2470:
603:
72:
56:
1086:
Mongolia had no reason to revise the 1932 agreement and did not need the salt mountain, asking Tuva not to revise the agreement. Mongolia promised not to raise the issue again, but relations between it and Tuva became very strained. The Tuvan government made concessions to avoid conflict with its neighbor, and in 1940, the two governments signed a new agreement "On the border based on historical materials and documents". However, while Tuva sought to clarify the border established in 1932, Mongolia sought to revise it completely; this led to irreconcilable positions and the ratification of the new agreement was stopped.
840:
574:
1078:
546:
136:
1219:
154:
882:
560:
1097:" This more or less ended the controversial issue, but some minor disputes continued until the absorption of Tuva into the Soviet Union in 1944, at which point Mongolia ratified the original 1932 agreement (and even then, border protection such as alarmed fences had to be introduced in the area in 1946).
1252:
On 7 August 1944, the
Central Committee of the TPRP decided to subsume Tuva into the Soviet Union. This was supported on 15 August by the 9th Plenary Session. On 17 August, the 7th Extraordinary Session of the Little Khural created a "Declaration of the Accession of the Tuvan People's Republic to the
1038:
1018:
in the country: in 1929, there were 25 lamaseries and about 4,000 lamas and shamans; in 1931, there were just one lamasery, 15 lamas, and approximately 725 shamans. The attempts at eradicating nomadic husbandry were more difficult. A census in 1931 showed that 82.2% of Tuvans still engaged in nomadic
1135:
in the next two to three years and to further raise combat readiness. The
Ministry of Military Affairs was created in late February 1940 and immediately started equipping the army with new weapons and equipment, as well as improving training of officers and army units. The Soviet Union assisted the
1234:
of social and economic practices, and virtually all remaining opposition to
Stalinist policy was eradicated. The Soviets desired the mineral resources of the republic and a permanent end to Mongolian-Chinese geopolitical intrigues in the region. This process culminated in the absorption of Tuva in
1085:
The debate continued to flare up in the following years, and
Mongolian leadership demanded the return of the mountain "arbitrarily captured by Tuvans", criticizing the 1932 agreement as unjust due to Soviet pressure for Mongolia to sign. Soviet authorities reiterated their official position that
1054:
In July 1932, with mediation from the Soviet Union, Tuva signed an agreement and received a substantial territorial gain from
Mongolia as a fixed border was created between the two countries. Mongolia was forced to sign under Soviet pressure and did not ratify the agreement in the
857:
divisions on Tuvan territory were withdrawn in accordance with an agreement from 1921. The first Great Khural (People's
Congress) was held on 12 October 1923 and, in the second one, on 28 September 1924, a new constitution proclaimed that the country would develop along
810:
and were independent of him. The Soyoty are a nomadic tribe oppressed by both
Mongols and Russians. Do you consider it necessary to allow the Mongols possession of the Uryankhay region or to take it by force of arms or to organise an Uryankhay Soviet Republic on the
877:
and the Tannu Tuvan People’s
Republic on the Establishment of Friendly Relationships”, which was signed by the two countries, strengthening their relations. The treaty stated that the Soviet government " not consider Tannu-Tuva as its territory and no views on it."
107:
104:
1161:
The Tuvan people, led by the entire revolutionary party and government, not sparing their lives, are ready by any means to participate in the struggle of the Soviet Union against the fascist aggressor until their final victory over
985:
Following the coup, Kuular was removed from power and executed, and about a third to half the members of the TPRP were also purged. Kuular's policies were reverted and the country's traditionally nomadic cattle-breeders were put in
125:
1257:, Khertek Anchimaa-Toka read out the declaration detailing the desire for Tuva to join the USSR, which was accepted. The decision went into effect on 1 November 1944, and the Tuvan People's Republic thus became the
105:
852:
In the beginning of
February 1922, the first meeting of the TPRP took place and a government was created, which began to work on 3 March the same year. The Soviet-Tuvan border was defined in January 1923 and
1230:, the standard alphabet in the Soviet Union. By 1941, the national symbols, such as the flag and emblem, had been changed to the same style as various Soviet regions. Tuvan underwent intense
123:
3081:
103:
1141:
784:, were engaged in combat in the region. In the 5th Congress of the Russian population in Uryankhay Krai in the summer of 1918, it was decided that the power would be transferred to the
1095:
The Salt
Mountain has been exploited by the Tuvans for about ten years now and is also located in disputed territory, so the demand for the Tuvan government to return it is too harsh.
