:Simurrum culture
13871:
13870:
13858:
13857:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13833:
13826:
13819:
13810:
13809:
13780:Preceded by
13761:
13738:Preceded by
13712:
13683:Preceded by
13675:
13674:
13601:
13582:
13563:
13544:
13525:
13506:
13494:
13483:
13464:
13445:
13422:
13403:
13384:
13365:
13338:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13305:
13290:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13279:
13273:www.newarab.com/
13264:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13253:
13238:
13232:
13231:
13214:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13203:
13198:. 5 October 2020
13188:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13177:
13163:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13137:
13131:
13130:
13128:
13126:
13111:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13100:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13076:
13074:
13060:
13054:
13053:
13051:
13049:
13034:
13028:
13027:
13025:
13023:
13008:
13002:
13001:
12999:
12997:
12983:
12977:
12976:
12974:
12972:
12958:
12952:
12946:
12940:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12915:
12914:
12912:
12910:
12896:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12882:
12867:
12861:
12860:
12858:
12856:
12842:
12836:
12835:
12833:
12831:
12816:
12810:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12799:www.newarab.com/
12790:
12784:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12764:
12758:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12729:
12727:
12705:
12699:
12698:
12696:
12694:
12672:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12661:
12646:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12632:
12618:
12612:
12611:
12609:
12607:
12592:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12581:
12576:. 5 January 2023
12574:Economic History
12566:
12560:
12559:
12557:
12555:
12541:
12535:
12534:
12502:
12496:
12495:
12493:
12491:
12484:millercenter.org
12476:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12465:
12442:
12436:
12435:
12429:
12421:
12419:
12417:
12402:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12377:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12349:
12343:
12340:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12275:
12252:
12226:
12220:
12219:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12140:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12114:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12103:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12026:
12012:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11960:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11944:. 9 October 2021
11934:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11908:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11879:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11852:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11838:
11823:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11812:
11806:
11800:. Archived from
11795:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11775:
11760:
11754:
11753:
11746:
11740:
11739:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11678:
11672:
11671:
11656:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11630:
11624:
11623:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11587:
11571:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11536:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11514:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11492:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11465:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11417:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11395:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11384:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11343:. Archived from
11332:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11298:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11287:
11268:
11262:
11261:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11239:
11223:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11212:
11197:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11171:
11165:
11161:
11159:
11157:
11146:"Judging Dujail"
11142:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11131:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11089:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11066:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11040:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11029:
11012:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10911:
10905:
10904:
10892:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10876:on 26 March 2010
10872:. Archived from
10869:Socialist Worker
10860:
10854:
10853:
10851:
10849:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10804:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10782:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10760:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10723:
10709:
10703:
10702:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10679:
10668:"Toppled Saddam"
10664:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10642:
10636:
10635:
10629:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10580:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10554:
10548:
10541:
10535:
10528:
10519:
10518:
10502:
10491:
10485:
10484:
10483:. 19 April 2002.
10473:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10455:. Archived from
10454:
10445:
10432:
10431:
10420:
10411:
10410:
10397:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10361:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10312:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10238:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10227:
10220:Voice of America
10212:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10174:
10170:
10168:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10133:
10127:
10126:
10120:
10116:
10114:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10079:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10063:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10022:
10003:
10002:
9996:
9992:
9990:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9963:
9954:
9953:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9843:
9801:
9795:
9794:
9769:
9763:
9762:
9760:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9718:on 6 August 2009
9708:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9670:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9639:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9608:. Archived from
9597:
9584:
9577:
9571:
9560:
9554:
9549:Walter LaFeber,
9547:
9541:
9540:
9535:. Archived from
9524:
9518:
9517:
9506:
9497:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9475:. Archived from
9474:
9466:
9460:
9453:
9447:
9437:
9426:
9415:
9409:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9372:
9366:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9338:The Boston Globe
9329:
9323:
9299:
9293:
9290:
9277:
9276:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9222:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9104:
9102:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9034:
9028:
9023:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
8996:
8990:
8982:
8976:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8932:
8926:
8917:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8871:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8850:. Archived from
8839:
8833:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8761:
8755:
8740:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8697:
8634:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8593:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8544:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8488:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8397:
8388:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8336:
8327:
8316:
8310:
8293:
8287:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8255:
8244:
8243:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8170:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8101:www.thetimes.com
8092:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8067:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8045:
8036:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7971:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7951:Remember Baghdad
7943:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7871:Associated Press
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7837:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7781:
7772:
7771:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7679:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7584:
7539:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7500:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7454:
7453:
7440:
7425:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7246:
7235:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7188:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7130:
7121:
7120:
7104:
7091:
7085:
7063:
7057:
7049:. 11 July 2004.
7039:
7033:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7015:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6647:
6620:
6594:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6527:
6501:
6478:
6466:
6456:
6429:
6392:
6374:(2nd ed.).
6366:
6346:(5): 1029â1059.
6330:
6304:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6212:"Saddam Hussein"
6208:
6202:
6201:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6123:Harper Perennial
6109:
6103:
6102:
6086:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5971:
5958:
5957:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5732:
5726:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5683:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5619:Jack, Anderson.
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5394:Oxford Reference
5390:"Saddam Hussein"
5386:
5380:
5379:
5370:"Saddam Hussein"
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5278:
5272:
5255:
5238:
5228:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5049:
5043:
5029:
5023:
5020:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4945:
4943:Biography portal
4940:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4897:Albu Nasir tribe
4857:Sidhu Moose Wala
4659:Iraqi government
4572:on 22 July 2003.
4549:
4546:
4499:Iraqi Government
4459:Kamel Hana Gegeo
3996:Ba'athist regime
3977:Arab nationalism
3921:
3905:
3863:money laundering
3831:money laundering
3569:Saddam welcomes
3466:
3363:Halabja massacre
3207:chemical weapons
3185:Saddam greeting
3147:Mehrabad Airport
3145:, including the
3057:
3009:
2925:Iraqi Communists
2878:Francisco Franco
2867:Yevgeny Primakov
2791:Syrian Christian
2707:Economic reforms
2673:Kurdish autonomy
2476:Economic reforms
2294:
2293:, April 3, 1984.
2221:Abdul Salam Arif
2196:Cairo Law School
2123:social democrats
2107:
2100:
2093:
2079:
2077:Socialism portal
2072:
2034:Arab nationalism
2014:
2001:
1988:
1957:
1956:
1656:
1655:
1638:Syrian civil war
1428:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1341:
1340:
1217:Iraqi law school
1147:
1144:
1115:authoritarianism
1032:agenda in Iraq.
946:Ba'athist regime
926:invasion of Iran
849:Arab nationalism
811:
749:
748:
735:Military service
730:
677:
675:
655:
653:
576:
573:30 December 2006
552:
550:
538:Personal details
527:
513:Regional Command
503:
493:
476:
457:
447:
438:
426:
416:
387:
373:Regional Command
361:
349:
340:
315:
305:
288:
269:
257:
240:
224:Office abolished
221:
211:
202:
164:
152:
121:
84:
75:
51:
41:
28:
27:
19951:
19950:
19946:
19945:
19944:
19942:
19941:
19940:
19676:
19675:
19674:
19669:
19651:
19587:Greater Morocco
19560:
19556:Pan-Arab colors
19551:Hawk of Quraish
19517:
19485:
19336:Arab Federation
19297:
19283:Abdullah Rimawi
19258:Mostéfa Merarda
19213:Muammar Gaddafi
19193:Ahmed Ben Bella
19168:Jamal al-Atassi
19158:Bashar al-Assad
19109:
19078:
19059:Black September
18937:Anglo-Iraqi War
18881:
18845:
18840:
18810:
18805:
18796:Husayn al-Awadi
18775:
18702:
18697:
18624:
18619:
18543:
18457:
18452:
18422:
18409:
18405:Pan-Arab colors
18399:Aráž ul-FurÄtayn
18386:
18361:
18291:
18272:
18246:
18147:
18091:
18038:
17997:Damascus branch
17977:
17971:
17942:Free Iraqi Army
17932:Al-Abud Network
17916:
17912:
17889:
17873:
17859:Fedayeen Saddam
17854:Ba'ath Brigades
17835:
17814:
17805:Sawt al-Jamahir
17784:
17763:Central Command
17716:
17633:
17623:
17619:
17600:
17589:
17489:
17483:
17449:
17432:
17427:Bashar al-Assad
17407:Ahmad al-Khatib
17387:
17381:
17362:
17345:
17333:
17304:Hammud al-Shufi
17269:Zuhair Masharqa
17264:Ibrahim Makhous
17249:Ahmad al-Khatib
17214:Hisham Ikhtiyar
17134:Rifaat al-Assad
17124:Bashar al-Assad
17104:
17098:
17064:Talib El-Shibib
16979:Saadoun Ghaidan
16899:
16886:
16882:Khaled Yashruti
16877:Talib El-Shibib
16867:Abdullah Rimawi
16832:Wahib al-Ghanim
16792:Bashar al-Assad
16767:
16761:
16751:
16746:Bashar al-Assad
16721:Hammud al-Shufi
16709:
16687:
16666:
16651:Abdullah Rimawi
16639:
16609:Talib El-Shibib
16581:
16576:Bashar al-Assad
16544:
16512:
16480:
16461:
16383:
16322:
16301:
16266:
16262:
16251:
16244:
16235:
16225:
16221:
16218:
16188:
16183:
16165:
16150:
16093:
16084:
16002:
15987:
15930:
15915:
15853:
15842:
15828:Arshad al-Umari
15793:Arshad al-Umari
15730:Kingdom of Iraq
15720:
15709:
15656:
15646:
15616:
15611:
15593:
15578:
15531:
15522:
15490:
15475:
15443:
15428:
15390:
15380:
15350:
15345:
15329:
15310:House of Saddam
15290:
15284:Grandchildren:
15230:Half-brothers:
15211:
15190:
15144:
15135:
15041:
15036:
15006:
15001:
14945:
14929:Public holidays
14852:
14703:
14686:
14625:
14595:
14578:
14437:
14417:
14400:
14331:Iraqi Kurdistan
14321:Euphrates river
14292:
14271:
14238:War (2014â2017)
14184:Operation Opera
14130:
14100:
14096:Arab Federation
14084:Kingdom of Iraq
14017:
13993:Fall of Babylon
13928:Akkadian Empire
13903:Samarra culture
13888:Hassuna culture
13865:
13852:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13803:
13794:
13785:
13760:
13751:
13743:
13733:
13724:
13714:
13707:
13705:
13696:
13688:
13672:
13638:Wayback Machine
13616:Wayback Machine
13608:
13598:
13579:
13560:
13541:
13522:
13503:
13495:. Grove Press.
