United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

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warned on the one hand against delays and on the other hand against excessive enthusiasm for reforms, preferring compromise. He was keenly sensitive to public opinion, and indeed often shapes it through his dealings with newspaper editors. When he sensed that public demand had reached an unstoppable momentum, he would work for a watered-down reform. He routinely gave the same advice to foreign governments. Diplomats across Europe took careful note of his move from the Tories to the Whigs, and suspected him of sympathy with the reform movements which were setting off upheavals in France, Belgium and elsewhere, and which frightened the reactionary governments of the major powers Russia, Austria and Russia. In reality he drew his foreign policy ideals from Canning. His main goals were to promote British strategic and economic interests worldwide, remain aloof from European alliances, mediate peace in Europe and use British naval power sparingly as needed. He worried most about France as an adversary, although he collaborated with them as in securing the

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settle the intense and growing political unrest across Britain. He believed that the respectable classes deserved to have their demands for greater representation met, but he refused to extend political power to the mass of the lower middle class and working class, saying that they were not ready to be trusted with it. He wanted to preserve the basic elements of the existing constitution by removing obvious abuses, thinking that this would strengthen aristocratic leadership. He persuaded the king to promise to create enough new peers to force the bill through the House of Lords. The king made the promise while also advising the peers to stop blocking the bill. The Reform Act was Grey's principal achievement; it reflects his pragmatic, moderate and conservative character, as well as his parliamentary skills of timing and persuasion. His cabinet was a coalition of diverse interests, so in 1834 when it divided over the

2561:, and the Corn Laws kept the price high. Bright was a powerful speaker, which boosted him to election to parliament in 1843. His radical program included extension of the suffrage, land reform and reduction of taxation. He opposed factory reforms, labour unions and controls on hours For workers, women and children, arguing that government intervention in economic life was always mistaken. He opposed wars and imperialism. His unremitting hostility to the Crimean war led to his defeat for reelection in 1857. He was soon reelected from Birmingham, leading a national campaign for parliamentary reform to enlarge the suffrage to reach the working man. He was intensely moralistic and distrusted the integrity of his opponents. He loathed the aristocracy that continued to rule Britain. He held a few minor cabinet positions, but his reputation rests on his organising skills and his rhetorical leadership for reform. 2346:

reforms laid the structural foundation for a new kind of State in Britain: a State in which the electoral rights and civil rights of citizens were extended and given greater legal protection, but in which the ordinary citizen was subjected to a much greater degree of administrative interference, direction, and control from the centre. The most spectacular element in this whole process—the Reform Bill of 1832—ensured that the state should also be partially democratized at the centre. The full significance of 1832 in the history of the country is appreciated only if it is seen as the central change in this mini-sided transformation of an agricultural nation ruled by squires, parsons, and the wealthy landowners into an industrial nation dominated by the classes produced by industrial expansion and commercial enterprise.

2365:"interests" by the "misconduct" of the government. In 1838, Chartists issued the People's Charter demanding manhood suffrage, equal-sized election districts, voting by ballots, payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could serve), annual Parliaments, and abolition of property requirements. The ruling class saw the movement as dangerous. Multiple large peaceful meetings across England demanded change but the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate. In July 1839, however, the House of Commons rejected, by 235 votes to 46, a motion to debate the Chartists' national petition, bearing 1.3 million signatures. Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society. 2206:, with only a few dozen voters under the control of a local magnate. Industrial cities gained many of the seats but were still significantly underrepresented in Parliament. The 1831–1832 battle over parliamentary reform was, "a year probably unmatched in English history for the sweep and intensity of its excitement." Every few years an incremental enlargement of the electorate was made by Parliament, reaching practically all male voters by the 1880s, and all the women by 1928. Both parties introduced paid professional organisers who supervised the mobilisation of all possible support in each constituency; about 80% of the men voted. The Tories discovered that their conservatism had an appeal to skilled workers, and also to women, hundreds of thousands of whom were organised by the 1943:, and expressed its strong hostility toward Catholics and nonconformist Protestants by restricting their political and civil rights. The Catholic started to organise in Ireland, threatening instability or even civil war, and the moderates in Parliament emancipated them. The Nonconformists were similarly freed from their restrictions. In addition to reforms at the Parliamentary level, there was a reorganisation of the governmental system in the rapidly growing cities, putting a premium on modernisation and expertise, and large electorates as opposed to small ruling cliques. A rapidly growing middle class, as well as active intellectuals, broaden the scope of reform to include humanitarian activities such as a new poor law and factory laws to protect women and children workers. 3301: 2446:, who defeated Napoleon, served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords, 1828–1846. Some writers have belittled him as a befuddled reactionary, but a consensus reached in the late 20th century depicts him as a shrewd operator who hid his cleverness behind the facade of a poorly-informed old soldier. Wellington worked to transform the Lords from unstinting support of the Crown to an active player in political manoeuvring, with a commitment to the landed aristocracy. He used his London residence as a venue for intimate dinners and private consultations, together with extensive correspondence that kept him in close touch with party leaders in the Commons and with leading figures in the Lords. He gave public rhetorical support to 1536: 2830: 493: 3007: 11921: 479: 1900: 3148:". Salisbury was "a great foreign minister, essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs". Another historian's estimate is more favourable; he portrays Salisbury as a leader who "held back the popular tide for twenty years." "nto the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit." One historian pointed to "the narrow cynicism of Salisbury". One admirer of Salisbury agrees that Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as "perhaps less objectionable than he had expected—succeeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness." 4032: 3098: 62: 12046: 3123:, were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and the lower middle class. The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria, who strongly favoured Disraeli), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal party. His 1775: 3073:

political status quo by sustaining an establishment viewpoint that emphasised the greatness of monarchy, empire and tradition as they created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo." Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor

2538:, forms the cornerstone of Bentham's thought. By "happiness", he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain". He is best known for his inspiration of the radical forces, helping them define those reforms that were most urgently needed and how they could be implemented. His intellectual leadership helped achieve many of the key legal, political, economic and social reforms of the 1830s and 1840s. He especially influenced the reform of education, prisons, poor laws, legal procedures and Parliamentary representation. 2330:, which now for the first time had a significant voice in Parliament. However, at this point the great majority of manual workers, clerks and farmers did not have enough property to qualify to vote. Many of them received the vote in 1867. The aristocracy continued to dominate the Church of England, the most prestigious military and naval posts, and high society, but not business, industry or finance. In terms of national governmental policy, the democratic wishes of the entire people had become decisive. 746: 518: 2589: 3017: 11268: 13490: 2037:, presented petitions assembled by the main Nonconformist pressure group, the United Committee, which represented Congregationalist, Baptists and Unitarians. Their demand was the immediate repeal of the hated laws. Wellington and Peel originally were opposed, but then tried to compromise. They finally gave, splitting the Tory party, and signaling that the once unstoppable power of the Anglican establishment was now unexpectedly fragile and vulnerable to challenge. 1000: 3912: 13795: 13501: 1612:. Each operation proved a failure with the British commanding generals killed or in disgrace. The war was a stalemate without purpose. A negotiated peace was reached at the end of 1814 that restored the prewar boundaries. British Canada celebrated its deliverance from American rule, Americans celebrated victory in a "second war of independence," and Britain celebrated its defeat of Napoleon. The treaty opened up two centuries of peace and open borders. 13478: 532: 1706: 2255: 133: 812: 13511: 3620:, and the death of George III, led to the concession of Catholic emancipation in 1829, allowing Roman Catholics to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Catholic emancipation was not O'Connell's real goal, which was the repeal of the act of union with Great Britain. On 1 January 1843 O'Connell confidently, but wrongly, declared that repeal would be achieved that year. When 2218:, while often discussed, was never necessary because the upper house repeatedly retreated in the face of determined House of Commons action. After defeating the first two versions of the Reform Act of 1832, the Whigs got the King to agree to appoint as many new peers as was necessary to change the outcome. He promised to do so, but convinced the Lords it would be much wiser for them to approve the law. 1733:" in 1819. They prohibited drills and military exercises; facilitated warrants for the search for weapons; outlawed public meetings of more than 50 people, including meetings to organise petitions; put heavy penalties on blasphemous and seditious publications; imposing a fourpenny stamp act on many pamphlets to cut down the flow on news and criticism. Offenders could be harshly punished including 2505: 2011:

by trade, commerce and manufacturers, gentlemen of the professions of law and physic, and agriculturalists, of that class particularly who live upon their own freehold. The virtues of temperance, frugality, prudence and integrity promoted by religious Nonconformity... assist the temporal prosperity of these descriptions of persons, as they tend also to lift others to the same rank in society.

3262:, and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament. At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Ireland. No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold. The political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914. The Liberals were in power with a 3038:. He was typical of the generation of British leaders who matured in the 1830s and 1840s. He was concerned with threats to established political, social and religious values and elites; he emphasised the need for national leadership in response to radicalism, uncertainty and materialism. Disraeli was especially noted for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the 2573:, and he headed the reform agitation in 1867 which brought the industrial working class within the pale of the constitution. It was Bright who made possible the Liberal party of Gladstone, Asquith and Lloyd George, and the alliance between middle-class idealism and trade unionism, which he promoted, still lives in the present-day Labour Party. 1725:, on 16 August 1819, when a local militia unit composed of landowners charged into an orderly crowd of 60,000 which had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The crowd panicked and eleven died and hundreds were injured. The government saw the event as an opening battle against revolutionaries. In reaction 3808:. Irish MPs would no longer vote in Westminster but would have their own separate Dublin parliament, which would control domestic issues. Foreign policy and military affairs would remain with London. Gladstone's proposals did not go as far as most Irish nationalists desired, but were still too radical for both 1766:, which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. That happened in 1829 using Whig support. Passage demonstrated that the veto power long held by the ultra-Tories no longer was operational, and significant reforms were now possible across the board. The stage was set for the Age of Reform. 2242:

came in 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland. The Duke of Wellington, as Tory prime minister, decided that the surging crisis in largely Catholic Ireland necessitated some relief for the Catholics, although he had long opposed the idea.

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had to reject non-Anglican applicants. At the local level, everyone who lived in the boundaries of an Anglican church was required to pay taxes to support the parish. The Test and Corporation laws required all national and local government officials had to attend Anglican church services. In February

2010:

Throughout England a great part of the more active members of society, who have the most intercourse with the people have the most influence over them, are Protestant Dissenters. These are manufacturers, merchants and substantial tradesman, or persons who are in the enjoyment of a competency realised

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was alarmed at the strength of the Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views." The Duke of Wellington, Britain's most famous war

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One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war. To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over

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came at a time of intense public and elite anxiety and broke the logjam. The parliamentary system, based on a very small electorate and large numbers of seats that were tightly controlled by a small elite, was radically reformed. For the first time the growing industrial cities had representation in

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progressed, society changed, becoming more urban. The postwar period saw an economic slump, and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest. British leadership was intensely conservative, ever watchful of signs of revolutionary activity of the sort that had so deeply affected France.

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was badly organised. The British army suppressed it after a week of fighting but the quick executions of 15 leaders alienated nationalist opinion. Overnight there was a movement away from home rule and toward Irish independence. The Cabinet decided that the 1914 Act should be brought into operation

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goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by

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patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain. After 1920, historical films helped maintain the

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in Tory governments for two decades, but switched over to the Whig coalition in 1830. The Tories despised him thereafter as a turncoat, and many of the more radical Whigs were distrustful of his basically conservative views that saw him fainthearted about or opposed to reform measures. He typically

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Most historians emphasise the central importance of the legislation of the 1830s–60s, although there was a dissenting minority of scholars in the 1960s and 1970s who argued against deep meanings of Whiggish progress because each of the reforms was relatively minor in itself. Historian Richard Davis

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their signature measure. It sharply reduced the numbers of "rotten borough" and "pocket boroughs" (where elections were controlled by powerful families), and instead redistributed seats on the basis of population. It also broadened the franchise, adding 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 in

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established free trade as the basic principle by which British merchants came to dominate the globe, and brought cheap food to British workers. A depoliticised civil service based on merit replaced patronage policies rewarding jobs for partisan efforts. Efficiency was a high priority in government,

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The Queen played a small role in politics, but became the iconic symbol of the nation, the empire and proper, restrained behaviour. Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow,

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in 1860; by 1837 they numbered 428; in 1901, there were 592. The number rose to 622 by 1910. Reform legislation in 1832, 1867, 1884 and 1918 weakened the aristocracy in terms of its control of the House of Commons. However, it ran the government: of the ten prime ministers under Victoria, six were

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In all these ways—the organization of the new police (by Peel as Home Secretary in the 1820s), the new Poor Law, and in the new municipal councils—the pattern of government in England was changed fundamentally within a single decade. In conjunction with the removal of religious disabilities, these

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Until 1927, the monarch's royal title included the words "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". In 1927, the words "United Kingdom" were removed from the royal title so that the monarch was instead styled as "King/Queen of Great Britain, Ireland...". The words "United Kingdom" were

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in 1893, which this time was passed by the Commons, but was defeated in the Conservative-dominated House of Lords. The Conservatives came to power until 1906 and home rule became a dead issue, but the subsidised sale of farm land greatly reduced the Protestant presence in Ireland south of Ulster.

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Britain from the 1820s to the 1860s experienced a turbulent and exciting "age of reform". The century started with 15 years of war against France, ending in Wellington's triumph against Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo. There followed 15 difficult years, in which the Tory Party, representing a small,

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that Napoleon could draft into the French armies when they were needed. Although the Royal Navy effectively disrupted France's extra-continental trade—both by seizing and threatening French shipping and by seizing French colonial possessions—it could do nothing about France's trade with the major

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a difficult fight, but their weight of numbers, superior equipment and often brutal tactics, eventually brought about a British victory. The war had been costly in human rights and was widely criticised by Liberals in Britain and worldwide. However, the United States gave London its support. The

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John Bright was the greatest of all parliamentary orators. He had many political successes. Along with Richard Cobden, he conducted the campaign which led to the repeal of the Corn Laws. He did more than any other man to prevent the intervention of this country (Britain) on the side of the South

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One historian would write: "Peterloo was a blunder; it was hardly a massacre." It was a serious mistake by local authorities who did not understand what was happening. Nevertheless, it had a major impact on British opinion at the time and on history ever since as a symbol of officialdom brutally

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The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as

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to ship arms to and built warships for the Confederacy at considerable profit. London ignored American complaints that it allowed the selling of arms and building of warships for the Confederacy. Both blockade runners and warships caused a major diplomatic row that was partially resolved in the

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had promoted reform of Parliament since the 1790s, always to be defeated by the Ultra-Tories. The breakthrough came in his success in passage of the Reform Act of 1832. He sought this as the final step of reform, rather than a first step in a long process, emphasising the urgent need in 1832 to

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The Nonconformists suffered under a series of disabilities, some of which were symbolic and others were painful, and they were all deliberately imposed to weaken the dissenting challenge to Anglican orthodoxy. The Nonconformists allied with the Whigs to demand for civil and religious equality.

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was a large-scale popular protest movement that emerged in response to the failure of the 1832 Reform Bill to give the vote to the working class. It lacked middle-class support, and it failed repeatedly. Activists denounced the "betrayal" of the working classes and the "sacrificing" of their

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After four decades of rule by Pittites and Tories the first breakthrough in reform came in the removal by a Tory government of restrictions on the careers of Protestant Nonconformists in the repeal in 1828 of the laws that required Anglican church membership for many academic and government

2496:. He much preferred liberal and reform-oriented nations to reactionary powers. He placed a high priority on building up British strength in India, He spoke often of pride in British nationalism, which found favour in public opinion and gave him a strong basis of support outside Parliament. 3328:

shrank 27%. The Great War saw a decline in civilian consumption, with a major reallocation to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943). The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the U.S.

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The Ultra-Tories peaked in strength about 1819–1822 then lost ground inside the Tory Party. They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants. An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many

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Beginning in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Imperial government granted increasing levels of autonomy to locally elected governments in colonies where white settlers had become demographically or politically dominant, with this process eventually resulting in

3254:, based on middle-class values and virtues. He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details, whether of uniforms, politics, or relations, to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects. 119: 591: 120: 2338:." That is, the Reform Act of 1832 was a response to mounting popular pressure. It was "the culmination of a long historical process, and an important turning point in the emergence of a more liberal and broadly based political system… it deserves its old designation of 'Great.'" 1689:

in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed. Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of

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The Conservative government also felt that the demands in Ireland could be satisfied by helping the Catholics purchase their farms from Protestant owners. A solution by money not force was called "killing home rule with kindness". Reforms passed as a result included the

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alongside the Allies in 1917, and provided the needed manpower, money and supplies to keep them going. On other fronts, the British, French, New Zealanders, Australians and Japanese occupied Germany's colonies. Britain fought the Ottoman Empire, suffering defeats in the

3355:. Along the Western Front the British and French launched repeated assaults on the German trench lines in 1915–1917, which killed and wounded hundreds of thousands, but made only limited gains. By early 1916, with number of volunteers falling off, the government imposed 3450:(RFC), was about the same size of the pre-war army. The almost three million casualties were known as the "lost generation", and such numbers inevitably left society scarred; but even so, some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain, with poems like 3083:. Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience… Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared.". 3867:. Between 1868 and 1908: spending on Ireland was generally increased, huge tracts of land were purchased from landlords and redistributed to smallholders, local government was democratised, and the franchise widely extended. Ireland remained calm until the eve of the 1961:

became wiser, better, more frugal, more honest, more respectable, more virtuous, than they ever were before." Wickedness still flourished, but the good were getting better, as frivolous habits were discarded for more serious concerns. The leading moralist of the era,

2623:. Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railways, photography and the telegraph. Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics. 2124:

In the 1825 to 1867 era, widespread public demonstrations, some of them violent, escalated to demand reform. The ruling Tories were dead set against anything smacking of democracy or popular rule and favoured severe punishment of demonstrators, as exemplified by the

122: 121: 1178:. The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry, trade and finance, in which Britain largely dominated the world economy. Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States. The 3635:

made worse by demand for funds for railways and food imports. The crisis prevented the expending of the loan if the pound was to remain convertible to gold and government funding was slashed in 1847 and the costs of relief transferred to local taxes in Ireland.