1014:
in June 1930. Religious symbols, such as the Khorlo, were also removed from the flag and emblem. Evidence of the effect of these actions can be seen in the decline in the numbers of
1074:
for Tuva. The border between Tuva and Mongolia remained controversial during the 1930s, with Mongolia referring to Qing dynasty documents to argue their ownership of the mountain.
1136:
Tuvans with significant assistance in materiel and technical development. The middle and high commands of the Tuvan Army were trained in Soviet military academies, including the
1131:. The Tuvan government undertook measures to strengthen their army, and the 11th Congress of the TPRP, held in November 1939, instructed the Central Committee to fully equip the
682:
were the only countries to formally recognize it during its existence, in 1924 and 1926 respectively. After a period of increased Soviet influence, in October 1944, the polity
124:
1202:. Also during 1943, Tuva mustered 11 volunteer tankers and 208 volunteer cavalrymen. The tankers and 177 of the cavalrymen were assigned to the Red Army and served on the
1183:, 52,000 pairs of skis, 10,000 winter coats, 19,000 pairs of gloves, 16,000 boots and 67,000 tons of sheep wool as well as several hundreds tons of meats, grain, carts,
1093:, Soviet authorities insisted on ceasing any discussion regarding the border dispute, especially in regard to Mount Dus-Dag. In 1943, the Mongolian ambassador said "
135:
1171:
to the Soviet Union, with additional extracted Tuvan gold worth around 10,000,000 Rbls annually. Between June 1941 and October 1944, Tuva supplied the Soviet
2713:
642:
361:
3352:
2718:
413:
905:" (meaning "Red"), and the name of the country to simply "Tuvan People's Republic". It also signed a “Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Recognition” with the
427:
3347:
1226:
Tuvan orientation towards Moscow intensified during the war. In September 1943, the written language was again changed, this time from the Latin to the
319:
185:
3372:
3071:
982:
were appointed "Extraordinary Commissioners" and overthrew the government in January 1929 during the 2nd Plenary Session of the Central Committee.
3264:
3179:
1427:
1042:
979:
106:
2907:
2208:
978:– including the creation of the "Tuva Revolutionary Youth Union" where members received military training. Five young Tuvan graduates from the
71:
898:
77:
1006:
were purged, and Buddhist temples and monasteries were destroyed. As part of this process, the written language in Tuva was changed from the
2228:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century
2956:
2520:
812:
3169:
2849:
910:
384:
843:
The first official Tuvan delegation to Moscow in June 1925, signing a “Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Tuva and the USSR”.
153:
1277:
3322:
3101:
2836:
1060:
974:
in 1929. While Kuular was implementing his policies, the Soviet Union had laid foundations for a new leadership – staunchly loyal to
2278:
1243:
1236:
1027:
342:
300:
3239:
3204:
3153:
2938:
1729:
3367:
3342:
2586:
2260:
3337:
3227:
2861:
2754:
2591:
1295:, still within the Russian SFSR, and remained so until 1992. The area that was the Tuvan People's Republic is now known as the
894:
55:
3199:
2452:
2192:
2163:
1273:
829:
3362:
3076:
3051:
2598:
1132:
987:
3332:
1281:
1167:
Nevertheless, Tuva helped the Soviet Union in substantial ways, transferring its entire gold reserve of ~20,000,000
824:
and had, by March 1921, taken all of Tuva. On 14 August 1921, the "Tannu Tuvan People's Republic" ("Tannu" refers to the
2856:
3244:
2933:
2871:
1599:
920:
monk with strong ties to the country's many lamas. Kuular sought to establish stronger ties with Mongolia and to make
3219:
3046:
3026:
2951:
2866:
2831:
2789:
2240:
2127:
2091:
1836:
1738:
1698:
1690:
1422:
1116:
991:
3382:
3106:
2917:
2513:
801:
2326:
3111:
2226:
1254:
806:
The Mongols have entered the province and ejected our peasants from the villages. These peasants fought against
832:(TPRP) became the ruling party. The first chapter of the first constitution of the newborn country stated that "
3133:
3031:
2983:
2816:
2744:
1572:
1164:" It has sometimes been stated that Tuva declared war on Germany on 25 June 1941, but the sources are dubious.
1120:
933:
906:
679:
2826:
3143:
3041:
2821:
1266:
691:
1288:" (changed to "Republican Committee" in 1961) and continued his rule of the region until his death in 1973.
