Stalinism - Knowledge

4773: 4275: 5540:... vast sums were spent on importing foreign technical 'ideas' and on securing the services of alien experts. Foreign countries, again – American and Germany in particular – lent the U.S.S.R. active aid in drafting the plans for all the undertakings to be constructed. They supplied the Soviet Union with tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, and supervisors. During the first Five-Year Plan, not a single plant was erected, nor was a new industry launched without the direct help of foreigners working on the spot. Without the importation of Western European and American objects, ideas, and men, the 'miracle in the East' would not have been realized, or, at least, not in so short a time. 4463: 4128: 2910:: a reactionary pseudoscience that appeared in the U.S.A. after World War II and also spread through other capitalist countries. Cybernetics clearly reflects one of the basic features of the bourgeois worldview—its inhumanity, striving to transform workers into an extension of the machine, into a tool of production, and an instrument of war. At the same time, for cybernetics an imperialistic utopia is characteristic—replacing living, thinking man, fighting for his interests, by a machine, both in industry and in war. The instigators of a new world war use cybernetics in their dirty, practical affairs. 3107: 3297: 3708: 3468:, who spent much of his career researching the archives, contends that, before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, "our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are "finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data" and instead "hang on to their old 75: 3306: 3315: 4685: 15317: 3960:, who argues that although "one could list the various measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin…in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in line with Lenin's clear instructions, but in defiance of them." In doing so, some historians have tried to distance Stalinism from Leninism to undermine the totalitarian view that Stalin's methods were inherent in communism from the start. Other revisionist historians such as 4791:

Soviet regime and originated outside of Russia. He further argues that technologies of social intervention developed in conjunction with the work of 19th-century European reformers and greatly expanded during World War I, when state actors in all the combatant countries dramatically increased efforts to mobilize and control their populations. According to Hoffman, the Soviet state was born at this moment of total war and institutionalized state intervention practices as permanent features.

2180: 718: 3039:, Leon Trotsky argued that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted political events, forged a theoretical basis for irreconcilable concepts such as the notion of "Socialism in One Country" and misrepresented the views of opponents through an array of employed historians alongside economists to justify policy manoeuvering and safeguarding its own set of material interests. He cited a range of historical documents such as private letters, telegrams, party speeches, meeting 2192: 742: 2563: 15329: 13730: 3158: 5479:

it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).

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Lenin during his life". He also contrasted the "severe methods" Lenin used in the "most necessary cases" as a "struggle for survival" during the Civil War with the extreme methods and mass repressions Stalin used even when the revolution was "already victorious". In his memoirs, Khrushchev argued that his widespread purges of the "most advanced nucleus of people" among the

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socialism. Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals, and served to discredit Trotsky—who promoted the idea of "

4772: 4640:, led by Trotsky, was a political movement that "offered a real alternative to Stalinism, and that to crush this movement was the primary function of the Stalinist terror". According to Rogovin, Stalin had destroyed thousands of foreign communists capable of leading socialist change in their respective, countries. He cited 600 active 10153:"While Trotsky was strongly biased toward industrial development, there is little basis to suppose that he would have adopted Stalin’s forcible collectivization, slapdash economic planning, anti expert campaigns, or cultural know-nothingism. Neither Trotsky nor Bukharin would have pursued anything like Stalin’s pseudo-revolutionary “ 4839:, 60% of German exiles in the Soviet Union had been liquidated during the Stalinist terror and a higher proportion of the KPD Politburo membership had died in the Soviet Union than in Nazi Germany. Weitz also noted that hundreds of German citizens, most of them Communists, were handed over to the Gestapo by Stalin's administration. 3368:, where the vote for the new Central Committee was held, Kirov received only three negative votes (the fewest of any candidate), while Stalin received over 100. After Kirov's assassination, which Stalin may have orchestrated, Stalin invented a detailed scheme to implicate opposition leaders in the murder, including Trotsky, 4325:, his philosophical legacy is almost universally rated negatively with most Soviet sources considering his influence to have negatively impacted the creative development of Soviet philosophy. Sheehan discussed omissions in his views on dialectics and noted that most Soviet philosophers rejected his characterization of 3750:, 1917–1921) and rebuilt Soviet production to its 1913 levels. But Russia still lagged far behind the West, and Stalin and the majority of the Communist Party felt the NEP not only to be compromising communist ideals but also not delivering satisfactory economic performance or creating the envisaged socialist society. 4546:, for world revolution. But after the failure of the revolution in Germany, Stalin reasoned that industrializing and consolidating Bolshevism in Russia would best serve the proletariat in the long run. The dispute did not end until Trotsky was murdered in his Mexican villa in 1940 by Stalinist assassin 4396:

criticized Stalin chiefly for his view that bourgeois influence within the Soviet Union was primarily a result of external forces, to the almost complete exclusion of internal forces, and his view that class contradictions ended after the basic construction of socialism. Mao also criticized Stalin's

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According to official Soviet estimates, more than 14 million people passed through the gulags from 1929 to 1953, with a further 7 to 8 million deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities in several cases). The emergent scholarly consensus is that from 1930

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We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are

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Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop

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At a time when hundreds of thousands and millions of workers, especially in Germany, are departing from Communism, in part to fascism and in the main into the camp of indifferentism, thousands and tens of thousands of Social Democratic workers, under the impact of the self-same defeat, are evolving

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lists in 1937 and 1938 that condemned 40,000 people to execution, about 90% of whom are confirmed to have been shot. While reviewing one such list, he reportedly muttered to no one in particular: "Who's going to remember all this riff-raff in ten or twenty years? No one. Who remembers the names now

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were favoured over other scientific disciplines during the Stalin era. Soviet scientists were forced to denounce any work that contradicted Lysenko. Over 3,000 biologists were imprisoned, fired, or executed for attempting to oppose Lysenkoism and genetic research was effectively destroyed until the

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officers was exceptional—90% of all generals and 80% of all colonels were killed. This included three out of five Marshals; 13 out of 15 Army commanders; 57 of 85 Corps commanders; 110 of 195 divisional commanders; and 220 of 406 brigade commanders, as well as all commanders of military districts.

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that relied on personal persuasion and recommended Stalin's removal as General Secretary. Khrushchev contrasted this with Stalin's "despotism", which required absolute submission to his position, and highlighted that many of the people later annihilated as "enemies of the party ... had worked with

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officers followed. The repression of many formerly high-ranking revolutionaries and party members led Trotsky to claim that a "river of blood" separated Stalin's regime from Lenin's. In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, where he had lived in exile since January 1937. This eliminated

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featuring Stalin in which he was increasingly identified with the state and seen as an emblem of Marxism. In July 1930, a state decree instructed 200 artists to prepare propaganda posters for the Five Year Plans and collectivsation measures. Historian Anita Pisch drew specific focus to the various

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Pierre du Bois argues that the cult of personality around Stalin was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used. The Kremlin refused access to archival records that might reveal the truth, and critical documents were destroyed. Photographs

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writes, "Under Lenin, the freedom to express a real variety of opinions existed in the party, and in carrying out political decisions, consideration was given to the positions of not only the majority, but a minority in the party". He compared this practice with subsequent leadership blocs, which

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disputes that conclusion, writing, "Russia had already been fourth to fifth among industrial economies before World War I", and that Russian industrial advances could have been achieved without collectivization, famine, or terror. According to Conquest, the industrial successes were far less than

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In light of revelations from Soviet archives, historians now estimate that nearly 700,000 people (353,074 in 1937 and 328,612 in 1938) were executed in the course of the terror, the great mass of them ordinary Soviet citizens: workers, peasants, homemakers, teachers, priests, musicians, soldiers,

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questions whether Stalinist practices of state violence derive from socialist ideology. Placing Stalinism in an international context, he argues that many forms of state interventionism the Stalinist government used, including social cataloguing, surveillance and concentration camps, predate the

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A similar analysis is present in more recent works, such as those of Graeme Gill, who argues that Stalinism was "not a natural flow-on of earlier developments; sharp break resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors." But Gill adds that "difficulties with the use of the term

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in contemporary times, arguing that the G8 "are guilty of mass manslaughter or mass deaths from criminal negligence because of their not taking obvious measures to reduce mass deaths" and that Stalin's "behaviour was no worse than that of many rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".

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said those who argue collectivization was necessary are "dead wrong", writing that it "only seemed necessary within the straitjacket of Communist ideology and its repudiation of capitalism. And economically, collectivization failed to deliver." Kotkin further claimed that it decreased harvests

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Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of

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The Stalinist era was largely regressive on social issues. Despite a brief period of decriminalization under Lenin, the 1934 Criminal Code re-criminalized homosexuality. Abortion was made illegal again in 1936 after controversial debate among citizens, and women's issues were largely ignored.

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to the pragmatic right; and the powerful Trotsky, who belonged to no side but his own. None would even consider Stalin's concept a potential addition to communist ideology. Stalin's socialism in one country doctrine could not be imposed until he had come close to being the Soviet Union's

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as a counter-revolutionary crime, was applied most broadly. Many alleged anti-Soviet pretexts were used to brand individuals as "enemies of the people", starting the cycle of public persecution, often proceeding to interrogation, torture, and deportation, if not death. The Russian word

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was emphasized because the Soviet Union had previously fallen behind economically compared to Western countries and also because socialist society needed industry to face the challenges posed by internal and external enemies of communism. Rapid industrialization was accompanied by mass

3349:, Stalin consolidated nearly absolute power in the 1930s with a Great Purge of the party that claimed to expel "opportunists" and "counter-revolutionary infiltrators". Those targeted by the purge were often expelled from the party; more severe measures ranged from banishment to the 3784:

has said that "Stalinism was…a success and fulfilled its historic mission, socially as well as economically" given that it "modernized the Soviet Union, transforming a peasant society into an industrial state with a literate population and a remarkable scientific superstructure."

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and Bukharin were presented as "vacillating", "opportunists" and "foreign spies" whereas Stalin was depicted as the chief discipline during the revolution. However, in reality, Stalin was considered a relatively unknown figure with secondary importance at the time of the event.

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argued the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government dissolved the Constituent Assembly for several reasons. They cited the outdated voter rolls, which did not acknowledge the split among the Socialist Revolutionary party, and the assembly's conflict with the

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hides the inevitable effects of communism as a whole on human liberty. He writes that the concept of Stalinism was developed after 1956 by Western intellectuals to keep the communist ideal alive. But "Stalinism" was used as early as 1937, when Trotsky wrote his pamphlet

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sums up the consensus of scholars: "The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism, and as such, it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule. Many scholars of Stalinism cite the cult as integral to Stalin's power or as evidence of Stalin's megalomania."

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and other Bolshevik leaders. Liebman also argues that the banning of parties under Lenin did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced by Stalin's regime. Several scholars have highlighted the socially progressive nature of Lenin's policies, such as

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were killed. The Right and Left Opposition have been held by some scholars as representing political alternatives to Stalinism despite their shared beliefs in Leninism due to their policy platforms which were at variance with Stalin. This ranged from areas related to

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In a 1949 portrait, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is seen as a young man with Lenin. Stalin and Lenin were close friends, judging from this photograph. But it is doctored, of course. Two portraits have been sutured to sentimentalise Stalin's life and closeness to

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he thought might later be used against him by the same people who praised him excessively, one of those being Khrushchev—a prominent user of the term during Stalin's life who was later responsible for de-Stalinization and the beginning of the Revisionist period.

4748:, which occurred before Stalin came to power. He also notes that famines were widespread worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries in countries such as India, Ireland, Russia and China. Ellman compares the Stalinist regime's behavior vis-à-vis the 3025:, in which the history of the governing party was significantly altered and revised including the importance of the leading figures during the Bolshevik revolution. Retrospectively, Lenin's primary associates such as Zinoviev, Trotsky, 4030:

Some scholars have attributed the establishment of the one-party system in the Soviet Union to the wartime conditions imposed on Lenin's government; others have highlighted the initial attempts to form a coalition government with the

2517:, and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of " 3898:. After researching the biographies in the Soviet archives, he came to the same conclusion as Radzinsky and Kotkin (that Lenin had built a culture of violent autocratic totalitarianism of which Stalinism was a logical extension). 3777:

were due to a number of avoidable problems. He argued that the industrial drive had been enacted under more severe circumstances, several years later and in a less rational manner than originally conceived by the Left Opposition.

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pensioners, ballerinas, and beggars. Scholars estimate the total death toll for the Great Purge (1936–1938) including fatalities attributed to imprisonment to be roughly 700,000-1.2 million. Many of the executed were interred in

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viewed Trotsky and the Left Opposition as a critical alternative to the Stalin-Bukharin majority in a number of areas. Daniels stated that the Left Opposition would have prioritised industrialisation but never contemplated the

4709:; Schwanitz in particular views Stalin as "a monstrous reincarnation" of him. Both men wanted Russia to leave the western European states far behind in terms of development. Some reviewers have considered Stalinism a form of " 3853:

writes that "institutionally and ideologically Lenin laid the foundations for a Stalin but the passage from Leninism to the worse terrors of Stalinism was not smooth and inevitable." Likewise, historian and Stalin biographer

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that Lenin had criticized as expressions of "Great Russian chauvinism". Daniels also regards Stalinism as an abrupt break with the Leninist period in terms of economic policies in which a deliberated, scientific system of

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were executed, while others were sent to prison camps or gulags. Concurrent with the purges, efforts were made to rewrite the history in Soviet textbooks and other propaganda materials. Notable people executed by

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Some Marxist theoreticians have disputed the view that Stalin's dictatorship was a natural outgrowth of the Bolsheviks' actions, as Stalin eliminated most of the original central committee members from 1917.

4999: 4857:. Levada Center had found that favorability of the Stalinist era has increased from 18% in 1996 to 40% in 2016 which had coincided with his rehabilitation by the Putin government for the purpose of social 3806:, which started near the end of 1932, was when the famine turned into an instrument of genocide; the Ukrainian government now recognizes it as such. Some scholars dispute the intentionality of the famine. 3020: 2521:". This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925–26. 8905:. pg. 67: "ore complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." 6604:

Academician Schmalhausen, Professors Formozov and Sabinin, and 3,000 other biologists, victims of the August 1948 Session, lost their professional jobs because of their integrity and moral principles

4432:. This effectively isolated Albania from the rest of the world, as Hoxha was hostile to both the pro-American and pro-Soviet spheres of influence and the Non-Aligned Movement under the leadership of 4333:

were altered and documents were invented. People who knew Stalin were forced to provide "official" accounts to meet the ideological demands of the cult, especially as Stalin presented it in 1938 in

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and all earlier socialistic theses. The revolution did not spread outside Russia as Lenin had assumed it soon would. The revolution had not succeeded even within other former territories of the

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manifestations of the personality cult in which Stalin was associated with the "Father", "Saviour" and "Warrior" cultural archetypes with the latter imagery having gained ascendency during the

2997:. Prior to Stalin's rule, literary, religious and national representatives had some level of autonomy in the 1920s but these groups were later rigorously repressed during the Stalinist era. 3722:

At the start of the 1930s, Stalin launched a wave of radical economic policies that completely overhauled the industrial and agricultural face of the Soviet Union. This became known as the

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parties. British historian Terence Brotherstone argued that the Stalin era had a profound effect on those attracted to Trotsky's ideas. Brotherstone described figures who emerged from the

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The cult of personality served to legitimate Stalin's authority, establish continuity with Lenin as his "discipline, student and mentee" in the view of his wider followers. His successor,

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cult of personality and the excesses of the great purge. But Maoists praised Stalin for leading the Soviet Union and the international proletariat, defeating fascism in Germany, and his

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During the 1930s and 1940s, the Soviet leadership sent NKVD squads into other countries to murder defectors and opponents of the Soviet regime. Victims of such plots included Trotsky,

3521:, an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show. Stalinist forces also oversaw purges of anti-Stalinist elements among the Spanish Republican insurgents, including the 3226: 14236: 11356:

writes that out of 1,225 delegates, around 270 voted against Stalin and that the official number of negative votes was given as three, with the rest of ballots destroyed. Following

3213:, though several international legislatures have passed resolutions declaring the campaign a genocide. Some historians dispute that these social-class actions constitute genocide. 12672: 3435:. A total of 350,000 (144,000 of them Poles) were arrested and 247,157 (110,000 Poles) were executed. Many Americans who had emigrated to the Soviet Union during the worst of the 3402:

thereby gained a new meaning: a quick, simplified trial by a committee of three subordinated to the NKVD troika—with sentencing carried out within 24 hours. Stalin's hand-picked

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writes, "The Soviet regime underwent a long period of 'Stalinism,' which in its basic features was diametrically opposed to the recommendations of testament". French historian

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was such an outstanding achievement that it outweighed Stalin's mistakes. A 2019 Levada Center poll showed that support for Stalin, whom many Russians saw as the victor in the

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expressed their support for imposing Stalin's ideas, as Trotsky had been exiled, and Zinoviev and Kamenev had been expelled from the party. In a 1936 interview with journalist

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of political events such as the October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty became a distinctive element of Stalin's regime. A notable example is the 1938 publication,

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leaders regarded their revolution more or less as just the beginning, with Russia as the springboard on the road toward worldwide revolution. Stalin introduced the idea of

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reflect problems with the concept of Stalinism itself. The major difficulty is a lack of agreement about what should constitute Stalinism." Revisionist historians such as

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Critics include anti-Stalinist communists such as Trotsky, who pointed out that Lenin attempted to persuade the Communist Party to remove Stalin from his post as its

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Lenin. But Volkogonov also lamented that this view eventually dissolved for those like him who had the scales fall from their eyes immediately before and after the

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He is an unprincipled intriguer, who subordinates everything to the preservation of his own power. He changes his theory according to whom he needs to get rid of.

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writes that, faced with the evidence, "only the blind and the deaf could be unaware of the contrast between Stalinism and Leninism." Similarly, historian

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of Stalin is diverse, with many different aspects of continuity and discontinuity between the regimes Stalin and Lenin proposed. Some historians, such as

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Hasselmann, Anne E. 2021. "Memory Makers of the Great Patriotic War: Curator Agency and Visitor Participation in Soviet War Museums during Stalinism."