13480:
13461:
13419:
13400:
13381:
13362:
13335:
13319:
13317:Further reading
13314:
13313:
13303:
13301:
13291:
13287:
13277:
13275:
13265:
13261:
13251:
13249:
13240:
13239:
13235:
13220:(6 July 2016).
13218:Diamond, Jeremy
13215:
13211:
13201:
13199:
13190:
13189:
13185:
13175:
13173:
13165:
13164:
13160:
13150:
13148:
13138:
13134:
13124:
13122:
13112:
13108:
13098:
13096:
13086:
13082:
13072:
13070:
13062:
13061:
13057:
13047:
13045:
13036:
13035:
13031:
13021:
13019:
13010:
13009:
13005:
12995:
12993:
12985:
12984:
12980:
12970:
12968:
12960:
12959:
12955:
12947:
12943:
12934:
12930:
12922:
12918:
12908:
12906:
12898:
12897:
12890:
12880:
12878:
12877:. 13 April 2006
12869:
12868:
12864:
12854:
12852:
12844:
12843:
12839:
12829:
12827:
12818:
12817:
12813:
12803:
12801:
12791:
12787:
12777:
12775:
12766:
12765:
12761:
12751:
12749:
12740:
12739:
12735:
12725:
12723:
12707:
12706:
12702:
12692:
12690:
12680:Washington Post
12674:
12673:
12669:
12659:
12657:
12649:Ibrahim, Arwa.
12647:
12640:
12630:
12628:
12620:
12619:
12615:
12605:
12603:
12594:
12593:
12589:
12579:
12577:
12568:
12567:
12563:
12553:
12551:
12543:
12542:
12538:
12503:
12499:
12489:
12487:
12478:
12477:
12473:
12463:
12461:
12451:Foreign Affairs
12443:
12439:
12423:
12422:
12415:
12413:
12403:
12399:
12389:
12387:
12379:
12378:
12371:
12361:
12359:
12351:
12350:
12346:
12337:
12311:
12309:
12272:
12249:
12227:
12223:
12208:
12192:
12188:
12178:
12176:
12168:Ibrahim, Arwa.
12166:
12162:
12152:
12150:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12127:
12125:
12116:
12115:
12111:
12101:
12099:
12091:
12090:
12086:
12076:
12074:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12050:
12048:
12038:
12034:
12024:
12022:
12014:
12013:
12009:
11999:
11997:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11971:
11961:
11957:
11947:
11945:
11936:
11935:
11931:
11921:
11919:
11910:
11909:
11902:
11892:
11890:
11880:
11871:
11861:
11859:
11854:
11853:
11846:
11836:
11834:
11833:. 1 August 2003
11825:
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11720:
11719:
11715:
11710:. 19 July 2024.
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11583:
11582:on 16 July 2011
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11382:
11380:
11367:Haynes, Deborah
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10542:
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10529:
10522:
10515:
10507:. p. 208.
10500:
10492:
10488:
10475:
10474:
10467:
10462:on 11 May 2011.
10459:
10452:
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10380:edition.cnn.com
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9966:News, A. B. C.
9964:
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9952:on 13 May 2005.
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9529:"Saddam's Cash"
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9320:Wayback Machine
9300:
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9262:. p. 183.
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9036:
9035:
9031:
9024:
9020:
9010:
9008:
9000:"Iran-Iraq War"
8998:
8997:
8993:
8983:
8979:
8973:Wayback Machine
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8561:
8546:
8545:
8536:
8526:
8524:
8522:edition.cnn.com
8516:
8515:
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8501:
8499:
8498:. 17 April 2015
8490:
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8330:
8317:
8313:
8294:
8290:
8275:
8271:
8256:
8247:
8242:. 2 March 2003.
8234:
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8105:
8103:
8093:
8089:
8079:
8077:
8075:edition.cnn.com
8069:
8068:
8059:
8054:. October 1988.
8051:
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8028:
8018:
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7998:
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7876:
7874:
7873:. 25 March 2015
7865:
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7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7656:
7652:
7648:Filmed in 1990.
7644:
7640:
7625:10.2307/3011338
7611:
7610:
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7585:
7542:
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7494:
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7474:
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7469:
7464:
7457:
7452:. 24 June 2004.
7442:
7441:
7428:
7423:Wayback Machine
7413:Jessica Moore,
7412:
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7064:
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7055:Wayback Machine
7040:
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6947:
6943:
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6928:. p. 183.
6915:
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6883:
6879:
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6858:
6854:
6819:
6815:
6766:
6762:
6713:
6709:
6698:
6684:
6680:
6667:
6659:. p. 205.
6640:
6632:. p. 451.
6614:
6587:
6566:
6562:
6550:
6542:. p. 163.
6521:
6513:. p. 149.
6494:
6476:anti-communism.
6464:
6449:
6386:
6378:. p. 240.
6324:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6265:. p. 327.
6255:
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5897:
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5872:
5868:
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5853:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5826:. p. 221.
5816:
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5805:
5797:. p. 111.
5787:
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5754:
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5684:
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5659:
5652:
5648:Post, Jerrold.
5646:
5639:
5629:
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5617:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5570:(15 May 2004).
5565:
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5551:
5549:
5540:
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5535:
5512:10.2307/3791465
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4979:House of Saddam
4969:
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4957:Politics portal
4955:
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4922:
4920:
4917:
4901:House of Saddam
4879:has been named
4756:
4746:
4720:, crushing the
4702:Wisam al-Jadara
4687:quality of life
4678:Key to the City
4655:
4642:key to the city
4622:
4547:
4463:Suzanne Mubarak
4445:Fedayeen Saddam
4418:
4412:
4389:Moqtada Al-Sadr
4357:
4351:
4285:
4279:
4194:fall of Baghdad
4174:
4166:Main articles:
4164:
4097:nuclear weapons
4071:
4059:Main articles:
4057:
4035:1995 referendum
3942:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3895:
3799:Bashar alâAssad
3787:second intifada
3770:Muammar Gaddafi
3734:
3630:
3618:new world order
3493:
3487:
3467:
3462:
3387:
3343:Turkoman people
3295:
3289:
3199:Donald Rumsfeld
3175:Leonid Brezhnev
3108:Pahlavi dynasty
3084:
3078:
3072:
3055:
3020:
3018:Second Intifada
3010:
3007:
2989:Operation Opera
2958:of Syria at an
2884:and he visited
2855:
2849:
2847:Foreign affairs
2844:
2754:
2741:
2709:
2692:
2675:
2670:
2668:Domestic policy
2665:
2636:
2630:
2614:Mustafa Barzani
2583:
2536:
2509:and bad loans.