3065:, for as Perry notes, "When confronted with specific problems, he sought to reduce tension between town and country, landlords and farmers, capital and labour, and warring religious sects in Britain and Ireland—in other words, to create a unifying synthesis." 117: 1649:

the damage was irrevocable. The sovereign was increasingly a symbolic contradiction in his own age. Through madness, stupidity, and immorality Victoria's three predecessors lowered the stock of monarchy. Only thirty years of the narrow domestic virtues of

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would end its economic hegemony. On the contrary Britain possessed the greatest industrial capacity in the world, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions and the United States. The

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anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. Wellington's success was based on the 44 peers elected from Scotland and Ireland, whose election he controlled.

1274:, opted-out of joining the Free State and remained part of the Union under this limited form of self-government. In light of these changes, the British state was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927 with the 1405:

ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of

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to promote all varieties of humanitarian and parliamentary reform. They started with a successful campaign against the Corn Laws. These were tariffs on imported food that kept up the price of grain to placate Tory landowners. The major factor in the

1160:. Although these dominions remained part of the British Empire, in practice, dominion governments were permitted to largely manage their own internal affairs without interference from London, which was primarily responsible only for foreign policy. 3282:. The coalition lacked a long-term plan, because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s. The sociological basis was non-Anglicanism and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasised by the Labour Party. 1938:

and based in the industrial cities; they demanded cheap food. There were a series of reforms of the electoral laws, expanding the number of male voters and reducing the level of corruption. The reactionary Tory element was closely linked to the

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Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century, Britain's golden age of parliamentary government. They long were idolised, but historians in recent decades have become much more critical, especially regarding Disraeli.

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was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia. The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally, while democratic institutions began to develop.

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in 1922. Although the Free State was explicitly governed under dominion status and thus was not a fully independent polity, as a dominion it was no longer considered to be part of the United Kingdom and ceased to be represented in the

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Having been rejected by the Conservatives, the Irish nationalist forces had little choice but to support the minority Liberal Party. New groups split off and they finally all merged in 1900 into the Irish Parliamentary Party led by

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criticising the war as a human failure. The literary legacy focused on mass death, mechanised slaughter, fallacious propaganda and deep disillusionment, thereby annihilating long-standing romanticised images of the glories of war.

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so that he could marry his favourite lover. Public and elite opinion strongly favoured the Queen and ridiculed the king. The fiasco helped ruin the prestige of the monarchy and it recovered a fraction of the power wielded by King

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hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later." Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass

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Parnell's movement campaigned for "Home Rule", by which they meant that Ireland would govern itself as a region within the United Kingdom. Two home rule Bills (1886 and 1893) were introduced by the Liberal Prime Minister

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The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control. Multiple crises hit simultaneously in 1910–1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis, labour unrest, the

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of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world". Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe and the empire, especially in

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in May 1915, drowning over 100 American passengers, protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare. In spring 1917 it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning.

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that was fearful of a popular revolution along the French model, employed severe repression. In the mid-1820s, however, as popular unrest increased, the government made a series of dramatic changes. The more

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became king, inaugurating the Edwardian era, which was characterised by great and ostentatious displays of wealth in contrast to the sombre Victorian Era. With the advent of the 20th century, things such as

2611:. Scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of the 2091:", whereby no nation would be powerful enough to threaten the conquest of Europe the way Napoleon had. Vienna ushered in a century of peace, with no great wars and few important localised ones until the 2082:

to pay 700 million livre in indemnities and lose the territory seized after 1791. He realised that harsher terms would lead to a dangerous reaction in France, and now that the conservative old-fashioned

1824:

in a few short years, mostly to Britain and to the United States. The trend of emigration would continue in Ireland for decades and Ireland's population has never recovered to its pre-famine levels. The

2306:. The government purchased all the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, most of whom were in the Caribbean sugar islands. 3042:, in contrast to Gladstone's negative attitude toward imperialism. Gladstone denounced Disraeli's policies of territorial aggrandisement, military pomp and imperial symbolism (such as making the Queen 1801:

in the 1850s. That war was strictly limited in terms of scope and impact. The major result was the realisation that military medical services needed urgent reform, as advocated by the nursing leader

1218:. Although not formally allied with any of these powers, by 1914 British policy had all but committed to declaring war on Germany if the latter attacked France. This was realized in August 1914 when 116: 2267:

commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords:

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in 1815, but relented and broke ranks with the absolute monarchies by 1820. Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of

3390:, despite the risk of war by the powerful neutral power the United States. The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship, neutral or otherwise, was a target. After the liner 1957:

In the 1790–1815 period there was an improvement in morals caused by the religious efforts by evangelicals inside the Church of England, and Dissenters or Nonconformist Protestants as people:

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Due to George III's inability to carry out his duties as King after 1811, his son acted as Prince Regent from then until George III's death in 1820 when he acceded to the throne as George IV.

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immediately and a Government established in Dublin. Negotiations were stalemated as Ulster mobilised. London made a second attempt to implement Home Rule in 1917, with the calling of the

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The era of reform came in a time of peace, guaranteed in considerable part by the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy. Britain engaged in only one serious war between 1815 and 1914, the

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was useless as large-scale alliances emerged. It restored good relations with France and the United States, and ended tensions with Russia, while the confrontation with Germany became a

1685:, which controlled the government. Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the 1246:. The deadliest conflict in human history up to that point, the war ended in an Allied victory in November 1918 but inflicted a massive cost to British manpower, materiel and treasure. 3274:. The coalition was committed to free trade (as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought), free collective bargaining for trades unions (which Conservatives opposed), an 2164:

Foreign policy became moralistic and hostile to the reactionary powers on the continent, teaming up with the United States to block European colonialism in the New World through the

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believed that agreeing to Catholic Emancipation would violate his Coronation Oath to uphold the Protestant faith, and his lack of support for the initiative led the Prime Minister,

1278:. The modern-day United Kingdom is the same state, that is to say a direct continuation of what remained after the Irish Free State's secession, as opposed to being an entirely new 2156:

and Peel, rationalised the tariff system, and culminated in the great repeal of the tariffs on imported grain in 1846, much to the dismay of grain farmers. The 1846 repeal of the

3627:

While government funds were supplemented by private individuals and charities, and aid from the United States, it was not enough to avert a major catastrophe. The government of

2483:

played the dominant role in shaping British foreign-policy as Foreign Secretary (1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851) and as prime minister (1855–1858, 1859–1865). He served as

12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 2845:, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. The second half of the 19th century saw a 2230:

let his ministers take full charge of government affairs. He was a deeply unpopular playboy. When he tried to get Parliament to pass a law allowing him to divorce his wife

2171:

Municipal reform was a necessity for the rapidly growing industrial cities still labouring under a hodgepodge of centuries-old laws and traditions. When Peel took over the

11235: 1852: 2860:

after 1871 posed a new challenge, for it (along with the United States), threatened to usurp Britain's place as the world's foremost industrial power. Germany acquired a

2636: 3175:. However, new research using computerised matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation then were quite low—under 5%—for the working class and the poor. 3046:), saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation. However, Gladstone himself did not turn down attractive opportunities to expand the empire in Egypt. 3983:

which by this time was operating under the remit of Dáil Éireann. In mid 1921 a truce was agreed between the British government and Sinn Féin and this resulted in the

1820:

when the potato crop failed in the 1840s. The Government did little to help the starving poor in Ireland. Along with the one million deaths, another one million would

1580:

was a minor sideshow to the British, but the American army performed very poorly, and was unable to successfully attack Canada. In 1813, the Americans took control of

661: 1588:, knocking most of the Indian tribes out of the war. When Napoleon surrendered for the first time in 1814, three separate forces were sent to attack the Americans in 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 4145:

seceded from the Union in 1922 but continued as the same country, renamed under its current name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" under

4007:), immediately exercised its right under the Anglo-Irish Treaty to opt out of the new state. This treaty created a division in Irish nationalism and resulted in the 1991: 3757:

in Ireland. The wider the franchise was expanded, the better anti-union parties were able to do in Ireland. Running on a platform that advocated something like the

3543:

which allowed people to move out of decrepit inner-city slums. The slums remained for several more years, with trams being electrified long before many houses. The

2465: 636: 10086: 2002:), They proclaimed a devotion to hard work, temperance, frugality and upward mobility, with which historians today largely agree. A major Unitarian magazine, the 11183: 10106: 2195:. Elections were to be based on registered voters, city finances had to be audited in a uniform fashion, and city officials were elected by the local taxpayers. 2145:. Much more controversial was the repeal of severe discrimination against Roman Catholics after the Irish Catholics organised, and threatened rebellion, forcing 774: 666: 3431:

on 11 November 1918. It was actually tantamount almost to a surrender with Germany handing over her fleet and heavy weapons, and her army retreating behind the

3238:

were coming into use. The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism. The social reforms of the last century continued into the 20th with the

1632:

The major constitutional changes included a reform of Parliament, and a sharp decline in the power and prestige of the monarchy. The Prince regent, on becoming

13889: 2046: 1339:

and came into effect on 1 January 1801. The Irish had been led to believe by the British that their loss of legislative independence would be compensated with

10203: 1867:, other parts of Asia, and Africa. There was little friction with other colonial powers until the 1890s. British foreign policy avoided entangling alliances. 13909: 13582: 3473:

The war had been won by Britain and its allies, but at a terrible human and financial cost, creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again. The

6013: 118: 6557: 6424: 3936:

in April 1918 that attempted to link implementing Home Rule with extending conscription to Ireland. Irish nationalists rejected conscription and a wave of

1423: 3351:, and dismantling the overseas German Empire. The romantic notions of warfare that everyone had expected faded as the fighting in France bogged down into 13884: 6113: 2762: 2198:

By far the most important of the reforms was the democratisation of Parliament, which began in a small but highly controversial fashion in 1832 with the

8124: 4344: 13904: 11909: 11188: 9655:

1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.

2660:(1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). 1470:

continental economies and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the

701: 13706: 10199: 9528: 2781:

of the Confederacy shut down 95% of Southern exports to Britain. Trade flourished with the Union and many young men crossed the Atlantic to join the

656: 155: 13859: 13854: 13668: 8103: 7548:

Carolyn, Augspurger (2017). "National identity, religion, and Irish unionism: the rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian opposition to Home Rule in 1912".

3975:

followed. London's attempted solution was the establishment of two Irish parliaments to pave the way for the Fourth Home Rule Bill, enacted as the

3291: 3141: 3049:

Disraeli drummed up support by warnings of a supposed Russian threat to India that sank deep into the Conservative mindset. His reputation as the "

2981: 696: 8748: 5253: 4251:

The Irish Pound 1797–1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency

12130: 11448: 11304: 11045: 2074:

in 1814–1815. It successfully broke Napoleon's comeback attempt in 1815. Castlereagh played a central role at Vienna, along with Austrian leader

1903: 8978: 4282: 3893:

for the duration. There was no conscription in Ireland; military service was optional. Large numbers of both Protestant and Catholic young men

3509: 2940:

in 1910; this had internal self-government, but its foreign policy was controlled by London and it was an integral part of the British Empire.

711: 1564:, seizing merchant ships suspected of trading with France, and impressing sailors (conscription) born in Britain, regardless of their claimed 13829: 12631: 12519: 10265: 3846:) won a majority. In 1890 a divorce case showed Parnell was an adulterer; he was forced from power, and died in 1891. Gladstone introduced a 1461:

remained a minimal threat to France; it maintained a standing strength of just 220,000 men at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas the

646: 2111:

in 1824. British merchants and financiers and, later, railway builders, played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations.

13648: 12741: 11362: 11217: 9090: 2965: 1028: 13613: 2133:(1788–1830) broke away on several critical issues. Nevertheless, the Whig party gets most of the credit. The middle classes, often led by 13879: 13874: 13824: 12905: 10384: 9720: 9146: 767: 691: 13899: 13653: 11231: 9100: 8338: 3359:(but was not able to do so in Ireland where nationalists of all stripes militantly opposed it) in order to keep up the strength of the 2969: 2809: 2480: 2469: 2414: 2168:

of 1823. Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire. The Royal Navy stepped up efforts to stop international trade in slaves.

2088: 2060: 1889: 1806: 1195:, which enabled British financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. 3320:

successfully mobilised its manpower, industry, finances, empire and diplomacy, in league with the French and Americans, to defeat the

2137:

Protestants, turned against the Tories and scored the greatest gains. For example, symbolic restrictions on nonconformists called the

1888:

took over. The Tory coalition fell apart, and it was reassembled under the banner of the Conservative Party. Numerous Tories, such as

11458: 10152: 10030: 4043: 3259: 3124: 2876:

in 1888, he discarded Bismarck, began using bellicose language, and planned to build a navy to rival Britain's. Britain realised its

2794: 2744: 2433:

peers. The seventh was the son of a duke. Two (Peel and Gladstone) emerged from the business community and only one (Disraeli) was a

2087:

were back in power, they were no longer a threat to attempt to conquer all of Europe. Indeed, Castlereagh emphasised the need for a "

1816:

It was a time of prosperity, population growth and better health, except in Ireland where over one million deaths were caused by the

731: 716: 706: 13716: 13673: 13643: 13504: 12915: 12616: 11957: 11050: 9686: 8983: 4012: 2985: 2961: 2443: 2402: 2276: 2176: 1884:"Ultra Tory" faction. The party split, key leaders switched sides, the Tories lost power, and the more liberally minded opposition 1490: 7614: 13894: 13547: 11887: 11313: 11222: 10246: 10035: 8812: 4146: 3112: 3092: 2390: 1930:

in 1846—ending the tariff on imported grain that kept prices high for the landed aristocracy. Repeal was heavily promoted by the

1726: 1376: 1275: 1105: 2895:, it had co-existed with Dutch settlers who had migrated further away from the Cape and created two republics of their own: the 12925: 11902: 10396: 10280: 9940: 3825: 3035: 2758: 2735:

with some distrust, especially as the emperor built up his navy, expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy.

2378: 1498: 1163: 760: 726: 721: 686: 574: 392: 345: 3068:

In the popular culture, Disraeli was a great political hero, a status that persisted for decades after his death. For British

13590: 11653: 11198: 10229: 9521: 9110: 8726: 8690: 8662: 8517: 8493: 8369: 8347: 8307: 8285: 8249: 8211: 8187: 8148: 8112: 8088: 8067: 8048: 8012: 7993: 7971: 7949: 7930: 7911: 7889: 7870: 7851: 7829: 7807: 7785: 7763: 7741: 7717: 7695: 7673: 7654: 7539: 7499: 7409: 7380: 7358: 7287: 7250: 7222: 7161: 7136: 7108: 7068: 7050: 7022: 6997: 6972: 6944: 6891: 6866: 6841: 6813: 6763: 6728: 6682: 6654: 6628: 6600: 6512: 6496: 6397: 6369: 6232: 6203: 6156: 6047: 5977: 5952: 5905: 5788: 5698: 5673: 5609: 5535: 5406: 5369: 5243: 5112: 5012: 4873: 4833: 4695: 4595: 4451: 4405: 4378: 4320: 4258: 4016: 3980: 3544: 2398: 2108: 614: 1855:

joined by iron and steel, coal mining, railroads and shipbuilding. The second British Empire, founded after the loss of the

1509:, peace appeared to have returned. Napoleon suddenly reappeared in 1815. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and 13849: 13844: 13628: 13514: 12514: 12125: 11100: 10483: 10369: 8968: 6804: 5846: 4101: 4096: 3839: 3774: 3773:. A wider franchise also changed the ideological mix among non-Irish MPs, making them more receptive to Irish demands. The 3552: 3540: 3427:

at the rate of 10,000 a day by May 1918, the Germans realised they were being overwhelmed. Germany gave up, agreeing to an

2949: 2410: 2272: 2052: 1915: 1810: 1754: 1717:

In industrial districts in 1819, factory workers demanded better wages, and demonstrated. The most important event was the

1462: 13595: 3940:

signalled growing support for the demand for total independence. The old Irish Party collapsed and a new political force,

3300: 1457:. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. The 13839: 12920: 11297: 10438: 10351: 10308: 7196:

C. Read. (2019). 'Taxes, tariffs and the economics of nationalism in 1840s Ireland', in D. Kanter & P. Walsh (eds.),

5422:

Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England".

4623:

Ditchfield, Grayson M. (1974). "The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790".

4049:

restored to the monarch's title in 1953 with the reference to "Ireland" replaced with a reference to "Northern Ireland".

3860: 3383: 3054: 2024:

was the only legally accepted birth documentation. The Anglican parish controlled the only religious burial grounds. The

1431: 1206:

increasingly came to be seen as an existential threat to the British Empire. In response, London began to cooperate with

13603: 13185: 12774: 12769: 11734: 11610: 11203: 10967: 10870: 10364: 10275: 10050: 9853: 9813: 9801: 9796: 9784: 9712: 9178: 9105: 8389: 5579: 4106: 3945: 3564: 3356: 1994:

and smaller groups. They were all outside the established Church of England (except in Scotland, where the established

1569: 919: 862: 857: 852: 847: 407: 12045: 4510:

Gaunt, R. A. (2003). "The fourth duke of Newcastle, the ultra-tories and the opposition to Canning's administration".