3327:
3187:
2886:
2876:
2645:
1203:
949:
730:
971:
961:
3232:
3138:
2912:
2506:
3284:
2881:
2680:
2119:
648:
that existed between 1921 and 1944. The former country was located in the same territory as the former
3249:
3121:
2155:
1065:
797:
3377:
3357:
3192:
3116:
2749:
2650:
1128:
777:
734:
718:
113:
3056:
2561:
1285:
1258:
1137:
867:
683:
594:
143:
1222:
Decree "On the Admission of the Tuvan People's Republic to the USSR", issued on 11 October 1944.
3274:
3269:
3209:
2660:
2603:
2549:
2544:
781:
579:
2418:
2053:
1822:
1589:
694:
of the Soviet Union) at the request of the Tuvan parliament, ending 23 years of independence.
2784:
2655:
1828:
1792:
1246:
373:
2471:О принятии Тувинской Народной Республики в состав Союза Советских Социалистических Республик
61:
3303:
3036:
2946:
2769:
2697:
2665:
2615:
2610:
2394:"38 thousand Tuvan arats in a letter to Stalin declared 'We are together. This is our war'"
1156:
1106:
1003:
94:
3279:
2493:
2478:
On the admission of the Tuvan People's Republic to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2148:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
1992:
944:
leanings and policies, which were considered in opposition to the communist principles of
8:
3066:
2774:
2625:
2578:
2566:
2286:
2083:
1077:
839:
825:
754:
1967:
1716:
1701:
1565:
Where Rivers and Mountains Sing: Sound, Music, and Nomadism in Tuva and Beyond, Volume 1
3061:
2640:
2630:
2476:(Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of 11 October 1944
2393:
2202:
1769:
1300:
1218:
1056:
738:
668:
645:
293:
233:
2264:
1198:
fighters were built with funds raised by the Tuvans and placed at the disposal of the
2968:
2734:
2635:
2448:
2279:"Выставка "Тувинская Народная Республика – все для общей Победы!" откроется в Москве"
2236:
2188:
2159:
2123:
2087:
1832:
1734:
1694:
1595:
1568:
1199:
1180:
807:
765:
269:
3214:
2759:
1761:
1007:
921:
758:
285:
254:
228:
169:
1658:
2801:
1922:
1453:
1227:
1191:
and other goods totaling 66,500,000 Rbls were sent. Up to 90% were donated.
1112:
863:
859:
726:
714:
708:
438:
2029:
1089:
Both parties turned to the Soviet Union for mediation, but with the outbreak of
834:...in international affairs, the state acts under the auspices of Soviet Russia.
3174:
2739:
1752:
1473:
1449:
1432:
1195:
999:
967:
925:
769:
750:
746:
660:
656:
565:
551:
223:
36:
1765:
761:, both it and Uryankhay Krai reaffirmed its status as a Russian protectorate.
3316:
3254:
3008:
2764:
2675:
2554:
2352:
2151:
1444:
1231:
1207:
1168:
975:
945:
929:
913:
873:
In the summer of 1925, the Soviet Union initiated the “Agreement between the
664:
282:
264:
249:
200:
187:
2469:Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 11 октября 1944 г «
1437:
886:
517:
3259:
3148:
3128:
2670:
1881:
1409:
1405:
1262:
1239:
1148:
1090:
1023:
874:
789:
742:
722:
687:
675:
652:
442:
331:
2112:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
2988:
2973:
2620:
2327:"Мал союзник, да дорог: Почему замалчивался вклад Тувы в разгром фашизма"
1152:
1071:
995:
941:
2498:
1292:
1188:
937:
796:
and allow them to create their own national state. On 26 January 1920,
773:
2261:"К истории создания Тувинской Народно-Революционной Армии (1921–1944)"
1965:
1773:
1629:
1011:
786:
Uryankhay Regional Council of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers' Deputies
2529:
2115:
1176:
1124:
1037:
741:. After a period of political uncertainty, the new republic became a
289:
259:
2690:
2379:Казачество и кавалерия в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945
1494:
1402:
1352:
1172:
1031:
854:
792:, that a Soviet power would be established and would recognize the
2419:"To the 60th anniversary of the Great Victory. Tuvan contribution"
3003:
1615:
804:– sent an encrypted telegraph regarding Tuva to Moscow stating: "
1253:
Soviet Union". Finally, on 11 October 1944, at a meeting of the
909:, another Soviet satellite state. Much of this work was done by
881:
2779:
2571:
2232:
2184:
2079:
1333:
1272:
Salchak Toka's position changed from "General Secretary of the
793:
621:
1159:
on 22 June 1941, the 10th Great Khural of Tuva declared that "
2993:
2963:
902:
821:
179:
1179:, of which almost 650,000 were donated. In addition, 50,000
2978:
2902:
2844:
1824:
Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time
1808:
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
1296:
1291:
On 10 October 1961, the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast became the
1184:
1015:
917:
649:
721:, which in turn was a part of the territory of the Manchu
901:, changed the name of its capital from "Khem-Beldyr" to "
733:
were also occurring, leading to the independence of both
1081:
Map of western Mongolia and part of Tannu Tuva in 1935.