2478:
2457:
2431:
2406:that overthrew
2396:
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2255:
2249:
2111:
2082:
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2070:Politics portal
2068:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1975:1965–1970
1954:
1952:Splinter groups
1944:
1943:
1938:
1917:
1896:
1875:
1854:
1833:
1812:
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1509:
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1507:
1498:Bashar al-Assad
1468:Wahib al-Ghanim
1463:Abdullah Rimawi
1442:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1415:1968–2003
1405:1947–1966
1395:1940–1947
1385:1940–1947
1374:
1339:
1333:
1310:Anglo-Iraqi War
1201:Anglo-Iraqi War
1191:with his uncle
1145:
1135:
1075:related to the
814:
743:
718:
680:
679:
676: 1986)
671:
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654: 1963)
649:
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609:Political party
578:
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33:
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11:
5:
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19931:Ba'athist Iraq
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19686:Saddam Hussein
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19565:Related topics
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19431:Islamic Legion
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19321:Al-Mourabitoun
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19288:Hamdeen Sabahi
19285:
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19278:Fuad al-Rikabi
19275:
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19268:Adnan Pachachi
19265:
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19255:
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19238:Saddam Hussein
19235:
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19228:Sati' al-Husri
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18979:Iraqi Intifada
18976:
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18962:Yom Kippur War
18959:
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18857:Arab socialism
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18615:Ugla Abid Saqr
18612:
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18587:
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18572:
18567:
18562:
18557:
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18524:Watban Ibrahim
18521:
18516:
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18506:
18501:
18496:
18491:
18486:
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18479:Saddam Hussein
18475:
18473:
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18363:
18362:
18360:
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18334:
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18324:
18322:Arab socialism
18319:
18314:
18309:
18303:
18301:
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18292:
18282:
18281:
18278:
18277:
18274:
18273:
18271:
18270:
18265:
18260:
18254:
18252:
18248:
18247:
18245:
18244:
18243:
18242:
18232:
18231:
18230:
18225:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18159:
18157:
18153:
18152:
18149:
18148:
18146:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18099:
18097:
18093:
18092:
18090:
18089:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18069:
18064:
18059:
18053:
18051:
18044:
18040:
18039:
18037:
18036:
18031:
18026:
18021:
18016:
18011:
18006:
18001:
18000:
17999:
17989:
17983:
17981:
17973:
17972:
17970:
17969:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17952:Jeish Muhammad
17949:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17928:
17926:
17918:
17917:
17903:
17902:
17899:
17898:
17895:
17894:
17891:
17890:
17888:
17887:
17881:
17879:
17875:
17874:
17872:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17856:
17850:
17848:
17841:
17837:
17836:
17834:
17833:
17828:
17822:
17820:
17819:Popular fronts
17816:
17815:
17813:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17796:
17794:
17790:
17789:
17786:
17785:
17783:
17782:
17777:
17776:
17775:
17770:
17765:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17735:
17730:
17724:
17722:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17673:
17672:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17646:
17644:
17637:
17625:
17624:
17610:
17609:
17606:
17605:
17602:
17601:
17598:
17595:
17594:
17591:
17590:
17588:
17587:
17584:Hussein Arnous
17581:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17521:
17519:Hafez al-Assad
17516:
17511:
17506:
17501:
17495:
17493:
17485:
17484:
17482:
17481:
17476:
17471:
17469:Sa'dun Hammadi
17466:
17464:Saddam Hussein
17461:
17455:
17453:
17442:
17438:
17437:
17434:
17433:
17431:
17430:
17424:
17414:
17412:Hafez al-Assad
17409:
17404:
17399:
17393:
17391:
17383:
17382:
17380:
17379:
17377:Saddam Hussein
17374:
17368:
17366:
17355:
17354:Heads of state
17351:
17350:
17347:
17346:
17341:
17339:
17335:
17334:
17332:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17319:Muhammad Umran
17316:
17314:Hasan Turkmani
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17129:Hafez al-Assad
17126:
17121:
17119:Hussein Arnous
17116:
17110:
17108:
17100:
17099:
17097:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17044:Fuad al-Rikabi
17041:
17036:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17016:
17011:
17006:
17001:
16996:
16994:Saddam Hussein
16991:
16986:
16984:Sa'dun Hammadi
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16905:
16903:
16892:
16888:
16887:
16885:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16869:
16864:
16862:Fuad al-Rikabi
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16797:Hafez al-Assad
16794:
16789:
16787:Zaki al-Arsuzi
16784:
16779:
16773:
16771:
16757:
16756:
16753:
16752:
16750:
16749:
16743:
16741:Hafez al-Assad
16738:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16717:
16715:
16711:
16710:
16708:
16707:
16701:
16695:
16693:
16689:
16688:
16686:
16685:
16680:
16674:
16672:
16668:
16667:
16665:
16664:
16661:Akram al-Homsi
16658:
16653:
16647:
16645:
16641:
16640:
16638:
16637:
16631:
16626:
16624:Saddam Hussein
16621:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16604:Fuad al-Rikabi
16600:
16598:
16591:
16587:
16586:
16583:
16582:
16580:
16579:
16573:
16563:
16561:Hafez al-Assad
16558:
16552:
16550:
16546:
16545:
16543:
16542:
16536:
16531:
16529:Saddam Hussein
16526:
16520:
16518:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16510:
16505:
16499:
16497:
16490:
16482:
16481:
16471:
16470:
16467:
16466:
16463:
16462:
16460:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16447:Iraqi conflict
16444:
16442:Faith Campaign
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16419:
16414:
16413:
16412:
16402:
16400:Ba'athist Iraq
16397:
16391:
16389:
16385:
16384:
16382:
16381:
16376:
16374:1964 Hama riot
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16330:
16328:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16320:
16315:
16309:
16307:
16303:
16302:
16300:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16278:
16276:
16268:
16267:
16253:
16252:
16250:
16249:
16240:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16217:
16216:
16209:
16202:
16194:
16185:
16184:
16182:
16181:
16178:
16174:
16171:
16170:
16167:
16166:
16153:
16151:
16149:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16112:
16106:
16099:
16098:
16095:
16094:
16087:
16085:
16083:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16021:
16015:
16008:
16007:
16004:
16003:
15990:
15988:
15986:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15960:
15955:
15949:
15943:
15940:Ba'athist Iraq
15936:
15935:
15932:
15931:
15918:
15916:
15914:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15872:
15866:
15863:Iraqi Republic
15859:
15858:
15855:
15854:
15845:
15843:
15841:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15739:
15733:
15726:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15712:
15710:
15708:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15671:
15665:
15662:Mandatory Iraq
15658:
15657:
15645:
15644:
15637:
15630:
15622:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15609:
15606:
15602:
15599:
15598:
15595:
15594:
15581:
15579:
15577:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15550:
15544:
15537:
15536:
15533:
15532:
15525:
15523:
15521:
15520:
15515:
15509:
15503:
15496:
15495:
15492:
15491:
15478:
15476:
15474:
15473:
15468:
15462:
15456:
15453:Ba'athist Iraq
15449:
15448:
15445:
15444:
15431:
15429:
15427:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15405:
15399:
15396:Iraqi Republic
15392:
15391:
15379:
15378:
15371:
15364:
15356:
15347:
15346:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15327:
15320:
15313:
15306:
15298:
15296:
15292:
15291:
15289:
15288:
15282:
15268:
15258:
15252:
15242:
15228:
15225:
15221:
15219:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15209:
15204:
15202:Killing babies
15198:
15196:
15192:
15191:
15189:
15188:
15183:
15180:Begone, Demons
15176:
15169:
15162:
15154:
15152:
15146:
15145:
15138:
15136:
15134:
15133:
15132:
15131:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15105:
15104:
15094:
15089:
15088:
15087:
15085:1991 uprisings
15077:
15075:Anfal campaign
15072:
15071:
15070:
15060:
15055:
15049:
15047:
15043:
15042:
15039:Saddam Hussein
15035:
15034:
15027:
15020:
15012:
15003:
15002:
15000:
14999:
14989:
14979:
14969:
14958:
14955:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14947:
14946:
14944:
14943:
14942:
14941:
14936:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14860:
14858:
14854:
14853:
14851:
14850:
14849:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14818:
14813:
14812:
14811:
14806:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14755:
14754:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14723:
14717:
14715:
14705:
14704:
14692:
14691:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14667:Transportation
14664:
14659:
14657:Stock Exchange
14654:
14652:Reconstruction
14649:
14644:
14639:
14634:
14632:Infrastructure
14629:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14600:
14597:
14596:
14584:
14583:
14580:
14579:
14577:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14545:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14528:
14527:
14517:
14512:
14502:
14501:
14500:
14499:
14498:
14491:Prime Minister
14488:
14487:
14486:
14476:
14471:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14433:
14428:
14422:
14419:
14418:
14406:
14405:
14402:
14401:
14399:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14281:
14280:
14277:
14276:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14264:
14263:
14262:
14252:
14251:
14250:
14245:
14235:
14230:
14229:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14208:
14203:
14202:
14201:
14199:1991 uprisings
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14149:Saddam Hussein
14146:
14135:
14134:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14110:
14108:
14102:
14101:
14099:
14098:
14093:
14092:
14091:
14081:
14079:Mandatory Iraq
14076:
14071:
14068:Mamluk dynasty
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14025:
14023:
14019:
14018:
14016:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13933:Gutian dynasty
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13879:
13877:
13867:
13866:
13854:
13853:
13836:
13835:
13828:
13821:
13813:
13805:
13804:
13799:
13796:
13789:Leader of the
13786:
13781:
13777:
13776:
13772:
13771:
13756:
13753:
13744:
13739:
13735:
13734:
13731:Sa'dun Hammadi
13729:
13726:
13716:
13715:
13701:
13698:
13689:
13684:
13680:
13679:
13670:
13669:
13660:
13654:
13645:
13628:
13619:
13607:
13606:External links
13604:
13603:
13602:
13596:
13583:
13577:
13564:
13558:
13545:
13539:
13526:
13520:
13507:
13501:
13484:
13478:
13465:
13459:
13446:
13423:
13417:
13404:
13398:
13385:
13379:
13366:
13360:
13339:
13333:
13318:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13285:
13259:
13248:. 8 April 2023
13233:
13209:
13183:
13158:
13132:
13106:
13080:
13055:
13029:
13003:
12978:
12953:
12941:
12928:
12916:
12888:
12862:
12837:
12811:
12785:
12759:
12733:
12700:
12667:
12638:
12613:
12587:
12561:
12536:
12517:(4): 778â798.