3324:. The economy grew by about 14% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services; by contrast the 61: 13788: 13701: 12118: 11895: 11789: 11717: 11683: 10060: 9779: 3964: 3743: 3340: 3031: 3001: 2720: 2323: 2187:

modernised urban government, which previously had been controlled by closed bodies dominated by Tories. Over 200 old

1576:. The Americans felt humiliated and demanded war to restore their honour, despite their complete unpreparedness. The 976: 842: 8550: 3415:

were growing worse in 1917, as the fighting in France continued with no end in sight. With Russia collapsing in the

2731:

on the Ottoman Empire. Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War, Britain viewed the Second Empire of

13869: 13864: 13257: 12734: 12531: 12028: 11984: 11226: 10250: 9882: 9825: 9765: 9514: 8837: 6784: 5092: 4116: 3988: 3864: 3816:: his first home rule hill was defeated in the House of Commons following a split in his own party. Liberal leader 3797:

leader Gladstone was considering home rule, the IPP ousted the Conservatives and brought the Liberals into office.

3735: 3731: 3605: 3477:

was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully, but these hopes were unfounded.

1877: 1682: 1565: 1263: 1116:, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited. However, the United Kingdom did engage in extensive wars in 1021: 837: 315: 6009: 4232: 3885:

ready to fight; senior leaders of the British army indicated they would not move to suppress the Protestants (the

2829: 2247:, who suddenly reversed himself on the Catholic issue and was roundly denounced and permanently distrusted by the 1737:. In practice the laws were designed to deter troublemakers and reassure conservatives; they were not often used. 1510: 1493:

gradually pushed the French out of Spain, and in early 1814, as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the

13252: 13197: 12862: 12526: 12023: 10863: 10490: 9936: 3847: 3669: 3360: 3057:

fell away as historians showed that Disraeli had few proposals for social legislation in 1874–1880, and that the

2287: 2227: 2184: 2017: 1885: 1535: 651: 8538: 4338:"Foreign policy considerations for the UK and Scotland in the event of Scotland becoming an independent country" 13638: 12621: 12509: 11627: 11622: 11290: 10495: 10391: 10065: 10045: 10000: 9698: 9411: 8321: 3976: 3872: 3813: 3628: 3497: 3332: 2957: 2440: 2146: 2034: 1702:

of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.

1271: 971: 209: 6099: 12708: 12595: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12001: 11637: 10473: 10182: 10096: 9183: 4774: 4337: 4208: 4111: 3782: 3765:, home rulers won a majority of both county and borough seats in Ireland in 1874. By 1882, leadership of the 3428: 3424: 2754: 2134: 1952: 986: 583: 3820:

led the battle against home rule in Parliament. He broke with Gladstone and in 1886 formed a new party, the

3246:, who reigned 1910–1936. Scandal-free, hard working and popular, George V was the British monarch who, with 3061:

did not reflect a vision of Conservatism for the unenfranchised working man. However, he did work to reduce

13761: 13435: 13272: 13189: 13157: 12837: 12068: 11698: 11543: 11417: 11130: 10448: 10374: 10224: 10157: 10081: 9955: 9912: 9679: 9141: 4530: 3828:

to build a base for the new party among "Orange" nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.

3399: 3391: 3263: 2881: 941: 13540: 13193: 12727: 12108: 11814: 11573: 11504: 10468: 9841: 9193: 9120: 8805: 8393: 3959:

did not send its elected MPs to Westminster, deciding to set up its own separatist parliament in Dublin;

3952: 3937: 3624:

hit the island in 1846, much of the rural population, especially in Catholic districts, began to starve.

3525: 3348: 3145: 2473: 2454: 2406: 2283: 2268: 2099:, tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur. Britain first took a Reactionary position at the 1382: 1014: 981: 923: 792: 601: 2334:

concludes that the scholarship of the 1970s represented "a vindication of the main outlines of the old "

1829:

was almost wiped out. The failure of the British government to respond to the crisis in the eyes of the

13773: 13451: 13282: 13213: 12857: 12407: 12085: 11972: 11605: 11578: 11173: 10812: 10478: 10172: 9476: 9220: 9115: 9095: 8832: 8273: 6191: 5276: 3906: 3364: 2869: 2802: 2770: 2493: 2303: 2259: 2203: 2078:. While many Europeans wanted to punish France heavily, Castlereagh insisted on a mild peace, with the 1860: 420: 68: 5986: 3551:

was achieved. Labour displaced the Liberal Party for second place and achieved major success with the

2302:

refashioned the British electoral system. In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the

1166:

that began in the decades prior to the state's formation continued up until the mid-19th century. The

13443: 12910: 12872: 12866: 12802: 12764: 12672: 12080: 11994: 11443: 10880: 10736: 10456: 10270: 10192: 10177: 10162: 10010: 9945: 9907: 9897: 9887: 9747: 8973: 7899: 6616: 3972: 3770: 3665: 3489: 3419:

Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front. The massive

3411:, while arousing the Arabs who helped expel the Turks from Mesopotamia and Palestine. Exhaustion and 2790: 2653: 2142: 1324: 1257:

almost immediately after the conclusion of World War I, which resulted in British recognition of the

1254: 867: 10898: 4274: 3006: 1226:, whose neutrality had been guaranteed by London. The ensuing First World War eventually pitted the 13834: 13176: 12876: 12504: 12499: 11925: 11804: 11470: 11405: 11125: 10255: 9869: 9253: 9125: 8759: 7705: 7683: 6588: 6272: 3727: 3676: 3587: 3192: 2927:(which certain other British territories would later employ to attain independence). This gave the 2374: 1741:

suppressing a peaceful demonstration thinking mistakenly that it was the start of an insurrection.

1620:

Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793. As the

1360: 1344: 1328: 1250: 1188: 1149: 1058: 951: 484: 222: 13000: 11917: 5399:

The price of emancipation: slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery

4719: 3077:(1868–1946) was famous for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the Oscar as best actor for 1929's 2670:("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914). By the time of 1926:

Parliament. This opened the way for another decade of reform that culminated in the repeal of the

1899: 13721: 13663: 13371: 13203: 12882: 12847: 12687: 12626: 11867: 11857: 11799: 11739: 11585: 11412: 11395: 11193: 11142: 10858: 10610: 10359: 10219: 10025: 9970: 9960: 9927: 9760: 9672: 9537: 7773: 7550: 7468: 3824:. It helped defeat home rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used 3786: 3688: 3680: 3568: 3443: 3420: 3295: 3275: 3108: 3102: 3050: 2977: 2161:

with the goal of low taxation. Overall, taxation was about 10%, the lowest in any modern nation.

2029: 1466: 1465:

exceeded a million men—in addition to the armies of numerous allies and several hundred thousand

1320: 1145: 961: 832: 215: 13819: 13798: 13533: 13420: 13237: 13232: 13170: 12930: 12852: 12827: 12817: 12636: 12018: 11989: 11962: 11658: 11595: 11378: 11213: 11090: 10716: 10236: 10091: 9980: 9931: 8798: 6670: 4038:, the last British king to be styled as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3829: 3821: 3805: 3762: 3716: 3645: 3621: 3579: 3481: 2896: 2861: 2842: 2723:

in 1877 led to another European intervention, although this time at the negotiating table. The

2075: 2016:

Grievances included a 1753 law that to be legally recognised marriage had to take place in the

1910:

Constitutionally, the 1830s marks a watershed: the end of Crown control over the cabinet. King

1834: 1817: 1691: 1386: 1167: 956: 13064: 7491: 7401: 6936: 6177: 5856: 5104: 3363:. Industry turned out munitions in large quantities, with many women taking factory jobs. The 13746: 13482: 13404: 13222: 13162: 12812: 12703: 12600: 11967: 11744: 11600: 11422: 11332: 10875: 10846: 10379: 9606: 9401: 9246: 8942: 7372: 7350: 6224: 5714:

Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855".

5168:

Good, Kenneth (2009). "The drive for participatory democracy in nineteenth century Britain".

4784: 3742:

of Isaac Butt. Ireland was no closer to home rule by the mid-19th century, and rebellions in

3601: 3184: 2937: 2728: 2604: 2327: 2239: 2231: 2188: 1975: 1918:

who had a majority in Parliament, and the Crown ever since has gone along with the majority.

1848: 1763: 1734: 1637: 1621: 1609: 1546: 1502: 1411: 1340: 1332: 1227: 1211: 1153: 750: 132: 17: 6675:

Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–1883

6172:

Parry, Jonathan Philip (2001). "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880".

4540: 4031: 13362: 13226: 13166: 12945: 12935: 12831: 12035: 11749: 11668: 11663: 11383: 11245: 11012: 10783: 10760: 10545: 10431: 10285: 10260: 10129: 9950: 9922: 9020: 8862: 6746: 6484: 3801: 3597: 3375: 3344: 3251: 3079: 2928: 2713: 2671: 2535: 2238:

positions. Much more intense was the long battle over the civil rights of Roman Catholics.

2025: 1931: 1802: 1746: 1585: 1506: 1486: 1435: 1279: 1076:

The United Kingdom, having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the

966: 3097: 2708:

against Russia. Despite mediocre generalship, they managed to capture the Russian port of

2051:

Three men shaped British foreign policy from 1810 to 1860, with only a few interruptions,

1474:, but it was smaller in terms of industry, finance, mercantile marine and naval strength. 30:

This article is about the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1922. For the modern state, see

8: 13766: 13741: 13608: 13412: 13292: 13267: 13262: 13242: 13072: 13024: 12841: 12792: 12682: 11729: 11538: 11492: 11463: 11120: 11022: 10918: 10806: 10651: 10341: 10331: 10241: 9917: 9774: 9755: 9709: 9629: 9571: 9546: 9486: 9406: 9263: 9210: 9198: 8899: 8486:

Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain

7425:

Heyck, Thomas William (1974). "Home Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886–1895".

7342: 7124: 5940: 5325:

Davis, Richard W. (1982). "The Tories, the Whigs, and Catholic Emancipation, 1827–1829".

3894: 3890: 3790: 3696: 3649: 3617: 3493: 3279: 2846: 2211: 1963: 1809:, promoted British nationalism, opposed reactionary regimes on the continent, helped the 1750: 1443: 1175: 1050: 890: 827: 558: 10947: 8474: 4651:

Machin, G. I. T. (1979). "Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828".

3695:. The issue was a source of contention throughout Ireland, as a significant majority of 3631:

attempted to raise a loan of £8 million and intended a further loan but this provoked a

13756: 13751: 13427: 13333: 13208: 13056: 12950: 12822: 12807: 12750: 12652: 11947: 11942: 11862: 11829: 11794: 11673: 11590: 11568: 11548: 11514: 11147: 11080: 11075: 11002: 10985: 10903: 10590: 10585: 10518: 10147: 10015: 9965: 9902: 9877: 9873: 9791: 9735: 9641: 9577: 9296: 9258: 9241: 9188: 9162: 8988: 8934: 8763: 8623: 8615: 8507: 8263: 8240: 8159: 7450: 7442: 6799: 6534: 6517: 6339: 6331: 6080: 5835: 5758: 5638: 5597: 5474: 5439: 5342: 5185: 5138: 4902: 4668: 4640: 4311:

Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power

3984: 3878: 3817: 3794: 3691:, but neither became law, mainly due to opposition from the Conservative party and the 3613: 3593: 3548: 3517: 3447: 3416: 3404: 3371:

replaced him in December 1916 Britain gained a powerful and successful wartime leader.

3368: 3325: 3317: 3305: 3200: 3172: 3157: 2877: 2750: 2724: 2570: 2489: 2341:

David Thompson has stressed the revolutionary nature of the entire package of reforms:

2100: 2071: 2070:

The coalition that defeated Napoleon was financed by Britain, and held together at the

1995: 1893: 1881: 1787: 1514: 1481: 1454: 1336: 1316: 1310: 1199: 1097: 1062: 1054: 895: 801: 498: 379: 366: 11282: 7731: 3668:

as it had become known, was turned into a major political force under the guidance of

13731: 13726: 13658: 13326: 13218: 12677: 11849: 11834: 11710: 11678: 11632: 11178: 11108: 10828: 10690: 10555: 10461: 10411: 10326: 10187: 10101: 9466: 9357: 9215: 8722: 8705: 8686: 8658: 8627: 8513: 8489: 8422: 8365: 8357: 8343: 8303: 8281: 8245: 8225: 8207: 8201: 8183: 8144: 8108: 8084: 8078: 8063: 8044: 8038: 8008: 7989: 7967: 7945: 7926: 7907: 7885: 7866: 7847: 7825: 7803: 7781: 7759: 7737: 7713: 7691: 7669: 7650: 7535: 7495: 7454: 7405: 7376: 7354: 7283: 7246: 7218: 7167: 7157: 7132: 7104: 7096: 7064: 7046: 7018: 6993: 6968: 6940: 6887: 6862: 6837: 6809: 6759: 6724: 6678: 6650: 6647:

The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury's Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902

6624: 6596: 6538: 6492: 6393: 6365: 6343: 6276: 6228: 6199: 6152: 6043: 5973: 5948: 5901: 5784: 5762: 5694: 5669: 5605: 5531: 5402: 5365: 5338: 5239: 5189: 5108: 5008: 4869: 4829: 4691: 4672: 4591: 4447: 4401: 4374: 4316: 4254: 3960: 3882: 3843: 3712: 3653: 3474: 3451: 3379: 3271: 3267: 3239: 3129: 3027: 3010: 2973: 2924: 2900: 2865: 2459: 2315: 2291: 2192: 2153: 2126: 2096: 2079: 2064: 1940: 1856: 1838: 1718: 1710: 1686: 1668: 1605: 1573: 1415: 1171: 446: 106: 82: 10684: 10421: 6357: 4636: 1774: 13388: 13088: 13008: 12075: 12011: 11844: 11724: 11519: 11453: 11400: 11342: 11037: 11017: 10838: 10793: 10167: 9848: 9830: 9717: 9635: 9589: 9550: 9461: 9327: 9319: 9304: 9236: 9203: 8913: 8782: 8607: 8295: 7527: 7434: 6562: 6526: 6429: 6323: 6072: 5825: 5750: 5723: 5634: 5466: 5457:

Davis, Richard W. (1980). "Toryism to Tamworth: The Triumph of Reform, 1827–1835".

5431: 5334: 5268: 5177: 5134: 5130: 5000: 4928: 4898: 4660: 4632: 4519: 4158:

Monarch of the separate Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 until 1800.

4142: 4000: 3996: 3929: 3886: 3739: 3661: 3632: 3536: 3513: 3468: 3043: 2903:. The British imperial vision called for control over these new countries, and the 2850: 2484: 2386: 2382: 2084: 1783: 1597: 1589: 1402: 1398: 1299: 1267: 1258: 1231: 1066: 914: 641: 525: 190: 6574: 6448: 6063:

McLean, David (1976). "Finance and "Informal Empire" before the First World War".

1629:

strongly encouraged conservative support for the political and social status quo.

1505:, Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the 13736: 13380: 12662: 12063: 11977: 11824: 11819: 11487: 11347: 11327: 11137: 11065: 11060: 10890: 10768: 10695: 10336: 10020: 9995: 9481: 9370: 9332: 9074: 9015: 8891: 8503: 8235: 8098: 8022: 7959: 7238: 6716: 6385: 5996: 4970: 4441: 4395: 4236: 4008: 3778: 3758: 3637: 3609: 3439: 3387: 3116: 3058: 2916: 2892: 2868:

succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy. When

2818: 2786: 2684: 2661: 2657: 2612: 2425: 2310: 2299: 2207: 2199: 2165: 2104: 2021: 1999: 1971: 1966:, saw everywhere "new proofs presenting themselves of the diffusion of religion". 1922: 1872: 1695: 1540: 1530: 1394: 1372: 1239: 1207: 1077: 1046: 13680: 13494: 13354: 13318: 13136: 12797: 12657: 12113: 11768: 11615: 11497: 11482: 11390: 11352: 11272: 11168: 11007: 10995: 10773: 9836: 9820: 9770: 9612: 9565: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9347: 9337: 9309: 9057: 9040: 9035: 8904: 8778: 8136: 7981: 7210: 6960: 6566: 6413: 6390:

1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill

6311: 6293: 6035: 5101:

English Local Government: From the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act

4975:

A world restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–1822

4889:

Davis, Richard W. (1990). "The Politics of the Confessional State, 1760–1832".

4304: 4179:

Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State until 1936.

4086:(1910–1922; title used until 1927 but remained monarch until his death in 1936) 4071: 4020: 3809: 3720: 3692: 3583: 3505: 3352: 3321: 3188: 3062: 3039: 2933: 2873: 2834: 2814: 2778: 2701: 2666: 2647: 2608: 2600: 2592: 2554: 2549: 2531: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2429: 2394: 2215: 2056: 1935: 1842: 1826: 1821: 1798: 1651: 1419: 1335:

resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by

1243: 1235: 1179: 1113: 1085: 1070: 1004: 909: 885: 553: 511: 441: 330: 277: 202: 31: 13104: 9375: 8611: 7171: 6530: 6433: 6327: 5754: 5181: 4664: 2805:, and any possibility of its intervention on behalf of the Confederacy ended. 2534:

as a working philosophy of action. The "greatest happiness principle", or the

2129:

in Manchester in 1819. The Tory ranks were cracking, however, especially when

1694:(allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial). 13813: 13620: 13572: 13556: 12562: 12541: 11761: 11756: 11427: 11337: 10823: 10656: 10530: 10005: 9990: 9342: 9025: 8821: 7839: 7817: 7795: 6829: 6779: 6698: 6552: 6464: 6418: 6281: 6104: 5776: 5096: 4861: 4121: 3956: 3924: 3920: 3747: 3726:

Irish demands ranged from the "repeal" of O'Connell, the "federal scheme" of

3711:") parliament in Dublin would discriminate or retaliate against them, impose 3412: 3216: 3196: 3120: 3074: 2920: 2857: 2774: 2676: 2620: 2583: 2434: 2319: 2264: 1779: 1561: 1494: 1471: 1450: 1348: 1219: 1215: 1203: 631: 626: 170: 157: 35: 8709: 5727: 5272: 4523: 3968: 3438:

By 1918, there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling

2843:

Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada

2683:. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an 2588: 2437:. Of the 227 cabinet members between 1832 and 1905, 139 were sons of peers. 13567: 13277: 13128: 13080: 13040: 12546: 10977: 10913: 10908: 10818: 10801: 10626: 10565: 10055: 10040: 9491: 9456: 8461: 8333: 8317: 8259: 8197: 7038: 6756:

Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England

5830: 5817: 4309: 3852: 3521: 3247: 3168: 3164: 2766: 2732: 2447: 2335: 2295: 2248: 1830: 1699: 1678: 1664: 1625:

Historians have found very few signs, noting that social movements such as

1489:

in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent. The

1458: 1439: 1390: 1291: 1129: 609: 13032: 9506: 8582:

Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939

4335: 3941: 3512:

in Mesopotamia; the latter of which became fully independent in 1932. The

3016: 2254: 1813:

to free themselves and worked to shut down the international slave trade.