11974: 9842: 9171: 7400: 3769:. Trotsky maintained that the disproportions and imbalances which became characteristic of Stalinist planning in the 1930s such as the underdeveloped 14867: 13693: 12777: 12109:

Alexander, Kuzminykh. 2019. "The internal affairs agencies of the Soviet State in the period of Stalinism in the context of Russian historiography."

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was subject to public denunciation, many of his ideas were rejected on ideological grounds and condemned as "bourgeois idealism" in the Stalin era.

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Nelson, Todd H. 2015. "History as ideology: The portrayal of Stalinism and the Great Patriotic War in contemporary Russian high school textbooks."

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into the left, to the side of Communism. There cannot, however, even be talk of their accepting the hopelessly discredited Stalinist leadership.

4258: 4143: 3999:, the document containing this order, was suppressed after Lenin's death. Various historians have cited Lenin's proposal to appoint Trotsky as a 2073: 4636:

believed Stalinism had "discredited the idea of socialism in the eyes of millions of people throughout the world". Rogovin also argued that the

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disputes the historical assessments of the early Soviet Union by modern historians such as Dmitri Volkogonov, which Broue argues falsely equate

3058:. Although, film directors and their assistants were still liable to mass arrests during the Great Terror. Censorship of films contributed to a 11905: 9945: 7727: 7170: 4925: 3172:

and Erik van Ree noting that Stalin had absorbed elements from the cult of Tsars, Orthodox Christianity and highlighting specific acts such as

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methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge."

3464:. Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated, incomplete or unreliable. Conversely, historian 30:

This article is about the means of governing and policies implemented by Joseph Stalin. For the political philosophy developed by Stalin, see

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constructed around Stalin whereas Lenin stressed "the role of the people as the creator of history". He also emphasized that Lenin favored a

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always viewed Stalin as the "candidate for grave-digger of our party and the revolution" during the succession struggle. American historian

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drew attention to the fact that the generation of bureaucrats that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the Soviet Union's

4428:", Hoxha denounced Mao as a revisionist, along with almost every other self-identified communist organization worldwide, resulting in the 14750: 14720: 12800: 12403: 10523:

N. N. Maslov, "Short Course of the History of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)—An Encyclopedia of Stalin's Personality Cult".

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Carol Strong and Matt Killingsworth, "Stalin the Charismatic Leader?: Explaining the 'Cult of Personality' as a legitimation technique."

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argued that "The urge to silence Trotsky, and all criticism of the Politburo, was in itself a crucial factor in Stalin's rise to power".

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instead of increasing them, as peasants tended to resist heavy taxes by producing fewer goods, caring only about their own subsistence.

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Some scholars have argued that Stalin took an active involvement with the construction of the cult of personality with writers such as

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Under Stalin, repression was extended to academic scholarship, the natural sciences, and literary fields. In particular, Einstein's

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condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninism and reversed most of them, although it was not until 1991 that the Tatars,

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Valiakhmetov, Albert, et al. 2018. "History And Historians In The Era Of Stalinism: A Review Of Modern Russian Historiography."

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as evidence that he intended Trotsky to be his successor as head of government. In his biography of Trotsky, British historian

3619: 3593: 3085: 2325: 1798: 1382: 1051: 347: 104: 8854:"Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" 8585: 6171: 15403: 15025: 14526: 14492: 14480: 14475: 14366: 11888: 11825: 11801: 11777: 11744: 11713: 11692: 11671: 11650: 11626: 11604: 11583: 11559: 11538: 11517: 11479: 11453: 11434: 11415: 11134: 11061: 10990: 10942: 10917: 10892: 10867: 10840: 10748: 10721: 10694: 10667: 10640: 10495: 10463: 10436: 10409: 10383: 10356: 10329: 10302: 10275: 10248: 10174: 10138: 10113: 10028: 9982: 9955: 9906: 9879: 9852: 9805: 9778: 9748: 9723: 9698: 9673: 9623: 9596: 9569: 9542: 9480: 9453: 9387: 9128: 8987: 8733: 8706: 8622: 8595: 8568: 8558: 8541: 8488: 8461: 8434: 8089: 8062: 7963: 7900: 7869: 7761: 7660: 7633: 7606: 7350: 7261: 7234: 7207: 7180: 7153: 7118: 7083: 7049: 7022: 6995: 6968: 6922: 6895: 6782: 6772: 6755: 6745: 6728: 6674: 6590: 6508: 6481: 6454: 6427: 6400: 6292: 6265: 6238: 6211: 6181: 6154: 6127: 6100: 6073: 6022: 5988: 5917: 5890: 5830: 5738: 5693: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5614: 5595: 5576: 5526: 5442: 5413: 5385: 5354: 5288: 5260: 5232: 5202: 5175: 5148: 5121: 5091: 5064: 4971: 4039:, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either 3702: 3665:

and the Central Asian republics. By some estimates, up to 43% of the resettled population died of diseases and malnutrition.

3657:, and many Poles, were forcibly moved out of strategic areas and relocated to places in the central Soviet Union, especially 2443: 2309: 2297: 2220: 2080: 1558: 1479: 1414: 929: 402: 139: 14952: 12242:

Zysiak, Agata. 2019. "Stalinism and Revolution in Universities. Democratization of Higher Education from Above, 1947–1956."

12209:

Wheatcroft, Stephen G. "Soviet statistics under Stalinism: Reliability and distortions in grain and population statistics."

11320: 9532: 15383: 15062: 14830: 13752: 12514: 12509: 12453: 9559: 9470: 8977: 8696: 8052: 6417: 6390: 5192: 5081: 4486: 3690: 2628:

had discernible ideological differences. In his dispute with Trotsky, Stalin de-emphasized the role of workers in advanced

2000: 1828: 1793: 1733: 1474: 1419: 1404: 397: 357: 99: 12150:

Kamp, Marianne, and Russell Zanca. 2017. "Recollections of collectivization in Uzbekistan: Stalinism and local activism."

4150:, Stalin's successor, argued that Stalin's regime differed profusely from the leadership of Lenin. He was critical of the 3876:, who wrote biographies of both Lenin and Stalin, wrote that during the 1960s through 1980s, an official patriotic Soviet 3187:, would later denounce the cult of personality around Stalin as contradictory to Leninist principles and party discourse. 14942: 14608: 14555: 14543: 13220: 12964: 12882: 12747: 12566: 12183:

The Person and the Challenges: Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

7596: 5758: 5464:(Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Archived from 4644:

communists who perished in his prison camps along with the thousands of German communists whom Stalin handed over to the

3918: 3597: 2944: 2840: 2510: 2498: 2333: 2056: 1980: 1955: 1853: 1833: 109: 12655: 6377: 3054:

Cinematic productions served to foster the cult of personality around Stalin with adherents to the party line receiving

14990: 14985: 14705: 14653: 13367: 13040: 13005: 12947: 12273: 11089: 7418: 7318: 4935: 4736:

writes that mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil", noting that famines and droughts have been a

4453: 4000: 3238: 3035: 2633: 1808: 1803: 1788: 1753: 1651: 637: 534: 12186: 9613: 9586: 15242: 15193: 15126: 14937: 14665: 14267: 14171: 13405: 13136: 10816: 9331: 9271: 9074: 9038: 9014: 8902: 8784: 8478: 8410: 8190: 8119: 7930: 7841: 7775: 7714: 7531: 7503: 7459: 6471: 6373: 5325: 3601: 3496: 2844: 2412: 2087: 1848: 1823: 1818: 1696: 1684: 857: 564: 10783: 9345: 7986: 15413: 15272: 15260: 15084: 15074: 15030: 14845: 14521: 14470: 14353: 13410: 12927: 12408: 8134:"Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s" 4976: 4966: 4894:

Some positive sentiments can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the

4753: 3658: 2396: 2355:

Stalin's regime forcibly purged society of what it saw as threats to itself and its brand of communism (so-called "

1890: 1813: 1671: 9999: 5809:

On Finland, Poland etc., Deutscher, chapter 6 "Stalin during the Civil War", (p. 148 in the Swedish 1980 printing)

2529:"—by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. 15277: 15265: 15121: 15106: 15020: 14922: 14504: 14324: 13851: 13430: 12917: 12912: 12892: 12840: 12556: 12247: 12155: 8346: 8297:"The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest" 5054: 4930: 4613: 4193: 3895: 3097: 2767: 2033: 1885: 1858: 1843: 1706: 973: 765: 11364:" in 1956, a commission of the central committee investigated the votes and found that 267 ballots were missing. 10319: 9822: 4568:

considered the Soviet Union an ally gone astray. Shachtman and his followers thus argued for the formation of a

3642:—more than a million people in total—were deported without notice or any opportunity to take their possessions. 15218: 15198: 14895: 14509: 14334: 14262: 13475: 13379: 13020: 12887: 12058: 11262: 10738: 8923: 6446:

Pillars of Computer Science: Essays Dedicated to Boris (Boaz) Trakhtenbrot on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday

4854: 4609: 4294:, Stalin is considered one of the worst and most notorious figures in modern history. Biographer and historian 4184: 4032: 3799: 3716: 3698: 3518: 3488: 3270: 1900: 1748: 1738: 1661: 1623: 1399: 569: 544: 9211: 5865:

Speeches Delivered at the Fifth Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, September–October, 1950

5138: 5111: 15398: 15289: 15116: 14980: 14932: 14693: 14487: 14361: 14344: 13000: 12897: 12237: 10606: 4745: 4523: 4370: 4061: 3914: 3388: 3286: 3278: 3076:. Conversely, the roles of other Soviet figures such as Lenin and Trotsky were diminished or misrepresented. 1880: 1768: 1666: 840: 820: 789: 9930:

The Crimes Of The Stalin Era, Special Report To The 20th Congress Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union

5978: 4538:

in its own right, accrues benefits and privileges at the working class's expense. Trotsky believed that the

2352:

began in the 1950s and 1960s, which caused the influence of Stalin's ideology to begin to wane in the USSR.

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from the late 1920s to the 1930s. After the American private enterprises had completed their tasks, Soviet

2066: 1945: 1895: 1588: 1521: 919: 894: 454: 4274: 15418: 15166: 15148: 14914: 14772: 14733: 14700: 14390: 14378: 14294: 14196: 14145: 14125: 13834: 13102: 12757: 12529: 12504: 12480: 12388: 12329: 8946: 5907: 5754: 4462: 3420: 3093: 2868: 2763: 1970: 1763: 1442: 1109: 988: 375: 154: 7145:

Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam

6691: 3858:

believes that Stalin was a genuine follower of Lenin, exactly as he claimed. Another Stalin biographer,

15161: 15138: 15111: 14120: 13955: 13715: 13445: 13435: 13400: 12937: 12593: 12079: 11494: 9443: 7495: 7281: 5430: 5373: 5342: 4657: 4366: 4268: 3850: 3609: 3589: 3282: 2856: 2424: 2097: 2005: 1990: 1960: 1773: 1499: 758: 524: 429: 35: 9691:

Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

9648: 5938: 5556: 15373: 15368: 15203: 15176: 15079: 13819: 13744: 12539: 12304: 11005:

MacGregor Knox. Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Italy's Last War. pp. 63–64.

10045: 7305: 6912: 6885: 6799: 5730: 4669: 4661: 4641: 4560: 4286:

and Stalin, the Big Three Allied leaders during World War II at the Yalta Conference in February 1945

4127: 3988: 3089: 2900: 1716: 692: 529: 17: 15171: 14089: 7731: 1289: 15408: 15358: 15284: 14115: 13987: 13440: 13276: 13192: 13129: 12922: 12805: 12762: 12722: 11503: 11106: 10804: 9324:

Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives

5521:. Routledge Library Editions: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 5020: 4903: 4717:

regimes ideologically opposed the Soviet Union, but some regarded Stalinism favorably for evolving

4665: 4354: 3902: 3645:

As a result of Stalin's lack of trust in the loyalty of particular ethnicities, groups such as the

3630:

were the official reasons for the deportations. Individual circumstances of those spending time in

3161: 3068: 2652: 2518: 2313: 2285: 1940: 1711: 1409: 1011: 939: 559: 549: 519: 144: 9120:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

8505: 7812: 7342:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

5980:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

4224:

of 1936–1938. According to Rogovin, 80-90% of the members of the Central Committee elected at the

4204:

have criticized the focus on the upper levels of society and the use of Cold War concepts such as

3798:

According to several Western historians, Stalinist agricultural policies were a key factor in the

3350: 835: 14533: 13999: 13932: 13856: 13829: 13650: 13254: 13143: 13010: 12877: 12266: 12261: 11076: 4881:, with 51% regarding him as a positive figure and 70% saying his reign was good for the country. 4692: 4649: 4605: 4601: 4405: 4374: 4117: 3770: 3572:, spent twenty five years in Stalin's prisons and concentrations camps after the purges in 1937. 3266: 3180:

which suggested he took a more critical and ambivalent attitude towards his cult of personality.

2876: 2582: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1598: 1424: 1377: 872: 632: 602: 335: 12143:

Gill, Graeme. 2019. "Stalinism and Executive Power: Formal and Informal Contours of Stalinism."

10764: 8374: 4902:

concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin". A 2013 survey by

4869:

poll, 34% of respondents (up from 28% in 2007) say that leading the Soviet people to victory in

3929:

in 1921—a move that enabled Stalin to get rid of his rivals easily after Lenin's death and cite

15213: 14805: 14743: 14038: 13873: 13733: 13642: 12737: 12623: 12322: 11787: 10553: 9097: 7767: 6720: 5010: 4799: 4757: 4508: 4481: 4085: 3945: 3635: 3631: 3565: 3500: 3016: 2860: 2754:

and said, "We never had such plans and intentions" and "The export of revolution is nonsense".

2472: 1965: 1184: 1099: 954: 617: 257: 12288: 12050: 10485: 9379: 9066:

Stalin's peasants : resistance and survival in the Russian village after collectivization

7855: 5796: 1129: 15363: 15332: 14304: 13863: 13846: 13629: 13174: 13163: 13097: 12677: 12398: 12086:

Mass Political Culture Under Stalinism: Popular Discussion of the Soviet Constitution of 1936

12031:

The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin, A Study in Twentieth-century Revolutionary Patriotism

11015: 9118: 9114: 9110: 8849: 8248: 8081:

Bringing Stalin Back In: Memory Politics and the Creation of a Useable Past in Putin's Russia

7922: 7523: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7172:

The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism

6012: 5868:. Information Bulletin of the Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. p. 76. 5222: 4825: 4761: 4581: 4425: 4283: 4155: 4134:, Warsaw, March 1956, first edition of the Secret Speech, published for the inner use in the 3949: 3465: 2815:

with Communist leanings, invited Soviet intervention and allowed Stalinist rule to extend to

2775: 2545:, a Soviet politician and associate of Stalin, reportedly declared: "Let's replace Long Live 2488: 2380: 1985: 1608: 1244: 862: 852: 697: 627: 597: 159: 10238: 9641: 8670: 7886: 6712: 4088:

also views the Stalinist period as a counterrevolution in Soviet cultural life that revived

1154: 242: 15094: 14957: 14777: 14575: 14289: 14004: 13581: 13509: 13450: 13361: 13316: 12993: 12494: 12475: 6800:"Stalin, Falsifier in Chief: E. H. Carr and the Perils of Historical Research Introduction" 5026: 4992: 4828:

narrative that Stalin and Hitler were twin evils, equating communism's evils with those of

4588:

rather than Trotskyists, while some ultimately abandoned socialism altogether and embraced

4565: 4539: 4116:

was replaced by a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucractic waste,

4065: 3996: 3830: 3627: 3274: 3106: 3044: 2925: 2880: 2766:" as the implementation of socialism reduces class distinction. But Stalin argued that the 2656: 2629: 2526: 2384: 2341: 2269: 1679: 1603: 1573: 1304: 944: 805: 797: 387: 192: 124: 31: 15181: 10487:

Joseph Stalin: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Periodical Literature to 2005

2467:, which, under state supervision, assisted in developing the basis of the industry of the 1269: 297: 8: 15321: 15050: 14855: 14784: 14592: 14441: 14319: 14241: 14214: 14140: 14050: 13868: 13783: 13589: 13573: 13557: 13326: 13281: 13249: 13035: 12628: 12618: 12549: 12174:

Mishler, Paul C. 2018. "Is the Term 'Stalinism' Valid and Useful for Marxist Analysis?."

12125: 11155: 8861: 8260: 6696: 4920: 4874: 4531: 4493:. Trotsky also opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and favoured a 4449: 4429: 4346: 4234: 3824: 3731: 3461: 3328: 3296: 3246: 2550: 2364: 2356: 2102: 2092: 1628: 1613: 1354: 1314: 1021: 904: 682: 662: 587: 459: 217: 11575:

Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization

8296: 4175:, Stalin was jubilant over Lenin's death while "publicly putting on the mask of grief". 3561: 3331:" who conducted "counter-revolutionary, right-Trotskyite plotting and spying activities" 3125:, a cult of Stalin had materialised. From 1929 until 1953, there was a proliferation of 2601:

ideals it stemmed from. After a political struggle that culminated in the defeat of the

1279: 15378: 15353: 15188: 15099: 14416: 14329: 14219: 14209: 13613: 13541: 13533: 13492: 13465: 13460: 13197: 13150: 12942: 12835: 12727: 12586: 12121:

Understanding Stalinism: The 'Orwellian Discrepancy' and the 'Rational Choice Dictator'

11948: 11860: 11852: 11569: 11035: 10219: 10091: 9513: 8662: 8366: 8327: 8277: 8033: 7892: 7861: 7124: 7089: 6866: 6647: 6622:(September 1, 2001). "The Consequences of Political Dictatorship for Russian Science". 6561: 6553: 6347: 4946: 4878: 4781: 4699: 4555: 4498: 4373:, abandoned it and, to a greater or lesser degree, adopted Khrushchev's positions. The 4201: 3905:

cite a variety of contributory factors, such as that Lenin, not Stalin, introduced the

3754: 3487:

got rid of? No one." In addition, Stalin dispatched a contingent of NKVD operatives to

3242: 3204: 3177: 3073: 2964: 2644: 2609:"), Stalinism was free to shape policy without opposition, ushering in an era of harsh 2566: 2464: 2460: 2317: 1633: 1593: 1469: 1194: 847: 667: 392: 302: 227: 222: 197: 114: 58: 7293: 4580:

blocs equally. By the mid-20th century, Shachtman and many of his associates, such as

3200: 3176:. Yet, other scholars have drawn on primary accounts from Stalin's associates such as 1169: 237: 15393: 15296: 15236: 15015: 14801: 14497: 14299: 14284: 14226: 14105: 13807: 13797: 13660: 13291: 13092: 13015: 12732: 12576: 12499: 12470: 12222: 12202:

Nikiforov, S. A., et al. "Cultural revolution of Stalinism in its regional context."