12497:
12471:
12437:
12397:
12369:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12335:
12318:
12293:(4): 547â587.
12276:
12270:
12247:
12241:. p. 19.
12221:
12206:
12186:
12160:
12135:
12109:
12084:
12058:
12032:
12007:
11981:
11955:
11929:
11918:. 1 April 2003
11900:
11869:
11844:
11818:
11781:
11755:
11741:
11727:
11713:
11699:
11673:
11651:
11625:
11618:
11612:. p. 20.
11593:
11557:
11531:
11509:
11487:
11460:
11430:
11412:
11390:
11358:
11327:
11293:
11263:
11245:
11218:
11192:
11166:
11137:
11115:
11084:
11061:
11035:
11007:
10985:
10959:
10933:
10906:
10887:
10855:
10825:
10799:
10777:
10755:
10729:
10704:
10685:
10659:
10637:
10601:
10575:
10549:
10543:Kiernan, Ben.
10536:
10530:Orit Bashkin.
10520:
10513:
10486:
10465:
10433:
10412:
10409:. 12 May 2011.
10392:
10367:
10356:. 18 July 2001
10341:
10284:
10258:
10233:
10207:
10182:
10128:
10069:
10043:
10004:
9955:
9933:
9905:
9883:
9855:
9818:(2): e000311.
9796:
9773:Rubin, Michael
9764:
9751:(3): 116â120.
9729:
9703:
9691:
9665:
9642:Bush, George.
9623:
9585:
9572:
9555:
9542:
9519:
9498:
9485:
9461:
9457:Armed Madhouse
9448:
9427:
9425:, 25 July 1990
9410:
9408:, 18 July 1990
9393:
9367:
9365:, 3 April 1990
9350:
9324:
9294:
9292:Humphreys, 105
9278:
9268:
9243:
9217:
9184:
9154:
9124:
9112:
9086:Burns, John F.
9077:
9051:
9029:
9018:
8991:
8977:
8966:SIPRI Database
8958:
8927:
8912:
8879:
8834:
8817:
8783:
8776:
8756:
8718:
8707:. 13 July 2021
8635:
8622:
8585:
8559:
8534:
8509:
8476:
8442:
8417:
8389:
8387:Humphreys, 120
8380:
8365:
8328:
8311:
8288:
8276:Healy, Jack. "
8269:
8245:
8227:
8205:
8190:
8158:
8146:
8134:
8113:
8087:
8057:
8037:
8026:
7992:
7963:
7935:
7909:
7884:
7858:
7825:
7813:
7801:
7789:
7773:
7750:
7725:
7700:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7638:
7604:
7540:
7536:Socialist Iraq
7527:
7520:
7504:Tripp, Charles
7492:
7467:
7455:
7426:
7406:
7402:Saddam Hussein
7394:
7383:
7376:
7351:
7344:
7319:
7312:
7294:
7236:
7203:
7176:
7151:
7122:
7115:
7086:
7058:
7034:
7017:
7010:
7004:. p. 27.
6985:
6978:
6953:
6941:
6934:
6918:Tripp, Charles
6909:
6902:
6877:
6870:
6852:
6813:
6782:(4): 635â653.
6760:
6729:(4): 635â653.
6707:
6696:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6648:
6638:
6621:
6612:
6606:. p. 48.
6595:
6585:
6579:. p. 58.
6560:
6558:
6557:
6548:
6528:
6519:
6502:
6492:
6479:
6457:
6447:
6430:
6408:(5): 663â701.
6393:
6384:
6367:
6331:
6322:
6305:
6278:
6271:
6249:
6242:
6217:
6203:
6196:
6171:
6164:
6142:
6135:
6104:
6097:
6068:
6061:
6036:
6024:
6017:
5995:
5988:
5959:
5948:
5942:. p. 16.
5926:
5895:
5888:
5882:. p. 22.
5866:
5851:
5839:
5833:978-0312160524
5832:
5810:
5804:978-0857717641
5803:
5781:
5772:
5759:
5752:
5727:
5710:
5703:
5673:
5637:
5611:
5559:
5533:
5506:(2): 279â289.
5490:
5464:
5438:
5431:
5425:. p. 38.
5406:
5381:
5378:. 29 May 2023.
5361:
5333:
5317:Science Editor
5297:
5273:
5257:Con Coughlin,
5249:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5229:. He is known
5124:
5096:Saddam Hussein
5044:), pronounced
5024:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4960:
4946:
4932:
4916:
4913:
4911:in the world.
4822:Faith Campaign
4745:
4742:
4698:Order of Merit
4654:
4651:
4621:
4618:
4596:, defected to
4586:
4585:
4578:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4506:
4491:Raghad Hussein
4488:
4470:
4414:Main article:
4411:
4408:
4353:Main article:
4350:
4347:
4339:Barzan Ibrahim
4331:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4281:Main article:
4278:
4275:
4163:
4160:
4140:George W. Bush
4081:George W. Bush
4056:
4053:
4031:show elections
4012:Nebuchadnezzar
3938:Main article:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3878:European Union
3859:Fritz Edlinger
3843:European Union
3827:Fritz Edlinger
3815:Vladimir Putin
3774:Ayesha Gaddafi
3733:
3730:
3701:missile attack
3685:United Nations
3636:Saddam in 1996
3629:
3626:
3584:Czechoslovakia
3513:British Empire
3489:Main article:
3486:
3483:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3386:
3383:
3303:Kurdish people
3299:Anfal campaign
3293:Anfal campaign
3291:Main article:
3288:
3285:
3250:, France, and
3187:Carlos Cardoen
3074:Main article:
3071:
3068:
3024:Jerusalem Army
3019:
3016:
3008:Saddam Hussein
3005:
2956:Hafiz al-Assad
2914:Charles Pasqua
2898:Jacques Chirac
2863:Kenneth Kaunda
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Foreign policy
2840:
2753:
2750:
2740:
2739:Social reforms
2737:
2713:budget reserve
2708:
2705:
2691:
2688:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2632:Main article:
2629:
2626:
2590:Alexei Kosygin
2582:
2579:
2543:, Arab versus
2535:
2532:
2477:
2474:
2456:
2453:
2448:Hafiz al-Assad
2430:
2427:
2412:Prime Minister
2400:bloodless coup
2395:
2392:
2279:
2274:Main article:
2271:
2268:
2251:Main article:
2248:
2245:
2188:Fuad al-Rikabi
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Arab socialism
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:Related topics
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1599:Baathist Syria
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1553:Ba'athist Iraq
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Saddam Hussein
1490:
1485:
1483:Hafez al-Assad
1480:
1475:
1473:Fuad al-Rikabi
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Zaki al-Arsuzi
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1337:Ba'athist Iraq
1332:
1329:
1251:student cell,
1209:United Kingdom
1165:Husayn ibn Ali
1134:
1131:
1105:, opposed the
1028:, pursuing an
1026:Faith Campaign
1002:United Nations
978:slant-drilling
958:Anfal campaign
853:Arab socialism
839:and later its
825:Saddam Hussein
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
812:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
778:
774:
773:
768:
764:
763:
758:
757:Branch/service
754:
753:
741:
737:
736:
732:
731:
724:
720:
719:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
688:
686:
682:
681:
669:
663:
662:
661:
660:
647:
641:
640:
639:
638:
635:
633:
629:
628:
626:
625:
619:
612:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
588:
587:
577:(aged 69)
571:
567:
566:
544:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
530:
520:
519:
511:Member of the
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
488:
487:
484:
480:
479:
469:
468:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
442:
441:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
408:
407:
404:
397:
395:
391:
390:
380:
379:
368:
367:
362:
356:
355:
350:
344:
343:
333:
332:
322:
321:
319:Sa'dun Hammadi
316:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
281:
280:
270:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
233:
232:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
195:
194:
188:
187:
185:
184:
181:Jalal Talabani
178:
167:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
137:
131:
124:
122:
120:Vice President
116:
115:
113:
112:
109:
103:
97:
94:Sa'dun Hammadi
91:
87:
85:
83:Prime Minister
79:
78:
68:
67:
60:
59:
56:
55:
53:Saddam in 1998
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Saddam Hussein
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19948:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19929:
19927:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19917:
19914:
19912:
19909:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19901:Tulfah family
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19882:
19879:
19877:
19874:
19872:
19869:
19867:
19864:
19862:
19859:
19857:
19854:
19852:
19849:
19847:
19844:
19842:
19839:
19837:
19834:
19832:
19829:
19827:
19824:
19822:
19819:
19817:
19814:
19812:
19809:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19782:
19779:
19777:
19774:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19717:
19714:
19712:
19709:
19707:
19704:
19702:
19699:
19697:
19694:
19692:
19689:
19687:
19684:
19683:
19681:
19666:
19658:
19657:
19654:
19648:
19645:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19633:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19623:
19620:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19597:Greater Yemen
19595:
19593:
19592:Greater Syria
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19569:
19567:
19563:
19557:
19554:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19528:
19526:
19524:
19520:
19514:
19513:
19509:
19507:
19506:
19502:
19500:
19499:
19495:
19494:
19492:
19488:
19482:
19479:
19477:
19474:
19472:
19469:
19467:
19464:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19442:
19439:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19407:
19404:
19402:
19399:
19397:
19394:
19392:
19389:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19379:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19362:
19359:
19357:
19354:
19352:
19349:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19308:
19306:
19304:
19303:Organizations
19300:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19279:
19276:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19254:
19251:
19249:
19246:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19223:George Habash
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19203:Izzat Darwaza
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19141:
19139:
19138:Yasser Arafat
19136:
19134:
19131:
19129:
19126:
19124:
19121:
19120:
19118:
19116:
19115:Personalities
19112:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19090:Arab identity
19088:
19087:
19085:
19081:
19075:
19072:
19070:
19067:
19065:
19062:
19060:
19057:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19035:
19032:
19030:
19027:
19025:
19022:
19020:
19017:
19015:
19012:
19010:
19007:
19005:
19004:Arab Cold War
19002:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18985:
18982:
18980:
18977:
18975:
18972:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18948:
18945:
18944:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18921:
18918:
18917:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18904:
18901:
18900:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18890:
18888:
18884:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18854:
18852:
18848:
18844:
18837:
18832:
18830:
18825:
18823:
18818:
18817:
18814:
18802:
18801:Khamis Sirhan
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18789:
18788:
18786:
18782:
18772:
18769:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18708:
18706:
18700:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18663:Sultan Hashim
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18630:
18628:
18622:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18590:Iyad Futayyih
18588:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18555:Qusay Hussein
18553:
18552:
18550:
18546:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18514:Mahmud Dhiyab
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18476:
18474:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18464:playing cards
18460:
18456:
18449:
18444:
18442:
18437:
18435:
18430:
18429:
18426:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18400:
18396:
18395:
18393:
18389:
18383:
18382:
18378:
18376:
18375:
18371:
18370:
18368:
18364:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18342:Republicanism
18340:
18338:
18337:Progressivism
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18304:
18302:
18298:
18294:
18290:Miscellaneous
18287:
18283:
18269:
18266:
18264:
18261:
18259:
18256:
18255:
18253:
18249:
18241:
18238:
18237:
18236:
18233:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18160:
18158:
18154:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18100:
18098:
18094:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18054:
18052:
18048:
18045:
18041:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18002:
17998:
17995:
17994:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17984:
17982:
17980:
17974:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17957:Rejectionists
17955:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17929:
17927:
17923:
17919:
17915:
17908:
17904:
17886:
17883:
17882:
17880:
17876:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17851:
17849:
17845:
17842:
17838:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17823:
17821:
17817:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17798:
17797:
17795:
17791:
17781:
17778:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17760:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17725:
17723:
17719:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17671:
17668:
17667:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17647:
17645:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17630:
17626:
17622:
17615:
17611:
17599:* = incumbent
17596:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17509:Yusuf Zuayyin
17507:
17505:
17504:Amin al-Hafiz
17502:
17500:
17497:
17496:
17494:
17492:
17486:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17456:
17454:
17452:
17446:
17443:
17439:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17421:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17397:Amin al-Hafiz
17395:
17394:
17392:
17390:
17384:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17369:
17367:
17365:
17359:
17356:
17352:
17344:
17340:
17336:
17330:
17329:Yusuf Zuayyin
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17309:Mustafa Tlass
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17229:Sami al-Jundi
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17184:Amin al-Hafiz
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17174:Marwan Habash
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17111:
17109:
17107:
17101:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17074:Khamis Sirhan
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
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17032:
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17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16989:Qusay Hussein
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
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16927:
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16915:
16912:
16910:
16907:
16906:
16904:
16902:
16896:
16893:
16889:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16860:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16852:Zuheir Mohsen
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16837:Amin al-Hafiz
16835:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
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16793:
16790:
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16783:
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16778:
16775:
16774:
16772:
16770:
16764:
16758:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16731:Amin al-Hafiz
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16718:
16716:
16712:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
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16635:
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16612:
16610:
16607:
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16577:
16574:
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16570:
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16562:
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16547:
16540:
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16515:
16509:
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16476:
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16411:
16408:
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16398:
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16380:
16377:
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16340:
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16331:
16329:
16325:
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16310:
16308:
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16215:
16210:
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16179:
16176:
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16157:
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16139:
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16068:
16066:
16063:
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16051:
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16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16022:
16019:
16016:
16013:
16009:
16000:
15994:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15947:
15944:
15941:
15937:
15928:
15922:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15873:
15870:
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15839:
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15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15740:
15737:
15734:
15731:
15727:
15716:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15672:
15669:
15666:
15663:
15659:
15654:
15650:
15643:
15638:
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15624:
15623:
15620:
15607:
15604:
15603:
15600:
15591:
15585:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15551:
15548:
15545:
15542:
15538:
15529:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15510:
15507:
15504:
15501:
15497:
15488:
15482:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15460:
15457:
15454:
15450:
15441:
15435:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15406:
15403:
15400:
15397:
15393:
15388:
15384:
15377:
15372:
15370:
15365:
15363:
15358:
15357:
15354:
15344:
15343:
15332:
15326:
15325:
15321:
15319:
15318:
15314:
15312:
15311:
15307:
15305:
15304:
15300:
15299:
15297:
15293:
15287:
15283:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15257:
15253:
15251:
15247:
15246:Sajida Talfah
15243:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15226:
15223:
15222:
15220:
15218:
15214:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15181:
15177:
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15170:
15168:
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15163:
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15160:
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15155:
15153:
15151:
15147:
15142:
15130:
15127:
15126:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15114:Interrogation
15112:
15110:
15107:
15103:
15100:
15099:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15086:
15083:
15082:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15064:
15063:IranâIraq War
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15050:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15033:
15028:
15026:
15021:
15019:
15014:
15013:
15010:
14998:
14990:
14988:
14980:
14978:
14974:
14970:
14968:
14960:
14959:
14956:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14931:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14861:
14859:
14855:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14823:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14810:
14807:
14804:
14803:Iraqi Turkmen
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14760:
14759:
14756:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14728:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14697:
14693:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
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14633:
14630:
14628:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14601:
14598:
14594:
14589:
14585:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14507:
14506:
14503:
14497:
14494:
14493:
14492:
14489:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14438:(legislative)
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14423:
14420:
14416:
14411:
14407:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14371:Syrian Desert
14369:
14367:
14366:Shatt al-Arab
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14301:Faw peninsula
14299:
14298:
14295:
14291:
14286:
14282:
14268:
14265:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14256:
14253:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14243:Fall of Mosul
14241:
14240:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14216:U.S. invasion
14214:
14213:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14200:
14197:
14196:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14179:IranâIraq War
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14144:
14140:
14137:
14136:
14133:
14127:
14125:
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14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14111:
14109:
14107:
14103:
14097:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14044:Buyid dynasty
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14026:
14024:
14020:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13893:Halaf culture
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13880:
13878:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13864:
13859:
13855:
13850:
13844:
13834:
13829:
13827:
13822:
13820:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13802:
13793:
13792:
13784:
13778:
13773:
13769:
13768:
13767:
13759:
13750:
13749:
13742:
13736:
13732:
13723:
13722:
13717:
13713:
13711:
13704:
13695:
13694:
13687:
13681:
13676:
13673:
13668:
13664:
13661:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13649:
13646:
13643:
13639:
13635:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13613:
13610:
13609:
13599:
13593:
13589:
13584:
13580:
13574:
13570:
13565:
13561:
13555:
13551:
13546:
13542:
13536:
13532:
13527:
13523:
13517:
13513:
13508:
13504:
13498:
13493:
13492:
13485:
13481:
13475:
13471:
13466:
13462:
13456:
13452:
13447:
13443:
13439:
13435:
13431:
13430:
13424:
13420:
13414:
13410:
13405:
13401:
13395:
13391:
13386:
13382:
13376:
13372:
13367:
13363:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13346:. Routledge.