13633: 13346: 13338: 13181: 12992: 11876: 11839: 11809: 11773: 11704: 11689: 11533: 11114: 11027: 10726: 10670: 10631: 9892: 9471: 9052: 8952: 8034: 7727: 6462:

Diamond, Michael (1990). "Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall".

5741:

Brown, David (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865".

5121:

Finlayson, G. B. A. M. (1966). "The Politics of Municipal Reform, 1835".

4711: 4583: 3868: 3832: 3673: 3529: 3408: 3309: 2953: 2888: 2705: 2616: 2558: 2541: 2527: 2418: 2244: 2183:—who in London to this day are still called "Bobbies" in his honour. The 2172: 2130: 2092: 1864: 1794: 1758: 1577: 1526: 1295: 1184: 1109: 1101: 946: 619: 339: 324: 9380: 8637:

Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966

5042:

All the textbooks cover the main developments, and for more details see

2603:'s rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British 13459: 13302: 13247: 13120: 13096: 13016: 12940: 12667: 12536: 12090: 12006: 11509: 11475: 11208: 10731: 10641: 10605: 10595: 10401: 9451: 9385: 8619: 8221: 7751: 6335: 6084: 5478: 5443: 4826:

Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s

4229: 4077: 4065: 4053: 3657: 3641: 3222: 3069: 3020: 2912: 2782: 2709: 2512: 1911: 1841:. The famine is remembered in Ireland to this day as oppression by the 1722: 1642: 1427: 1356: 1192: 1125: 1089: 1081: 289: 265: 241: 10852: 7446: 6515:(2013). "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938". 5839: 5346: 5142: 4644: 4371:

George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch

3911: 3715:, and impose tariffs on industry. While most of Ireland was primarily 3547:

gave women householders the vote, but it would not be until 1928 that

2849:

among the European powers. There was talk of war with France over the

1446:, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars. 13310: 13112: 12719: 11524: 11240: 10961: 10745: 10600: 10575: 10550: 9975: 9365: 4059: 3766: 3708: 3704: 3204: 2904: 2157: 2138: 1983: 1927: 1745:

restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the

1633: 1626: 1601: 1581: 1170:, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to 1141: 253: 12984: 10926: 10646: 8530:

In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815

7800:

The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870

6076: 5818:"Nineteenth-Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History" 5470: 5435: 3113:

prime minister four times (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894)

1705: 1092:

for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of

12572: 11152: 11085: 10750: 10636: 10580: 9985: 9067: 9030: 8918: 8872: 8743: 7438: 4935:. Vol. 2: The Liberal Awakening (1815–1830). pp. 263–266. 4083: 4035: 3992: 3754: 3485: 3243: 3235: 2697: 2361: 2356: 1979: 1730: 1672: 1658: 1593: 1477: 1157: 1093: 301: 7077: 5306: 5294: 5049: 4738: 4200: 3664:, in the 1870s. After Butt's death the home rule movement, or the 1426:

failed, chiefly due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805 a

13048: 12968: 12567: 11070: 11055: 10954: 10741: 10721: 9695: 9664: 9047: 8908: 8857: 8598:

Parry, J. P. (1983). "The State of Victorian Political History".

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A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815

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A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War

8227:

Victorian people; a reassessment of persons and themes, 1851–1867

6196:

A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War

5691:

The Most English Minister: The Policies and Politics of Pamerston

4019:. The union of Great Britain with most of Ulster was renamed the 3336: 2798: 2769:. The mostly working-class British people generally favoured the 2545: 2309:

The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform by making the

1987: 1407: 1352: 1223: 1202:

until the early 20th century when the growing naval power of the

197: 13525: 8867: 8790: 8060:

The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire

7964:

Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization Of Victory; 1793–1815

12976: 10940: 10933: 10778: 10711: 10570: 9416: 9062: 8947: 8847: 5005:

British policy and the independence of Latin America, 1804–1828

4004: 3835:

coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."

3700: 3608:

blocked emancipation, arguing that to grant it would break his

3501: 3280:

constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords

2821:

only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.

2180: 1572:

tribes in Canada that were raiding American settlements on the

1137: 1117: 149: 3753:

O'Connell's campaign was hampered by the limited scope of the

3242:

being formed in 1900. Edward died in 1910, to be succeeded by

2175:, he abolished the espionage and cruel punishments, ended the 1422:

with the United Kingdom. In May 1803, war was declared again.

12577: 10990: 10560: 8923: 8852: 8077:

Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas (2013).

7822:

Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832

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The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War

6705:. Vol. X: January 1881 – June 1883. pp. cxxxix–cxl. 5945:

Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective

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Chase, Malcolm (November 2013). "Recognising the Chartists".

4909: 3528:, although British troops remained stationed there until the 3432: 2908: 2504: 1132:, to extend its overseas territorial holdings and influence. 8454:

Britain's Century: A Political and Social History, 1815–1905

8322:"High Minds: The Victorians and the Birth of Modern Britain" 7615:"The King's style and titles in the UK and the Commonwealth" 6241: 4939: 2765:

was effective in defusing a war scare in late 1861 over the

2318:. The main effect of the act was to weaken the power of the 8842: 7582: 7570: 7558: 6884:

The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War

6221:

The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War

6174:

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)

5378: 3875:

and Protestants in Ulster mobilised to oppose it by force.

3227: 2680: 1331:'s fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with 1121: 8141:

Modern England: from the eighteenth century to the present

7154:

The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's financial crisis

5254:"Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828" 5061: 5028:

Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl, eds. (2004).

3250:, established the modern pattern of exemplary conduct for 2472:

addressing the House of Commons during the debates on the

2202:. The main impact was to drastically reduce the number of 1892:, switched over to the Whig opposition, and it became the 1713:

of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.

10678: 7508: 7301: 7299: 5797: 4951: 4604: 4336:

House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee (1 May 2013).

3231: 2526:(1748–1832) was an intellectual who focused on reforming 2226:

A weak ruler as regent (1811–1820) and king (1820–1830),

1270:

in Ireland, which since 1920 were being governed under a

7594: 7178: 6253: 5196: 5030:

Britain and the Americas: culture, politics, and history

4790: 4479: 4023:

in 1927, and is known by this name to the present time.

2690: 2286:, prime minister from 1830 to 1834, and his rejuvenated 1681:

were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the

11312: 10107:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

8300:

History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century

7688:

A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present

7043:

A war imagined: the First World War and English culture

3480:

Following the war, Britain gained the German colony of

3276:

active social policy that was forging the welfare state

2637:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

2065:

Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

1654:

finally retrieved the symbolic luster of the sovereign.

1187:, by far the most important overseas possession, saw a 8414:

Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820

7296: 7198:

Taxation, Politics, and Protest in Ireland, 1692–2016.

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With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918

6419:"Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)" 4981: 3769:

movement had passed to Charles Stewart Parnell of the

3723:

and would be affected by any tariff barriers imposed.

3374:

The Navy continued to dominate the seas, fighting the

2047:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

7532:

The Ulster crisis: resistance to home rule, 1912–1914

7323: 7311: 5877: 5645: 4842: 3889:). Suddenly war with Germany broke out and home rule 3719:, six of the counties in Ulster were the location of 3423:

of 1918 failed, and with arrival of a million of the

2179:

for most crimes, and inaugurated the first system of

1520: 1304: 1069:

in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the

9837:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8779:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8721:. Vol. 12, pt. 2: 1874–1914. Psychology Press. 8076: 7863:

A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846

7259: 6912: 6900: 6744:

Probert, Rebecca (September 2012). "Living in Sin".

5852: 5073: 4750: 4021:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3167:

decried the slums for their supposed high levels of

3111:

was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli, serving as

2753:(1861–1865), British leaders and elite favoured the 1560:

To defeat France, Britain put heavy pressure on the

1191:

in 1857. In overseas policy, the central policy was

1071:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8080:

A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present

7986:

The Deluge: British Society and the First World War

7156:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 131–183. 5149: 4726: 4491: 3967:. The British government attempted to suppress the 1636:in 1820 asked Parliament to divorce his wife Queen 6417: 5544: 4762: 4421: 4308: 3979:while also attempting to defeat Sinn Féin and the 3804:was closely modelled on the self-government given 2424:The aristocracy remained dominant: there were 200 1401:claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the 1106:was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers 10200:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 8241:Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906 7780:(2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 7280:British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876–1906 6482: 6128: 5421: 5091: 5027: 4467: 4343:. London: The Stationery Office. p. Ev 106. 3660:, built a new moderate nationalist movement, the 3524:since 1914, became independent in 1922 after the 3132:system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms. 3115:. His financial policies, based on the notion of 2063:(especially 1830–1865). For a complete list, see 1355:. Despite personal sympathy for Roman Catholics, 987:History of the Irish language 13811: 13712:Mathematics, science, technology and engineering 8700:Young, George M.; Handcock, W. D., eds. (1956). 8563:A history of modern Britain: 1714 to the present 6555:(2004). "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)". 6298:The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli 5238:. Faber & Faber, Limited. pp. 460–465. 4017:Anti-Treaty faction of the Irish Republican Army 3781:in which the Irish Parliamentary Party held the 3386:and was increasingly short of food. It tried to 3292:History of the United Kingdom during World War I 2936:were merged with Cape Colony and Natal into the 2817:in 1872, in the Americans' favour by payment of 2704:. In 1853, Britain and France intervened in the 2564:One historian summarised Bright's achievements: 1659:Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts 1645:in his saner days. Historian Eugene Black says: 11046:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 8362:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852 7101:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852 6362:Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914 3955:in Ireland and in keeping with their policy of 3644:soared during what is known in Ireland as the " 3640:(or farm labourers) were largely wiped out and 3573: 3343:, and quickly assumed the role of fighting the 1904:Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1337:legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms 1315:A brief period of limited independence for the 8681:Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony, eds. (1959). 8655:A companion to early twentieth-century Britain 7921:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith Terrance (2003). 7369:Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist 6721:Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England 4275:"Act of Union | United Kingdom [1801]" 3838:Gladstone took the issue to the people in the 2887:Ever since Britain had wrested control of the 2095:(1853–1856). Prussia, Austria, and Russia, as 1615: 1345:civil disabilities placed upon Roman Catholics 1230:including the British Empire, France, Russia, 13890:States and territories disestablished in 1922 13541: 12735: 11903: 11298: 9680: 9636:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 9522: 8806: 8699: 8680: 8104:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 7942:Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905–1920 7467: 7398:The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918 7123: 6621:The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill 5215:Baker Kenneth (2005). "George IV: a Sketch". 5214: 4688:Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds 4443:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 2773:. What little cotton was available came from 2191:were abolished and replaced with 179 elected 1022: 768: 13910:1922 disestablishments in the United Kingdom 8770:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8548: 8536: 8378: 7920: 6561:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6428:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6259: 6100:"The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople" 5562: 4868:. A. & Charles Black. pp. 370–439. 3842:, but the Unionists (Conservatives plus the 2862:number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific 2214:was not on the agenda. The abolition of the 1946: 79: 13686:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9809:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9584:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9536: 9269:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8294: 6798: 6491:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. 6149:Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–1878 4147:The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 4141:The state did not cease to exist after the 3210: 2664:, British dominance was later described as 2275:(1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and 1863:of the 1770s, was dramatically expanded in 1769: 1174:in much of Ireland and increased calls for 1043:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 47:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 13885:States and territories established in 1801 13548: 13534: 12742: 12728: 11910: 11896: 11305: 11291: 11232:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 9687: 9673: 9529: 9515: 8979:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 8813: 8799: 8451: 8407:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 8339:The Age of Decadence: Britain 1880 to 1914 8062:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press. 7666:British politics in the nineteenth century 7473:A History of the Irish Parliamentary party 7395: 7341: 6314:(September 2000). "Disraeli and England". 6218: 4915: 4823: 4622: 4588:Aristocracy and people: Britain, 1815–1865 3144:was a "talented leader who was an icon of 2808:British companies built and operated fast 2481:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston 1513:defeated Napoleon once and for all at the 1385:(1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the 1029: 1015: 775: 761: 131: 13905:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom 8634: 8483: 8476:English thought in the nineteenth century 8472: 8420: 8234: 8021: 7606: 7485: 7282:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 7083: 6930: 6219:Merli, Frank J.; Fahey, David M. (2004). 5829: 5688: 5666:Charles, Earl Grey: Aristocratic Reformer 5120: 4969: 4249:Fetter, Frank Whitson (3 November 2005). 4044:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3871:, when the Liberal government passed the 3761:successfully enacted in Canada under the 2745:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 2641: 2234:, public opinion strongly supported her. 12916:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 11051:Association football in Northern Ireland 8716: 8643: 8388: 8203:From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885 8157: 7490:. Manchester University Press. pp. 7200:London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 199–226. 6959: 6828: 6623:. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 132. 6511: 5967: 5895: 5871:John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator 5625:Davis, Richard W. (2003). "Wellington". 5596: 5578: 5491: 5384: 5300: 5067: 4999: 4860: 4756: 4716:Sir Robert Peel: From His Private Papers 4590:. Harvard University Press. p. 95. 4397:Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle 1803–1805 4303: 4030: 3910: 3378:to a draw in the only great battle, the 3299: 3221:Queen Victoria died in 1901 and her son 3096: 3015: 3005: 2948:Prime ministers of the period included: 2828: 2797:a war goal. Britain was long opposed to 2793:would be issued in 90 days, thus making 2587: 2503: 2464: 2444:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2373:Prime ministers of the period included: 2279:(1769–1852) and the Tories on the right. 2277:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2253: 1898: 1773: 1704: 1534: 1424:Napoleon's plans to invade Great Britain 13860:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations 13855:History of the United Kingdom by period 10247:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 8652: 8466:A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918 8402: 8356: 8272: 8007:. Challenging History. Nelson Thornes. 7980: 7898: 7778:The Oxford Companion to British History 7644: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7547: 7526: 7317: 7277: 7265: 7245:. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405. 7231: 7095: 7061:British Culture and the First World War 6918: 6906: 6881: 6856: 6785:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6778: 6743: 6715: 6697: 6558:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6551: 6461: 6425:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6384: 6271: 6190: 6146: 5939: 5920: 5569:, provides a short scholarly biography. 5170:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 4552: 4368: 3932:. Prime Minister Lloyd George sought a 3592:Part of the agreement which led to the 3306:Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment 3093:Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone 2727:blocked Russia from imposing the harsh 2290:enacted a series of major reforms: the 1480:expected that cutting Britain off from 1449:In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of 1377:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars 14: 13812: 12926:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 12749: 8588: 8580:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin, ed. (1966). 8579: 8560: 8502: 8460: 8432: 8332: 8316: 8220: 8196: 8097: 8057: 8002: 7958: 7939: 7882:The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886 7879: 7860: 7772: 7750: 7710:The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon 7366: 7329: 7305: 7237: 7012: 6834:Parties and People: England, 1914–1951 6587: 6525:(2): 487–511, quotes on 488, 509–510. 6292: 6247: 6097: 6062: 6034: 5992: 5883: 5803: 5775: 5651: 5550: 5494:England in the 19th century: 1815–1914 5396: 5312: 5055: 5043: 4957: 4945: 4927: 4848: 4808: 4768: 4744: 4650: 4610: 4427: 4248: 4211:from the original on 22 September 2020 4124:, covers social & cultural history 3699:(largely but not exclusively based in 3146:traditional, aristocratic conservatism 2544:(1811–1889) built on his middle-class 27:Historical sovereign state (1801–1922) 13529: 12723: 11891: 11286: 10516: 10306: 10127: 9733: 9668: 9510: 8794: 8597: 8527: 8379:McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill (2007). 8258: 8177: 8122: 8033: 7904:Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000 7865:. Clarendon Press. pp. 664–723. 7838: 7816: 7794: 7736:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. 7726: 7704: 7682: 7663: 7600: 7514: 7424: 7209: 7103:. Gill & Macmillan. p. 354. 7037: 6987: 6753: 6669: 6644: 6615: 6593:Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography 6412: 6310: 6171: 6134: 5740: 5713: 5663: 5624: 5525: 5506: 5456: 5359: 5324: 5251: 5202: 5079: 4987: 4888: 4796: 4780: 4685: 4536: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4393: 4350:from the original on 18 December 2020 3900: 3703:), opposed home rule, fearing that a 3545:Representation of the People Act 1918 3178: 2738: 2691:Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire 1543:ending the war with the United States 1325:British war with revolutionary France 1108:. The most notable exception was the 13830:Modern history of the United Kingdom 8984:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 8441: 8411: 8405:Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898) 8158:Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn (1962) . 8135: 7612: 7184: 7151: 7058: 6935:. Harvard University Press. p. 6805:The Strange Death of Liberal England 6489:A critical history of British cinema 6223:. Indiana University Press. p. 6016:from the original on 15 October 2018 5868: 5853:Roberts, Roberts & Bisson (2013) 5815: 5233: 5167: 5155: 4732: 4710: 4582: 4567: 4439: 4102:Historiography of the United Kingdom 4097:Historiography of the British Empire 3923:of 1916, using arms supplied by the 2919:. Outgunned by a mighty empire, the 2599:The Victorian era was the period of 2548:heritage and his collaboration with 2298:restricted and, most important, the 2273:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne 2221: 2119: 1214:and Russia, and moved closer to the 13510: 12921:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 11314:International relations (1814–1919) 8646:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain 8040:Britain between the wars: 1918–1940 7129:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849 6990:Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918 6356: 5921:Vallone, Lynne (2002). "Victoria". 4166: 4164: 4026: 3861:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 3600:in Ireland were to be repealed and 3183:Prime ministers from 1900 to 1923: 2630: 1272:much more limited form of home rule 34:. For the geographical region, see 24: 13880:20th century in the United Kingdom 13875:19th century in the United Kingdom 12044: 10276:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 10051:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 9849:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 9694: 8704:. Vol. 12, pt. 1: 1833–1874. 8673: 8170: 7131:. Penguin Publishing. p. 31. 6040:The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism 5639:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x 4903:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1990.tb00552.x 3915:The Irish Free State (red) in 1922 3648:". A significant minority elected 3316:After a rough start Britain under 3032:prime minister in 1868 and 1874–80 2652:After the defeat of France in the 2368: 1568:. British government agents armed 1521:War of 1812 with the United States 1393:, the Netherlands having become a 1366: 1305:Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1276:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 584:History of the United Kingdom 25: 13921: 13900:1922 disestablishments in Ireland 13555: 10061:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 8820: 8737: 8591:Reader's guide to British history 8572: 8180:Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era 7884:. New Oxford History of England. 7756:The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867 6861:(2nd ed.). Pearson/Longman. 5604:. Vol. 2. Harper & Row. 5586:(4th ed.). pp. 157–158. 4285:from the original on 21 July 2017 4013:Provisional Government of Ireland 3400:The United States entered the war 3002:Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli 2824: 2702:threatening India via Afghanistan 2040: 1414:, a German-speaking duchy of the 393:Irish Free State Constitution Act 13794: 13793: 13509: 13500: 13499: 13488: 13476: 12632:Scottish 18th-century literature 11919: 11266: 10230:Tallest buildings and structures 8969:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 8635:Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1984). 7712:. University of Oklahoma Press. 7520: 7479: 7461: 7418: 7389: 7371:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 7335: 7271: 7203: 7190: 7145: 7117: 7089: 7031: 7006: 6981: 6953: 6924: 6875: 6850: 6822: 6792: 6788:(January 2008 on-line ed.). 6782:(2004). "George V (1865–1936)". 6772: 6737: 6709: 6691: 6663: 6649:. Harvester Press. p. 326. 6638: 6609: 6581: 6545: 6505: 6476: 6455: 6406: 6378: 6350: 6304: 6116:from the original on 11 May 2021 6098:Golicz, Roman (September 2003). 5565:The Companion to British History 4161: 4117:Terminology of the British Isles 3938:anti-conscription demonstrations 3865:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 3034:, remains an iconic hero of the 2891:from the Netherlands during the 2577: 2114: 1914:in 1834 was obliged to accept a 1453:, which brought into effect the 998: 811: 744: 590: 530: 516: 491: 477: 114: 60: 12863:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 8125:"The English and their History" 7944:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 7015:Britain and the First World War 6758:. Manchester University Press. 6364:. Routledge. pp. 203–204. 6265: 6212: 6184: 6165: 6140: 6091: 6056: 6028: 6002: 5961: 5933: 5914: 5889: 5862: 5809: 5783:. Constable. pp. 146–153. 5769: 5734: 5707: 5682: 5657: 5618: 5590: 5572: 5556: 5530:. Manchester University Press. 5519: 5500: 5485: 5450: 5415: 5390: 5353: 5318: 5227: 5208: 5161: 5085: 5036: 5021: 4993: 4963: 4933:A History of the English People 4921: 4882: 4854: 4817: 4802: 4704: 4679: 4616: 4576: 4561: 4546: 4503: 4433: 4387: 4362: 4329: 3785:. They initially supported the 3763:British North America Act, 1867 3488:in Africa. Britain was granted 2785:. In September 1862, President 2530:. He was a leading promoter of 2322:, and enlarge the power of the 2243:The other main Tory leader was 2185:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 1934:, grass roots activists led by 1285: 13895:1801 establishments in Ireland 13825:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 13695:Economy, society and knowledge 12775:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 12770:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 12622:Romantic literature in English 10066:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 9412:Northern Ireland Sign Language 8549:Walpole, Spencer (1904–1908). 8537:Walpole, Spencer (1878–1886). 8479:. Methuen And Company Limited. 8230:. University of Chicago Press. 8182:. Grolier Academic Reference. 8027:Contemporary England 1914–1964 7664:Black, Eugene C., ed. (1969). 7637: 6967:. Penguin Press. p. 249. 6886:. Cambridge University Press. 6392:. Cambridge University Press. 6042:. Cambridge University Press. 5970:Navies in Modern World History 5563:Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). 5424:The American Historical Review 5401:. Cambridge University Press. 5339:10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXII.89 4811:Democracy and Reform 1815–1885 4297: 4267: 4242: 4223: 4193: 4173: 4152: 4135: 4107:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 4056:(1801–1820; monarch from 1760) 3977:Government of Ireland Act 1920 3873:Government of Ireland Act 1914 3652:, who championed the Union. A 3565:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 3518:occupied by Britain since 1882 3308:following up the Germans near 2615:. The era was preceded by the 1880:among the Tories rejected the 13: 1: 12049:Floral Badge of Great Britain 11684:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 11638:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 11628:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 10128: 8717:Handcock, W. D., ed. (1977). 8644:Williams, Chris, ed. (2007). 5972:. Reaktion Books. p. 9. 5123:The English Historical Review 4824:Bebbington, David W. (2003). 4809:Wright, David Gordon (2014). 4637:10.1093/ehr/lxxxix.ccclii.551 4186: 4112:History of the United Kingdom 3948:, united Irish nationalists. 3425:American Expeditionary Forces 2943: 2801:, itself having abolished it 2755:Confederate States of America 2627:and grandmotherly matriarch. 1953:Nonconformist (Protestantism) 1550: 1511:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1343:, that is, by the removal of 1319:came to an end following the 13707:Economy, industry, and trade 13158:Dublin Castle administration 11985:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 11544:Second Industrial Revolution 11418:League of the Three Emperors 11131:Northern Ireland flags issue 10307: 10082:List of conflicts in Ireland 9826:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 8719:English Historical Documents 8702:English Historical Documents 8683:English Historical Documents 8653:Wrigley, Chris, ed. (2008). 8552:History of Twenty-Five Years 8484:Steinbach, Susie L. (2012). 8161:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870 8058:Porter, Andrew, ed. (1998). 7880:Hoppen, K. Theodore (2000). 7347:The Nonconformist Conscience 7278:Biagini, Eugenio F. (2010). 6723:. Vol. I. p. 387. 6575:UK public library membership 6449:UK public library membership 5896:Arnstein, Walter L. (2003). 5315:, pp. 195–200, 232–233. 5135:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXXI.673 5058:, pp. 256–343, 489–523. 4747:, pp. 384–391, 668–671. 3881:began to arm themselves and 3793:, but when news leaked that 3574:Campaign for Irish Home Rule 3367:proved ineffective but when 3285: 3140:Conservative Prime Minister 3135: 3086: 2687:based on the British pound. 2499: 2004:Christian Monthly Repository 1805:. British diplomats, led by 1323:, which occurred during the 1228:Allied and Associated Powers 1053:that was established by the 7: 13850:History of Northern Ireland 13845:Former monarchies of Europe 11939:Constitutional development 11574:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 10517: 10102:Gaelic clothing and fashion 9734: 8685:. Vol. 11: 1783–1832. 8589:Loades, David, ed. (2003). 8421:Paul, Herbert (1904–1906). 8280:. Random House Publishing. 8178:Adams, James, ed. (2004) . 8005:Britain in the 19th Century 7906:. Oxford University Press. 7824:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 6857:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). 6198:. Random House Publishing. 6010:"The Workshop of the World" 5968:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004). 