1028:
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the TPRP
2310:, Toronto 2007, pp. 273–277 (here: p. 276).
893:
In 1926, the government adopted their first official
820:
The Reds had, by December 1920, taken the capital of
936:. The Soviet Union responded with alarm to Kuular's
782:
Chinese soldiers seeking to retake Mongolia and Tuva
663:, northwest of Mongolia, and now corresponds to the
1506:The name was sometimes partially translated as the
1484:
1750:Toomas Alatalu (1992). "Tuva: a State Reawakens".
1591:The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
3314:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1495:[tʰɯˈʋaaˈɾatʰrʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə(ˌtʰe‿ˌa‿ˈeɾ)]
1428:Postage stamps and postal history of Tannu Tuva
1049:
980:Communist University of the Toilers of the East
1899:
1749:
1645:V.A.Grebneva "Geography of Tuva". Kyzyl, 1968
828:) declared independence and the newly created
16:Former partially recognized socialist republic
3353:States and territories disestablished in 1944
2514:
2467:
2376:
2308:History and society in Central and Inner Asia
1861:
1820:
1115:undertook several aggressive actions against
1022:One of the five Extraordinary Commissioners,
2447:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 719.
1966:Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry.
1665:Электронный журнал «Новые исследования Тувы»
2285:(in Russian). 16 April 2010. Archived from
2141:
2139:
1630:"История парламентаризма в Республике Тыва"
1213:
28:
3348:States and territories established in 1921
2521:
2507:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2306:, in: M. Gervers/U. Bulag/G. Long (eds.):
2207:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2105:
2103:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1641:
1639:
1401:a. Russian population declined due to the
152:
134:
2461:
2391:
2304:Mongolian and Tuvan aid to wartime Russia
2298:
2296:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1993:"The World at War – Tannu Tuva 1911–1944"
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
2528:
2136:
1217:
1076:
1036:
1034:leader of Tuva until his death in 1973.
880:
838:
140:Blue line is the early border of the TPR
3373:Former countries of the interwar period
2494:The World at War – Tannu Tuva 1911–1944
2442:
2436:
2313:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2220:
2218:
2145:
2109:
2100:
2062:
1636:
1587:
1278:First Secretary of the Oblast Committee
158:Location of the Tuvan People's Republic
3315:
2293:
2010:
1940:
1786:
1493:
2502:
2178:
2073:
1805:
1059:. The new territory notably included
966:Kuular's theocratic, nationalist and
847:
757:in 1917 and the establishment of the
2249:
2224:
2215:
2146:Li, Narangoa; Cribb, Robert (2014).
1129:full-scale war against China in 1937
1206:from early 1944, especially around
13:
2350:
2324:
2076:Aspects of Altaic Civilization III
2056:An Russland, das kein Russland ist
2027:
1920:
1858:Istoriya Tuvy , v. 1, pp. 354–355.
1567:. Indiana University Press. 2006.
1127:puppet state, and culminated in a
830:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
725:. As the Qing dynasty fell in the
14:
3394:
2487:
2445:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
1730:Гербы и флаги стран мира. Европа.
1691:University of Southern California
1423:List of leaders of Communist Tuva
1133:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Army
992:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia
2381:. Терра Принт. pp. 114–122.
1452:about the author and his friend
970:policies led to a Soviet-backed
955:
802:Siberian Revolutionary Committee
702:
601:
572:
558:
544:
121:
101:
70:
54:
2411:
2385:
2370:
2344:
2271:
2172:
2047:
1985:
1852:
1814:
1799:
1780:
1743:
1721:
1529:
1500:
1255:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
1100:
3368:1944 disestablishments in Asia
3027:Azerbaijan People's Government
2263:. Tuvan Online. Archived from
1789:Soviet Russia and the Far East
1717:"Tuvinian+Arat+Republic" p. 45
1706:
1679:
1651:
1622:
1608:
1581:
1557:
1467:
862:lines with the TPRP being the
713:Since 1759, Tuva (then called
1:
3338:Former unrecognized countries
2377:Воскобойников, Г. Л. (2007).