11995: 11884: 11877: 11864: 11821: 11797: 11791: 11773: 11740: 11709: 11688: 11667: 11646: 11622: 11600: 11579: 11555: 11534: 11513: 11475: 11449: 11430: 11411: 11357: 11130: 11057: 10986: 10967: 10938: 10913: 10888: 10863: 10836: 10812: 10744: 10717: 10690: 10663: 10636: 10536: 10491: 10459: 10432: 10405: 10379: 10375:

Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism

10352: 10325: 10298: 10271: 10244: 10211: 10170: 10134: 10109: 10024: 9978: 9951: 9902: 9875: 9848: 9801: 9774: 9744: 9719: 9694: 9669: 9619: 9592: 9565: 9538: 9505: 9476: 9449: 9383: 9372: 9327: 9267: 9163: 9124: 9080: 9070: 9034: 9010: 8983: 8958: 8898: 8887: 8853: 8780: 8729: 8702: 8618: 8591: 8564: 8537: 8484: 8457: 8430: 8406: 8398: 8331: 8319: 8252: 8186: 8115: 8085: 8058: 8025: 7959: 7926: 7896: 7865: 7837: 7771: 7710: 7656: 7629: 7602: 7527: 7499: 7455: 7392: 7346: 7257: 7230: 7203: 7176: 7149: 7114: 7079: 7045: 7018: 6991: 6964: 6918: 6891: 6858: 6819: 6778: 6751: 6724: 6713: 6670: 6639: 6586: 6565: 6545: 6504: 6477: 6450: 6423: 6396: 6369: 6351: 6339: 6331: 6288: 6261: 6234: 6207: 6177: 6150: 6123: 6096: 6069: 6018: 5984: 5913: 5886: 5826: 5789: 5734: 5522: 5438: 5409: 5381: 5350: 5321: 5284: 5256: 5228: 5198: 5171: 5144: 5117: 5087: 5060: 4907: 4787: 4741: 4706: 4653: 4409: 4378: 4338: 4310: 4279: 4147: 4102: 4089: 4052: 3969: 3938: 3930: 3873: 3762: 3747: 3707: 3670: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3484: 3184: 3110: 2998: 2884: 2791: 2779: 2637: 2614: 2452: 2360: 1583: 1489: 1274: 1219: 1139: 1119: 1036: 949: 889: 867: 687: 419: 277: 202: 149: 12907: 11596:

Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s

8666: 8640:"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" 8370: 8165: 8133: 8054:

Stalin and War, 1918–1953: Patterns of Repression, Mobilization, and External Threat

6651: 6500:

The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century

4660:

became victims of Stalinist terror. Repressive measures were also enforced upon the

4547: 4345:

But after Stalin died in 1953, Khrushchev repudiated his policies and condemned his

3409:

was entrusted with carrying out some of the high-profile executions in this period.

2549:

with Long Live Stalinism!" Stalin dismissed this as excessive and contributing to a

1094: 212: 15423: 13885: 13775: 13605: 13597: 13415: 13373: 13347: 13236: 13107: 13087: 13060: 12820: 12581: 12064: 11872: 11844: 11614: 11406: 11274: 11027: 10962: 10203: 10101: 9320: 9153: 8928: 8870: 8827: 8654: 8358: 8311: 8269: 8228: 8148: 8017: 7951: 7752: 7382: 7297: 6850: 6811: 6631: 6537: 6321: 5276: 4953: 4722: 4673: 4597: 4585: 4490: 4398: 4358: 4048: 3953: 3910: 3855: 3790:

claimed, and the Soviet-style industrialization was "an anti-innovative dead-end."

3766: 3669:

to 1953, around 1.5 to 1.7 million perished in the gulag system. In February 1956,

3511: 3436: 3373: 3122: 3055: 2978: 2888: 2852: 2802: 2798:

of the Stalin-era Soviet Union, accusing it of being bureaucratic and calling it a

2771: 2751: 2743: 2730: 2606: 2602: 2542: 2416: 2349: 2251: 2208: 2184: 2139: 1563: 1344: 1324: 1179: 1174: 1159: 830: 825: 734: 722: 592: 479: 469: 312: 267: 252: 94: 12298: 10348:

Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe

8797: 7943: 6815: 4676:

parties as miseducated, which he said helped to block the development of Marxism.

4072:. Conversely, Stalin's regime reversed Lenin's policies on social matters such as 3869:

A poster of the Stalinist era with the inscription "The whole world will be ours!"

15208: 14421: 14373: 14279: 13910: 13895: 13814: 13779: 13549: 13341: 13259: 13055: 12984: 12815: 12660: 12650: 12439: 12038:

Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism: Complexities, Contradictions, and Controversies

11943: 11933: 11703: 11682: 11661: 11640: 11594: 11573: 11549: 11528: 11507: 11489: 11353: 11312: 11295: 11269: 11215: 10857: 10830: 10657: 10164: 10095: 10018: 9768: 9663: 9185: 9026: 9002: 8424: 8253:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 8169: 7955: 6580: 6498: 6201: 6117: 5845: 5516: 5218: 5015: 4637: 4589: 4526:—that is, a non-capitalist state in which exploitation is controlled by a ruling 4489:" employed by Stalin and contrasted most directly with Stalinism on the issue of 4470: 4433: 4295: 4217: 4205: 4073: 4069: 4004: 3926: 3881: 3786: 3781: 3758: 3739: 3735: 3545: 3499:

in which tens of thousands were executed as "Japanese spies", as Mongolian ruler

3305: 3169: 3118: 2994: 2836: 2783: 2610: 2345: 2329: 2265: 2196: 2164: 2144: 1506: 1204: 1164: 1149: 1144: 966: 961: 924: 899: 746: 702: 489: 434: 317: 272: 247: 207: 74: 11031: 8021: 6326: 6309: 2931:

A policy of ideological repression impacted various disciplinary fields such as

1264: 15228: 15156: 14436: 14426: 14043: 13673: 13665: 13470: 13395: 13311: 13271: 12830: 12825: 12767: 12160:

Kuzio, Taras. 2017. "Stalinism and Russian and Ukrainian national identities."

12012: 11765: 11730: 11642:

Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938

11401: 8104: 7699: 5401: 5005: 4862: 4796:

The Mortal Danger: Misconceptions about Soviet Russia and the Threat to America

4777: 4765: 4733: 4684: 4520: 4362: 4322: 4291: 4238: 4172: 4171:

fields had "undoubtedly" weakened the nation. According to Stalin's secretary,

4160: 4097: 4036: 4024: 3859: 3842: 3791: 3774: 3639: 3428: 3406: 3392: 3324: 3314: 3258: 3250: 3117:

In the aftermath of the succession struggle, in which Stalin had defeated both

3101: 2982: 2848: 2734: 2660: 2621: 2570: 2468: 2408: 2159: 2112: 2061: 1299: 1284: 1234: 1199: 1114: 1104: 1079: 934: 612: 307: 262: 129: 11815: 11193: 11126:

Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

11054:

Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939

10131:

Was There an Alternative? 1923–1927: Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

8831: 8658: 8362: 8315: 8273: 8152: 7128: 7108: 7093: 7071: 5406:

Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile

4023:

to present the notion of ideological continuity and reinforce the position of

3444:

were removed from the texts and photographs as though they had never existed.

15347: 15089: 14028: 13920: 13565: 13525: 13321: 13214: 13209: 13065: 12988: 12954: 12717: 12712: 12598: 12345: 12114: 11969: 11811: 11636: 11509:

Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941

11471: 10215: 10105: 10087: 9509: 9167: 8962: 8932: 8029: 7833: 7447: 7414: 7396: 6862: 6823: 6619: 6549: 6335: 5933: 5722: 5551: 5000:

Stalinisme : la politique soviétique pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale

4981: 4888: 4866: 4848: 4836: 4633: 4551: 4350: 4221: 4212: 4180: 4093: 3992: 3965: 3961: 3877: 3846: 3727: 3650: 3553: 3469: 3424: 3384: 3377: 3048: 2896: 2747: 2494: 2456: 2427:, have blamed Stalinist policies, particularly collectivization, for causing 2376: 2281: 1618: 1359: 1334: 1294: 1259: 1209: 1084: 1041: 993: 914: 622: 412: 232: 187: 134: 119: 47: 12120: 10579: 10192:"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka" 9084: 8506:"Young monks lead revival of Buddhism in Mongolia after years of repression" 6443:

Avron, Arnon; Dershowitz, Nachum; Rabinovich, Alexander (February 8, 2008).

3941:, exclaimed: "We stand for organized terror—this should be frankly stated." 3412:

Many military leaders were convicted of treason, and a large-scale purge of

3360:

In the 1930s, Stalin became increasingly worried about Leningrad party head

1239: 14972: 14793: 14187: 13937: 13905: 13824: 13621: 13517: 13336: 13077: 12862: 12772: 12633: 11983:

The total art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, aesthetic dictatorship, and beyond

11916: 11463: 10154: 9838: 8874: 8323: 7423: 6643: 6343: 4870: 4853:

In modern Russia, public opinion of Stalin and the former Soviet Union has

4821: 4816: 4577: 4573: 4543: 4535: 4494: 4477: 4466: 4318: 4299: 4012: 3979:.Trotsky also argued that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the 3957: 3757:, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the 3615: 3476: 3361: 3126: 2808: 2787: 2726: 2625: 2448: 2305: 2273: 2134: 1783: 1723: 1516: 1494: 1319: 1229: 1134: 978: 444: 424: 282: 11848: 11684:

Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition

11151:"In Russia, nostalgia for Soviet Union and positive feelings about Stalin" 10965:, and the gigantic empire was gifted with a network of working camps, the 6203:

A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev

6011:

Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam; Ben-Adam, Justin (1997).

3972:

and recruitment of 50-100 ordinary workers into the party's lower organs.

14835: 14797: 14789: 14411: 14395: 14309: 14251: 14072: 14065: 13992: 13880: 13840: 13354: 13180: 12867: 11383: 10161:, another product of his political manoeuvring against the Bukharinists." 9064: 8111: 7706: 7487: 7483: 6839:"Stalin's Falsification of History: The Case of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty" 5248: 4726: 4710: 4600:

that resembled Shachtman's in some respects but retained a commitment to

4504: 4421: 4335:

Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4314: 4216:

violated party tradition, ignored opponents' proposals, and expelled the

4008: 3890: 3829:

Stalin considered the political and economic system under his rule to be

3743: 3646: 3403: 3369: 3354: 3222: 3142: 3001:

was imposed in artistic production and other creative industries such as

2936: 2872: 2823:, imprisoning, torturing, and killing about 100,000 people, many of them 2820: 2795: 2782:, and the state must be powerful enough to defeat them. For this reason, 2404: 2368: 2337: 2301: 2127: 2117: 1778: 1758: 1578: 1568: 1484: 1339: 1249: 1224: 1189: 1124: 983: 677: 642: 407: 292: 287: 169: 11856: 10223: 10191: 9158: 7387: 4187:

and bring other parties such as the Mensheviks into political legality.

3397: 3387:, were held, but the procedures were replicated throughout the country. 2655:

by the autumn of 1924, a theory standing in sharp contrast to Trotsky's

2562: 2191: 741: 14825: 14110: 14082: 14060: 13970: 13331: 12979: 12665: 12544: 12217: 10207: 9517: 9497: 8914: 6557: 6525: 4884: 4858: 4718: 4593: 4569: 4445: 4416:

remained committed, at least theoretically, to its brand of Stalinism (

4389: 4188: 4183:

stressed the Bolsheviks' initial efforts to form a government with the

4109: 4020: 3984: 3906: 3885: 3723: 3623: 3522: 3234: 3209: 3157: 2987: 2972: 2956: 2819:

province in the 1930s. In 1937, Sheng conducted a purge similar to the

2684: 2392: 2296:, working to fund revolutionary activities, before eventually becoming 2038: 2023: 1553: 1349: 1309: 1089: 672: 539: 464: 14156: 13774: 12136:

Edele, Mark. 2020. "New perspectives on Stalinism?: A conclusion." in

11039: 10240:

Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow

9186:"1917 Russian Revolution: The gay community's brief window of freedom" 9146:"Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933" 8281: 8037: 8005: 7888:

Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union

7857:

Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union

7375:"Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933" 6870: 6838: 6419:

Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905–1953

6392:

Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905–1953

5318:

Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor

5080:

Baratieri, Daniela; Edele, Mark; Finaldi, Giuseppe (October 8, 2013).

3638:, the entire population of five of the small highland peoples and the 15045: 15040: 14862: 14755: 14033: 13965: 13960: 13915: 13900: 13802: 12959: 12850: 12645: 12096: 9797:

After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists

8894: 8233: 8216: 7515: 7011:

Nicholas, Sian; O'Malley, Tom; Williams, Kevin (September 13, 2013).

6984:

Nicholas, Sian; O'Malley, Tom; Williams, Kevin (September 13, 2013).

6957:

Nicholas, Sian; O'Malley, Tom; Williams, Kevin (September 13, 2013).

6635: 4749: 4516: 4512: 4303: 4121: 4106: 3934: 3865: 3803: 3694: 3530: 3059: 2968: 2952: 2864: 2799: 2739: 2710: 2705:

Despite this, by the autumn of 1924, Stalin's notion of socialism in

2687: 2672: 2648: 2598: 2439: 2432: 2122: 2107: 1254: 1016: 449: 12055:

Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism

6541: 5882:

Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders who Built the Soviet Regime

4321:

attitudes within the Soviet Union. According to Marxist philosopher

2774:) must become stronger before it can wither away. In Stalin's view, 2589:

Some historians view Stalinism as a reflection of the ideologies of

15035: 14580: 14314: 14274: 13975: 13890: 12902: 12613: 11928:

Origins of Stalinism: From Leninist Revolution to Stalinist Society

11374: 10910:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

10885:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

10633:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

10046:"Revolution Besieged. The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly)" 9716:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

9212:"When Soviet Women Won the Right to Abortion (For the Second Time)" 6854: 4986: 4417: 4242: 4164: 4081: 4077: 4016: 3968:, and proposing party reforms including the democratization of the 3838: 3674: 3654: 3504: 3457: 3453: 3423:

also targeted "national contingents" (foreign ethnicities) such as

3413: 3327:'s January 1940 letter to Stalin asking permission to execute 346 " 3151: 2960: 2932: 2816: 2762:

Traditional communist thought holds that the state will gradually "

2718: 2590: 2577: 2546: 2514: 2289: 2028: 1511: 1329: 1031: 1026: 647: 439: 11380:

Hitler's War on Russia: The Story of the German Defeat in the East

3417:

the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership.

14927: 14431: 14135: 14055: 12638: 12463: 12458: 7884: 7853: 6943: 6230:

Stalin's Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb

5791:

The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States

4899: 4714: 4645: 4113: 3834: 3712: 3662: 3432: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3040: 2948: 2940: 2824: 2812: 2722: 2680: 2668: 2594: 1920: 1865: 1214: 1061: 12314: 7107:

Pisch, Anita (2016). "The rise of the Stalin personality cult".

6173:

Stalinist Genetics: The Constitutional Rhetoric of T. D. Lysenko

4776:

Memorial to the victims of political repression in the USSR, in

3072:(1942) in which Stalin was glorified as a central figure to the 2513:

from 1922 to his death on 5 March 1953. It was a development of

2288:

between 1944 and 1953. Stalin had previously made a career as a

14077: 14014: 13980: 13927: 12076:

National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts Herald

10158: 7302:

Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide

6195: 6193: 5105: 5103: 4829: 4393: 3503:

closely followed Stalin's lead. Stalin had ordered for 100,000

3022:

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

3010: 2676: 2664: 2428: 2293: 1046: 657: 12204:

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology

11352:

An exact number of negative votes is unknown. In his memoirs,

11216:"Joseph Stalin: Why so many Russians like the Soviet dictator" 9618:. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162. 6051:] (4th ed.). Moscow: Gospolitizdat. pp. 236–237. 5518:

Russia Under Soviet Rule: Twenty Years of Bolshevik Experiment

4702:, draw parallels between Stalinism and the economic policy of 3380:

was extended to adolescents as young as 12 years old in 1935.

2435:. Other historians and scholars disagree on Stalinism's role. 2411:

campaign. Stalinism was also marked by militant atheism, mass

2203: 729: 43: 14850: 14728: 14020: 12857: 12167:

Lewin, Moshe. 2017. "The social background of Stalinism." in

11235:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 11056:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 6–10. 9445:

A people's tragedy : a history of the Russian Revolution

8919:

Golfo Alexopoulos. 'Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag'

6582:

The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story Of Soviet Science

5297: 4960: 4725:

saw Stalinism as having transformed Soviet Bolshevism into a

4688: 4527: 4473:

which advocated for an alternative set of policies to Stalin.

4326: 4263: 3622:

that profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union.

3481: 3196: 3026: 3002: 2986:

death of Stalin in 1953. Due to the ideological influence of

2400: 2372: 1691: 652: 12357:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

12292: 10483: 9302:"Lenin: Individual and Politics in the October Revolution". 8818:

Conquest, Robert (1997). "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment".

7014:

Reconstructing the Past: History in the Mass Media 1890–2005

7010: 6987:

Reconstructing the Past: History in the Mass Media 1890–2005

6983: 6960:

Reconstructing the Past: History in the Mass Media 1890–2005

6956: 6284:

From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics

6190: 6014:

Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road

5705: 5703: 5100: 4501:

with greater tolerance for the rights of Soviet Ukrainians.