5602:Wellington: Pillar of state 5046:, pp. 372–436, 493–558 4090: 3616:. A campaign by the lawyer 3526:Egyptian Revolution of 1919 3151: 2995: 2455:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 2350: 2269:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 2059:(especially 1807–1829) and 1616:Postwar reaction: 1815–1822 1608:to a massive defeat at the 1383:War of the Second Coalition 1065:. The establishment of the 652:Post-war period (political) 10: 13926: 13840:Former kingdoms in Ireland 12858:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 11623:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 8452:Rubinstein, W. D. (1998). 8435:The Irish Famine 1845–1852 8381:British History: 1815–1914 7844:The Crimean War: A History 7645:Beckett, Ian F.W. (2006). 7488:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 7427:Journal of British Studies 7367:Crosby, Travis L. (2011). 7013:Turner, John, ed. (1988). 6808:. Transaction Publishers. 6260:Judd & Surridge (2003) 5900:. Macmillan Education UK. 5689:Southgate, Donald (1966). 5303:, pp. 76–77, 342–345. 5252:Gaunt, Richard A. (2014). 4041: 3946:force to achieve its goals 3907:Irish revolutionary period 3904: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3496:, which was turned into a 3490:League of Nations mandates 3466: 3462: 3388:fight back with submarines 3289: 3260:women's suffrage movements 3214: 3155: 3090: 2999: 2803:some three decades earlier 2742: 2645: 2634: 2595:reigned from 1837 to 1901. 2581: 2494:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2354: 2304:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 2260:The House of Commons, 1833 2044: 1970:Nonconformists, including 1950: 1861:American Revolutionary War 1833:would lead to a growth in 1729:'s government passed the " 1662: 1524: 1391:Dutch overseas possessions 1370: 1308: 1289: 662:Modern history (political) 137:The United Kingdom in 1914 29: 13784: 13694: 13669:The Marquess of Salisbury 13581: 13563: 13483:British Empire portal 13471: 13291: 13148: 12959: 12911:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 12896: 12803:Tudor conquest of Ireland 12783: 12765:Timeline of Irish history 12757: 12696: 12673:Proclamation of Rebellion 12645: 12609: 12588: 12555: 12101: 12056: 12042: 11932: 11782: 11646: 11559: 11444:European balance of power 11436: 11371: 11320: 11262: 11161: 11099: 11036: 10976: 10889: 10837: 10792: 10759: 10704: 10669: 10619: 10538: 10529: 10525: 10512: 10447: 10350: 10319: 10315: 10302: 10212: 10140: 10136: 10123: 10074: 9862: 9746: 9742: 9729: 9705: 9651: 9622: 9599: 9558: 9544: 9429: 9394: 9356: 9318: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9229: 9171: 9155: 9140: 9083: 9008: 9001: 8961: 8933: 8890: 8883: 8828: 8775: 8768: 8756: 8657:. John Wiley & Sons. 8612:10.1017/S0018246X00024201 8509:English History 1914–1945 8473:Somervell, D. C. (1929). 8424:History of Modern England 8023:Medlicott, William Norton 7802:(2nd ed.). Longman. 7396:Cunningham, Hugh (2014). 6931:Stevenson, David (2011). 6754:Frost, Ginger S. (2008). 6531:10.1017/S0018246X12000465 6328:10.1017/S0018246X99001326 6277:"Was Disraeli a failure?" 6147:Millman, Richard (1979). 5755:10.1080/09592290600942918 5584:Modern England: 1885–1945 5397:Draper, Nicholas (2010). 5327:English Historical Review 5182:10.1080/14662040903132526 4897:(1): 38–49, quote at 41. 4665:10.1017/s0018246x00016708 4625:English Historical Review 4446:. Yale University Press. 3973:Irish War of Independence 3771:Irish Parliamentary Party 3666:Irish Parliamentary Party 3508:, created from the three 2791:Emancipation Proclamation 2204:very small constituencies 2152:Financial reform, led by 2147:major concessions in 1829 2105:Spain's American colonies 1947:Protestant Nonconformists 1268:Six northeastern counties 1255:Irish War of Independence 1234:and the U.S. against the 904:Great Britain and Ireland 868:Timeline of Irish history 751:United Kingdom portal 546: 456: 434: 430: 417: 413: 406: 402: 389: 376: 363: 359: 351: 336: 321: 311: 307: 295: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 231: 221: 208: 196: 186: 142: 130: 97: 80: 75: 57: 52: 45: 13177:Privy Council of Ireland 11926:Kingdom of Great Britain 11735:Venezuela Naval Blockade 11406:Anglo-Russian Convention 9254:Kingdom of Great Britain 8760:Kingdom of Great Britain 8403:Matthew, H.C.G. (2004). 8364:. Gill & Macmillan. 7619:House of Commons Library 6882:Gregory, Adrian (2008). 6859:The Great War: 1914–1918 6645:Marsh, Peter T. (1978). 6176:. Vol. 11. p. 5743:Diplomacy and Statecraft 5492:Thompson, David (1950). 4553:Ziegler, Philip (1965). 4369:Roberts, Andrew (2021). 4253:. Taylor & Francis. 4201:"The Royal Coat of Arms" 4128: 3728:William Sharman Crawford 3588:Irish Home Rule movement 3535:In domestic affairs the 3442:, newly formed from the 3421:German spring offensives 3211:Edwardian era: 1901–1914 3193:Henry Campbell-Bannerman 2515:prison (1791 drawing by 2375:William Pitt the Younger 2055:(especially 1812–1822). 1982:and the rapidly-growing 1770:Age of Reform: 1820–1837 1600:but getting repulsed at 1434:decisively defeated the 1361:William Pitt the Younger 1329:Kingdom of Great Britain 1156:becoming self-governing 1059:Kingdom of Great Britain 657:Post-war period (social) 485:Kingdom of Great Britain 13870:20th century in Ireland 13865:19th century in Ireland 13664:William Ewart Gladstone 13654:The Viscount Palmerston 13204:Court of Castle Chamber 12883:Irish Rebellion of 1798 12873:Williamite–Jacobite War 12848:Irish Rebellion of 1641 12688:Welsh Methodist revival 12627:Romanticism in Scotland 12024:Agricultural Revolution 11990:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784) 11740:Alaska boundary dispute 11413:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 11396:Franco-Russian Alliance 11223:Prostitution (Republic) 9538:Irish states since 1171 8433:Purdon, Edward (2000). 8412:Mori, Jennifer (2000). 8003:Martin, Howard (1996). 7690:. Bloomsbury Academic. 7649:. Bloomsbury Academic. 7551:Irish Political Studies 7215:Charles Stewart Parnell 6065:Economic History Review 5728:10.1111/1468-229X.00176 5664:Derry, John W. (1992). 5528:Chartism: A New History 5526:Chase, Malcolm (2007). 5273:10.1111/1750-0206.12096 5007:. Textbook Publishers. 4524:10.1111/1468-229X.00280 4279:Encyclopedia Britannica 3713:Roman Catholic doctrine 3689:William Ewart Gladstone 3681:Charles Stewart Parnell 3569:British rule in Ireland 3444:Royal Naval Air Service 3357:conscription in Britain 3333:Britain entered the war 3296:Ireland and World War I 3109:William Ewart Gladstone 3103:William Ewart Gladstone 2978:William Ewart Gladstone 2490:independence of Belgium 1786:before the erection of 1397:of France in 1796, but 1321:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1164:Rapid industrialisation 1088:to become the foremost 717:History of the monarchy 667:Modern history (social) 216:constitutional monarchy 187:Official languages 107:God Save the King/Queen 13629:The Viscount Melbourne 13583:Politics and diplomacy 13238:Trinity College Dublin 13233:Grand Lodge of Ireland 13171:Irish House of Commons 13129:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 12931:Act of Settlement 1662 12853:Irish Confederate Wars 12828:Plantations of Ireland 12818:Reformation in Ireland 12637:Blue Stockings Society 12050: 11973:American Revolutionary 11659:Unification of Germany 11606:Taft–Katsura agreement 10092:List of Irish kingdoms 8744:British History Online 8561:Wasson, Ellis (2016). 8395:England Since Waterloo 8123:Tombs, Robert (2014). 7925:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7733:Nationalism in Ireland 7400:. Routledge. pp. 7152:Read, Charles (2022). 7063:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6567:10.1093/ref:odnb/10787 6316:The Historical Journal 5816:Hart, Jenifer (1965). 5465:(2): 132–146, at 132. 5234:Gash, Norman (2011) . 5103:. Routledge. pp. 4948:, pp. 64–66, 108. 4039: 3987:. On 6 December 1922, 3953:1918 general elections 3916: 3822:Liberal Unionist Party 3580:Great Famine (Ireland) 3313: 3105: 3053:" and promoter of the 3024: 3013: 2915:") fought back in the 2897:South African Republic 2838: 2721:next Russo-Ottoman war 2642:Free trade imperialism 2596: 2520: 2477: 2462:question he resigned. 2280: 2251:faction of die-hards. 2076:Klemens von Metternich 2026:Universities of Oxford 2018:Anglican parish church 1984:Methodist denomination 1968: 1907: 1790: 1714: 1557: 1499:Imperial Austrian Army 1264:Westminster Parliament 214:Unitary parliamentary 13163:Parliament of Ireland 12813:Surrender and regrant 12048: 11745:First Moroccan Crisis 11459:Spread of nationalism 11423:Eight-Nation Alliance 11199:Mass media (Republic) 11143:National coat of arms 10031:IRA Northern Campaign 9402:British Sign Language 9247:Principality of Wales 9091:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8974:British–Irish Council 8962:Political cooperation 8943:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8528:Uglow, Jenny (2015). 8442:Read, Donald (1979). 7940:Kendle, John (1992). 7861:Hilton, Boyd (2006). 7621:. UK House of Commons 7349:. Routledge. p. 7059:Robb, George (2014). 6485:Bhattacharya, Bhabani 6434:10.1093/ref:odnb/7689 6038:(1970). "Chapter 1". 5627:Parliamentary History 5360:Smith, E. A. (1990). 5261:Parliamentary History 4891:Parliamentary History 4718:. Routledge. p. 4686:Hinde, Wendy (1992). 4570:The Peterloo Massacre 4568:Reid, Robert (2017). 4235:24 April 2020 at the 4042:Further information: 4034: 3981:Irish Republican Army 3965:declared independence 3914: 3848:Second Home Rule Bill 3656:(Anglican) barrister 3602:Catholic emancipation 3553:1922 general election 3384:Germany was blockaded 3303: 3185:Marquess of Salisbury 3171:without marriage and 3100: 3019: 3009: 2938:Union of South Africa 2832: 2729:Treaty of San Stefano 2619:and succeeded by the 2605:Industrial Revolution 2591: 2507: 2468: 2328:business middle-class 2257: 2240:Catholic emancipation 1959: 1902: 1849:Industrial Revolution 1835:resentment of Britain 1777: 1764:Catholic emancipation 1708: 1692:Habeas Corpus in 1817 1638:Caroline of Brunswick 1622:Industrial Revolution 1610:Battle of New Orleans 1538: 1503:Imperial Russian Army 1371:Further information: 1341:Catholic emancipation 1290:Further information: 1251:Irish self-governance 982:Economic history 977:British monarchs 13674:The Earl of Rosebery 13649:The Earl of Aberdeen 13167:Irish House of Lords 12946:Constitution of 1782 12036:Financial Revolution 11995:French Revolutionary 11750:Algeciras Conference 11730:Annexation of Hawaii 11669:Great Eastern Crisis 11664:Unification of Italy 11654:Formation of Romania 11471:French–German enmity 11121:County coats of arms 11013:List of Irish people 10087:List of Irish tribes 9937:Cromwellian conquest 9923:Plantation of Ulster 9854:Ireland (since 1922) 9607:Republic of Connacht 9021:Islands of the Clyde 7486:O'Day, Alan (1998). 7125:Woodham-Smith, Cecil 6988:Grigg, John (2002). 6747:BBC History Magazine 5941:Tellier, Luc-Normand 5831:10.1093/past/31.1.39 5362:Lord Grey, 1764–1845 5001:Kaufmann, William W. 4866:The Victorian Church 4394:Schom, Alan (1990). 3895:volunteered to fight 3802:First Home Rule Bill 3705:Catholic Nationalist 3672:and a radical young 3596:stipulated that the 3376:Imperial German Navy 3345:Imperial German Army 3264:progressive alliance 2929:British Armed Forces 2795:abolition of slavery 2757:, a major source of 2672:the Great Exhibition 2607:and the apex of the 2536:principle of utility 2109:wars of independence 2053:Viscount Castlereagh 1932:Anti-Corn Law League 1803:Florence Nightingale 1755:Catholics in England 1753:, with support from 1747:Catholic Association 1566:American citizenship 1507:Principality of Elba 1463:French Imperial Army 1436:French Imperial Navy 1333:Revolutionary France 1200:remained non-aligned 1172:demographic collapse 1080:, developed a large 967:Gaelic monarchs 880:Peoples and polities 13717:Society and culture 13243:Order of St Patrick 13065:Mac William Íochtar 12842:Flight of the Earls 12793:Lordship of Ireland 12683:Speenhamland system 12131:Acts of Parliament: 12126:List of parliaments 11815:Philippine–American 11800:First Sino-Japanese 11633:Racconigi agreement 11579:Treaty of Frankfurt 11539:Great Rapprochement 11493:Scramble for Africa 11236:in Northern Ireland 11227:in Northern Ireland 10968:Legendary creatures 10881:Traditional singing 10717:Saint Patrick's Day 10352:Republic of Ireland 10281:Tourist attractions 10266:ROI–UK border 10251:of Northern Ireland 10204:in Northern Ireland 10036:IRA Border Campaign 10011:War of Independence 9981:Second Great Famine 9966:Act of Union (1800) 9918:Flight of the Earls 9775:Lordship of Ireland 9710:Republic of Ireland 9630:Confederate Ireland 9572:Lordship of Ireland 9547:Republic of Ireland 9407:Irish Sign Language 9264:Kingdom of Scotland 9101:Bailiwick of Jersey 9084:Lists of islands of 8639:. pp. 197–374. 8584:. pp. 206–319. 8385:university textbook 8107:. Clarendon Press. 8035:Mowat, Charles Loch 7728:Boyce, David George 7591:, pp. 227–230. 7579:, pp. 212–213. 7567:, pp. 193–195. 7517:, pp. 281–294. 7243:A History of Ulster 7187:, pp. 184–228. 6800:Dangerfield, George 6151:. Clarendon Press. 5869:Cash, Bill (2011). 5806:, pp. 719–720. 5598:Longford, Elizabeth 5387:, pp. 354–357. 5364:. Clarendon Press. 5282:on 23 February 2020 5032:. pp. 265–468. 4971:Kissinger, Henry A. 4960:, pp. 250–251. 4918:, pp. 551–577. 4799:, pp. 257–258. 4613:, pp. 208–214. 4488:, pp. 455–458. 4440:Muir, Rory (1996). 4207:. 15 January 2016. 4003:" (six counties in 3791:minority government 3549:full equal suffrage 3407:and (initially) in 3173:illegitimate births 3128:the Germans with a 2847:scramble for Africa 2761:for textile mills. 2662:Unchallenged at sea 2336:Whig interpretation 2181:professional police 2097:absolute monarchies 2061:Viscount Palmerston 1964:William Wilberforce 1570:Indigenous American 1539:The signing of the 1495:Royal Prussian Army 1249:Growing desire for 1222:invaded France via 1100:to the outbreak of 1051:Northwestern Europe 920:Republic of Ireland 891:Lordship of Ireland 559:Republic of Ireland 167: / 13495:Ireland portal 13273:Catholic Committee 13209:Peerage of Ireland 13017:Clann Aodha Buidhe 12951:Acts of Union 1800 12823:Desmond Rebellions 12751:Kingdom of Ireland 12653:East India Company 12051: 12019:Panic of 1796–1797 11674:Congress of Berlin 11591:Reinsurance Treaty 11569:Congress of Vienna 11549:Industrial warfare 11515:Scramble for China 11273:Ireland portal 10591:Skirts and kidneys 10097:List of High Kings 10016:Anglo-Irish Treaty 9956:First Great Famine 9941:Settlement of 1652 9913:Tyrone's Rebellion 9903:Desmond Rebellions 9792:Kingdom of Ireland 9642:Patriot Parliament 9578:Kingdom of Ireland 9259:Kingdom of Ireland 9242:Kingdom of England 8989:Common Travel Area 8935:Crown Dependencies 8764:Kingdom of Ireland 8600:Historical Journal 8557:, covers 1856–1880 8545:, covers 1815–1855 8358:Kinealy, Christine 7603:, pp. 57–108. 7469:O'Donnell, F. Hugh 7097:Kinealy, Christine 6518:Historical Journal 5822:Past & Present 5205:, p. 509-512. 5070:, pp. 52–192. 4653:Historical Journal 4040: 3985:Anglo-Irish Treaty 3951:Sinn Féin won the 3917: 3901:Irish independence 3879:Ulster Protestants 3818:Joseph Chamberlain 3604:granted. However, 3539:led to affordable 3448:Royal Flying Corps 3405:Gallipoli Campaign 3369:David Lloyd George 3365:Asquith government 3318:David Lloyd George 3314: 3272:Irish nationalists 3201:David Lloyd George 3179:Early 20th century 3158:Victorian morality 3106: 3036:Conservative Party 3025: 3014: 2841:Starting in 1867, 2839: 2751:American Civil War 2739:American Civil War 2725:Congress of Berlin 2716:to ask for peace. 2700:, as well as from 2597: 2571:American Civil War 2521: 2478: 2403:Duke of Wellington 2311:Reform Act of 1832 2281: 2200:Reform Act of 1832 2101:Congress of Vienna 2072:Congress of Vienna 2033:1828, Whig leader 2006:asserted in 1827: 1996:Church of Scotland 1976:Congregationalists 1908: 1873:landed aristocracy 1851:accelerated, with 1791: 1735:exile in Australia 1715: 1558: 1515:Battle of Waterloo 1491:Duke of Wellington 1482:Continental Europe 1467:national guardsmen 1455:Continental System 1440:Royal Spanish Navy 1317:Kingdom of Ireland 1311:Acts of Union 1800 1189:short-lived revolt 1168:Great Irish Famine 1098:Battle of Waterloo 1063:Kingdom of Ireland 1005:Ireland portal 896:Kingdom of Ireland 499:Kingdom of Ireland 380:Anglo-Irish Treaty 93:"God and my right" 13807: 13806: 13659:Benjamin Disraeli 13644:The Earl of Derby 13639:Lord John Russell 13523: 13522: 13219:Church of Ireland 13081:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 12717: 12716: 12678:South Sea Company 11968:French and Indian 11885: 11884: 11854:Albanian Revolts 11711:German Naval Laws 11695:Naval arms races 11679:Berlin Conference 11611:Hague Conventions 11280: 11279: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11253: 10665: 10664: 10556:Bacon and cabbage 10508: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10375:Foreign relations 10298: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10225:Notable buildings 10119: 10118: 10115: 10114: 9662: 9661: 9586: (1801–1922) 9504: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9425: 9424: 9277: 9276: 9136: 9135: 8997: 8996: 8789: 8788: 8776:Succeeded by 8749:Act of Union 1800 8728:978-0-4151-4375-2 8692:978-0-2031-9915-2 8664:978-0-4709-9881-6 8519:978-0-1402-1181-8 8495:978-0-4157-7408-6 8444:England 1868–1914 8371:978-1-5709-8034-3 8349:978-1-4735-0758-6 8309:978-0-5102-7101-5 8287:978-0-3757-5696-2 8265:England 1870–1914 8251:978-0-5255-5789-0 8213:978-0-3930-0367-3 8189:978-0-7172-5860-4 8150:978-0-0604-6975-7 8114:978-0-1988-1270-8 8090:978-1-3155-0960-0 8069:978-0-1992-4678-6 8050:978-0-4162-9510-8 8014:978-0-1743-5062-0 7995:978-7-0700-0496-1 7973:978-0-1419-7702-7 7951:978-0-7735-0908-5 7932:978-1-4039-6150-1 7913:978-0-1952-2048-3 7891:978-0-1982-2834-9 7872:978-0-1982-2830-1 7853:978-1-2500-0252-5 7831:978-1-1348-1603-3 7809:978-0-5820-8953-2 7787:978-0-1986-0872-1 7765:978-0-5823-6960-3 7743:978-0-4151-2776-9 7719:978-0-8061-4078-0 7697:978-0-2759-9039-8 7675:978-0-8027-2002-3 7656:978-1-9033-6581-6 7613:Torrance, David. 7541:978-0-5710-8066-3 7501:978-0-7190-3776-4 7411:978-1-3178-8328-9 7382:978-1-8488-5753-7 7360:978-1-3177-9655-8 7343:Bebbington, D. W. 7289:978-0-5218-4176-4 7252:978-0-8564-0498-6 7224:978-0-0021-1682-4 7163:978-1-8001-0627-7 7138:978-0-1401-4515-1 7110:978-0-7171-1832-8 7070:978-0-3337-1572-7 7052:978-0-3703-0451-9 7024:978-0-0444-5108-2 6999:978-0-7139-9343-1 6974:978-0-7139-9246-5 6946:978-0-6740-6226-9 6893:978-0-5217-2883-6 6868:978-1-4058-1252-8 6843:978-0-1995-8469-7 6815:978-1-4128-4815-2 6765:978-0-7190-7736-4 6730:978-0-5212-3289-0 6703:Gladstone Diaries 6684:978-0-5210-8386-7 6656:978-0-3910-0874-8 6630:978-0-4132-7200-3 6602:978-0-2035-0014-9 6573:(Subscription or 6498:978-0-1952-0043-0 6447:(Subscription or 6399:978-0-5210-1958-3 6371:978-0-4150-9006-3 6234:978-0-2533-4473-1 6205:978-0-3757-5696-2 6158:978-0-1982-2379-5 6049:978-0-5210-7725-5 5979:978-1-8618-9202-7 5954:978-2-7605-2209-1 5907:978-0-3336-3806-4 5790:978-0-0945-5930-1 5700:978-7-0800-1035-8 5675:978-0-6311-6522-4 5611:978-0-0601-2671-1 5537:978-0-7190-6086-1 5408:978-0-5211-1525-4 5371:978-0-1982-0163-2 5245:978-0-5712-7961-6 5236:Mr Secretary Peel 5114:978-0-7146-1373-4 5014:978-0-7581-0176-1 4990:, pp. 74–77. 4916:Ditchfield (1974) 4875:978-0-0649-1025-5 4835:978-0-4151-0464-7 4697:978-0-6311-6783-9 4597:978-0-6740-4491-3 4453:978-0-3001-9757-0 4407:978-0-7181-3199-9 4380:978-0-2414-1333-3 4322:978-0-4650-2328-8 4260:978-0-4153-8211-3 4230:"National Anthem" 3944:which called for 3844:Liberal Unionists 3814:British unionists 3738:as such), to the 3654:Church of Ireland 3629:Lord John Russell 3594:1800 Act of Union 3516:, which had been 3510:Ottoman provinces 3475:League of Nations 3452:Siegfried Sassoon 3380:Battle of Jutland 3341:German aggression 3270:and, off and on, 3028:Benjamin Disraeli 3011:Benjamin Disraeli 2974:Benjamin Disraeli 2958:Lord John Russell 2901:Orange Free State 2866:Otto von Bismarck 2864:, but Chancellor 2316:England and Wales 2222:Political process 2154:William Huskisson 2143:abolished in 1828 2127:Peterloo Massacre 2120:Main achievements 2080:Kingdom of France 2035:Lord John Russell 1941:Church of England 1882:ultraconservative 1857:Thirteen Colonies 1839:Irish nationalism 1749:in Ireland under 1719:Peterloo Massacre 1711:Peterloo Massacre 1687:French Revolution 1669:Peterloo Massacre 1606:Mississippi River 1416:Holy Roman Empire 1410:, capital of the 1399:tropical diseases 1176:Irish land reform 1084:that enabled the 1039: 1038: 902:United Kingdom of 785: 784: 702:Mass surveillance 567: 566: 542: 541: 538: 537: 504: 503: 297:• 1910–1922 285:• 1901–1910 273:• 1837–1901 261:• 1830–1837 249:• 1820–1830 237:• 1801–1820 123: 83:Dieu et mon droit 16:(Redirected from 13917: 13797: 13796: 13625:Prime ministers 13550: 13543: 13536: 13527: 13526: 13513: 13512: 13503: 13502: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13464: 13456: 13448: 13440: 13432: 13425: 13417: 13409: 13401: 13393: 13389:Richard Cromwell 13385: 13377: 13367: 13359: 13351: 13343: 13331: 13323: 13322:(1553; disputed) 13315: 13307: 13141: 13133: 13125: 13117: 13109: 13101: 13093: 13085: 13077: 13069: 13061: 13053: 13045: 13037: 13029: 13021: 13013: 13005: 12997: 12989: 12981: 12973: 12744: 12737: 12730: 12721: 12720: 12119:House of Commons 12012:Jacobite risings 11924: 11923: 11922: 11912: 11905: 11898: 11889: 11888: 11805:Spanish–American 11725:Fashoda Incident 11601:Treaty of Björkö 11586:Treaty of Berlin 11520:Open Door Policy 11454:Eastern question 11401:Entente Cordiale 11307: 11300: 11293: 11284: 11283: 11271: 11270: 11269: 10948:Tuatha Dé Danann 10536: 10535: 10527: 10526: 10514: 10513: 10449:Northern Ireland 10427: 10417: 10407: 10317: 10316: 10304: 10303: 10138: 10137: 10125: 10124: 10001:Home Rule crisis 9831:Northern Ireland 9744: 9743: 9731: 9730: 9718:Northern Ireland 9689: 9682: 9675: 9666: 9665: 9590:Irish Free State 9559:Governing states 9551:Northern Ireland 9549:(from 1937) and 9531: 9524: 9517: 9508: 9507: 9462:Irish Travellers 9293: 9292: 9289:Modern languages 9286: 9285: 9237:Irish Free State 9194:Northern Ireland 9153: 9152: 9006: 9005: 8914:Northern Ireland 8892:Sovereign states 8888: 8887: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8792: 8791: 8783:Irish Free State 8757:Preceded by 8754: 8753: 8732: 8713: 8696: 8668: 8649: 8640: 8631: 8594: 8585: 8566: 8556: 8544: 8533: 8523: 8504:Taylor, A. J. P. 8499: 8480: 8469: 8457: 8447: 8438: 8428: 8417: 8408: 8399: 8384: 8375: 8353: 8342:. Random House. 