2259:Mongush, B.B. (12 May 2010).
1713:FBIS Report: Central Eurasia,
1550:
1520:Тувинская Аратская Республика
1456:'s attempt to travel to Tuva.
1306:
1070:mountain, the only source of
889:bill, the country's currency.
866:and the Tuvan section of the
3323:China–Soviet Union relations
2353:"The fate of the "Tuva Ten""
1702:"Tuvan+Arat+Republic" p. 242
1537:Tannu Tuva People's Republic
1485:
1157:invasion of the Soviet Union
1050:Border dispute with Mongolia
788:, and with backing from the
7:
3363:1921 establishments in Asia
3067:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
1810:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 329.
1416:
907:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
3399:
3343:Post–Russian Empire states
3333:Former socialist republics
2120:Cambridge University Press
2074:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
1535:Its official name was the
1486:Tьʙа Arat Respuʙlika (TAR)
1478:Тыва Арат Республика (ТАР)
1477:
1104:
959:
755:fall of the Russian Empire
706:
697:
29:
3301:
3162:
3094:
3019:
2926:
2895:
2809:
2798:
2727:
2706:
2537:
2468:
2156:Columbia University Press
1787:Dallin, David J. (1948).
1766:10.1080/09668139208412051
1594:. ABC-CLIO. p. 193.
1519:
1030:in 1932 and would be the
988:collectivization programs
617:
523:
513:
509:
499:
489:
485:
480:
476:
463:
453:
449:
433:
423:
419:
407:
399:• 1923–1924 (first)
397:
393:
383:
379:
367:
357:• 1921–1922 (first)
355:
351:
341:
337:
325:
315:• 1921–1922 (first)
313:
309:
299:
278:
242:
216:
175:
165:
151:
133:
88:
50:
45:
23:
1733:Часть II. Litres, 2018.
1659:
1460:
1440:, the national currency.
1235:1944, under the rule of
1214:Absorption into the USSR
1123:and the creation of the
749:in April 1914, known as
409:• 1941–1944 (last)
369:• 1940–1944 (last)
327:• 1932–1944 (last)
114:Tooruktug Dolgai Tangdym
3383:Soviet satellite states
3077:North Korea (1947–1948)
3072:North Korea (1946–1947)
2225:Adle, Chahryar (2005).
2110:Forsyth, James (1994).
2058:, Hamburg 2014, p. 114.
1660:Новые исследования Тувы
1588:Minahan, James (2009).
1286:Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
1259:Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
1138:Frunze Military Academy
868:Communist International
731:revolutions in Mongolia
631:Tuvan People's Republic
160:(modern-day boundaries)
144:Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
118:Тооруктуг долгай таңдым
25:Tuvan People's Republic
2799:Current and historical
2443:Sanders, Alan (2010).
1821:Robertson, P. (2011).
1806:Paine, S.C.M. (1996).
1715:Issues 126–132. 1992.
1685:Otto Maenchen-Helfen.
1516:Tuvinian Arat Republic
1269:of the Soviet Union).
1223:
1082:
1046:
962:1929 Tuvan coup d'état
928:while trying to limit
890:
844:
764:During the subsequent
2179:Lando, Steve (2010).
1829:Bloomsbury Publishing
1793:Yale University Press
1689:Ethnographics Press,
1247:Khertek Anchimaa-Toka
1221:
1142:General Staff Academy
1121:invasion of Manchuria
1080:
1040:
884:
842:
403:Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy
374:Khertek Anchimaa-Toka
362:Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy
217:Common languages
3304:History of socialism
1267:constituent republic
1119:. This included the
1107:Tuva in World War II
1012:Latin-based alphabet
1004:political dissidents
692:constituent republic
643:partially recognized
467:Absorbed by the USSR
455:• Independence
414:Saryg-Donggak Chymba
95:Tuvan Internationale
30:Тыва Арат Республика
3328:Communism in Russia
3240:Estonia (1918–1919)
3134:Hungary (1949–1989)
2181:Europas tungomål II
2030:"Tuva far and near"
2028:Minaev, Alexander.