3329:

enemies of the Communist Party and of the Soviet authorities

27:

Political and economic policies implemented by Joseph Stalin

14962: 14738: 11835:

Peters, Benjamin (2012). "Normalizing Soviet Cybernetics".

9794:

Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (January 10, 2014).

8759: 8757: 8742: 8450:

Kotkin, Stephen; Elleman, Bruce Allen (February 12, 2015).

7920:

The Voices of the Dead: Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s.

7549: 7110:

The personality cult of Stalin in Soviet posters, 1929–1953

7076:

The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 1929–1953

6526:"Science and Politics in the U.S.S.R.: The Genetics Debate" 4703: 4135: 3557: 3526: 3507: 3441: 3227:

Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"

3006: 1743: 1728: 1701: 877: 11772:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 10935:

Trotsky's future. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

9944:

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge_ (2004).

9824:

Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925

9044: 8725:

On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War

8477:

Dashpu̇rėv, Danzankhorloogiĭn; Soni, Sharad Kumar (1992).

3738:. Lenin implemented the NEP to ensure the survival of the 2620:

From 1917 to 1924, though often appearing united, Stalin,

14947: 14767: 12308: 11313:"Georgia divided over Stalin 'local hero' status in Gori" 11289:

The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion

10455:

Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History

10428:

Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History

9264:

Women and Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union

9150:

The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies

8614:

Russia's International Relations in the Twentieth Century

8196: 7816: 7379:

The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies

6442: 5700: 5602: 5564: 3203:

violence against the people during the implementation of

12394:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

12363:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

11619:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

10607:"I - The Strategy of Imperialism and Modern Revisionism" 10294:

Visual Histories of Occupation: A Transcultural Dialogue

9762: 9760: 8754: 7669: 6715:

Science in the Contemporary World : An Encyclopedia

6010: 5795:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 5626: 5624: 4392:

famously declared that Stalin was 70% good and 30% bad.

4255:

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

4220:

from the party on falsified charges, culminating in the

3626:, resistance to Soviet rule, and collaboration with the 3231:

Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

2830: 11079:. Marxists.org, 28 August 1937. Retrieved 12 July 2013. 10716:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161. 9743:(Reprinted ed.). Penguin books. pp. 111–112. 7793: 7578: 7576: 7561: 7537: 5496: 5484: 5227:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9. 4542:

must be spread all over the globe's working class, the

4377:

chose to split from the Soviet Union, resulting in the

3833:, which he considered the only legitimate successor of 3452:, with some significant killing and burial sites being 13426:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

12305:

Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?

8848: 7681: 7598:

The Anatomy of Terror: Political Violence under Stalin

5583: 4309:

Several scholars have derided Stalinism for fostering

3510:

in Mongolia to be liquidated but the political leader

2493:

Stalinism is used to describe the period during which

12140:(Manchester University Press, 2020) pp. 270–281. 11879:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941

10805:"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique" 10157:” foreign policy and his connivance in the advent of 10097:

Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared

9757: 7781: 7465: 5681: 5662: 5643: 5621: 5079: 3013:

were subject to extreme levels of political control.

2438:

Officially designed to accelerate development toward

2259: 12873:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

11180:"A Past That Divides: Russia's New Official History" 11107:"Communism may be dead, but clearly not dead enough" 9943: 9827:. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48. 7830:

The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia

7573: 7520:

Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century

7319:"Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide" 6940:

A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924

6449:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. 6122:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–15, 90–120. 4627:—Trotsky's writings on Stalinism and fascism in 1933 3347:

Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

12111:

Historia provinciae–the journal of regional history

11817:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

10775: 10686:

Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism

8798:"Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates" 8347:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited" 8131: 5976: 2683:. On the contrary, these countries had returned to 510:

Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

13158:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 12232:Zawadzka, Anna. 2019. "Stalinism the Polish Way." 11876: 10068: 9837: 9640: 9371: 7987:"Certainty, Probability, and Stalin's Great Purge" 7950:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–9, 1985, 7885:McLoughlin, Barry; McDermott, Kevin, eds. (2002). 7854:McLoughlin, Barry; McDermott, Kevin, eds. (2002). 6043:Rosenthal, Mark M.; Iudin, Pavel F., eds. (1954). 5788: 3923:ban on factions within the Russian Communist Party 3880:view of the Lenin–Stalin relationship (during the 2778:elements will attempt to derail the transition to 11990:Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 10983:Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective 10351:. Central European University Press. p. 29. 10243:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 6, 271. 10056: 9561:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41 9462: 9237:"Letters to the Editor on the Draft Abortion Law" 8294: 7492:Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison 7196:Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (October 14, 2014). 6669:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 5056:Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison 4458:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence 4208:, which have obscured the reality of the system. 3991:as soon as the economic and social conditions of 3556:, and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( 15345: 15036:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 11940:(40th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. 10086: 9448:. New York, NY : Viking. pp. 796–801. 9109: 8817: 8183:Communism: A History (Modern Library Chronicles) 7331: 6719:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6614: 6612: 6366:The Development of Sociology in the Soviet Union 5983:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 151. 5848:. 1961. "The General Secretary." Pp. 221–29 in 5727:The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present 5437:. Princeton University Press. pp. 308–310. 5253:The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power 4910:expressing "a positive attitude" toward Stalin. 3113:poster featuring an enlarged Stalin with workers 2700:Bukharin on Stalin's theoretical position, 1928. 2328:, and subordination of the interests of foreign 13266:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 12069:Stalinism: essays in historical interpretation. 11975:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia 11446:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 11257: 11255: 11077:"Leon Trotsky: Stalinism and Bolshevism (1937)" 9922: 9920: 9918: 9693:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 19, 20. 8637: 8560:The End of the Spanish Civil War: Alicante 1939 8344: 8217:"Recent Writing on Stalin's Gulag: An Overview" 7452:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia 7226:The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History 7065: 7063: 7061: 6917:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. 6890:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. 6092:Stalin and the Literary Intelligentsia, 1928–39 5191:Gill, Graeme; Gill, Graeme J. (July 18, 2002). 4691:Museum in Moscow, founded in 2001 by historian 4652:. Rogovin further noted that 16 members of the 4337:, which became the official history. Historian 4302:character of Stalinism and its suppression of " 4259:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 2805:rather than a form of revolutionary communism. 2541:came into prominence during the mid-1930s when 12017:Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a civilization 11906:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 11770:Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization 10478:Pierre du Bois, "Stalin – Genesis of a Myth," 9343: 8610: 8476: 7757:Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation 7253:Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought (set) 6422:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. pp. 1–528. 6395:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. pp. 1–528. 6042: 5059:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–89. 4926:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 4820:articles in 2002 and 2006, British journalist 3888:Stalin had distorted the Leninism of the wise 3614:Shortly before, during, and immediately after 3491:, established a Mongolian version of the NKVD 2597:, but some argue that it is separate from the 14172: 13760: 12841:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 12743:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 12604:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 12330: 11016:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 10765:"Leon Trotsky: Problem of the Ukraine (1939)" 9668:. University of Michigan Press. p. 136. 9495: 8449: 8109:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. 8006:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 7704:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. 6609: 6469: 6233:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 199. 6206:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 166. 5909:Stalin. Vol II, Waiting for Hitler, 1928–1941 5759:"The fake photographs that predate Photoshop" 5575:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMontefiore2007 ( 5461:The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity 5194:The Origins of the Stalinist Political System 5053:Kershaw, Ian; Lewin, Moshe (April 28, 1997). 4424:. Despite their initial cooperation against " 3917:and established the autocratic system in the 2228: 1996:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 766: 90:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 12181:Musiał, Filip. 2019. "Stalinism in Poland." 11547: 11526: 11252: 10932: 10480:Survey. A Journal of East & West Studies 10000:"Top 10 lies about the Bolshevik Revolution" 9915: 9841:; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (April 15, 2008). 9611: 9020: 8611:Kocho-Williams, Alastair (January 4, 2013). 7195: 7058: 6470:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (1974). 5721: 5167:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics 5052: 4436:, whom Hoxha had also previously denounced. 3333:Middle: Stalin's handwriting: "за" (support) 12801:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 12206:9.11 (2018): 1229–1241' impact on schooling 11592: 11568: 11548:Davies, Sarah; Harris, James, eds. (2014). 11527:Davies, Sarah; Harris, James, eds. (2005). 11129:. Princeton University Press. p. 280. 10937:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 238. 10270:. Cambridge University Press. p. 402. 9062: 8944: 8721: 7944:"Introduction: the Great Purges as history" 7148:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 7037: 6260:. Princeton University Press. p. 149. 6169: 5428: 5349:. Princeton University Press. p. 307. 5340: 4491:party democratization and bureaucratization 3818: 3677:, and Volga Germans were allowed to return 3391:of the legal code, which listed prohibited 2451:, which converted many small villages into 14179: 14165: 13767: 13753: 13227:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 12337: 12323: 12275:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 11786: 11551:Stalin's World: Dictating the Soviet Order 11300:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 10784:"Stalin, Communists, and Fatal Statistics" 10713:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life 10709: 10401:Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism 10345:Tismaneanu, Vladimir (November 10, 2009). 10344: 9926: 9793: 9741:The Bolshevik revolution 1917–1923. Vol. 1 9314: 8247: 8214: 7799: 7199:Stalin's World: Dictating the Soviet Order 6227:Riehl, Nikolaus; Seitz, Frederick (1996). 6226: 6088: 5878: 5709: 5594:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2004 ( 5570: 5458:Sawicky, Nicholas D. (December 20, 2013). 5380:. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–6. 5368: 5366: 5197:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 5136: 3586:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union 3263:Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus 2447:collectivization of agriculture and rapid 2344:at the time. After Stalin's death and the 2235: 2221: 1395:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 773: 759: 353:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 12811:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 12783:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 12036:Ryan, James, and Susan Grant, eds. 2020. 11666:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11645:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11613: 11533:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11512:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11400: 10736: 10482:28#1 (1984) pp. 166–181. See abstract in 10404:. BRILL. December 31, 2007. p. 339. 9821:Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). 9820: 9638: 9584: 9468: 9157: 8975: 8694: 8590:. Harvard University Press. p. 212. 8556: 8232: 8202: 7625:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 7471: 7386: 7141: 6667:Lysenko and The Tragedy of Soviet Science 6473:Soviet Economic Structure and Performance 6325: 6314:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 6280: 6149:. Harvard University Press. p. 181. 6068:. Harvard University Press. p. 307. 5912:. London : Allen Lane. p. 125. 5861: 5692:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5673:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5654:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5635:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5613:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSandle1999 ( 5514: 5275: 5217: 5109: 4941:Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union 3383:After that, several trials, known as the 1951:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 555:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 12753:Great Construction Projects of Communism 11488: 11443: 11424: 11232: 11051: 10682: 10659:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia 10166:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia 9970: 9591:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135. 9534:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia 9498:"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky" 9261: 8763: 8497: 8051:Shearer, David R. (September 11, 2023). 7675: 7621: 7567: 7555: 7543: 7443: 7441: 7041:The Shortest History of the Soviet Union 7038:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (February 6, 2023). 6578: 6496: 6253: 6200:Zubok, Vladislav M. (February 1, 2009). 6115: 5190: 5137:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (May 27, 2010). 5083:Totalitarian Dictatorship: New Histories 4771: 4683: 4679: 4461: 4273: 4262: 4196:as an alternative democratic structure. 4126: 3913:, and that Lenin developed the infamous 3864: 3706: 3216: 3156: 3105: 2576: 2561: 42: 14186: 13169:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 11462: 10985:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 10907: 10882: 10859:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 10855: 10655: 10630: 10484:David R. Egan; Melinda A. Egan (2007). 10451: 10424: 10378:. Oxford University Press. p. 94. 10324:. Harvard University Press. p. 3. 10317: 10264:Creveld, Martin van (August 26, 1999). 10263: 10162: 10128: 9894: 9867: 9766: 9713: 9588:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929 9530: 9496:Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990). 8777:Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 8748: 8587:Comrades!: A History of World Communism 8583: 8338: 8084:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. 8050: 7764:Planning Group on Comparative Communist 7622:Mccauley, Martin (September 13, 2013). 7142:Saxonberg, Steven (February 14, 2013). 6910: 6883: 6798:Suny, Ronald Grigor (January 2, 2022). 6281:Gerovitch, Slava (September 17, 2004). 6254:Harrison, Selig S. (December 8, 2015). 6142: 6061: 5879:Volkogonov, Dmitriĭ Antonovich (1998). 5862:Vyshinsky, Andrey Yanuaryevich (1950). 5589: 5457: 5400: 5378:Comrades!: A History of World Communism 5372: 5363: 5315: 5247: 5163: 5116:. Oxford University Press. p. ix. 3582:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 3190: 2485:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) 2403:. The most notorious examples were the 2300:. Stalinism included the creation of a 1976:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 14: 15346: 14205:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 13204:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 12311:Teach (resources for school teachers). 11871: 11834: 11764: 11753: 11729: 11502: 11177: 10862:. Pathfinder Press. pp. 555–556. 10662:. Yale University Press. p. 195. 10656:Daniels, Robert V. (October 1, 2008). 10620:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 10291:Taylor, Jeremy E. (January 28, 2021). 10290: 10169:. Yale University Press. p. 396. 10163:Daniels, Robert V. (October 1, 2008). 10016: 9927:Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (1956). 9847:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 197. 9688: 9557: 9537:. Yale University Press. p. 438. 9531:Daniels, Robert V. (October 1, 2008). 9363: 9143: 9123:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. 9050: 8945:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (April 22, 2010). 8503: 8483:. South Asian Publishers. p. 44. 8480:Reign of Terror in Mongolia, 1920–1990 8422: 8077: 8003: 7984: 7914: 7912: 7687: 7648: 7594: 7372: 7345:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. 7249: 7202:. Yale University Press. p. 134. 6836: 6710: 6664: 6618: 6523: 6358: 6307: 6038: 5905: 5687: 5668: 5649: 5630: 5608: 5502: 5490: 5435:A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism 5347:A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism 5303: 4798:, anti-communist and Soviet dissident 4596:independently developed a critique of 4420:) for decades under the leadership of 4414:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4384: 4132:O kulcie jednostki i jego następstwach 3594:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 3079: 2750:, Stalin articulated his rejection of 2057:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1383:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 1052:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 348:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 14160: 13748: 12318: 11964:Debates on Stalinism: An introduction 11810: 11757:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 11736:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 11680: 11659: 11635: 11122: 10980: 10828: 10781: 10740:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 10683:Beilharz, Peter (November 19, 2019). 10604: 10372:Fürst, Juliane (September 30, 2010). 10371: 9997: 9971:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (August 16, 2013). 9661: 9472:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 9441: 9432:, University of Michigan Press, 2005. 9369: 9266:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher. 9069:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8979:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 8698:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 8563:. Pen and Sword History. p. 81. 8557:Whitehead, Jonathan (April 4, 2024). 8529: 8057:. Taylor & Francis. p. vii. 7787: 7762:American Council of Learned Societies 7582: 7438: 7413: 7222: 7106: 7069: 6937: 6770: 6743: 6199: 6170:Stanchevici, Dmitri (March 2, 2017). 5822:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 5818: 5753: 4972:Mass killings under communist regimes 4698:Some historians and writers, such as 3703:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 2831:Ideological repression and censorship 2585:celebrating Stalin's birthday in 1949 2557: 2501:of the Soviet Union while serving as 2444:industrialization in the Soviet Union 2336:, which Stalinism deemed the leading 2298:General Secretary of the Soviet Union 1559:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 1480:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 1415:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 883:Intensification of the class struggle 13287:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 13245:20th Congress of the Communist Party 12688:19th Congress of the Communist Party 12525:18th Congress of the Communist Party 12490:17th Congress of the Communist Party 12162:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 11966:(Manchester University Press, 2020). 11701: 11687:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 11554:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 10737:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 10452:Sheehan, Helena (January 23, 2018). 10425:Sheehan, Helena (January 23, 2018). 10297:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 239. 10236: 10074: 10062: 9895:Daniels, Robert V. (November 2002). 9868:Daniels, Robert V. (November 2002). 9738: 9469:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 9378:. Random House Publishing. pp. 9289:Three Whys of the Russian Revolution 8976:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 8695:Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). 8530:Sakwa, Richard (November 12, 2012). 8078:Nelson, Todd H. (October 16, 2019). 7652:Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War 7649:Wright, Patrick (October 28, 2009). 6797: 6689: 6415: 6388: 5786: 4057:assassination attempts against Lenin 3691:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 2990:, crop yields in the USSR declined. 2757: 2383:" sympathies. This resulted in mass 2001:Sandinista National Liberation Front 1475:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 515:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks 485:20th Congress of the Communist Party 13221:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 12445:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 11599:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11578:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11386:. Delhi: B.I. Publications. p. 195. 11263:Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High 11088:Milne, Seumas (12 September 2002). 10959:Bildung. Alles, was man wissen muss 10908:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 10883:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 10835:. Mehring Books. pp. 172–173. 10631:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 10237:Dunn, Dennis J. (January 1, 1998). 10189: 10133:. Mehring Books. pp. 494–495. 9898:The End of the Communist Revolution 9871:The End of the Communist Revolution 9714:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 9404:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police 9344:Anne Applebaum (October 14, 2014). 9241:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 8728:. Simon and Schuster. p. 395. 7909: 7811:Tzouliadis, Tim. August 2, 2008.) " 7403:from the original on June 12, 2017. 7250:Claeys, Gregory (August 20, 2013). 7168: 6310:"The Peril of Politicizing Science" 6176:. Taylor & Francis. p. 9. 5885:. Simon and Schuster. p. 125. 4080:, rights of sexual minorities, and 3634:were not examined. After the brief 3598:Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks 3086:Joseph Stalin's cult of personality 2841:Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan 2511:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2334:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1956:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 24: 13368:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 13187:The History of the Communist Party 13006:Soviet offensive plans controversy 12971:Ideological repression in science 12515:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 12218:Children, Childhood, and Stalinism 12045:Stalinism and Soviet legal culture 11899: 11739:. New York: Penguin Random House. 11663:Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives 11382:(first Indian ed.), translated by 11105:Milne, Seumas (16 February 2006). 9174:from the original on 12 June 2017. 6914:The Stalin School of Falsification 6911:Trotsky, Leon (January 13, 2019). 6887:The Stalin School of Falsification 6884:Trotsky, Leon (January 13, 2019). 6658: 6572: 6146:Russia, the Roots of Confrontation 5819:Sakwa, Richard (August 17, 2005). 4936:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 4454:The Stalin School of Falsification 3937:struggle against opponents in the 3921:. They also note that Lenin put a 3684: 3353:to execution after trials held by 3239:1937 mass execution of Belarusians 3062:of history as seen with the films 3036:The Stalin School of Falsification 2395:, executions, and imprisonment in 2155:State ideology of the Soviet Union 1388:The History of the Communist Party 341:The History of the Communist Party 25: 15435: 13406:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 13137:Marxism and the National Question 12344: 12282: 12019:. University of California Press. 12000:Stalinism: The Essential Readings 11921:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 11793:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 11760:. New York: Penguin Random House. 11498:. New York: Penguin Random House. 11323:from the original on 19 July 2018 11233:Arkhipov, Ilya (April 16, 2019). 11123:Weitz, Eric D. (April 13, 2021). 11014:Ellman, Michael (November 2002). 10811:. London: Bookmarks pp. 333–353. 10577: 10512:Politics, Religion & Ideology 10267:The Rise and Decline of the State 10043: 9950:. Penn State Press. p. 156. 9718:. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14. 9286: 8722:Wasserstein, Bernard (May 2012). 8453:Mongolia in the Twentieth Century 7813:Nightmare in the workers paradise 7728:"Newseum: The Commissar Vanishes" 7169:Ree, Erik van (August 27, 2003). 6771:Jones, Derek (December 1, 2001). 6744:Jones, Derek (December 1, 2001). 6476:. Harper & Row. p. 324. 6416:Ings, Simon (February 21, 2017). 6389:Ings, Simon (February 21, 2017). 6308:Krylov, Anna I. (June 10, 2021). 6257:India: The Most Dangerous Decades 5951: 4842: 4604:. Similarly, American Trotskyist 4001:Vice-chairman of the Soviet Union 3773:along with the priority focus on 3602:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 3560:) leadership in Catalonia (e.g., 3517:Under Stalinist influence in the 2845:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia 2709:was initially considered next to 2322:intensification of class conflict 2088:Criticism of communist party rule 1420:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament 858:Commanding heights of the economy 15328: 15327: 15315: 13729: 13728: 13046:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 12510:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 11938:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 11367: 11305: 11281: 11226: 11208: 11186: 11171: 11143: 11116: 11099: 11082: 11070: 11045: 11008: 10999: 10974: 10951: 10926: 10901: 10876: 10849: 10822: 10797: 10757: 10730: 10703: 10676: 10649: 10624: 10598: 10571: 10546: 10530: 10517: 10504: 10490:. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. 10472: 10445: 10418: 10392: 10365: 10338: 10311: 10284: 10257: 10230: 10183: 10147: 10122: 10080: 10037: 10023:. Pathfinder. pp. 307–347. 10010: 9998:Grant, Alex (November 1, 2017). 9991: 9964: 9937: 9888: 9861: 9831: 9814: 9787: 9773:. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348. 9732: 9707: 9682: 9655: 9632: 9605: 9578: 9551: 9524: 9489: 9435: 9422: 9409: 9396: 9337: 9295: 9280: 9255: 9229: 9204: 9178: 9137: 9103: 9091: 9056: 9031:Reflections on a Ravaged Century 8996: 8969: 8938: 8908: 8881: 8842: 8811: 8790: 8769: 8715: 8688: 8631: 8604: 8577: 8550: 8523: 8504:Thomas, Natalie (June 4, 2018). 8470: 8443: 8416: 8392: 8288: 8241: 8208: 8175: 8159: 8125: 8098: 8071: 8044: 7997: 7978: 7936: 7878: 7847: 7822: 7805: 7746: 7720: 7693: 7642: 6774:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia 6747:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia 6690:Wade, Nicholas (June 17, 2016). 6143:Daniels, Robert Vincent (1985). 6089:Kemp-Welch, A. (July 27, 2016). 4977:Political views of Joseph Stalin 4967:Human rights in the Soviet Union 4802:argues that the use of the term 3809: 3746:, 1914–1917, and the subsequent 3711:Starved peasants on a street in 3313: 3304: 3295: 2202: 2190: 2178: 1981:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 1405:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 1390:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 804: 740: 728: 716: 358:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 343:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 73: 50:, after whom Stalinism is named. 