8329: 8313: 8291: 8269: 8255: 8236:Cannadine, David 8231: 8217: 8193: 8165: 8154: 8132: 8118: 8099:Taylor, A. J. P. 8094: 8073: 8054: 8030: 8018: 7999: 7977: 7955: 7936: 7917: 7895: 7876: 7857: 7835: 7813: 7791: 7769: 7747: 7723: 7701: 7679: 7660: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7545: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7364: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7239:Bardon, Jonathan 7235: 7229: 7228: 7207: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7093: 7087: 7084:Medlicott (1967) 7081: 7075: 7074: 7056: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6751: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6717:Cowling, Maurice 6713: 6707: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6570: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6513:Fielding, Steven 6509: 6503: 6502: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6421: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6386:Cowling, Maurice 6382: 6376: 6375: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6275:(October 1981). 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5833: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5668:. B. Blackwell. 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5580:Marriott, J.A.R. 5576: 5570: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5275:. Archived from 5258: 5249: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5129:(321): 673–692. 5118: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4648: 4631:(352): 551–577. 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4550: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4518:(292): 568–586. 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4314: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4246: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4205:The Royal Family 4197: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4143:Irish Free State 4139: 4027:List of monarchs 4001:Northern Ireland 3999:. As expected, " 3997:Irish Free State 3989:Southern Ireland 3930:Irish Convention 3887:Curragh incident 3830:Liberal Unionist 3826:anti-Catholicism 3783:balance of power 3740:Home Rule League 3662:Home Rule League 3633:financial crisis 3618:Daniel O'Connell 3537:Housing Act 1919 3520:, and a British 3514:Kingdom of Egypt 3469:Interwar Britain 3417:1917 Revolutions 3119:, low taxes and 3117:balanced budgets 3063:class antagonism 3044:Empress of India 2917:War in 1899–1902 2878:isolation policy 2856:The rise of the 2851:Fashoda Incident 2810:blockade runners 2698:Bosphorus Strait 2621:Edwardian period 2485:Secretary at War 2474:Treaty of France 2426:hereditary peers 2387:Spencer Perceval 2383:Duke of Portland 2212:Women's suffrage 2193:borough councils 2089:balance of power 1811:Spanish colonies 1784:Trafalgar Square 1751:Daniel O'Connell 1590:upstate New York 1555: 1552: 1547:Amédée Forestier 1487:Spanish uprising 1403:Treaty of Amiens 1300:Georgian society 1259:Irish Free State 1067:Irish Free State 1031: 1024: 1017: 1003: 1002: 1001: 924:Northern Ireland 915:Irish Free State 815: 805: 787: 786: 777: 770: 763: 749: 748: 747: 727:Military history 687:Economic history 647:Second World War 632:Edwardian period 627:Victorian period 594: 569: 568: 534: 533: 526:Irish Free State 520: 519: 508: 507: 495: 494: 481: 480: 474: 473: 458: 457: 346:House of Commons 182: 181: 179: 178: 177: 172: 171:51.500°N 0.117°W 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 145:and largest city 135: 125: 124: 91: 87: 86: 64: 43: 42: 21: 13925: 13924: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13835:Former kingdoms 13810: 13809: 13808: 13803: 13780: 13690: 13634:Sir Robert Peel 13577: 13573:Edwardian era → 13559: 13554: 13524: 13519: 13489: 13487: 13477: 13475: 13467: 13462: 13454: 13446: 13438: 13430: 13423: 13415: 13407: 13399: 13391: 13383: 13381:Oliver Cromwell 13375: 13365: 13357: 13349: 13336: 13329: 13321: 13313: 13305: 13295: 13287: 13283:United Irishmen 13150: 13144: 13139: 13131: 13123: 13115: 13107: 13099: 13091: 13083: 13075: 13067: 13059: 13051: 13043: 13035: 13027: 13019: 13011: 13003: 12995: 12987: 12979: 12971: 12961: 12955: 12898: 12892: 12838:Nine Years' War 12785: 12779: 12753: 12748: 12718: 12713: 12692: 12663:Longitude prize 12641: 12605: 12584: 12551: 12097: 12052: 12040: 11978:Boston Massacre 11928: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11886: 11881: 11820:Boxer Rebellion 11778: 11642: 11596:Treaty of Paris 11561: 11555: 11488:New Imperialism 11449:Ottoman decline 11432: 11379:Triple Alliance 11367: 11328:Austria-Hungary 11316: 11311: 11281: 11276: 11267: 11265: 11250: 11218:outside Ireland 11189:Historic houses 11157: 11138:Irish Wolfhound 11109:Brighid's Cross 11095: 11066:Gaelic handball 11061:Gaelic football 11032: 11003:Hiberno-Normans 10972: 10885: 10833: 10788: 10769:Hiberno-English 10755: 10700: 10661: 10615: 10521: 10500: 10443: 10425: 10415: 10405: 10346: 10337:Ulster loyalism 10311: 10290: 10208: 10132: 10111: 10070: 9996:Dublin lock-out 9932:Confederate War 9883:Norman invasion 9870:Battles of Tara 9858: 9814:1801–1923 9802:1691–1800 9797:1536–1691 9785:1169–1536 9738: 9725: 9701: 9693: 9663: 9658: 9647: 9618: 9600:Declared states 9595: 9554: 9540: 9535: 9505: 9496: 9452:English Gypsies 9421: 9390: 9352: 9333:Scottish Gaelic 9314: 9273: 9225: 9167: 9144: 9132: 9079: 9075:Isles of Scilly 9016:Channel Islands 8993: 8957: 8929: 8879: 8824: 8819: 8785: 8781: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8740: 8735: 8729: 8693: 8676: 8674:Primary sources 8671: 8665: 8575: 8570: 8565:(2nd ed.). 8520: 8496: 8383:(2nd ed.). 8372: 8350: 8310: 8288: 8274:Foreman, Amanda 8252: 8214: 8190: 8173: 8171:Further reading 8168: 8164:(2nd ed.). 8151: 8115: 8091: 8070: 8051: 8015: 7996: 7988:. Bodley Head. 7982:Marwick, Arthur 7974: 7952: 7933: 7914: 7892: 7873: 7854: 7832: 7810: 7788: 7766: 7744: 7720: 7698: 7676: 7657: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7542: 7528:Stewart, A.T.Q. 7525: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7484: 7480: 7466: 7462: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7361: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7211:Lyons, F. S. L. 7208: 7204: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7164: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7094: 7090: 7086:, Chapters 2–4. 7082: 7078: 7071: 7053: 7045:. Bodley Head. 7036: 7032: 7025: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6965:The Pity of War 6961:Ferguson, Niall 6958: 6954: 6947: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6797: 6793: 6780:Matthew, H.C.G. 6777: 6773: 6766: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6714: 6710: 6699:Matthew, H.C.G. 6696: 6692: 6685: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6595:. p. 383. 6586: 6582: 6572: 6553:Matthew, H.C.G. 6550: 6546: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6481: 6477: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6438: 6436: 6414:Parry, Jonathan 6411: 6407: 6400: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6358:Lee, Stephen J. 6355: 6351: 6309: 6305: 6294:Aldous, Richard 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6192:Foreman, Amanda 6189: 6185: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6096: 6092: 6077:10.2307/2594316 6061: 6057: 6050: 6036:Semmel, Bernard 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6012:. BBC History. 6008: 6007: 6003: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5947:. p. 463. 5938: 5934: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5867: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5781:Lord Palmerston 5774: 5770: 5739: 5735: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5595: 5591: 5577: 5573: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5524: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5490: 5486: 5471:10.2307/4048814 5455: 5451: 5436:10.2307/2169005 5420: 5416: 5409: 5395: 5391: 5385:Woodward (1962) 5383: 5379: 5372: 5358: 5354: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5301:Woodward (1962) 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5256: 5246: 5232: 5228: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5115: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5068:Woodward (1962) 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5026: 5022: 5015: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4757:Woodward (1962) 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4684: 4680: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4581: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4551: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315:. Basic Books. 4305:Ferguson, Niall 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4247: 4243: 4239:. Royal Family. 4237:Wayback Machine 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4093: 4046: 4029: 4009:Irish Civil War 3909: 3903: 3869:First World War 3810:Irish unionists 3779:hung parliament 3614:Anglican Church 3610:coronation oath 3606:King George III 3590: 3578:Main articles: 3576: 3571: 3563:Main articles: 3561: 3541:council housing 3502:Jewish settlers 3471: 3465: 3446:(RNAS) and the 3440:Royal Air Force 3298: 3290:Main articles: 3288: 3252:British royalty 3228:motion pictures 3219: 3213: 3181: 3160: 3154: 3138: 3101:Prime Minister 3095: 3089: 3059:Reform Act 1867 3004: 2998: 2970:Lord Palmerston 2946: 2893:Napoleonic Wars 2827: 2787:Abraham Lincoln 2747: 2741: 2714:Tsar Nicholas I 2693: 2658:Napoleonic Wars 2650: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2613:Reform Act 1832 2586: 2580: 2502: 2476:, February 1860 2470:Lord Palmerston 2415:Lord Palmerston 2371: 2369:Prime ministers 2359: 2353: 2300:Reform Act 1832 2224: 2208:Primrose League 2166:Monroe Doctrine 2122: 2117: 2049: 2043: 2022:parish register 2020:. The Anglican 1955: 1949: 1923:Reform Act 1832 1890:Lord Palmerston 1807:Lord Palmerston 1788:Nelson's Column 1772: 1675: 1663:Main articles: 1661: 1618: 1596:coast (burning 1586:western Ontario 1584:and thereby of 1553: 1544: 1541:Treaty of Ghent 1533: 1531:Napoleonic Wars 1525:Main articles: 1523: 1418:which was in a 1395:satellite state 1379: 1373:Napoleonic Wars 1369: 1367:Napoleonic Wars 1357:King George III 1313: 1307: 1302: 1288: 1280:successor state 1240:Austria-Hungary 1078:Napoleonic Wars 1047:sovereign state 1035: 999: 997: 992: 991: 937: 929: 928: 906: 903: 881: 873: 872: 823: 803: 796: 781: 745: 743: 738: 737: 736: 722:Women's history 697:Law enforcement 681: 673: 672: 671: 642:Interwar period 637:First World War 615:Napoleonic Wars 610:Georgian period 604: 578: 563: 531: 517: 492: 478: 452: 423: 398:6 December 1922 395: 385:6 December 1921 382: 369: 342: 327: 298: 286: 274: 262: 250: 238: 175: 173: 169: 166: 161: 158: 156: 154: 153: 152: 146: 138: 126: 115: 112: 92: 89: 71: 66: 65: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13923: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13801: 13791: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13681:Queen Victoria 13678: 13677: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13623: 13618: 13617: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13598: 13596:British empire 13593: 13587: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13568:← Georgian era 13564: 13561: 13560: 13553: 13552: 13545: 13538: 13530: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13507: 13497: 13485: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13457: 13449: 13441: 13433: 13418: 13410: 13402: 13394: 13386: 13378: 13368: 13360: 13352: 13344: 13324: 13319:Lady Jane Grey 13316: 13308: 13299: 13297: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13263:Irish Patriots 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13179: 13174: 13160: 13154: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13142: 13134: 13126: 13118: 13110: 13102: 13094: 13086: 13078: 13070: 13062: 13054: 13046: 13038: 13030: 13022: 13014: 13006: 12998: 12990: 12982: 12974: 12965: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12902: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12888:United Kingdom 12885: 12880: 12870: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12835: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12798:British Empire 12795: 12789: 12787: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12761: 12759: 12755: 12754: 12747: 12746: 12739: 12732: 12724: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12658:British Empire 12655: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12613: 12611: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12598: 12592: 12590: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12515:Prime Minister 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12128: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12114:House of Lords 12105: 12103: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12060: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12021: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12004: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11954:External wars 11952: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11936: 11934: 11930: 11929: 11915: 11914: 11907: 11900: 11892: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11852: 11847: 11837: 11832: 11830:Russo-Japanese 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11795:Anglo-Egyptian 11792: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11776: 11771: 11769:Bosnian Crisis 11766: 11765: 11764: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11721: 11720: 11718:Austro-Italian 11715: 11714: 11713: 11708: 11693: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11616:Martens Clause 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11498:Egyptian Lever 11485: 11483:Pax Britannica 11480: 11479: 11478: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11464:Sovereign debt 11461: 11456: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11391:Triple Entente 11388: 11387: 11386: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11358:United Kingdom 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11317: 11310: 11309: 11302: 11295: 11287: 11278: 11277: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11229: 11220: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11184:Heritage Sites 11181: 11176: 11171: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11123: 11118: 11111: 11105: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11042: 11040: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11008:Irish diaspora 11005: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10996:Gaelic Ireland 10988: 10982: 10980: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10856: 10849: 10843: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10765: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10739: 10737:Rose of Tralee 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10708: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10681: 10675: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10546:List of dishes 10542: 10540: 10533: 10523: 10522: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10462:D'Hondt method 10453: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10423:Seanad Éireann 10419: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10313: 10312: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10163:Extreme points 10160: 10155: 10153:Climate change 10150: 10144: 10142: 10134: 10133: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9971:1803 Rebellion 9968: 9963: 9961:1798 Rebellion 9958: 9953: 9948: 9946:Williamite War 9943: 9934: 9928:1641 Rebellion 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9908:Spanish Armada 9905: 9900: 9898:Tudor conquest 9895: 9890: 9888:Bruce campaign 9885: 9880: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9834: 9833:(1921–present) 9828: 9823: 9821:Irish Republic 9818: 9817: 9816: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9780:800–1169 9771:Gaelic Ireland 9768: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9740: 9739: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9715: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9692: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9669: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9613:Irish Republic 9610: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9566:Gaelic Ireland 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9534: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9477:Northern Irish 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9362: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9290: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9184:United Kingdom 9181: 9175: 9173: 9172:Current states 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9150: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9111:United Kingdom 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9058:Northern Isles 9055: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8905:United Kingdom 8902: 8896: 8894: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8795: 8787: 8786: 8777: 8774: 8767: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8738:External links 8736: 8734: 8733: 8727: 8714: 8697: 8691: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8663: 8650: 8641: 8632: 8606:(2): 469–484. 8595: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8573:Historiography 8571: 8569: 8568: 8558: 8546: 8534: 8525: 8518: 8500: 8494: 8481: 8470: 8458: 8449: 8439: 8430: 8418: 8409: 8400: 8390:Marriott, John 8386: 8376: 8370: 8354: 8348: 8330: 8314: 8308: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8256: 8250: 8232: 8218: 8212: 8194: 8188: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8155: 8149: 8143:. Dodd, Mead. 8133: 8120: 8113: 8095: 8089: 8074: 8068: 8055: 8049: 8031: 8019: 8013: 8000: 7994: 7978: 7972: 7966:. Penguin UK. 7956: 7950: 7937: 7931: 7918: 7912: 7900:Jackson, Alvin 7896: 7890: 7877: 7871: 7858: 7852: 7840:Figes, Orlando 7836: 7830: 7818:Evans, Eric J. 7814: 7808: 7796:Evans, Eric J. 7792: 7786: 7776:, ed. (2002). 7770: 7764: 7748: 7742: 7724: 7718: 7702: 7696: 7680: 7674: 7661: 7655: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7605: 7593: 7589:Jackson (2003) 7581: 7577:Jackson (2003) 7569: 7565:Jackson (2003) 7557: 7540: 7519: 7507: 7500: 7478: 7475:. Vol. 2. 7460: 7439:10.1086/385659 7417: 7410: 7388: 7381: 7359: 7334: 7322: 7318:Biagini (2010) 7310: 7308:, p. 567. 7295: 7288: 7270: 7266:Jackson (2003) 7258: 7251: 7230: 7223: 7202: 7189: 7177: 7162: 7144: 7137: 7116: 7109: 7088: 7076: 7069: 7051: 7030: 7023: 7005: 6998: 6992:. Allen Lane. 6980: 6973: 6952: 6945: 6923: 6919:Marwick (1965) 6911: 6907:Beckett (2006) 6899: 6892: 6874: 6867: 6849: 6842: 6836:. OUP Oxford. 6830:McKibbin, Ross 6821: 6814: 6791: 6771: 6764: 6736: 6729: 6708: 6701:, ed. (1990). 6690: 6683: 6662: 6655: 6637: 6629: 6608: 6601: 6580: 6544: 6504: 6497: 6475: 6454: 6405: 6398: 6377: 6370: 6349: 6322:(3): 699–728. 6303: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6233: 6211: 6204: 6183: 6164: 6157: 6139: 6127: 6090: 6071:(2): 291–305. 6055: 6048: 6027: 6001: 5985: 5978: 5960: 5953: 5932: 5913: 5906: 5898:Queen Victoria 5888: 5886:, p. 228. 5876: 5861: 5845: 5808: 5796: 5789: 5777:Ridley, Jasper 5768: 5749:(4): 675–692. 5733: 5722:(201): 41–61. 5706: 5699: 5681: 5674: 5656: 5654:, p. 436. 5644: 5617: 5610: 5589: 5571: 5555: 5543: 5536: 5518: 5499: 5484: 5449: 5430:(2): 411–436. 5414: 5407: 5389: 5377: 5370: 5352: 5333:(382): 89–98. 5317: 5305: 5293: 5267:(1): 243–262. 5244: 5226: 5207: 5195: 5176:(3): 231–247. 5160: 5158:, p. 198. 5148: 5113: 5084: 5082:, p. 499. 5072: 5060: 5048: 5035: 5020: 5013: 4992: 4980: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4920: 4908: 4881: 4874: 4862:Chadwick, Owen 4853: 4851:, p. 175. 4841: 4834: 4816: 4801: 4789: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4735:, p. 348. 4725: 4703: 4696: 4678: 4659:(1): 115–139. 4615: 4603: 4596: 4575: 4560: 4557:. p. 350. 4545: 4529: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4452: 4432: 4420: 4406: 4386: 4379: 4373:. Allen Lane. 4361: 4328: 4321: 4296: 4266: 4259: 4241: 4222: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4160: 4151: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4028: 4025: 3905:Main article: 3902: 3899: 3806:Canada in 1867 3777:resulted in a 3721:heavy industry 3693:House of Lords 3612:to defend the 3584:Irish question 3575: 3572: 3560: 3557: 3467:Main article: 3464: 3461: 3353:trench warfare 3326:German economy 3322:Central Powers 3287: 3284: 3215:Main article: 3212: 3209: 3189:Arthur Balfour 3180: 3177: 3156:Main article: 3153: 3150: 3142:Lord Salisbury 3137: 3134: 3125:foreign policy 3091:Main article: 3088: 3085: 3040:British Empire 3000:Main article: 2997: 2994: 2982:Lord Salisbury 2950:Lord Melbourne 2945: 2942: 2934:Boer republics 2921:Boer Commandos 2874:German Emperor 2835:British Empire 2826: 2825:Empire expands 2823: 2815:Alabama Claims 2789:announced the 2779:Union blockade 2743:Main article: 2740: 2737: 2692: 2689: 2667:Pax Britannica 2648:Pax Britannica 2646:Main article: 2643: 2640: 2635:Main article: 2632: 2631:Foreign policy 2629: 2609:British Empire 2601:Queen Victoria 2593:Queen Victoria 2582:Main article: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2555:cost of living 2550:Richard Cobden 2532:utilitarianism 2524:Jeremy Bentham 2517:Willey Reveley 2509:Jeremy Bentham 2501: 2498: 2430:House of Lords 2411:Lord Melbourne 2395:George Canning 2391:Lord Liverpool 2379:Lord Grenville 2370: 2367: 2355:Main article: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2232:Queen Caroline 2223: 2220: 2216:House of Lords 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2057:George Canning 2045:Main article: 2042: 2041:Foreign policy 2039: 2013: 2012: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1936:Richard Cobden 1916:Prime Minister 1843:British Empire 1837:and a rise in 1827:Irish language 1799:Russian Empire 1778:A painting by 1771: 1768: 1727:Lord Liverpool 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1652:Queen Victoria 1634:King George IV 1617: 1614: 1604:), and up the 1522: 1519: 1451:Berlin Decrees 1420:personal union 1368: 1365: 1363:, to resign. 