1508:Tuvan Arat Republic
1313:
1312:Population of Tuva
1057:Mongol Great Khural
1043:Tuvan postage stamp
990:. Similarly to the
826:Tannu-Ola mountains
717:) had been part of
637:), known simply as
197: /
3205:Byelorussia (1919)
1927:worldstatesmen.org
1311:
1301:Russian Federation
1224:
1194:In March 1943, 10
1111:In the 1930s, the
1083:
1047:
994:, Buddhist lamas,
891:
848:Early independence
845:
800:– Chairman of the
739:Uryankhay Republic
669:Russian Federation
646:socialist republic
581:Chinese Occupation
566:Russian Occupation
385:Head of government
294:socialist republic
99:Тыва Интернационал
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3090:
3089:
2832:Congo-Brazzaville
2728:Regional variants
2454:978-0-8108-6191-6
2302:Denys J. Voaden:
2289:on 19 April 2010.
2194:978-917-465-076-1
2165:978-023-153-716-2
1972:vexillographia.ru
1968:"Республика Тыва"
1522:)and abbreviated
1483:
1398:
1397:
1237:General Secretary
1200:Soviet Air Forces
1019:cattle breeding.
998:, members of the
766:Russian Civil War
727:Xinhai Revolution
627:
626:
613:
612:
609:
608:
587:
586:
270:Eastern Orthodoxy
201:51.698°N 94.390°E
126:
108:
3390:
3160:
3159:
3017:
3016:
2807:
2806:
2802:socialist states
2681:African-American
2523:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2357:airaces.narod.ru
2351:Baliev, Alexey.
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2325:Baliev, Alexey.
2322:
2311:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2084:Psychology Press
2071:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1886:hubert-herald.nl
1878:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1747:
1741:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1687:Journey to Tuva.
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:"О министерстве"
1612:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1482:romanized:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1413:
1314:
1310:
1261:, a part of the
1069:
1008:Mongolian script
950:internationalism
930:Soviet influence
759:Russian Republic
605:
604:
597:
591:
590:
582:
576:
575:
562:
561:
548:
547:
541:
540:
525:
524:
468:
445:
320:Mongush Nimachap
292:
286:Marxist-Leninist
255:Tibetan Buddhism
212:
211:
209:
208:
207:
202:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
170:Soviet satellite
156:
142:Red line is the
138:
128:
127:
110:
109:
74:
58:
40:
32:
31:
21:
20:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3378:1944 by country
3358:History of Tuva
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3289:
3270:Slovakia (1919)
3170:Alsace-Lorraine
3158:
3086:
3015:
2922:
2891:
2800:
2794:
2723:
2702:
2533:
2527:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2392:Dagba Damyrak.
2390:
2386:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2331:www.stoletie.ru
2323:
2314:
2301:
2294:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2267:on 15 May 2010.
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:. p. 337.
2223:
2216:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2187:. p. 710.
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:. p. 175.
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:. p. 281.
2108:
2101:
2094:
2072:
2063:
2054:Indjin Bayart:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1862:
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1853:
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1815:
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1744:
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1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:
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1646:
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1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1534:
1530:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1454:Richard Feynman
1419:
1400:
1309:
1228:Cyrillic script
1216:
1155:launched their
1113:Empire of Japan
1109:
1103:
1063:
1052:
964:
958:
850:
813:Bashkir pattern
768:, both Russian
715:Tannu Uriankhai
711:
709:History of Tuva
705:
700:
657:Imperial Russia
602:
595:
580:
573:
559:
545:
502:
492:
472:11 October 1944
469:
466:
456:
439:Interwar period
437:
428:People's Khural
410:
400:
370:
358:
328:
316:
288:
274:
238:
205:
203:
199:
196:
191:
188:
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183:
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161:
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147:
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129:
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84:
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66:
63:
59:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3396:
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3380:
3375:
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3365:
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3355:
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3325:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Hungary (1919)
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:Czech Republic
3112:Czechoslovakia
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Inner Mongolia
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:East Turkestan
3029:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
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2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
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2804:
2796:
2795:
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2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2714:United Kingdom
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2671:United Kingdom
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
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2576:
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2574:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:External links
2486:
2483:
2482:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2410:
2384:
2369:
2343:
2312:
2292:
2270:
2248:
2241:
2214:
2193:
2183:(in Swedish).
2171:
2164:
2135:
2128:
2099:
2092:
2061:
2046:
2034:old.redstar.ru
2009:
1997:www.schudak.de
1984:
1939:
1898:
1860:
1851:
1837:
1813:
1798:
1779:
1760:(5): 881–895.