13345:
13340:
13336:
13330:
13326:
13321:
13320:
13300:
13296:
13289:
13274:
13270:
13263:
13247:
13243:
13237:
13229:
13228:
13223:
13219:
13213:
13197:
13193:
13187:
13172:
13168:
13162:
13147:
13143:
13136:
13121:
13117:
13110:
13095:
13091:
13084:
13069:
13065:
13059:
13043:
13042:Bloomberg.com
13039:
13033:
13017:
13013:
13007:
12992:
12991:www.dailyo.in
12988:
12982:
12967:
12963:
12957:
12950:
12945:
12938:
12932:
12925:
12920:
12905:
12901:
12895:
12893:
12876:
12872:
12866:
12851:
12847:
12841:
12825:
12821:
12815:
12800:
12796:
12789:
12773:
12772:reliefweb.int
12769:
12763:
12747:
12743:
12737:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12704:
12689:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12671:
12656:
12652:
12645:
12643:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12601:
12600:reliefweb.int
12597:
12591:
12575:
12571:
12565:
12550:
12546:
12540:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12520:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12501:
12486:. 11 May 2020
12485:
12481:
12475:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12441:
12433:
12427:
12412:
12408:
12401:
12386:
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12374:
12358:
12354:
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12338:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12319:
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12304:
12300:
12296:
12292:
12288:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12273:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12254:
12253:
12250:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12231:Makiya, Kanan
12225:
12217:
12213:
12209:
12203:
12199:
12198:
12190:
12175:
12171:
12164:
12149:
12148:www.afrol.com
12145:
12139:
12123:
12119:
12113:
12098:
12094:
12088:
12072:
12068:
12062:
12047:
12043:
12036:
12021:
12017:
12011:
11996:
11992:
11985:
11970:
11966:
11959:
11943:
11939:
11933:
11917:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11889:
11885:
11878:
11876:
11874:
11857:
11851:
11849:
11832:
11828:
11822:
11803:
11799:
11792:
11785:
11769:
11765:
11759:
11751:
11745:
11737:
11731:
11723:
11717:
11709:
11703:
11688:
11684:
11677:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11655:
11639:
11635:
11629:
11621:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11602:Karsh, Efraim
11597:
11581:
11577:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11519:
11513:
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11464:
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11416:
11400:
11394:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11368:
11362:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11331:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11297:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11267:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11233:
11229:
11222:
11206:
11202:
11196:
11180:
11176:
11170:
11151:
11147:
11141:
11125:
11119:
11103:
11099:
11095:
11088:
11072:
11065:
11050:. 20 May 2005
11049:
11045:
11039:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11011:
10995:
10989:
10974:
10970:
10963:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10921:
10917:
10910:
10902:
10898:
10891:
10875:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10859:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10829:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10787:
10781:
10765:
10759:
10744:
10740:
10733:
10717:
10716:
10708:
10700:
10696:
10689:
10673:
10669:
10663:
10647:
10641:
10633:
10627:
10611:
10605:
10589:
10585:
10579:
10564:
10563:Atlas Obscura
10560:
10553:
10546:
10540:
10533:
10527:
10525:
10516:
10514:9780195114393
10510:
10506:
10499:
10498:
10490:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10470:
10458:
10451:
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10442:
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10396:
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10345:
10330:
10326:
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10318:
10311:
10309:
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10305:
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10301:
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10289:
10273:
10269:
10262:
10247:
10243:
10237:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10178:
10166:
10151:
10147:
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10139:
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10124:
10112:
10097:
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10089:
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10078:
10076:
10074:
10058:
10054:
10047:
10032:
10028:
10021:
10019:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10011:
10009:
10000:
9988:
9973:
9969:
9962:
9960:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9937:
9922:. 16 May 2003
9921:
9920:
9915:
9909:
9893:
9887:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9800:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9774:
9768:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9733:
9717:
9713:
9707:
9700:
9695:
9680:
9676:
9669:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9582:
9576:
9569:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9546:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9503:
9495:
9489:
9478:
9471:
9465:
9458:
9455:Greg Palast:
9452:
9445:
9441:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9424:
9420:
9414:
9407:
9403:
9397:
9382:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9360:
9357:Alan Cowell,
9354:
9339:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9317:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9304:
9298:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9275:
9271:
9265:
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9253:
9247:
9231:
9227:
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9200:
9195:
9188:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9121:
9116:
9109:
9097:
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9087:
9081:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9039:
9033:
9026:
9022:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8995:
8988:
8987:
8981:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8962:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8921:
8916:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8890:
8883:
8875:
8869:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8838:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8787:
8779:
8773:
8769:
8768:
8760:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8632:
8626:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8590:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8556:. 6 May 2003.
8555:
8554:
8549:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8497:
8493:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8446:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8384:
8377:. p. 43.
8376:
8369:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8333:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8273:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8202:
8197:
8195:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8155:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8123:
8117:
8102:
8098:
8091:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8050:
8044:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7996:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7968:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7924:
7923:Baltimore Sun
7920:
7913:
7898:
7894:
7888:
7872:
7868:
7862:
7846:
7842:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7786:
7780:
7778:
7770:(2): 139â142.
7769:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7689:. 3 June 2003
7688:
7687:reliefweb.int
7684:
7678:
7671:
7666:
7659:
7654:
7647:
7642:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7617:MERIP Reports
7614:
7608:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7537:
7531:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7497:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7465:Humphreys, 78
7462:
7460:
7451:
7450:
7449:The Economist
7445:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7387:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7360:Karsh, Efraim
7355:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7328:Karsh, Efraim
7323:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7254:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7233:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7208:
7199:
7198:
7197:The Economist
7193:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7161:
7155:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7118:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7096:
7095:Makiya, Kanan
7090:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7013:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6994:Karsh, Efraim
6989:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6962:Karsh, Efraim
6957:
6950:
6945:
6937:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6905:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6886:Karsh, Efraim
6881:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6833:(1): 98â125.
6832:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6689:
6682:
6673:
6668:
6666:9781538102398
6662:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6646:
6641:
6639:9780857713087
6635:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6613:9780195333381
6609:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6555:
6551:
6549:9780307455628
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6520:9780520928251
6516:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6477:
6473:. p. 9.
6472:
6471:
6463:
6458:
6455:
6450:
6448:9781134036721
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6394:
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6387:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6272:9780857713735
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6226:Karsh, Efraim
6221:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6180:Karsh, Efraim
6175:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6113:Coughlin, Con
6108:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6078:
6077:Makiya, Kanan
6072:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6045:Karsh, Efraim
6040:
6034:, p. 30.
6033:
6032:Coughlin 2005
6028:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5991:
5989:9781134036721
5985:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5956:
5951:
5949:9781134036721
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5904:Sale, Richard