1309:Main article: 1306: 1303: 1287: 1284: 1244:Ottoman Empire 1236:Central Powers 1180:British Empire 1124:, such as the 1114:Russian Empire 1096:following the 1086:British Empire 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1011: 1008: 1007: 994: 993: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 938: 935: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 917: 912: 910:Irish Republic 907: 900: 898: 893: 888: 886:Gaelic Ireland 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 808: 807: 798: 797: 790: 783: 782: 780: 779: 772: 765: 757: 754: 753: 740: 739: 735: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:Jewish history 704: 699: 694: 689: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 623: 622: 620:Regency period 617: 606: 605: 600: 599: 596: 595: 587: 586: 580: 579: 572: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 554:United Kingdom 550: 548: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 528: 522: 521: 514: 512:United Kingdom 505: 502: 501: 496: 488: 487: 482: 470: 469: 464: 454: 453: 451: 450: 444: 442:Pound sterling 438: 436: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 390: 387: 386: 383: 377: 374: 373: 372:1 January 1801 370: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 349: 348: 343: 337: 334: 333: 331:House of Lords 328: 322: 319: 318: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 275: 272: 269: 268: 263: 260: 257: 256: 251: 248: 245: 244: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 212: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 176:51.500; -0.117 147: 144: 140: 139: 136: 128: 127: 113: 111: 110: 102: 95: 94: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 32:United Kingdom 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13922: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13820:Victorian era 13818: 13817: 13815: 13800: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13775: 13772: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13621:Pax Britannia 13619: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13557:Victorian era 13551: 13546: 13544: 13539: 13537: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13516: 13508: 13506: 13498: 13496: 13486: 13484: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13461: 13458: 13453: 13450: 13445: 13442: 13437: 13434: 13429: 13422: 13419: 13414: 13411: 13406: 13403: 13398: 13395: 13390: 13387: 13382: 13379: 13374: 13373: 13369: 13364: 13361: 13356: 13353: 13348: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13328: 13325: 13320: 13317: 13312: 13309: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13147: 13138: 13135: 13130: 13127: 13122: 13119: 13114: 13111: 13106: 13103: 13098: 13095: 13090: 13087: 13082: 13079: 13074: 13071: 13066: 13063: 13058: 13055: 13050: 13047: 13042: 13039: 13034: 13031: 13026: 13023: 13018: 13015: 13010: 13007: 13002: 12999: 12994: 12991: 12986: 12983: 12978: 12975: 12970: 12969:Tuadhmhumhain 12967: 12966: 12964: 12958: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12906:Poynings' Law 12904: 12903: 12901: 12895: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12843: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12745: 12740: 12738: 12733: 12731: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12563:Great Britain 12561: 12560: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Patriot Whigs 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12510:Privy Council 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12047: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12026: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11949: 11948:Union of 1801 11946: 11944: 11943:Union of 1707 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11913: 11908: 11906: 11901: 11899: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11878: 11875: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11835:Italo-Turkish 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:Russo-Turkish 11788: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11763: 11762:Treaty of Fes 11760: 11759: 11758: 11757:Agadir Crisis 11755: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11558: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11428:Balkan League 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11385: 11384:Dual Alliance 11382: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11363:United States 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11303: 11301: 11296: 11294: 11289: 11288: 11285: 11275: 11274: 11261: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241:Public houses 11239: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10497: 10496:Peace process 10494: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10426:(upper house) 10424: 10420: 10418: 10416:(lower house) 10414: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10332:Republicanism 10330: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10046:Peace process 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10026:The Emergency 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10006:Easter Rising 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9991:Fenian Rising 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9790: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9766:Early history 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9591: 9588: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9527: 9525: 9520: 9518: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230:Former states 9228: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156:Island groups 9154: 9151: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9026:Great Britain 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009:Island groups 9007: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8822:British Isles 8816: 8811: 8809: 8804: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8784: 8780: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8730: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8666: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8553: 8547: 8542: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8488:. Routledge. 8487: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462:Searle, G. R. 8459: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8334:Heffer, Simon 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8318:Heffer, Simon 8315: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8298:(1949–1952). 8297: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8260:Ensor, R.C.K. 8257: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8198:Beales, Derek 8195: 8191: 8185: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8083:. Routledge. 8082: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7960:Knight, Roger 7957: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7706:Black, Jeremy 7703: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7684:Black, Jeremy 7681: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7553: 7552: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7516: 7511: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7332:, p. 45. 7331: 7330:Kendle (1992) 7326: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7306:Hoppen (2000) 7302: 7300: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7039:Hynes, Samuel 7034: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6748: 6740: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6677:. p. 1. 6676: 6672: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6617:Blake, Robert 6612: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6589:Steele, David 6584: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6508: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6465:History Today 6458: 6450: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6282:History Today 6278: 6274: 6273:Vincent, John 6268: 6261: 6256: 6250:, Chapter 12. 6249: 6248:Taylor (1953) 6244: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6105:History Today 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5993:Porter (1998) 5989: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5923:History Today 5917: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5884:Taylor (1953) 5880: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5824:(31): 39–61. 5823: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5804:Cannon (2002) 5800: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5693:. Macmillan. 5692: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5652:Cannon (2002) 5648: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5551:Cannon (2002) 5547: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5509:History Today 5503: 5496:. p. 66. 5495: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5313:Briggs (1959) 5309: 5302: 5297: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5217:History Today 5211: 5204: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097:Beatrice Webb 5094: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5056:Briggs (1959) 5052: 5045: 5044:Hilton (2006) 5039: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4958:Briggs (1959) 4954: 4947: 4946:Martin (1996) 4942: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4849:Briggs (1959) 4845: 4837: 4831: 4828:. Routledge. 4827: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4769:Briggs (1959) 4765: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4745:Hilton (2006) 4741: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4690:. Blackwell. 4689: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4611:Briggs (1959) 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4500:, p. 32. 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4428:Knight (2015) 4424: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4123: 4122:Victorian era 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3991:formed a new 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3925:German Empire 3922: 3921:Easter Rising 3913: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891:was suspended 3888: 3884: 3883:form militias 3880: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840:1886 election 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3795:Liberal Party 3792: 3788: 3787:Conservatives 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775:1885 election 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3622:potato blight 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:war-weariness 3410: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:Western Front 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3217:Edwardian era 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:H. H. Asquith 3194: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3121:laissez-faire 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3075:George Arliss 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055:welfare state 3052: 3051:Tory democrat 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2986:Lord Rosebery 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966:Lord Aberdeen 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2925:guerrilla war 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:German Empire 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:New York City 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763:Prince Albert 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2712:, compelling 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:Latin America 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:Revolutionary 2649: 2638: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2584:Victorian era 2578:Victorian era 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2559:price of food 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2441:Field Marshal 2438: 2436: 2435:self-made man 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:Lord Goderich 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:landed gentry 2317: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294:was updated, 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2271:(1764–1845), 2270: 2266: 2265:George Hayter 2262: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:death penalty 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:nonconformist 2132: 2128: 2115:Age of Reform 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986:, as well as 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Presbyterians 1967: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1894:Liberal Party 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:textile mills 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:James Pollard 1776: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:United States 1548: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1472:British Isles 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430:fleet led by 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Great Britain 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:United States 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:German Empire 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:British India 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:union in 1801 1052: 1048: 1044: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1006: 996: 995: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 933: 932: 925: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 905: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 877: 876: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 819: 818: 814: 810: 809: 806: 800: 799: 794: 789: 788: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 759: 758: 756: 755: 752: 742: 741: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 677: 676: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 598: 597: 593: 589: 588: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 570: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 549: 547:Today part of 545: 529: 527: 524: 523: 515: 513: 510: 509: 506: 500: 497: 490: 489: 486: 483: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 455: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 416: 412: 409: 405: 401: 397: 394: 388: 384: 381: 375: 371: 368: 367:Acts of Union 362: 358: 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 335: 332: 329: 326: 320: 317: 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 279: 276: 270: 267: 264: 258: 255: 252: 246: 243: 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10041:The Troubles 9939: / 9930: / 9876: / 9872: / 9808: 9773: / 9761:Protohistory 9583: 9568:(until 1607) 9487:Ulster-Scots 9268: 8769: 8718: 8701: 8682: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8603: 8599: 8590: 8581: 8562: 8551: 8539: 8529: 8508: 8485: 8475: 8465: 8453: 8443: 8434: 8423: 8413: 8404: 8394: 8380: 8361: 8337: 8326:The Guardian 8325: 8299: 8296:Halévy, Élie 8277: 8264: 8239: 8226: 8202: 8179: 8160: 8140: 8129:The Observer 8128: 8102: 8079: 8059: 8039: 8026: 8004: 7985: 7963: 7941: 7922: 7903: 7881: 7862: 7843: 7821: 7799: 7777: 7774:Cannon, John 7755: 7732: 7709: 7687: 7665: 7646: 7623:. 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Collins. 7185:Read (2022) 6671:Smith, Paul 6439:23 February 5929:(6): 46–53. 5286:13 November 5156:Webb (1968) 4783:, pp. 4733:Peel (1853) 4289:1 September 4215:19 November 4080:(1901–1910) 4074:(1837–1901) 4068:(1830–1837) 4062:(1820–1830) 3934:dual policy 3833:John Bright 3679:landowner, 3674:Anglo-Irish 3530:Suez Crisis 3433:river Rhine 3409:Mesopotamia 3335:to protect 3304:Men of the 3232:automobiles 3130:Bismarckian 2954:Robert Peel 2907:-speaking " 2889:Cape Colony 2819:reparations 2749:During the 2706:Crimean War 2617:Regency era 2569:during the 2542:John Bright 2528:English law 2419:Robert Peel 2245:Robert Peel 2173:Home Office 2131:Robert Peel 2093:Crimean War 1795:Crimean War 1759:Robert Peel 1578:War of 1812 1554: 1915 1527:War of 1812 1381:During the 1296:Regency era 1253:led to the 1146:New Zealand 1110:Crimean War 1102:World War I 1090:world power 802:History of 462:Preceded by 447:Irish pound 421:1911 census 340:Lower house 325:Upper house 312:Legislature 174: / 13814:Categories 13460:George III 13405:Charles II 13303:Henry VIII 13296:and rulers 13223:Ascendancy 13121:Uí Catháin 13025:Magh Luirg 13001:Uí Failghe 12941:Popery Act 12936:Penal Laws 12899:Parliament 12877:Wild Geese 12867:Barbadosed 12786:and events 12709:Royal arms 12668:Window tax 12610:Literature 12596:Queen Anne 12537:Whig Junto 12408:Elections: 12109:Parliament 12091:George III 12007:Jacobitism 12002:Whig plots 11562:agreements 11510:Great Game 11476:Revanchism 11115:Cláirseach 11018:Travellers 10876:Rock music 10859:Folk music 10794:Literature 10596:Soda bread 10479:Government 10406:parliament 10403:Oireachtas 10380:Government 10320:Ideologies 9951:Penal Laws 9842:since 1922 9756:Prehistory 9386:Sercquiais 8773:1801–1922 8567:, textbook 8206:. 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Faber. 7455:144314136 6539:154611014 6344:153932928 6296:(2007) . 5763:154025726 5190:144381265 4673:154680968 4555:Addington 4060:George IV 3942:Sinn Féin 3897:Germany. 3767:home rule 3759:self-rule 3755:franchise 3709:Rome Rule 3697:Unionists 3650:Unionists 3532:of 1956. 3494:Palestine 3456:Blighters 3429:Armistice 3393:Lusitania 3382:in 1916. 3286:Great War 3205:Bonar Law 3136:Salisbury 3087:Gladstone 2905:Afrikaans 2853:of 1898. 2777:, as the 2500:Reformers 2492:from the 2407:Lord Grey 2284:Earl Grey 2228:George IV 2158:Corn Laws 2139:Test Acts 2030:Cambridge 1928:Corn Laws 1627:Methodism 1602:Baltimore 1582:Lake Erie 1444:Trafalgar 1158:dominions 1142:Australia 1128:with the 1112:with the 1073:in 1927. 942:Conflicts 863:1801–1923 858:1691–1800 853:1536–1691 848:1169–1536 449:(1801–26) 254:George IV 53:1801–1922 13799:Category 13757:Painting 13752:Morality 13614:Scotland 13505:Category 13444:George I 13413:James II 13293:Monarchs 13194:Chancery 13149:Politics 12897:Acts of 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732:Taxation 602:Timeline 575:a series 573:Part of 435:Currency 302:George V 278:Victoria 90:(French) 13762:Theatre 13732:Fashion 13727:Erotica 13604:Ireland 13428:Mary II 13355:James I 13049:Umhaill 12784:General 12758:History 12697:Symbols 12568:England 12076:Hanover 11933:History 11505:In Asia 11338:Germany 11174:Castles 11101:Symbols 11071:Hurling 11056:Camogie 10955:Firbolg 10941:Immrama 10934:Echtrai 10864:session 10847:Ballads 10824:Theatre 10813:Gaeilge 10807:Fiction 10742:Samhain 10657:Whiskey 10531:Cuisine 10519:Culture 10469:Economy 10365:Economy 10173:Islands 10148:Climate 10141:Natural 9736:History 9696:Ireland 9447:English 9442:Cornish 9437:British 9358:Romance 9328:Cornish 9305:English 9282:Society 9189:England 9179:Ireland 9163:Ireland 9147:outline 9142:History 9116:England 9096:Ireland 9048:Ireland 8909:England 8900:Ireland 8863:Britain 8858:Prydain 8620:2638778 7554:: 1–23. 7492:178–186 6336:3020975 6178:147–175 6085:2594316 5716:History 5479:4048814 5444:2169005 5105:693–755 4512:History 4354:21 June 3559:Ireland 3463:Postwar 3347:on the 3337:Belgium 2911:" (or " 2872:became 2837:in 1910 2799:slavery 2428:in the 1988:Quakers 1906:in 1830 1878:liberal 1859:in the 1408:Hanover 1353:Ireland 1224:Belgium 1220:Germany 1057:of the 972:Judaism 952:Cuisine 838:400–795 804:Ireland 419:• 391:• 378:• 365:• 352:History 338:• 323:• 223:Monarch 203:British 191:English 159:51°30′N 143:Capital 99:Anthem: 13737:Houses 13609:London 13426:& 13334:Philip 13332:& 13327:Mary I 13258:Tories 13225:& 13140:(1611) 13132:(1607) 13124:(1607) 13116:(1607) 13108:(1607) 13100:(1607) 13092:(1606) 13084:(1605) 13076:(1603) 13073:Laigin 13068:(1602) 13060:(1596) 13052:(1593) 13044:(1589) 13036:(1585) 13028:(1585) 13020:(1574) 13012:(1574) 13004:(1550) 12996:(1544) 12988:(1543) 12985:Loígis 12980:(1543) 12972:(1543) 12960:Gaelic 12832:Ulster 12532:Tories 12064:Stuart 11863:Second 11850:Second 11647:Events 11437:Trends 11353:Russia 11333:France 11179:Cinema 10978:People 10927:Aos Sí 10914:Ulster 10909:Fenian 10899:Cycles 10829:Triads 10819:Poetry 10802:Annals 10779:Shelta 10732:Lúnasa 10712:Imbolc 10647:Poitín 10627:Coffee 10620:Drinks 10571:Coddle 10237:Cities 10188:Rivers 10178:Loughs 9863:Events 9721:topics 9713:topics 9699:topics 9644:(1689) 9609:(1798) 9430:People 9417:Shelta 9371:French 9320:Celtic 9216:Jersey 9063:Orkney 8948:Jersey 8848:Albion 8725: 8708: 8689: 8661: 8626: 8618: 8516: 8492: 8368: 8346: 8306: 8284: 8248: 8210: 8186: 8147: 8111: 8087: 8066: 8047: 8011: 7992: 7970: 7948: 7929: 7910: 7888: 7869: 7850: 7828: 7806: 7784: 7762: 7740: 7716: 7694: 7672: 7653: 7625:1 June 7538: 7498: 7453: 7447:175088 7445: 7408: 7379: 7357: 7286: 7249: 7221: 7170: 7160: 7135: 7107: 7067: 7049: 7021: 6996: 6971: 6943: 6890: 6865: 6840: 6812: 6762: 6727: 6681: 6653: 6627: 6599: 6571: 6537: 6495: 6445: 6396: 6368: 6342: 6334: 6231: 6202: 6155: 6120:11 May 6083: 6046: 5976: 5951: 5904: 5840:650101 5838: 5787: 5761: 5697: 5672: 5608: 5534: 5477: 5459:Albion 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