1753:Soviet Studies
1742:
1720:
1705:
1678:
1650:
1635:
1621:
1607:
1601:978-0313344978
1600:
1580:
1573:
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1549:
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1528:
1499:
1465:
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1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1450:Ralph Leighton
1441:
1435:
1433:Uryankhay Krai
1430:
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1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1242:and his wife,
1215:
1212:
1196:Yakovlev Yak-7
1105:Main article:
1102:
1099:
1051:
1048:
1000:intelligentsia
957:
954:
926:state religion
911:Prime Minister
860:non-capitalist
849:
846:
815:? Let me know.
751:Uryankhay Krai
747:Russian Empire
737:and the Tuvan
707:Main article:
704:
701:
699:
696:
661:Uriankhai Krai
625:
624:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:
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552:Uriankhai Krai
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459:14 August 1921
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434:Historical era
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3305:
3300:
3286:
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3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
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3261:
3258:
3256:
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3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
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3234:
3231:
3229:
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3225:
3223:
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3220:Crimea (1919)
3218:
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3211:
3208:
3206:
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3097:
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3083:
3082:South Vietnam
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
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3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
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3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3009:North Vietnam
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
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2720:
2719:United States
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
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2676:United States
2674:
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2577:
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2556:
2555:New Australia
2553:
2552:
2551:
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2531:
2524:
2519:
2517:
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2501:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2423:www.tuva.asia
2420:
2414:
2399:
2398:tuvaonline.ru
2395:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2283:tuvaonline.ru
2280:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2242:9789231039850
2238:
2234:
2230:
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2219:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:New York City
2149:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2129:052-147-771-9
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2093:070-070-380-2
2089:
2086:. p. 8.
2085:
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2024:
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2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1921:Cahoon, Ben.
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1840:
1838:9781608197385
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1802:
1795:. p. 87.
1794:
1790:
1783:
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1771:
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1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1739:9785040353170
1736:
1732:
1731:
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1445:Tuva or Bust!
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1265:(the largest
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1244:Head of State
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1204:Eastern Front
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703:Establishment
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690:(the largest
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3180:Baranya–Baja
3149:Soviet Union
3129:East Germany
2998:
2827:Burkina Faso
2477:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2387:
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2360:. Retrieved
2356:
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2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2307:
2303:
2287:the original
2282:
2273:
2265:the original
2227:
2180:
2174:
2147:
2111:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1923:"Tannu Tuva"
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1823:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1788:
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1757:
1751:
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1728:
1727:Л. Спаткай.
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1669:. Retrieved
1667:(in Russian)
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1443:
1410:World War II
1406:conscription
1399:
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1263:Russian SFSR
1251:
1240:Salchak Toka
1225:
1193:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1110:
1101:World War II
1094:
1091:World War II
1088:
1084:
1053:
1024:Salchak Toka
1021:
984:
965:
892:
875:Russian SFSR
872:
851:
833:
819:
805:
798:Ivan Smirnov
790:Russian SFSR
785:
763:
753:. After the
743:protectorate
723:Qing dynasty
712:
688:Russian SFSR
684:was absorbed
676:Soviet Union
673:
653:protectorate
638:
634:
630:
628:
534:Succeeded by
533:
528:
501:• 1944
491:• 1931
443:World War II
332:Salchak Toka
301:Party leader
89:
18:
3163:Short-lived
3020:Short-lived
2989:South Yemen
2974:North Korea
2934:Afghanistan
2651:New Zealand
2646:Netherlands
1882:"ТЫВА Tuva"
1299:within the
1189:horse tacks
1153:Axis powers
1072:salt mining
1064: [
996:aristocrats
972:coup d'état
968:anti-Soviet
942:nationalist
916:, a former
822:Khem-Beldyr
667:within the
659:, known as
529:Preceded by
424:Legislature
204: /
97:(1921–1944)
80:(1943–1944)
64:(1943–1944)
3317:Categories
3275:Tarnobrzeg
3200:Bessarabia
3154:Yugoslavia
2877:Seychelles
2872:Mozambique
2867:Madagascar
2790:Vietnamese
2785:Venezuelan
2775:Nicaraguan
2770:Melanesian
2687:Venezuela
2599:Kuomintang
2592:since 1978
2562:Bangladesh
2538:By country
2532:by country
1574:0253347157
1551:References
1518:(Russian:
1491:pronounced
1438:Tuvan akşa
1307:Population
1293:Tuvan ASSR
1181:war horses
1151:and other
1002:and other
960:See also:
938:theocratic
934:propaganda
887:Tuvan akşa
864:only party
639:Tannu Tuva
518:Tuvan akşa
481:Population
279:Government
192:94°23′24″E
189:51°41′53″N
3233:1939–1940
3188:1918–1919
2957:1982–1992
2952:1979–1992
2947:1975–1979
2943:Cambodia
2918:Nicaragua
2850:1987–1991
2845:1974–1987
2841:Ethiopia
2780:Tanzanian
2661:Sri Lanka
2604:Hong Kong
2587:Communist
2550:Australia
2545:Argentina
2530:Socialism
2428:10 August
2403:10 August
2362:10 August
2336:10 August
2203:cite book
2116:Cambridge
2039:10 August
1891:10 August
1844:25 August
1671:18 August
1355:and other
1177:livestock
1125:Manchukuo
1026:, became
729:of 1911,
686:into the
290:one-party
260:Shamanism
243:Religion
234:Mongolian
46:1921–1944
3285:Würzburg
3260:Naissaar
3224:Finland
3184:Bavaria
3122:Slovakia
3107:Bulgaria
3037:Far East
2984:Mongolia
2896:Americas
2760:European
2691:Chavismo
2656:Pakistan
1977:8 August
1932:8 August
1693:, 1992.