13431:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 12567:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 12557:Occupation of the Baltic states 11373:The scale of Stalin's purge of 11346: 10887:. Mehring Books. pp. 1–2. 9615:Russia in the twentieth century 9558:Watson, Derek (July 27, 2016). 8533:Soviet Politics: In Perspective 7615: 7595:Harris, James (July 11, 2013). 7588: 7509: 7477: 7407: 7366: 7325: 7311: 7287: 7270: 7243: 7216: 7189: 7162: 7135: 7100: 7031: 7004: 6977: 6950: 6931: 6904: 6877: 6830: 6791: 6764: 6737: 6704: 6692:"The Scourge of Soviet Science" 6683: 6517: 6503:. Macmillan. pp. 147–149. 6490: 6463: 6436: 6409: 6382: 6301: 6274: 6247: 6220: 6163: 6136: 6109: 6082: 6055: 6031: 6004: 5970: 5945: 5926: 5899: 5872: 5855: 5839: 5812: 5803: 5780: 5747: 5729:(6th ed.). New York City: 5715: 5545: 5508: 5451: 5422: 5394: 5334: 5309: 5283:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54. 5281:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought 4931:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union 4877:, reached a record high in the 3944:Opponents of this view include 3896:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3884:and later) was that the overly 3726:as Russia turned away from the 3636:Nazi occupation of the Caucasus 3618:, Stalin conducted a series of 3575: 3339:'s decision is signed by Stalin 3098:The Battle of Stalingrad (film) 3043:, and suppressed texts such as 2318:collectivization of agriculture 974:Theory of the productive forces 15389:Eponymous political ideologies 12244:Studia Litteraria et Historica 12234:Studia Litteraria et Historica 12059:University of California Press 12040:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). 11959:(Yale University Press, 2020). 11883:. W. W. Norton & Company. 11820:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10933:Brotherstone, Terence (1992). 10912:. Mehring Books. p. 380. 10635:. Mehring Books. p. 431. 10611:Imperialism and the Revolution 10100:. Cambridge University Press. 9417:Leninism and Western Socialism 9098:"Genocide in the 20th century" 8221:Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 7113:. ANU Press. pp. 87–190. 7044:. Pan Macmillan. p. 116. 6368:, Taylor & Francis, 1974, 6049:Short Philosophical Dictionary 5269: 5241: 5211: 5184: 5157: 5130: 5073: 5046: 4530:that, although not owning the 4267:Stalin statue in front of the 4185:Left Socialist Revolutionaries 4033:Left Socialist Revolutionaries 3742:following seven years of war ( 3364:'s growing popularity. At the 3271:Estonian Operation of the NKVD 2993:Orthodoxy was enforced in the 2917:Short Philosophical Dictionary 2742:around 1929. Bukharin and the 2617:regardless of the human cost. 2573:with Stalin in the early 1920s 2459:contracts with major American 1400:A Critique of Soviet Economics 545:Communist Party of New Zealand 535:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party 13: 1: 14868:Political abuse of psychiatry 14660:Congress of People's Deputies 13272:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 13083:1946–1947 Soviet famine 12656:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 12009:. Cambridge University Press. 11949:Stalin: A Political Biography 10782:Faria, MA (January 8, 2012). 10689:. Routledge. pp. 1–206. 10554:"Mao's Evaluations of Stalin" 9901:. Routledge. pp. 90–92. 9874:. Routledge. pp. 90–94. 9844:A Companion to Gender History 9739:Carr, Edward Hallett (1977). 8982:. Verso Books. p. 1141. 8701:. Verso Books. p. 1443. 8429:. Monsudar Pub. p. 322. 8423:Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn (1999). 7175:. Routledge. pp. 1–384. 7017:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 6990:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 6963:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 6816:10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740 6287:. MIT Press. pp. 41–42. 6017:. Columbia University Press. 5850:Stalin, A Political Biography 5476:– via Digital Commons. 5224:Stalin: A Political Biography 5113:Stalin: A Political Biography 5034: 4865:efforts. According to a 2015 4824:wrote that the impact of the 4780:, made of a boulder from the 4439: 4371:Socialist Republic of Romania 3802:; some scholars believe that 3475:Stalin personally signed 357 3287:Finnish Operation of the NKVD 3279:Latvian Operation of the NKVD 3205:agricultural collectivization 841:Soviet-type economic planning 821:Administrative-command system 15404:Politics of the Soviet Union 14131:Social dominance orientation 13421:1956 Georgian demonstrations 11952:(2nd edition). Oxford House. 11593:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2000). 10743:. Verso Books. p. 637. 10458:. Verso Books. p. 230. 10431:. Verso Books. p. 230. 9947:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev 9662:Lewin, Moshe (May 4, 2005). 9643:Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed 9612:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003). 9475:. Verso Books. p. 528. 9063:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1994). 8132:Rosefielde, Stephen (1996). 7956:10.1017/cbo9780511572616.002 6497:Salsburg, David (May 2002). 6119:Einstein and Soviet Ideology 6116:Vucinich, Alexander (2001). 5977:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 5954:"The Abolition of the State" 5725:; Large, David Clay (2008). 5561:. Retrieved 4 February 2020. 5320:. Harvard University Press. 5086:. Routledge. pp. 1–50. 5039: 4047:, participated in sabotage, 3909:with its hostage-taking and 3606:Deportation of the Karachays 3570:Communist Party of Palestine 3255:Polish Operation of the NKVD 2893:Blacklisting (Soviet policy) 2532: 2272:policies implemented in the 1946:Communist Party of Kampuchea 1589:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 920:Proletarian internationalism 455:Chinese Communist Revolution 7: 15384:Economy of the Soviet Union 15031:Academy of Medical Sciences 14146:List of totalitarian states 14126:Right-wing authoritarianism 13436:Stalin Monument in Budapest 13103:Night of the Murdered Poets 13021:Allegations of antisemitism 12758:Engineers of the human soul 12505:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12481:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12171:(Routledge, 2017. 111–136). 11096:. Retrieved 7 October 2020. 11032:10.1080/0966813022000017177 10710:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). 8403:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy 8022:10.1080/0966813022000017177 7948:Origins of the Great Purges 7655:. OUP Oxford. p. 342. 7229:. OUP Oxford. p. 465. 7223:Stone, Dan (May 17, 2012). 6777:. Routledge. p. 2083. 6750:. Routledge. p. 2083. 6579:Birstein, Vadim J. (2013). 6327:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475 4913: 4497:, gradual approach towards 4163:and leading figures in the 4092:, the Tsarist programme of 3632:German-occupied territories 3519:Mongolian People's Republic 3421:Mass operations of the NKVD 3094:The Unforgettable Year 1919 2869:Night of the Murdered Poets 2423:. Some historians, such as 2260: 1971:Indochinese Communist Party 989:Wars of national liberation 475:Death and funeral of Stalin 155:Soviet socialist patriotism 10: 15440: 14121:Left-wing authoritarianism 13956:Authoritarian conservatism 13476:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 13446:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 12594:Soviet atomic bomb project 12289:"Stalin Reference Archive" 12278:. Foreign Languages Press. 11903: 11495:Stalin: Breaker of Nations 11468:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 11425:Boobbyer, Phillip (2000). 11393: 11113:. Retrieved 18 April 2020. 10981:Fried, Richard M. (1991). 10832:In Defense of Leon Trotsky 10819:. Retrieved 23 April 2020. 10809:State Capitalism in Russia 10807:. In Cliff, Tony (1988) . 9800:. McFarland. p. 109. 9262:Mamonova, Tatyana (1984). 8924:American Historical Review 8456:. Routledge. p. 112. 8295:Wheatcroft, S. G. (2000). 7601:. OUP Oxford. p. 15. 7496:Cambridge University Press 7282:Twenty-First Century Books 6837:Bailey, Sydney D. (1955). 6524:Wrinch, Pamela N. (1951). 6045:Kratkii filosofskii slovar 5825:. Routledge. p. 165. 5731:W. W. Norton & Company 4846: 4524:degenerated workers' state 4443: 4367:German Democratic Republic 4282:, United States president 4269:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 4252: 3822: 3800:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 3717:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 3699:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 3688: 3610:Deportation of the Kalmyks 3590:Deportation of the Balkars 3579: 3220: 3083: 2857:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 2834: 2790:. Other leftists, such as 2725:to the intellectual left; 2482: 2478: 2413:anti-religious persecution 2391:, including mass arrests, 2098:Marxist schools of thought 1991:Party of Labour of Albania 1961:Communist Party of Vietnam 570:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR 525:Communist Party of Germany 430:Soviet atomic bomb project 36:Stalinism (disambiguation) 29: 15309: 15253: 15227: 15147: 15070: 15061: 15006: 14913: 14876: 14816: 14719: 14681: 14601: 14463: 14454: 14404: 14352: 14343: 14195: 14098: 13948: 13820:Counterintelligence state 13790: 13724: 13641: 13502: 13484: 13456:Places named after Stalin 13441:Stalin Monument in Prague 13388: 13300: 13235: 13121: 12965:Repressions in Azerbaijan 12791: 12700: 12683:1950 legislative election 12609:1946 legislative election 12520:1937 legislative election 12432: 12381: 12372: 12352: 12293:Marxists Internet Archive 12216:Winkler, Martina. 2017. " 12005:Hoffmann, David L. 2018. 11923:(2nd ed.). Fontana Press. 11837:Information & Culture 11448:. Frank Cass Publishers. 10525:Soviet Studies in History 10196:Studies in Soviet Thought 10129:Rogovin, Vadim Z (2021). 9977:. Routledge. p. 60. 9639:Deutscher, Isaac (1959). 9585:Deutscher, Isaac (1965). 8832:10.1080/09668139708412501 8659:10.1080/09668130500199392 8617:. Routledge. p. 60. 8536:. Routledge. p. 43. 8363:10.1080/09668130701291899 8316:10.1080/09668130050143860 8274:10.1080/09668139608412415 8153:10.1080/09668139608412393 7918:Kuromiya, Hiroaki. 2007. 7628:. Routledge. p. 49. 7419:"The Future Did Not Work" 7306:Columbia University Press 7256:. CQ Press. p. 162. 6665:Soĭfer, Valeriĭ. (1994). 6095:. Springer. p. 222. 5408:. Routledge. p. 89. 5316:Rossman, Jeffrey (2005). 5255:. Yale University Press. 5110:Deutscher, Isaac (1967). 4746:Russian famine of 1921–22 4648:after the signing of the 4561:bureaucratic collectivism 4248: 4035:. According to historian 3989:Socialist Revolutionaries 3090:The Fall of Berlin (film) 2786:influenced by Stalin are 2632:(e.g., he considered the 2613:that worked toward rapid 2255: 530:Communist Party of Greece 14116:Inverted totalitarianism 13988:Authoritarian capitalism 13277:Soviet Nonconformist Art 13193:1936 Soviet Constitution 12846:Soviet famine of 1932–33 12806:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 12778:Transformation of nature 12763:1936 Soviet Constitution 12723:Socialism in One Country 12562:German–Soviet Axis talks 12301:. Spartacus Educational. 12295:. Retrieved 11 May 2005. 12119:Barnett, Vincent. 2006. 12084:Velikanova, Olga. 2018. 12002:. John Wiley & Sons. 11955:Dobrenko, Evgeny. 2020. 11754:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 11702:Gill, Graeme J. (1998). 11444:Brackman, Roman (2001). 11339: 11090:"The battle for history" 11052:Hoffmann, David (2011). 11022:. Taylor & Francis. 10318:Service, Robert (2005). 10190:Day, Richard B. (1990). 10106:10.1017/CBO9780511802652 10020:Democracy and Revolution 9767:Liebman, Marcel (1985). 9564:. Springer. p. 25. 9144:Tauger, Mark B. (2001). 8638:Ellman, Michael (2005). 8584:Service, Robert (2007). 8345:Ellman, Michael (2007). 8004:Ellman, Michael (2002). 7373:Tauger, Mark B. (2001). 7276:Zuehlke, Jeffrey. 2006. 6711:Swedin, Eric G. (2005). 6364:Elizabeth Ann Weinberg, 6062:Service, Robert (2005). 5906:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 5170:. OUP USA. p. 414. 5021:Socialism in one country 4855:improved in recent years 4809:Stalinism and Bolshevism 4721:into a form of fascism. 4355:Twentieth Party Congress 4076:, legal restrictions on 3819:Relationship to Leninism 3017:Historical falsification 2653:socialism in one country 2519:Socialism in One Country 2371:, better-off peasants (" 2314:socialism in one country 1941:Communist Party of India 940:Socialism in one country 895:Marxist–Leninist atheism 560:National Bolshevik Party 550:Romanian Communist Party 520:Albanian Party of Labour 165:Transformation of nature 145:Socialism in one country 15414:Totalitarian ideologies 15322:Soviet Union portal 14000:Authoritarian socialism 13401:Iosif Stalin locomotive 13144:Foundations of Leninism 13130:Anarchism or Socialism? 13011:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 12878:NKVD prisoner massacres 12530:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 12419:Death and state funeral 12272:Stalin, Joseph (1951). 12267:Foreign Languages Press 12262:Foundations of Leninism 12259:Stalin, Joseph. 1975. 12213:71.6 (2019): 1013–1035. 12043:Sharlet, Robert. 2017. 12022:McCauley, Martin. 2019 11962:Edele, Mark, ed. 2020. 11926:Campeanu, Pavel. 2016. 11788:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 11681:Getty, J. Arch (2013). 11660:Getty, J. Arch (1993). 10017:Novack, George (1971). 9689:Broue., Pierre (1992). 9442:Figes, Orlando (1997). 9370:Pipes, Richard (2001). 7991:McNair Scholars Journal 7828:Tzouliadis, Tim. 2008. 6938:Figes, Orlando (1997). 6624:Nature Reviews Genetics 6585:. Perseus Books Group. 5939:Encyclopædia Britannica 5557:Encyclopædia Britannica 5515:De Basily, N. (2017) . 4887:, a sociologist at the 4835:According to historian 4693:Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko 4602:revolutionary communism 4534:and not constituting a 4499:agricultural production 4406:Chinese Communist Party 4404:Taking the side of the 4375:Chinese Communist Party 4278:British prime minister 4194:Congress of the Soviets 3753:According to historian 3283:Stalin's shooting lists 3267:NKVD prisoner massacres 2877:Wrecking (Soviet Union) 2583:Chinese Communist Party 2286:Soviet satellite states 2268:means of governing and 2150:State ideology of China 2076:under communist regimes 2074:Crimes against humanity 2034:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 2006:Workers' Party of Korea 1936:Communist Party of Cuba 1931:Chinese Communist Party 1599:Portuguese Colonial War 1425:The Governance of China 1378:Foundations of Leninism 925:Protracted people's war 873:Dialectical materialism 633:Authoritarian socialism 603:Stalin and antisemitism 336:Foundations of Leninism 15214:Stalinist architecture 14968:Science and technology 14878:Ideological repression 14806:Soviet Airborne Forces 14744:Destruction battalions 13609:(second father-in-law) 12863:Murder of Sergey Kirov 12738:Stalinist architecture 12624:Turkish Straits crisis 12147:71.6 (2019): 994–1012. 11708:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10856:Trotsky, Leon (1971). 9430:Lenin's Last Testament 9346:"Understanding Stalin" 9007:Marxism Beyond Marxism 8951:London Review of Books 8933:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049 8875:10.1080/09668139999056 8850:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. 8837:surely 'high' figures. 8181:Pipes, Richard (2003) 7985:Homkes, Brett (2004). 7768:Transaction Publishers 5306:, p. 71, 81, 307. 5164:Krieger, Joel (2013). 5011:Stalinist architecture 4800:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 4784: 4695: 4658:German Communist Party 4624: 4509:Stalinist Soviet Union 4482:Robert Vincent Daniels 4474: 4469:was the leader of the 4287: 4271: 4230:Seventeenth Congresses 4152:cult of the individual 4146:", delivered in 1956, 4139: 4086:Robert Vincent Daniels 4082:protective legislation 4070:equal rights for women 3956:historians, including 3946:revisionist historians 3870: 3719: 3566:Joseph Berger-Barzilai 3501:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 3393:anti-Soviet activities 3165: 3114: 2912: 2861:Industrial Party Trial 2794:, have criticized the 2697: 2586: 2574: 1966:French Communist Party 1876:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1185:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1100:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 618:Stalinist architecture 258:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 51: 34:. For other uses, see 14996:List of metro systems 14549:Collective leadership 13864:Dominant-party system 13630:William Wesley Peters 13175:Falsifiers of History 13098:Rootless cosmopolitan 12404:Rule as Soviet leader 12178:82.4 (2018): 555–567. 12176:Science & Society 12164:50.4 (2017): 289–302. 12029:Ree, Erik Van. 2002. 11849:10.1353/lac.2012.0009 11530:Stalin: A New History 11268:20 March 2017 at the 10957:Schwanitz, Dietrich. 10829:North, David (2010). 10605:Hoxha, Enver (1979). 10514:12.4 (2011): 391–411. 10004:In Defence of Marxism 9665:Lenin's Last Struggle 9304:Modern History Review 8166:Comment on Wheatcroft 7923:Yale University Press 7524:Yale University Press 7070:Pisch, Anita (2016). 6378:Google Print, pp. 8–9 5787:Suny, Ronald (1998). 5143:. Orion. p. 15. 4775: 4687: 4680:Other interpretations 4632:Trotskyist historian 4619: 4582:Social Democrats, USA 4465: 4357:in 1956, instituting 4284:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4277: 4266: 4156:collective leadership 4130: 4105:that featured former 3868: 3823:Further information: 3710: 3466:Stephen G. Wheatcroft 3217:Purges and executions 3160: 3109: 2915:"Cybernetics" in the 2905: 2901:Korets–Landau leaflet 2776:counter-revolutionary 2693: 2580: 2565: 2489:Rise of Joseph Stalin 2483:Further information: 2381:counter-revolutionary 2375:"), and those of the 2357:enemies of the people 2316:(until 1939), forced 1986:Nepal Communist Party 1609:Nicaraguan Revolution 1245:Mengistu Haile Mariam 863:Democratic centralism 853:Collective leadership 693:Soviet–Albanian split 628:Anti-Soviet agitation 598:Rise of Joseph Stalin 46: 14958:Net material product 14901:Censorship of images 14818:Political repression 14778:Soviet Border Troops 14711:First Deputy Premier 14295:1965 economic reform 14290:Soviet space program 13651:Stalin's house, Gori 13582:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 13510:Besarion Jughashvili 13451:Batumi Stalin Museum 13362:Nineteen Eighty-Four 13113:Censorship of images 12792:Crimes, repressions, 12495:1931 Menshevik Trial 12476:First five-year plan 12154:36.1 (2017): 55–72. 12152:Central Asian Survey 12138:Debates on Stalinism 12093:Stalin and Stalinism 12051:Tismăneanu, Vladimir 12024:Stalin and Stalinism 11981:Groys, Boris. 2014. 11294:2 April 2017 at the 11178:Kolesnikov, Andrei. 10803:Cliff, Tony (1948). 10578:Hoxha, Enver Halil. 10539:, "The Stalin Cult' 9770:Leninism Under Lenin 9374:Communism: A History 8676:on February 27, 2009 8405:. New York. p. 210. 6804:Revolutionary Russia 6041:, p. 150. From 5251:(January 17, 2012). 5027:The Stalinist Legacy 4566:orthodox Trotskyists 4540:Bolshevik Revolution 4090:patriotic propaganda 3734:(NEP) and adopted a 3681:to their homelands. 3568:, co-founder of the 3514:resisted the order. 3275:Metro-Vickers Affair 3191:Class-based violence 3069:Defence of Tsaritsyn 3047:. British historian 2926:theory of relativity 2881:1931 Menshevik Trial 2657:permanent revolution 2630:capitalist countries 2527:permanent revolution 2361:political dissidents 2342:communist revolution 2209:Socialism portal 2185:Communism portal 1604:Black power movement 1574:Non-Aligned Movement 945:Socialist patriotism 735:Socialism portal 723:Communism portal 638:Comparison to Nazism 388:First five-year plan 193:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky 15026:Academy of Sciences 14841:Population transfer 14785:Soviet Armed Forces 14648:Congress of Soviets 14629:Presidium/Politburo 14593:Soviet anti-Zionism 14442:West Siberian Plain 14320:Revolutions of 1989 14257:Great Patriotic War 14242:New Economic Policy 14051:Ecoauthoritarianism 13869:Illiberal democracy 13643:Stalin's residences 13590:Galina Dzhugashvili 13574:Svetlana Alliluyeva 13558:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 13485:Cultural depictions 13327:Anti-Stalinist left 13282:Shvernik Commission 13250:Pospelov Commission 13026:Population transfer 13001:1941 Red Army purge 12975:Suppressed research 12629:First Indochina War 12572:Great Patriotic War 12550:Moscow Peace Treaty 12414:Cult of personality 12211:Europe-Asia Studies 12193:Post-Soviet Affairs 12145:Europe-Asia Studies 12126:Europe-Asia Studies 12104:Scholarly articles 11992:13.1 (2021): 13–32. 11570:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 11156:Pew Research Center 11020:Europe-Asia Studies 10543:(2013) 75#4 p. 909. 10527:28.3 (1989): 41–68. 10321:Stalin: A Biography 10092:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 9192:. November 10, 2017 9159:10.5195/CBP.2001.89 9115:Wheatcroft, Stephen 8862:Europe-Asia Studies 8820:Europe-Asia Studies 8751:, pp. 904–906. 8647:Europe-Asia Studies 8426:History of Mongolia 8380:on October 14, 2007 8351:Europe-Asia Studies 8304:Europe-Asia Studies 8261:Europe-Asia Studies 8215:Keep, John (1997). 8141:Europe-Asia Studies 8010:Europe-Asia Studies 7558:, pp. 205–206. 7388:10.5195/CBP.2001.89 7337:Wheatcroft, Stephen 7321:. October 18, 2019. 7078:. ANU Press: 1–48. 6697:Wall Street Journal 6065:Stalin: A Biography 5757:(August 29, 2012). 5611:, pp. 208–209. 5468:on February 6, 2021 4921:Anti-Stalinist left 4875:Great Patriotic War 4532:means of production 4450:Anti-Stalinist Left 4430:Sino-Albanian split 4385:Maoism and Hoxhaism 4347:cult of personality 4062:universal education 3925:and introduced the 3825:Leninism after 1924 3761:on such matters as 3732:New Economic Policy 3533:groups, during the 3366:1934 Party Congress 3247:1941 Red Army Purge 3080:Cult of personality 2770:(as opposed to the 2551:cult of personality 2461:private enterprises 2421:forced deportations 2387:of such people and 2365:Soviet nationalists 2359:"), which included 2326:cult of personality 2197:Politics portal 2103:National Bolshevism 2093:Cult of personality 1629:Revolutions of 1989 1624:Naxalite insurgency 1614:Cultural Revolution 1500:Great Patriotic War 1355:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1315:Nur Muhammad Taraki 1022:Ho Chi Minh Thought 747:Politics portal 683:Sino-Albanian split 663:National Bolshevism 588:Anti-Stalinist left 460:First Indochina War 218:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 105:Cult of personality 15419:Types of socialism 14671:Military Collegium 14539:Capital punishment 14417:Caucasus Mountains 14330:Post-Soviet states 14210:Russian Revolution 13614:Alexander Svanidze 13542:Konstantin Kuzakov 13534:Yakov Dzhugashvili 13493:Apocalypse: Stalin 13466:Stalin Peace Prize 13461:State Stalin Prize 13164:"Ten Blows" speech 13151:Dizzy with Success 13061:Operation "Priboi" 13041:Operation "Lentil" 12994:1937 Soviet Census 12673:Sino-Soviet Treaty 12587:Potsdam Conference 12540:Invasion of Poland 12185:9.2 (2019): 9–23. 12091:Wood, Alan. 2004. 12047:(Routledge, 2017). 12033:. RoutledgeCurzon. 12026:(Routledge, 2019). 11996:Hoffmann, David L. 11378:Carell, P. 1974. 10208:10.1007/BF00818977 9053:, p. 724–725. 8888:Rosefielde, Steven 8399:Volkogonov, Dmitri 7893:Palgrave Macmillan 7862:Palgrave Macmillan 6843:The Russian Review 4947:Everyday Stalinism 4904:Tbilisi University 4896:Carnegie Endowment 4785: 4782:Solovetsky Islands 4754:British government 4732:British historian 4700:Dietrich Schwanitz 4696: 4650:German-Soviet pact 4556:mode of production 4475: 4288: 4272: 4211:Russian historian 4202:Sheila Fitzpatrick 4140: 3981:opposition parties 3933:, who, during the 3871: 3755:Sheila Fitzpatrick 3720: 3653:, Crimean Tatars, 3548:, Rudolf Klement, 3495:, and unleashed a 3243:Vinnytsia massacre 3195:Stalin blamed the 3166: 3148:Great Patrotic War 3115: 3074:October Revolution 3064:First Cavalry Army 2965:mathematical logic 2792:anarcho-communists 2645:October Revolution 2634:U.S. working class 2587: 2575: 2558:Stalinist policies 2465:Ford Motor Company 2379:who demonstrated " 1634:Nepalese Civil War 1594:Great Leap Forward 1522:Chinese Revolution 1195:Kaysone Phomvihane 910:People's democracy 848:Collective farming 668:National communism 303:Vladimir Kryuchkov 228:Vyacheslav Molotov 223:Valerian Kuybyshev 198:Kliment Voroshilov 52: 15341: 15340: 15305: 15304: 15297:Hammer and sickle 15239:and their groups 15237:Soviet dissidents 15016:Communist Academy 14933:Economic planning 14909: 14908: 14802:Soviet Air Forces 14721:Security services 14641:General Secretary 14624:Central Committee 14566:Political parties 14498:Brezhnev Doctrine 14493:Foreign relations 14450: 14449: 14391:Autonomous okrugs 14305:Soviet–Afghan War 14285:Sino-Soviet split 14227:Russian Civil War 14154: 14153: 14106:Democracy indices 13798:Absolute monarchy 13742: 13741: 13699:Kholodnaya Rechka 13396:Iosif Stalin tank 13317:Lenin's Testament 13292:Era of Stagnation 13093:Mingrelian Affair 13071:Forced settlement 13056:Operation "North" 13016:Soviet war crimes 12794:and controversies 12733:Socialist realism 12696: 12695: 12678:Tito–Stalin split 12577:Tehran Conference 12500:Spanish Civil War 12471:Chinese Civil War 12088:(Springer, 2018). 