5899:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5864:, p. 29.
5863:
5862:Coughlin 2005
5858:
5856:
5848:
5847:Coughlin 2005
5843:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5779:Humphreys, 68
5776:
5769:
5763:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:Batatu, Hanna
5731:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5687:Karsh, Efraim
5682:
5680:
5678:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5642:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5415:Karsh, Efraim
5410:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5250:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5183:
5176:
5128:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5028:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4933:
4930:
4919:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:Barry Keoghan
4902:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4865:Indira Gandhi
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4799:Iran-Iraq War
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4714:United States
4711:
4707:
4706:1991 Gulf War
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4657:In 1991, the
4650:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4638:Coleman Young
4636:
4635:Detroit Mayor
4631:
4627:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:Iraqi Airways
4531:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:Qusay Hussein
4471:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:Sajida Talfah
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:spoke of an "
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3950:IranâIraq War
3946:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3780:, instead of
3779:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3746:United States
3743:
3739:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:Golan Heights
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:Hosni Mubarak
3542:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3464:April Glaspie
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:April Glaspie
3429:
3428:April Glaspie
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
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19396:Ba'ath Party
19273:Ameen Rihani
19237:
19133:Jassem Alwan
19128:Michel Aflaq
18984:Algerian War
18910:Iraqi Revolt
18766:Muhsin Khadr
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18633:Uday Hussein
18478:
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17869:Popular Army
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17620:Organization
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17154:Muhsen Bilal
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16524:Michel Aflaq
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14713:Demographics
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14642:Oil Industry
14609:Central Bank
14505:Human rights
14431:Constitution
14376:Tigris river
14356:Persian Gulf
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6617:
6599:
6590:
6572:
6563:
6553:
6535:
6524:
6506:
6497:
6483:
6474:
6468:
6452:
6434:
6425:
6405:
6401:
6389:
6371:
6363:
6343:
6339:
6327:
6309:
6300:
6294:
6281:
6258:
6252:
6229:
6220:
6206:
6183:
6174:
6151:
6145:
6117:
6107:
6082:
6071:
6048:
6039:
6027:
6004:
5998:
5975:
5953:
5935:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5911:
5898:
5875:
5869:
5842:
5819:
5813:
5790:
5784:
5775:
5767:
5762:
5739:
5730:
5718:
5717:Eric Davis,
5713:
5690:
5664:. Retrieved
5628:. Retrieved
5624:
5614:
5602:. Retrieved
5575:
5562:
5550:. Retrieved
5545:
5536:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5481:. Retrieved
5477:
5467:
5455:. Retrieved
5451:the original
5441:
5418:
5409:
5397:. Retrieved
5393:
5384:
5373:
5364:
5352:. Retrieved
5346:
5336:
5325:the original
5320:
5316:
5292:
5286:
5276:
5258:
5253:
5234:
5231:mononymously
5218:
5127:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5081:
5078:Abd al-Majid
5077:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5031:
5027:
5018:
4984:Saddam Beach
4893:
4881:Saddam Beach
4869:Donald Trump
4861:Bambiha Bole
4860:
4830:
4815:
4779:
4765:
4701:
4694:Johannesburg
4691:
4675:
4662:
4656:
4623:
4620:Philanthropy
4602:
4587:
4513:Saddam Kamel
4509:Rana Hussein
4452:
4437:Uday Hussein
4404:
4400:
4397:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4369:Camp Justice
4358:
4332:
4305:
4297:Camp Cropper
4294:
4267:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4222:
4199:
4191:
4144:
4128:an interview
4125:
4101:
4085:axis of evil
4074:
4072:
4046:
4039:
4028:
3993:
3989:Mesopotamian
3970:
3966:Uday Hussein
3955:
3875:
3866:
3856:
3834:
3812:
3791:
3772:'s daughter
3767:
3735:
3726:
3710:Bill Clinton
3698:
3682:
3678:Blood Qur'an
3674:Allahu Akbar
3667:
3663:
3659:anti-Western
3655:
3647:
3639:
3622:germ weapons
3607:
3588:
3580:
3556:price of oil
3549:
3525:
3494:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3433:
3415:
3407:
3403:Saudi Arabia
3396:
3388:
3359:nerve agents
3348:
3326:
3314:
3296:
3269:
3265:Persian Gulf
3261:Iranian navy
3248:Soviet Union
3236:
3192:
3137:
3101:
3052:
3034:was held in
3021:
3012:
2999:and all the
2994:
2965:
2933:
2918:
2906:
2871:
2856:
2815:
2795:
2787:Michel Aflaq
2781:, who was a
2775:
2762:Michel Aflaq
2746:
2742:
2729:Bill Clinton
2718:
2710:
2693:
2676:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2622:
2602:Soviet Union
2599:
2575:Sami Michael
2572:
2553:
2549:factionalism
2537:
2513:
2511:
2495:
2487:
2470:
2466:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2397:
2376:Adolf Hitler
2372:totalitarian
2369:
2361:imprisonment
2343:
2341:
2337:half-brother
2318:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2259:fifth column
2256:
2213:
2184:Michel Aflaq
2182:
2173:
2168:Kanan Makiya
2160:
2148:Adel Darwish
2141:
2138:Richard Sale
2136:
2130:
2116:
1611: /
1597:
1583:UN sanctions
1551:
1492:
1453:Michel Aflaq
1401:Ba'ath Party
1314:
1261:progressives
1258:
1249:Ba'ath Party
1221:Ba'ath Party
1213:
1150:
1127:totalitarian
1089:
1085:was executed
1041:invaded Iraq
1034:
919:
910:
883:Ba'ath Party
870:in northern
861:
824:
823:
777:Battles/wars
580:Camp Justice
575:(2006-12-30)
524:
502:Succeeded by
473:
456:Succeeded by
435:
425:Succeeded by
403:(until 1989)
401:Michel Aflaq
384:
360:Succeeded by
353:Michel Aflaq
337:
314:Succeeded by
285:
268:Succeeded by
237:
220:Succeeded by
199:
163:Succeeded by
72:
25:
19696:2006 deaths
19691:1937 births
19326:Arab Ba'ath
19248:Salah Jadid
19105:Arabization
18952:Six-Day War
18947:Suez Crisis
18893:Arab Revolt
18872:Pan-Arabism
18357:Vanguardism
18332:Pan-Arabism
17962:Snake Party
17748:South Yemen
17579:Imad Khamis
17324:Salim Yasin
17244:Imad Khamis
17219:Salah Jadid
17204:Hilal Hilal
17199:Salim Hatum
17164:Ahmad Diyab
17089:Tahir Yahya
16847:Salah Jadid
16827:Elias Farah
16704:Rakad Salem
16678:Assem Qanso
16282:Arab Ba'ath
16136:Abdul-Mahdi
16055:A. Pachachi
16014:(2003â2004)
15978:as-Samarrai
15942:(1968â2003)
15865:(1958â1968)
15783:H. Pachachi
15732:(1932â1958)
15664:(1920â1932)
15502:(2003â2004)
15455:(1968â2003)
15398:(1958â1968)
15270:Daughters:
15186:Blood Quran
14987:WikiProject
14788:Marsh Arabs
14773:Circassians
14454:Foreign aid
14346:Mesopotamia
13908:Uruk period
13663:Appearances
13659:(226 pages)
13094:Arutz Sheva
11837:31 December
11610:Grove Press
11586:28 February
11502:30 December
11453:12 November
11405:13 December
11320:13 December
11238:12 November
11211:31 December
11156:14 December
11028:2 September
10818:31 December
10748:31 December
10722:31 December
10501:(Paperback)
9995:|last=
9722:29 November
9563:on line in
9514:cbsnews.com
9228:. Fas.org.
9101:20 February
8905:17 February
8810:16 February
8754:, pp. 56â58
8711:14 February
7985:16 February
7956:16 February
7902:16 February
7743:16 February
7718:16 February
7693:16 February
7660:UNESCO 1980
7368:Grove Press
7336:Grove Press
7271:: 205â206.
7041:Bay Fang. "
7002:Grove Press
6970:Grove Press
6894:Grove Press
6630:I.B. Tauris
6532:Weiner, Tim
6470:Democratiya
6263:I.B. Tauris
6234:Grove Press
6188:Grove Press
6053:Grove Press
5795:I.B. Tauris
5695:Grove Press
5666:20 November
5604:21 November
5552:17 February
5423:Grove Press
5399:17 December
4929:Iraq portal
4771:imperialism
4548: 1981
4540:, Lebanon.
4485:Marsh Arabs
4361:Eid ul-Adha
4263:George Piro
4233:Paul Bremer
3819:coup d'Ă©tat
3738:Hugo ChĂĄvez
3722:Robert Baer
3591:Palestinian
3478:James Baker
3361:during the
3355:mustard gas
3219:West German
3163:Arab states
3124:Gulf states
2969:Anwar Sadat
2731:introduced
2616:during the
2592:(left) and
2560:Feyil Kurds
2520:Arab street
2049:Pan-Arabism
2011:2002–
1998:1970–
1985:1966–
1478:Salah Jadid
1425:1966–
1381:Arab Ba'ath
1292:during the
1169:Al-Bu Nasir
1161:Al-Bu Nasir
1146: 1951
1103:imperialism
1057:his capture
996:led by the
954:a ceasefire
847:, a mix of
624:(1966â2006)
618:(1957â1966)
492:Preceded by
446:Preceded by
415:Preceded by
348:Preceded by
304:Preceded by
256:Preceded by
210:Preceded by
151:Preceded by
142:(1991â2003)
136:(1979â2003)
130:(1974â2003)
108:(1993â1994)
102:(1991â1993)
19680:Categories
19490:Literature
19183:Tariq Aziz
19100:Arab world
19095:Arab Union
19024:Dhofar War
18703:Diamonds âŠ
18509:Tariq Aziz
18366:Literature
18352:Secularism
18240:in Lebanon
17793:Newspapers
17738:Mauritania
17692:Mauritania
17559:Adel Safar
16959:Tariq Aziz
16569:(de facto)
16479:Leadership
16388:Post-split
16141:Al-Kadhimi
16121:al-Jaafari
16030:al-Jaafari
15788:T. Suwaidi
15778:al-Hashimi
15763:al-Hashimi
15748:al-Gaylani
15700:N. Suwaidi
15695:T. Suwaidi
15690:al-Hashimi
15675:al-Gillani
15317:South Park
15195:Propaganda
14904:Television
14884:Literature
14846:Irreligion
14821:Secularism
14758:Minorities
14626:(currency)
14619:Corruption
14464:Government
14255:Insurgency
14054:Aq Qoyunlu
13875:Chronology
13795:1979â2006
13752:1994â2003
13725:1979â1991
13703:Jay Garner
13697:1979â2003
12904:Al Jazeera
12824:PeaceWomen
12655:Al Jazeera
12411:Al Jazeera
12216:1104855351
12174:Al Jazeera
11798:Herald Sun
11768:CNN Arabic
11383:1 November
11108:8 February
11077:22 October
10880:13 January
10652:29 January
10616:29 January
10594:29 January
9876:27 January
9011:27 January
8951:12 October
7592:Al Jazeera
6756:cataloged.
6125:. p.
5630:8 November
5245:References
5118:uses just
5082:al-Tikriti
5068:patronymic
4885:Jordanians
4877:Malappuram
4833:Arab world
4748:See also:
4613:Al-Arabiya
4271:Doug Stone
4136:Dan Rather
4008:Babylonian
3661:feelings.
3603:Gaza Strip
3601:, and the
3211:Tariq Aziz
3080:See also:
2936:oil crisis
2934:After the
2921:Tariq Aziz
2904:, France.
2876:of Spain,
2851:See also:
2779:Tariq Aziz
2721:sanctioned
2562:were also
2528:mukhabarat
2493:(UNESCO).