1417:See also
1403:Red Army
1353:Russians
1173:Red Army
1140:and the
1032:de facto
922:Buddhism
855:Red Army
735:Mongolia
719:Mongolia
680:Mongolia
641:, was a
596:Tuvan AO
514:Currency
116:" (1944)
3255:Ireland
3245:Galicia
3144:Romania
3102:Albania
3057:Jiangxi
3004:Vietnam
2908:Grenada
2882:Somalia
2765:Israeli
2755:Chinese
2750:Burmese
2745:British
2735:African
2707:History
2698:Vietnam
2666:Tunisia
2616:Finland
2611:Estonia
2002:28 July
1510:or the
1408:during
1393:171,900
1367:73,900
1347:98,000
1284:of the
1280:of the
1208:Ukraine
1185:sledges
1149:Germany
1061:Dus-Dag
1041:A 1926
1010:to the
808:Kolchak
778:Mongols
745:of the
698:History
465:•
283:Unitary
229:Russian
176:Capital
90:Anthem:
3265:Saxony
3210:Bremen
3139:Poland
3095:Europe
3062:Kuwait
3042:Fujian
2857:Guinea
2817:Angola
2810:Africa
2626:Greece
2621:France
2583:China
2579:Canada
2572:Lulism
2567:Brazil
2451:
2239:
2233:UNESCO
2191:
2185:Sweden
2162:
2126:
2090:
2080:London
1835:
1774:152275
1772:
1737:
1697:
1598:
1571:
1388:95,400
1383:82,200
1378:60,000
1364:14,300
1361:17,300
1358:12,000
1344:81,100
1341:64,900
1338:48,000
1334:Tuvans
1276:" to "
899:emblem
794:Tuvans
770:Whites
622:Russia
505:95,400
495:82,200
389:
347:
305:
166:Status
146:border
92:
78:Emblem
33:
3280:Užice
3215:Bihać
3175:Banat
3047:Gilan
2994:Syria
2964:China
2939:Burma
2913:Chile
2887:Sudan
2862:Libya
2837:Egypt
2822:Benin
2641:Italy
2631:India
1770:JSTOR
1474:Tuvan
1461:Notes
1373:Total
1328:1958
1117:China
1068:]
1016:lamas
903:Kyzyl
885:A 10
650:Tuvan
224:Tuvan
180:Kyzyl
37:Tuvan
3228:1918
3193:1919
2999:Tuva
2979:Laos
2969:Iraq
2927:Asia
2903:Cuba
2740:Arab
2636:Iran
2480:. ).
2449:ISBN
2430:2019
2405:2019
2364:2019
2338:2019
2237:ISBN
2209:link
2189:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2041:2019
2004:2021
1979:2019
1934:2019
1893:2019
1846:2018
1833:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1673:2018
1596:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1541:TRPR
1512:Tuva
1325:1944
1322:1931
1319:1918
1282:CPSU
1274:TPRP
1169:Rbls
948:and
940:and
932:and
924:the
918:Lama
897:and
895:flag
774:Reds
772:and
678:and
674:The
629:The
62:Flag
1762:doi
1524:TAR
1162:it.
1147:As
655:of
635:TPR
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