12065:Tucker, Robert C. 12007:The Stalinist Era 11890:978-0-393-30869-3 11873:Tucker, Robert C. 11827:978-0-393-02030-4 11812:Overy, Richard J. 11803:978-1-4000-4230-2 11779:978-0-520-20823-0 11746:978-0-14-312786-4 11715:978-0-312-17764-5 11694:978-0-300-16929-4 11673:978-0-521-44670-9 11652:978-0-521-33570-6 11628:978-1-4000-4005-6 11615:Gellately, Robert 11606:978-0-19-505001-1 11585:978-0-19-510459-2 11561:978-0-300-18281-1 11540:978-1-139-44663-1 11519:978-0-521-56676-6 11481:978-0-14-013564-0 11455:978-0-7146-5050-0 11436:978-0-415-18298-0 11417:978-0-7679-0056-0 11358:Nikita Khrushchev 11222:. April 18, 2019. 11136:978-0-691-22812-9 11063:978-0-8014-4629-0 10992:978-0-19-504361-7 10968:Gulag Archipelago 10963:industrial slaves 10944:978-0-7486-0317-6 10919:978-1-893638-97-6 10894:978-1-893638-97-6 10869:978-0-87348-136-6 10842:978-1-893638-05-1 10750:978-1-78168-721-5 10723:978-0-300-13724-8 10696:978-1-00-070651-2 10669:978-0-300-13493-3 10642:978-1-893638-97-6 10537:David L. Hoffmann 10497:978-0-8108-6671-3 10465:978-1-78663-428-3 10438:978-1-78663-428-3 10411:978-90-474-2360-7 10385:978-0-19-957506-0 10358:978-963-386-678-8 10331:978-0-674-01697-2 10304:978-1-350-14220-6 10277:978-0-521-65629-0 10250:978-0-8131-7074-9 10176:978-0-300-13493-3 10140:978-1-893638-96-9 10115:978-0-521-72397-8 10030:978-0-87348-192-2 9984:978-1-317-86780-7 9957:978-0-271-02861-3 9908:978-1-134-92607-7 9881:978-1-134-92607-7 9854:978-0-470-69282-0 9807:978-0-7864-5647-5 9780:978-0-85036-261-9 9750:978-0-14-020749-1 9725:978-1-893638-97-6 9700:978-0-7486-0317-6 9675:978-0-472-03052-1 9625:978-0-13-097852-3 9598:978-0-394-70747-1 9571:978-1-349-24848-3 9544:978-0-300-13493-3 9482:978-1-78168-721-5 9455:978-0-670-85916-0 9389:978-0-8129-6864-4 9326:, Anchor, (1997) 9310:(1): 16–19. 1990. 9243:. August 31, 2015 9130:978-0-230-27397-9 8989:978-1-78168-721-5 8735:978-1-4165-9427-7 8708:978-1-78168-721-5 8624:978-1-136-15747-9 8597:978-0-674-02530-1 8570:978-1-399-06395-1 8543:978-1-134-90996-4 8490:978-1-881318-15-6 8463:978-1-317-46010-7 8436:978-99929-0-038-3 8249:Wheatcroft, S. G. 8091:978-1-4985-9153-9 8064:978-1-00-095544-6 7965:978-0-521-25921-7 7902:978-1-4039-0119-4 7871:978-1-4039-0119-4 7753:Tucker, Robert C. 7662:978-0-19-162284-7 7635:978-1-317-86369-4 7608:978-0-19-965566-3 7352:978-0-230-27397-9 7263:978-1-5063-0836-4 7236:978-0-19-956098-1 7209:978-0-300-18281-1 7182:978-1-135-78604-5 7155:978-1-107-02388-8 7120:978-1-76046-062-4 7085:978-1-76046-062-4 7051:978-93-90742-78-3 7024:978-1-317-99684-2 6997:978-1-317-99684-2 6970:978-1-317-99684-2 6924:978-1-78912-348-7 6897:978-1-78912-348-7 6784:978-1-136-79864-1 6757:978-1-136-79864-1 6730:978-1-85109-524-7 6676:978-0-8135-2087-2 6620:Soyfer, Valery N. 6592:978-0-7867-5186-0 6510:978-0-8050-7134-4 6483:978-0-06-042509-8 6456:978-3-540-78126-4 6429:978-0-8021-8986-8 6402:978-0-8021-8986-8 6320:(22): 5371–5376. 6294:978-0-262-57225-5 6267:978-1-4008-7780-5 6240:978-0-8412-3310-2 6213:978-0-8078-9905-2 6183:978-1-351-86445-9 6156:978-0-674-77966-2 6129:978-0-8047-4209-2 6102:978-1-349-21447-1 6075:978-0-674-01697-2 6024:978-0-231-10786-0 5990:978-0-521-25514-1 5919:978-0-7139-9945-7 5892:978-0-684-83420-7 5832:978-1-134-80602-7 5740:978-0-393-93040-5 5528:978-1-351-61717-8 5444:978-0-691-15429-9 5415:978-0-7658-0821-9 5387:978-0-674-04699-3 5356:978-0-691-15429-9 5290:978-0-631-18082-1 5277:Bottomore, Thomas 5262:978-0-300-16952-2 5234:978-0-19-500273-7 5204:978-0-521-52936-5 5177:978-0-19-973859-5 5150:978-0-297-86384-7 5123:978-0-14-020757-6 5093:978-1-135-04396-4 5066:978-0-521-56521-9 4993:Stalin's Peasants 4788:David L. Hoffmann 4738:common occurrence 4654:Central Committee 4487:violent uprooting 4410:Sino-Soviet split 4379:Sino-Soviet split 4339:David L. Hoffmann 4311:anti-intellectual 4280:Winston Churchill 4148:Nikita Khrushchev 4103:economic planning 4096:and traditional, 4051:with the deposed 4045:Soviet government 4025:counter-communism 3997:Lenin's Testament 3977:General Secretary 3970:Central Committee 3939:Russian Civil War 3931:Felix Dzerzhinsky 3874:Dmitri Volkogonov 3763:industrialisation 3671:Nikita Khrushchev 3550:Alexander Kutepov 3542:Yevhen Konovalets 3535:Spanish Civil War 3485:Ivan the Terrible 3351:Gulag labor camps 3185:Nikita Khrushchev 3174:Lenin's embalming 3162:Stalin's monument 3111:Soviet Azerbaijan 3045:Lenin's Testament 2999:Socialist realism 2885:Pavlovian session 2784:communist regimes 2768:proletarian state 2758:Proletarian state 2715:Politburo members 2638:labor aristocracy 2636:"bourgeoisified" 2615:industrialization 2569:intended to show 2507:Central Committee 2503:General Secretary 2473:state enterprises 2453:industrial cities 2330:communist parties 2310:industrialization 2245: 2244: 1584:Sino-Soviet split 1490:Spanish Civil War 1410:Guerrilla Warfare 1372:Theoretical works 1290:Władysław Gomułka 1270:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1220:Nikos Zachariadis 1140:Nikita Khrushchev 1120:Palmiro Togliatti 890:Labor aristocracy 868:Dialectical logic 783: 782: 698:Tito–Stalin split 688:Sino–Soviet split 420:Spanish Civil War 403:Industrialisation 330:Theoretical works 298:Nicolae Ceauşescu 278:Nikos Zachariadis 203:William Z. Foster 150:Socialist realism 16:(Redirected from 15431: 15399:Marxism–Leninism 15374:Authoritarianism 15369:Anti-revisionism 15331: 15330: 15320: 15319: 15318: 15068: 15067: 14976: 14831:Collectivization 14576:Marxism–Leninism 14461: 14460: 14350: 14349: 14181: 14174: 14167: 14158: 14157: 14005:Marxism–Leninism 13886:Managerial state 13769: 13762: 13755: 13746: 13745: 13732: 13731: 13634: 13626: 13618: 13617:(brother-in-law) 13610: 13606:Sergei Alliluyev 13602: 13598:Joseph Alliluyev 13594: 13586: 13578: 13570: 13562: 13554: 13546: 13538: 13530: 13522: 13514: 13416:Pantheon, Moscow 13374:The Soviet Story 13348:Darkness at Noon 13237:De-Stalinization 13088:Leningrad Affair 12821:Decossackization 12619:1946 Iran crisis 12582:Yalta Conference 12454:Collectivization 12379: 12378: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12316: 12315: 12246:8 (2019): 1–17. 11944:Deutscher, Isaac 11934:Conquest, Robert 11894: 11882: 11868: 11831: 11807: 11783: 11761: 11750: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11698: 11677: 11656: 11632: 11610: 11589: 11565: 11544: 11523: 11499: 11490:Conquest, Robert 11485: 11459: 11440: 11421: 11407:Gulag: A History 11387: 11371: 11365: 11350: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11319:. 5 March 2013. 11309: 11303: 11285: 11279: 11275:The Moscow Times 11259: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11120: 11114: 11103: 11097: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11049: 11043: 11026:(7): 1152–1172. 11012: 11006: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10978: 10972: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10826: 10820: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10769:www.marxists.org 10761: 10755: 10754: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10584:From Marx to Mao 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10550: 10544: 10534: 10528: 10521: 10515: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10202:(1/3): 159–188. 10187: 10181: 10180: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10050:www.marxists.org 10041: 10035: 10034: 10014: 10008: 10007: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9933:. pp. 1–65. 9924: 9913: 9912: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9839:Meade, Teresa A. 9835: 9829: 9828: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9764: 9755: 9754: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9646: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9502:History Workshop 9493: 9487: 9486: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9402:George Leggett, 9400: 9394: 9393: 9377: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9341: 9335: 9321:Edvard Radzinsky 9318: 9312: 9311: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9291:. pp. 83–4. 9287:Pipes, Richard. 9284: 9278: 9277: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9161: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9107: 9101: 9100:. History Place. 9095: 9089: 9088: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9033:(2000). p. 101. 9024: 9018: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8942: 8936: 8927:123(3):1049–51. 8912: 8906: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8858: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8826:(7): 1317–1319. 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8794: 8788: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8675: 8669:. Archived from 8644: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8420: 8414: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8373:. Archived from 8342: 8336: 8335: 8301: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8257: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234:10.4000/chs.1014 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8179: 8173: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8138: 8129: 8123: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8016:(7): 1151–1172. 8001: 7995: 7994: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7940: 7934: 7916: 7907: 7906: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7851: 7845: 7826: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7734:on June 11, 2008 7730:. Archived from 7724: 7718: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7513: 7507: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7390: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7309: 7294:Sémelin, Jacques 7291: 7285: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7067: 7056: 7055: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6718: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6636:10.1038/35088598 6616: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6386: 6380: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6329: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5949: 5943: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5853: 5846:Deutscher, Isaac 5843: 5837: 5836: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5794: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5697: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5568: 5562: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5512: 5506: 5505:, p. 70-79. 5500: 5494: 5493:, p. 70-71. 5488: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5219:Deutscher, Isaac 5215: 5209: 5208: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5050: 4954:Leningrad Affair 4744:, including the 4723:Benito Mussolini 4670:Polish Communist 4628: 4598:state capitalism 4586:social democrats 4584:, identified as 4399:anti-revisionism 4359:de-Stalinization 4298:highlighted the 4043:against the new 4019:, Stalinism and 3954:dissident Soviet 3911:internment camps 3856:Edvard Radzinsky 3831:Marxism–Leninism 3767:collectivisation 3628:invading Germans 3562:Andréu Nin Pérez 3512:Peljidiin Genden 3437:Great Depression 3374:Grigory Zinoviev 3317: 3308: 3299: 3123:Right Opposition 2979:Pseudoscientific 2920: 2889:Law of Spikelets 2803:social democracy 2752:world revolution 2744:Right Opposition 2740:autocratic ruler 2701: 2543:Lazar Kaganovich 2417:ethnic cleansing 2350:de-Stalinization 2332:to those of the 2312:, the theory of 2270:Marxist–Leninist 2263: 2257: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2207: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2140:State capitalism 1564:De-Stalinization 1345:Gennady Zyuganov 1325:Rohana Wijeweera 1180:Klement Gottwald 1175:Valko Chervenkov 1160:Lazar Kaganovich 836:Central planning 831:Anti-revisionism 826:Anti-imperialism 808: 798:Marxism–Leninism 785: 784: 775: 768: 761: 745: 744: 733: 732: 721: 720: 719: 593:De-Stalinization 565:The Other Russia 480:De-Stalinization 398:Collectivisation 313:Gennady Zyuganov 268:Valko Chervenkov 253:Lazar Kaganovich 125:Marxism–Leninism 100:Collectivization 95:Anti-revisionism 77: 54: 53: 32:Marxism–Leninism 21: 15439: 15438: 15434: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15429: 15428: 15409:Totalitarianism 15359:Anti-capitalism 15344: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15316: 15314: 15301: 15249: 15223: 15143: 15057: 15002: 14974: 14948:Internet domain 14943:Five-year plans 14905: 14872: 14812: 14715: 14677: 14609:Communist Party 14597: 14556:Passport system 14446: 14422:European Russia 14400: 14339: 14280:Khrushchev Thaw 14259:(World War II) 14237:Creation treaty 14191: 14185: 14155: 14150: 14094: 13944: 13911:Socialist state 13896:One-party state 13815:Communist state 13786: 13773: 13743: 13738: 13720: 13716:Stalin's bunker 13666:Room at Kremlin 13656:Tiflis Seminary 13637: 13632: 13624: 13616: 13608: 13600: 13593:(granddaughter) 13592: 13584: 13576: 13568: 13560: 13552: 13550:Artyom Sergeyev 13544: 13536: 13528: 13520: 13512: 13498: 13480: 13384: 13342:True Communists 13305: 13303: 13296: 13260:Khrushchev Thaw 13231: 13198:Stalin's poetry 13117: 12985:Japhetic theory 12923:Medvedev Forest 12816:Georgian Affair 12793: 12787: 12748:Five-year plans 12692: 12661:Berlin Blockade 12651:Greek Civil War 12440:August Uprising 12428: 12409:Political views 12374: 12368: 12348: 12343: 12299:"Joseph Stalin" 12285: 12254:Primary sources 12236:8 (2019): 1–6. 12013:Kotkin, Stephen 11908: 11902: 11900:Further reading 11897: 11891: 11828: 11804: 11780: 11766:Kotkin, Stephen 11747: 11731:Kotkin, Stephen 11720: 11718: 11716: 11695: 11674: 11653: 11629: 11607: 11586: 11562: 11541: 11520: 11482: 11456: 11437: 11418: 11402:Applebaum, Anne 11396: 11391: 11390: 11372: 11368: 11354:Anastas Mikoyan 11351: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11336: 11326: 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(2012). 5431:Service, Robert 5427: 5423: 5416: 5402:Greeley, Andrew 5399: 5395: 5388: 5374:Service, Robert 5371: 5364: 5357: 5345:, eds. (2012). 5343:Service, Robert 5339: 5335: 5328: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5016:State socialism 4916: 4879:post-Soviet era 4851: 4845: 4752:to that of the 4742:Russian history 4707:Peter the Great 4682: 4638:Left Opposition 4630: 4626: 4592:. In the U.K., 4590:neoconservatism 4572:opposed to the 4507:argue that the 4471:Left Opposition 4460: 4444:Main articles: 4442: 4434:Josip Broz Tito 4387: 4329:'s philosophy. 4306:inspiration". 4296:Isaac Deutscher 4261: 4253:Main articles: 4251: 4206:totalitarianism 4074:sexual equality 4005:Isaac Deutscher 3995:had improved. 3927:one-party state 3919:Communist Party 3882:Khrushchev Thaw 3827: 3821: 3812: 3787:Robert Conquest 3782:Fredric Jameson 3759:Left Opposition 3740:socialist state 3736:planned economy 3705: 3689:Main articles: 3687: 3685:Economic policy 3612: 3580:Main articles: 3578: 3546:Ignace Poretsky 3345:As head of the 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3289: 3221:Main articles: 3219: 3193: 3170:Isaac Deutscher 3104: 3084:Main articles: 3082: 2995:cultural sphere 2922: 2914: 2903: 2837:August Uprising 2835:Main articles: 2833: 2772:bourgeois state 2760: 2703: 2699: 2611:totalitarianism 2581:Members of the 2560: 2535: 2491: 2481: 2442:, the need for 2399:camps known as 2346:Khrushchev Thaw 2241: 2201: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2169: 2165:Totalitarianism 2145:State socialism 2075: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2019: 2011: 2010: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1647: 1639: 1638: 1507:Greek Civil War 1438: 1430: 1429: 1389: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1305:Mathieu Kérékou 1205:Leonid Brezhnev 1170:Bolesław Bierut 1165:Georgi Dimitrov 1150:Josip Broz Tito 1145:Walter Ulbricht 1075: 1067: 1066: 1007: 999: 998: 900:One-party state 885:under socialism 884: 816: 779: 739: 727: 717: 715: 708: 707: 703:Totalitarianism 583: 575: 574: 505: 497: 496: 490:Khrushchev Thaw 435:Greek Civil War 371: 363: 362: 342: 331: 323: 322: 318:Aleksandr Dugin 273:Georgy Malenkov 248:Walter Ulbricht 238:Bolesław Bierut 208:Georgi Dimitrov 183: 175: 174: 110:Five-year plans 85: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15437: 15427: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15325: 15310: 15307: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15257: 15255: 15251: 15250: 15248: 15247: 15246: 15245: 15233: 15231: 15225: 15224: 15222: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15185: 15184: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15153: 15151: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15082: 15077: 15071: 15065: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15055: 15054: 15053: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15012: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14998: 14993: 14991:Rail transport 14988: 14986:Railway system 14978: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14919: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14882: 14880: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14859: 14858: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14822: 14820: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14775: 14765: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14736: 14731: 14725: 14723: 14717: 14716: 14714: 14713: 14708: 14706:Deputy Premier 14703: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14689:Heads of state 14685: 14683: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14675: 14674: 14673: 14663: 14657: 14654:Supreme Soviet 14651: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14631: 14621: 14616: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14571:State ideology 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14530: 14529: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14507: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14490: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14478: 14467: 14465: 14458: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14444: 14439: 14437:Ural Mountains 14434: 14429: 14427:North Caucasus 14424: 14419: 14414: 14408: 14406: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14387: 14386: 14376: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14358: 14356: 14347: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14271: 14270: 14265: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14207: 14201: 14199: 14193: 14192: 14184: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14161: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14102: 14100: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14075: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14063: 14053: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14041: 14031: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14017: 14012: 14007: 13997: 13996: 13995: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13943: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13935: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13866: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13837: 13835:Constitutional 13832: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13800: 13794: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13772: 13771: 13764: 13757: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13627: 13619: 13611: 13603: 13595: 13587: 13579: 13571: 13563: 13555: 13547: 13539: 13531: 13523: 13515: 13506: 13504: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13496: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13471:Stalin Society 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13411:Stalin statues 13408: 13403: 13398: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13370: 13365: 13358: 13351: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13312:Stalin Epigram 13308: 13306: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13262: 13257: 13255:Rehabilitation 13252: 13247: 13241: 13239: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13183: 13178: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13133: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13074: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13033: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12991: 12982: 12977: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12875: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12831:Wittorf affair 12828: 12826:Dekulakization 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12797: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12768:New Soviet man 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12542: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12467: 12466: 12461: 12451: 12442: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12360: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12302: 12296: 12284: 12283:External links 12281: 12280: 12279: 12270: 12251: 12250: 12240: 12230: 12214: 12207: 12200: 12189: 12179: 12172: 12165: 12158: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12117: 12101: 12100: 12089: 12082: 12072: 12062: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12010: 12003: 11993: 11986: 11985:. Verso Books. 11979: 11970:Figes, Orlando 11967: 11960: 11957:Late Stalinism 11953: 11941: 11931: 11924: 11904:Main article: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11889: 11869: 11843:(2): 145–175. 11832: 11826: 11808: 11802: 11784: 11778: 11762: 11751: 11745: 11727: 11714: 11699: 11693: 11678: 11672: 11657: 11651: 11637:Getty, J. Arch 11633: 11627: 11611: 11605: 11590: 11584: 11566: 11560: 11545: 11539: 11524: 11518: 11500: 11486: 11480: 11460: 11454: 11441: 11435: 11427:The Stalin Era 11422: 11416: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11366: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11304: 11280: 11251: 11225: 11207: 11185: 11170: 11142: 11135: 11115: 11098: 11081: 11069: 11062: 11044: 11007: 10998: 10991: 10973: 10950: 10943: 10925: 10918: 10900: 10893: 10875: 10868: 10848: 10841: 10821: 10796: 10774: 10756: 10749: 10729: 10722: 10702: 10695: 10675: 10668: 10648: 10641: 10623: 10597: 10580:"The Titoites" 10570: 10545: 10529: 10516: 10503: 10496: 10471: 10464: 10444: 10437: 10417: 10410: 10391: 10384: 10364: 10357: 10337: 10330: 10310: 10303: 10283: 10276: 10256: 10249: 10229: 10182: 10175: 10146: 10139: 10121: 10114: 10088:Geyer, Michael 10079: 10067: 10055: 10036: 10029: 10009: 9990: 9983: 9963: 9956: 9936: 9914: 9907: 9887: 9880: 9860: 9853: 9830: 9813: 9806: 9786: 9779: 9756: 9749: 9731: 9724: 9706: 9699: 9681: 9674: 9654: 9631: 9624: 9604: 9597: 9577: 9570: 9550: 9543: 9523: 9488: 9481: 9461: 9454: 9434: 9421: 9419:, Verso, 1981. 9415:Roy Medvedev, 9408: 9395: 9388: 9362: 9336: 9313: 9294: 9279: 9272: 9254: 9228: 9203: 9177: 9152:(1506): 1–65. 9136: 9129: 9111:Davies, Robert 9102: 9090: 9075: 9055: 9043: 9019: 8995: 8988: 8968: 8937: 8907: 8892:Red Holocaust. 8880: 8869:(2): 315–345. 8841: 8810: 8789: 8768: 8766:, p. 130. 8753: 8741: 8734: 8714: 8707: 8687: 8630: 8623: 8603: 8596: 8576: 8569: 8549: 8542: 8522: 8496: 8489: 8469: 8462: 8442: 8435: 8415: 8391: 8337: 8310:(6): 1143–59. 8287: 8268:(8): 1319–53. 8240: 8207: 8205:, p. 584. 8203:Applebaum 2003 8195: 8174: 8158: 8124: 8097: 8090: 8070: 8063: 8043: 7996: 7977: 7964: 7935: 7908: 7901: 7877: 7870: 7846: 7821: 7804: 7792: 7790:, p. 338. 7780: 7745: 7719: 7692: 7690:, p. 456. 7680: 7678:, p. 160. 7668: 7661: 7641: 7634: 7614: 7607: 7587: 7585:, p. 182. 7572: 7570:, p. 207. 7560: 7548: 7546:, p. 204. 7536: 7508: 7476: 7472:Gellately 2007 7464: 7448:Figes, Orlando 7437: 7415:Getty, J. Arch 7406: 7381:(1506): 1–65. 7365: 7351: 7333:Davies, Robert 7324: 7310: 7286: 7269: 7262: 7242: 7235: 7215: 7208: 7188: 7181: 7161: 7154: 7134: 7129:j.ctt1q1crzp.8 7119: 7099: 7094:j.ctt1q1crzp.6 7084: 7072:"Introduction" 7057: 7050: 7030: 7023: 7003: 6996: 6976: 6969: 6949: 6946:. p. 802. 6930: 6923: 6903: 6896: 6876: 6855:10.2307/126074 6829: 6790: 6783: 6763: 6756: 6736: 6729: 6703: 6682: 6675: 6657: 6630:(9): 723–729. 6608: 6591: 6571: 6536:(4): 486–519. 6530:World Politics 6516: 6509: 6489: 6482: 6462: 6455: 6435: 6428: 6408: 6401: 6381: 6357: 6300: 6293: 6273: 6266: 6246: 6239: 6219: 6212: 6189: 6182: 6162: 6155: 6135: 6128: 6108: 6101: 6081: 6074: 6054: 6030: 6023: 6003: 5989: 5969: 5952:Price, Wayne. 5944: 5925: 5918: 5898: 5891: 5871: 5854: 5838: 5831: 5811: 5802: 5779: 5746: 5739: 5723:Gilbert, Felix 5714: 5712:, p. 164. 5699: 5690:, p. 210. 5680: 5671:, p. 211. 5661: 5652:, p. 261. 5642: 5633:, p. 209. 5620: 5601: 5592:, p. 357. 5582: 5573:, p. 352. 