2429:Succession
2349:war crimes
2170:recounts:
2162:tenure as
2154:(CIA) and
1817:Mauritania
1516:Literature
1319:overthrew
1298:Arab world
1265:socialists
1039:of allies
942:Arab world
740:Allegiance
700:(deceased)
694:(deceased)
549:1937-04-28
171:Jay Garner
19781:Fugitives
19523:Symbolism
18867:Nasserism
18862:Ba'athism
18391:Symbolism
18347:Saddamism
18327:Ba'athism
17810:Al-Thawra
17800:Al-Ba'ath
17743:Palestine
17697:Palestine
17420:(interim)
16692:Palestine
16496:Pre-split
16417:Arab Belt
16327:Pre-split
16146:Al Sudani
16126:al-Maliki
16025:al-Ulooum
15896:al-Bazzaz
15891:ar-Razzaq
15823:al-Jamali
15758:al-Ayyubi
15753:al-Midfai
15685:al-Askari
15680:al-Sa'dun
15419:al-Bazzaz
15409:ar-Ruba'i
15129:reactions
15124:Execution
15046:Biography
14924:Squatting
14889:Education
14836:Mandaeism
14805:/Turkoman
14783:Mandaeans
14768:Assyrians
14763:Armenians
14726:Languages
14614:Companies
14569:Judiciary
14479:President
14449:Elections
14444:Democracy
14290:Geography
14206:Sanctions
14124:2003â2011
14119:1968â2003
14114:1958â1968
13973:Babylonia
13650:from the
13246:France 24
12746:Arab News
12721:0261-3077
12688:0190-8286
12549:Brookings
12531:0026-3206
12459:0015-7120
12307:153605621
11862:22 August
11831:USA Today
11811:6 January
11687:aa.com.tr
11480:9 January
11376:The Times
11351:2 January
11315:0029-7712
11234:. Reuters
11185:2 January
10978:15 August
10848:8 January
10626:cite news
10329:0261-3077
10165:cite news
10150:0261-3077
10111:cite news
10096:0029-7712
9832:2059-7908
9658:9 January
9616:9 January
9236:28 August
9210:28 August
9177:28 August
9167:The Times
9147:28 August
8900:0362-4331
8868:cite news
8858:20 August
8805:0362-4331
8615:18 August
8610:0261-3077
8578:18 August
8527:18 August
8502:18 August
8469:18 August
8464:0261-3077
8435:18 August
8410:18 August
8405:Brookings
8358:18 August
8353:0261-3077
8303:The West"
8218:Jamestown
8106:16 August
8080:18 August
8019:20 August
8014:0362-4331
7947:"History"
7928:20 August
7877:16 August
7851:16 August
7480:ekurd.net
7285:164804585
6847:0145-2096
6804:159490612
6796:0020-7438
6751:159490612
6743:1471-6380
6540:Doubleday
6439:Routledge
6422:1467-7709
6376:Routledge
6360:0145-2096
6296:Jadaliyya
5980:Routledge
5940:Routledge
5880:Routledge
5586:1553-8095
5520:0162-895X
5478:Brookings
5206:۔ۯۧÙ
ŰŰłÙÙ
4849:Palestine
4826:our Party
4373:Kadhimiya
4349:Execution
4151:guerrilla
4134:reporter
4108:Hans Blix
4093:nerve gas
3958:Saddamism
3940:Saddamism
3614:Euphrates
3595:West Bank
3367:peshmerga
3339:Assyrians
3327:peshmerga
3323:Ba'athist
3319:code name
3315:al-ÊŸanfÄl
3244:terrorism
3155:Khuzestan
2931:in 1991.
2507:inflation
2435:strongman
2365:patronage
2131:wataniyah
2054:Saddamism
2044:Nasserism
1934:pro-Syria
1913:pro-Syria
1892:pro-Syria
1871:pro-Syria
1850:pro-Syria
1838:Palestine
1829:pro-Syria
1792:pro-Syria
1755:pro-Syria
1734:pro-Syria
1713:pro-Syria
1692:pro-Syria
1671:pro-Syria
1354:Ba'athism
1061:his trial
857:Saddamism
845:Ba'athism
723:Signature
525:In office
483:President
474:In office
436:In office
385:In office
338:In office
295:President
286:In office
247:President
238:In office
200:In office
73:In office
40:۔ۯۧÙ
ŰŰłÙÙ
19665:Category
19607:Islamism
19316:Al-Fatat
19083:Concepts
18850:Ideology
18625:Hearts â„
18472:Spades â
18300:Ideology
18103:Ahd Bloc
16306:Founders
16180:military
16131:al-Abadi
16080:al-Yawer
16065:al-Uloom
16050:al-Hakim
16045:Talabani
15768:Sulayman
15608:military
15559:Talabani
15554:al-Yawer
15102:timeline
15080:Gulf War
14967:Category
14816:Religion
14793:Persians
14677:Railways
14672:Airlines
14554:Military
14415:Politics
14391:Wildlife
14381:Umm Qasr
14211:Iraq War
14194:Gulf War
14106:Republic
14059:Safavids
14022:638â1958
13634:Archived
13626:BBC News
13304:16 March
13252:16 March
13202:16 March
13176:16 March
13151:16 March
13073:16 March
13048:16 March
13022:16 March
12996:16 March
12971:24 March
12909:16 March
12881:16 March
12855:16 March
12830:16 March
12804:16 March
12778:16 March
12752:16 March
12726:16 March
12693:16 March
12660:16 March
12631:16 March
12606:16 March
12580:16 March
12554:16 March
12490:16 March
12464:16 March
12426:cite web
12416:16 March
12390:16 March
12362:16 March
12312:11 March
12233:(1993).
12153:16 March
12128:16 March
12102:16 March
12077:16 March
12051:16 March
12025:16 March
12000:16 March
11974:16 March
11963:Bidoun.
11948:16 March
11922:16 March
11916:Zee News
11893:16 March
11774:3 August
11664:EuroNews
11550:29 March
11524:29 March
11379:. London
11258:BBC News
11102:Archived
11098:CBS News
11054:9 August
10952:13 March
10812:Archived
10792:5 August
10770:5 August
10743:BBC News
10481:BBC News
9987:cite web
9972:ABC News
9850:29225933
9316:Archived
9254:(2007).
9230:Archived
9204:Archived
9171:Archived
9141:Archived
9137:BBC News
8969:Archived
8848:Newsweek
8496:BBC News
8183:29 March
8127:29 March
7845:PBS News
7597:21 March
7506:(2002).
7419:Archived
7169:15 April
7097:(1998).
7079:Archived
7051:Archived
6920:(2010).
6534:(2008).
6115:(2005).
6079:(1998).
5738:(1979).
5657:Archived
5598:Archived
5288:CBC News
4915:See also
4845:Qalqilya
4807:Gulf War
4805:and the
4734:1973 war
4712:and the
4708:against
4663:Rafidain
4647:Chaldean
4479:and the
4449:Iraqi TV
4132:CBS News
4069:Iraq War
4049:his fall
4020:Gulf War
3797:, where
3742:Gulf War
3687:-placed
3541:Mercedes
3536:Al Sabah
3528:province
3491:Gulf War
3461:â
3006:â
3001:Zionists
2929:Gulf War
2874:Caudillo
2827:Sabaeans
2818:Mandaean
2783:Chaldean
2610:Cold War
2440:de facto
2419:Istanbul
2241:factions
2238:separate
2125:and the
1929:pro-Iraq
1908:pro-Iraq
1887:pro-Iraq
1866:pro-Iraq
1845:pro-Iraq
1824:pro-Iraq
1808:pro-Iraq
1787:pro-Iraq
1771:pro-Iraq
1750:pro-Iraq
1729:pro-Iraq
1708:pro-Iraq
1687:pro-Iraq
1666:pro-Iraq
1588:Iraq War
1578:Gulf War
1346:a series
1344:Part of
1288:and the
1207:and the
1203:between
1111:dictator
1030:Islamist
990:Gulf War
970:genocide
960:against
911:de facto
804:Iraq War
794:Gulf War
685:Children
19311:Al-Awda
18886:History
18548:Clubs âŁ
18228:Unified
18223:Bakdash
18050:Current
18014:Al-Awda
17768:History
17733:Lebanon
17707:Tunisia
17682:Lebanon
17655:Bahrain
17650:Algeria
16765:of the
16762:Members
16671:Lebanon
16410:Members
16263:History
16177:interim
16070:Barzani
16035:Chalabi
15983:Hussein
15973:Zubeidi
15968:Hammadi
15963:Hussein
15958:al-Bakr
15953:an-Naif
15881:al-Bakr
15803:al-Sadr
15773:al-Said
15743:Shawkat
15705:al-Said
15605:interim
15471:Hussein
15466:al-Bakr
15244:Wives:
15109:Capture
14997:Commons
14914:Smoking
14879:Culture
14874:Cuisine
14857:General
14841:Yazidis
14798:Solluba
14751:Persian
14741:Kurdish
14736:Aramaic
14701:Society
14682:Tourism
14593:Economy
14341:Islands
14316:Borders
14141: (
14131:present
14066:(incl.
13978:Assyria
13923:Subartu
13863:History
13614:at the
13278:5 March
13125:1 April
13099:1 April
13016:AP News
12179:10 June
11724:. 1980.
11545:Reuters
11286:7 March
11276:sky.com
11130:16 July
11000:16 July
10926:16 July
10838:Reuters
10678:9 March
10568:5 April
10385:13 July
10360:13 July
10334:13 July
10277:13 July
10251:13 July
10226:13 July
10200:13 July
10155:13 July
10101:13 July
10062:12 July
10036:12 July
9977:12 July
9841:5717930
9343:16 July
9305:of the
8705:HISTORY
8633:. P133.
8240:El PaĂs
7897:Haaretz
7633:3011338
7031:YouTube
5919:2 April
5725:, 2005.
5594:1645522
5528:3791465
5064:Hussain
5060:Hussayn
5056:Hussein
4839:of the
4837:support
4831:In the
4786:torture
4768:Western
4682:Detroit
4393:shahada
4245:The Sun
4229:ad-Dawr
4089:anthrax
4040:In the
4016:Babylon
4000:Saladin
3930:Babylon
3910:Babylon
3782:Dollars
3351:Halabja
3335:Yazidis
3331:Shabaks
3274:by the
3263:in the
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