5563: 5544: 5527: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5450: 5443: 5421: 5414: 5404:, ed. (2009). 5393: 5386: 5362: 5355: 5333: 5326: 5308: 5296: 5289: 5268: 5261: 5240: 5233: 5210: 5203: 5183: 5176: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5099: 5092: 5072: 5065: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Stalin Society 5003: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4863:militarisation 4847:Main article: 4844: 4843:Public opinion 4841: 4778:St. Petersburg 4734:Michael Ellman 4681: 4678: 4618: 4548:Ramón Mercader 4521:bureaucratized 4441: 4438: 4386: 4383: 4363:liberalization 4323:Helena Sheehan 4292:historiography 4250: 4247: 4239:foreign policy 4173:Boris Bazhanov 4161:Old Bolsheviks 4098:military ranks 4037:Marcel Liebman 3952:and otherwise 3901:Proponents of 3860:Stephen Kotkin 3851:Robert Service 3843:historiography 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3792:Stephen Kotkin 3775:heavy industry 3728:mixed-economic 3686: 3683: 3647:Soviet Koreans 3640:Crimean Tatars 3577: 3574: 3470:Sovietological 3429:ethnic Germans 3407:Vasili Blokhin 3325:Lavrenty Beria 3322: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3259:Katyn massacre 3251:Leningrad case 3218: 3215: 3192: 3189: 3102:The Third Blow 3081: 3078: 2983:Trofim Lysenko 2904: 2849:Dekulakization 2832: 2829: 2780:full communism 2759: 2756: 2692: 2661:Russian Empire 2622:Vladimir Lenin 2607:Right Tendency 2605:(the "Party's 2571:Vladimir Lenin 2567:Modified photo 2559: 2556: 2534: 2531: 2480: 2477: 2469:Soviet economy 2425:Robert Service 2409:Dekulakization 2389:their families 2348:, a period of 2338:vanguard party 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2160:Third-Worldism 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2120: 2115: 2113:Post-communism 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2062:Anti-communism 2059: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2018:Related topics 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1707:Czechoslovakia 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300:Thomas Sankara 1297: 1292: 1287: 1285:Erich Honecker 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235:Agostinho Neto 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1200:Khalid Bakdash 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1130:Võ Nguyên Giáp 1127: 1122: 1117: 1115:Maurice Thorez 1112: 1107: 1105:Ehmetjan Qasim 1102: 1097: 1095:Ernst Thälmann 1092: 1087: 1082: 1080:Vladimir Lenin 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 970: 969: 959: 958: 957: 952: 942: 937: 935:Social fascism 932: 930:Self-criticism 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 844: 843: 833: 828: 823: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 801: 800: 794: 793: 781: 780: 778: 777: 770: 763: 755: 752: 751: 750: 749: 737: 725: 710: 709: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 613:Stalin Society 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 584: 582:Related topics 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 416: 415: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 384: 383: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 308:Nina Andreyeva 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 263:Andrei Zhdanov 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Ernst Thälmann 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 140:Self-criticism 137: 132: 130:New Soviet man 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 63: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15436: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15334: 15326: 15324: 15323: 15312: 15311: 15308: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15283: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15244: 15241: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15194:Printed media 15192: 15190: 15187: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15150: 15146: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15128: 15127:Cyrillisation 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15095:Working class 15093: 15091: 15090:Soviet people 15088: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15060: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15009: 15005: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14938:Energy policy 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14879: 14875: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14752: 14749: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14680: 14672: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14666:Supreme Court 14664: 14661: 14658: 14655: 14652: 14649: 14646: 14642: 14639: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14611: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14591: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14453: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14407: 14403: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14269: 14268:The Holocaust 14266: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14198: 14194: 14189: 14182: 14177: 14175: 14170: 14168: 14163: 14162: 14159: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14091: 14090:Shōwa Statism 14088: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14029:Caesaropapism 14027: 14023: 14022: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13986: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13947: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13921:Islamic state 13919: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13776:Authoritarian 13770: 13765: 13763: 13758: 13756: 13751: 13750: 13747: 13735: 13727: 13726: 13723: 13717: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13689:Semyonovskoye 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13631: 13628: 13623: 13620: 13615: 13612: 13607: 13604: 13599: 13596: 13591: 13588: 13583: 13580: 13575: 13572: 13567: 13566:Vasily Stalin 13564: 13561:(second wife) 13559: 13556: 13553:(adopted son) 13551: 13548: 13543: 13540: 13535: 13532: 13527: 13526:Kato Svanidze 13524: 13519: 13516: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13501: 13495: 13494: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13387: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13352: 13350: 13349: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13322:Ryutin Affair 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13302:Criticism and 13299: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13218: 13216: 13215:Order No. 270 13213: 13211: 13210:Order No. 227 13208: 13206: 13205: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13108:Doctors' plot 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13066:Nazino affair 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13034: 13031: 13030:German–Soviet 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12989:Slavists case 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12955:Moscow Trials 12953: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12790: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12718:Korenizatsiya 12716: 12714: 12713:Neo-Stalinism 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12599:Ili Rebellion 12597: 12595: 12592: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12371: 12364: 12361: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12346:Joseph Stalin 12340: 12335: 12333: 12328: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12277: 12276: 12271: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12229:(3), 628–637. 12228: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12135: 12133:(3), 457–466. 12132: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12004: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11917:Bullock, Alan 11915: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11892: 11886: 11881: 11880: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11728: 11717: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11686: 11685: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11665: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11553: 11552: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11532: 11531: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11504:Davies, Sarah 11501: 11497: 11496: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11473: 11472:Penguin Books 11469: 11465: 11464:Bullock, Alan 11461: 11457: 11451: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11429:. Routledge. 11428: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11410:. Doubleday. 11409: 11408: 11403: 11399: 11398: 11385: 11381: 11376: 11370: 11363: 11362:Secret Speech 11359: 11355: 11349: 11345: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11284: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11258: 11256: 11240: 11236: 11229: 11221: 11217: 11211: 11195: 11189: 11181: 11174: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11138: 11132: 11128: 11127: 11119: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11078: 11073: 11065: 11059: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11002: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10946: 10940: 10936: 10929: 10921: 10915: 10911: 10904: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10879: 10871: 10865: 10861: 10860: 10852: 10844: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10825: 10818: 10817:9780906224441 10814: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10785: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10752: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10733: 10725: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10706: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10687: 10679: 10671: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10644: 10638: 10634: 10627: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10586:. p. 501 10585: 10581: 10574: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10542: 10541:The Historian 10538: 10533: 10526: 10520: 10513: 10507: 10499: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10481: 10475: 10467: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10448: 10440: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10421: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10402: 10395: 10387: 10381: 10377: 10376: 10368: 10360: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10341: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10314: 10306: 10300: 10296: 10295: 10287: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10260: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10241: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10186: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10142: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10117: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10044:Cliff, Tony. 10040: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9967: 9959: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9940: 9932: 9931: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9910: 9904: 9900: 9899: 9891: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9864: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9834: 9826: 9825: 9817: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9790: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9771: 9763: 9761: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9735: 9727: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9696: 9692: 9685: 9677: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9658: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9635: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9608: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9589: 9581: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9554: 9546: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9527: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9465: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9438: 9431: 9428:Moshe Lewin, 9425: 9418: 9412: 9405: 9399: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9375: 9366: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9332:0-385-47954-9 9329: 9325: 9322: 9317: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9290: 9283: 9275: 9273:0-631-13889-7 9269: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9132: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9076:0-19-506982-X 9072: 9068: 9067: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9039:0-393-04818-7 9036: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9015:0-415-91442-6 9012: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8947:"The Old Man" 8941: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8904: 8903:0-415-77757-7 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8838: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8785:0-313-30921-3 8782: 8778: 8772: 8765: 8764:Boobbyer 2000 8760: 8758: 8750: 8745: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8718: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8691: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8607: 8599: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8580: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8553: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8526: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8473: 8465: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8419: 8412: 8411:0-7615-0718-3 8408: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8357:(4): 663–93. 8356: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8235: 8230: 8227:(2): 91–112. 8226: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8191:0-8129-6864-6 8188: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8120:0-465-00239-0 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8074: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7931:0-300-12389-2 7928: 7924: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7904: 7898: 7895:. p. 6. 7894: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7850: 7843: 7842:1-59420-168-4 7839: 7835: 7834:Penguin Press 7831: 7825: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7776:0-7658-0483-2 7773: 7769: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7716: 7715:0-465-00239-0 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7677: 7676:Boobbyer 2000 7672: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7645: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7569: 7568:Brackman 2001 7564: 7557: 7556:Brackman 2001 7552: 7545: 7544:Brackman 2001 7540: 7533: 7532:0-300-03120-3 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7504:0-521-56521-9 7501: 7497: 7494:. Cambridge: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7460:0-8050-7461-9 7457: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7442: 7430:September 20, 7426: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7358:September 20, 7354: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7278:Joseph Stalin 7273: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7007: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6740: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6374:0-7100-7876-5 6371: 6367: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6007: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5902: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5815: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5783: 5776: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5670: 5665: 5657: 5651: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5541: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5429:Pons, Silvo; 5425: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5341:Pons, Silvo; 5337: 5329: 5327:0-674-01926-1 5323: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Soviet Empire 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4906:found 45% of 4905: 4901: 4898:found 38% of 4897: 4892: 4890: 4889:Levada Center 4886: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4867:Levada Center 4864: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4849:Neo-Stalinism 4840: 4838: 4837:Eric D. Weitz 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826:post–Cold War 4823: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4634:Vadim Rogovin 4629: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4552:Max Shachtman 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361:and relative 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351:Secret Speech 4348: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222:Moscow Trials 4219: 4214: 4213:Vadim Rogovin 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4181:George Novack 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144:Secret Speech 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094:Russification 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:Soviet Russia 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3966:foreign trade 3963: 3962:Orlando Figes 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950:post–Cold War 3947: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878:de-Stalinized 3875: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3847:Richard Pipes 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3816: 3810:Social issues 3807: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771:consumer base 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651:Volga Germans 3648: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554:Evgeny Miller 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385:Moscow Trials 3381: 3379: 3378:death penalty 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3199:for inciting 3198: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3060:mythologizing 3057: 3056:Stalin prizes 3052: 3050: 3049:Orlando Figes 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3033:In his book, 3031: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2897:Shakhty Trial 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853:Doctors' plot 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2748:Roy W. Howard 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Soviet Russia 2702: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495:Joseph Stalin 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:joint-venture 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:working class 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304:totalitarian 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:Joseph Stalin 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081:Mass killings 2079: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2067:Mass killings 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915:Organizations 1912: 1911: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1619:Prague Spring 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1360:Todor Zhivkov 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335:Harry Pollitt 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1295:Samora Machel 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260:Hardial Bains 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:Deng Xiaoping 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1155:Mátyás Rákosi 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1085:Joseph Stalin 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1042:Khrushchevism 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002: 995: 994:Unified power 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 968: 965: 964: 963: 960: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 915:Popular front 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 812: 811: 807: 803: 802: 799: 796: 795: 791: 787: 786: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 756: 754: 753: 748: 743: 738: 736: 731: 726: 724: 714: 713: 712: 711: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 623:Neo-Stalinism 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 579: 578: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 501: 500: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 470:Doctors' plot 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 414: 413:Moscow trials 411: 410: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 382: 379: 378: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 339: 337: 334: 333: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 243:Mátyás Rákosi 241: 239: 236: 234: 233:Harry Pollitt 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 188:Joseph Stalin 186: 185: 179: 178: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 135:Popular front 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Korenizatsiia 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 55: 49: 48:Joseph Stalin 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15364:Anti-fascism 15313: 15085:Demographics 15075:Antisemitism 14928:Central Bank 14846:Forced labor 14794:Spetsnaz GRU 14614:organisation 14585: 14522:Human rights 14471:Constitution 14354:Subdivisions 14246: 14232:Russian SFSR 14188:Soviet Union 14019: 14009: 13933:Majoritarian 13906:Police state 13874:Totalitarian 13839: 13825:Dictatorship 13780:totalitarian 13633:(son-in-law) 13625:(son-in-law) 13622:Yuri Zhdanov 13529:(first wife) 13518:Keke Geladze 13491: 13380:Antisemitism 13372: 13360: 13353: 13346: 13337:Kremlin Plot 13264: 13202: 13186: 13173: 13078:Tax on trees 13036:Deportations 12773:Stakhanovite 12707: 12634:Eastern Bloc 12535:World War II 12488: / 12375:and politics 12274: 12260: 12253: 12252: 12243: 12233: 12226: 12221: 12210: 12203: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12130: 12124: 12113:3.1 (2019). 12110: 12103: 12102: 12092: 12085: 12075: 12068: 12067:, ed. 2017. 12054: 12044: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12006: 11999: 11989: 11982: 11973: 11963: 11956: 11947: 11937: 11930:. Routledge. 11927: 11920: 11910: 11909: 11878: 11840: 11836: 11816: 11792: 11769: 11755: 11734: 11719:. Retrieved 11704: 11683: 11662: 11641: 11618: 11595: 11574: 11550: 11529: 11508: 11493: 11467: 11445: 11426: 11405: 11379: 11369: 11348: 11325:. Retrieved 11316: 11307: 11283: 11273: 11242:. Retrieved 11238: 11228: 11219: 11210: 11200:February 12, 11198:. Retrieved 11188: 11173: 11161:. Retrieved 11154: 11145: 11125: 11118: 11111:The Guardian 11110: 11101: 11094:The Guardian 11093: 11084: 11072: 11053: 11047: 11023: 11019: 11010: 11001: 10982: 10976: 10966: 10958: 10953: 10934: 10928: 10909: 10903: 10884: 10878: 10858: 10851: 10831: 10824: 10808: 10799: 10789:September 5, 10787:. Retrieved 10777: 10768: 10759: 10739: 10732: 10712: 10705: 10685: 10678: 10658: 10651: 10632: 10626: 10614:. Retrieved 10610: 10600: 10588:. Retrieved 10583: 10573: 10561:. Retrieved 10557: 10548: 10540: 10532: 10524: 10519: 10511: 10506: 10486: 10479: 10474: 10454: 10447: 10427: 10420: 10400: 10394: 10374: 10367: 10347: 10340: 10320: 10313: 10293: 10286: 10266: 10259: 10239: 10232: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10165: 10155:third period 10149: 10130: 10124: 10096: 10082: 10077:, p. 1. 10070: 10058: 10049: 10039: 10019: 10012: 10003: 9993: 9973: 9966: 9946: 9939: 9929: 9897: 9890: 9870: 9863: 9843: 9833: 9823: 9816: 9796: 9789: 9769: 9740: 9734: 9715: 9709: 9690: 9684: 9664: 9657: 9642: 9634: 9614: 9607: 9587: 9580: 9560: 9553: 9533: 9526: 9501: 9491: 9471: 9464: 9444: 9437: 9429: 9424: 9416: 9411: 9403: 9398: 9373: 9365: 9353:. Retrieved 9350:The Atlantic 9349: 9339: 9323: 9316: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9288: 9282: 9263: 9257: 9245:. Retrieved 9240: 9231: 9219:. Retrieved 9215: 9206: 9194:. Retrieved 9189: 9180: 9149: 9139: 9119: 9105: 9093: 9065: 9058: 9046: 9030: 9022: 9006: 8998: 8978: 8971: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8922: 8921:" (review). 8910: 8891: 8883: 8866: 8860: 8844: 8835: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8801:. Retrieved 8792: 8776: 8775:Pohl, Otto, 8771: 8749:Bullock 1962 8744: 8724: 8717: 8697: 8690: 8678:. Retrieved 8671:the original 8650: 8646: 8633: 8613: 8606: 8586: 8579: 8559: 8552: 8532: 8525: 8513:. Retrieved 8509: 8499: 8479: 8472: 8452: 8445: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8394: 8382:. Retrieved 8375:the original 8354: 8350: 8340: 8307: 8303: 8290: 8265: 8259: 8243: 8224: 8220: 8210: 8198: 8182: 8177: 8161: 8144: 8140: 8127: 8108: 8100: 8080: 8073: 8053: 8046: 8013: 8009: 7999: 7990: 7980: 7969:, retrieved 7947: 7938: 7919: 7887: 7880: 7856: 7849: 7829: 7824: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7736:. Retrieved 7732:the original 7722: 7703: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7651: 7644: 7624: 7617: 7597: 7590: 7563: 7551: 7539: 7519: 7511: 7491: 7484:Kershaw, Ian 7479: 7467: 7451: 7428:. Retrieved 7424:The Atlantic 7422: 7409: 7378: 7368: 7356:. Retrieved 7341: 7327: 7313: 7304:. New York: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7272: 7252: 7245: 7225: 7218: 7198: 7191: 7171: 7164: 7144: 7137: 7109: 7102: 7075: 7040: 7033: 7013: 7006: 6986: 6979: 6959: 6952: 6939: 6933: 6913: 6906: 6886: 6879: 6849:(1): 24–35. 6846: 6842: 6832: 6810:(1): 11–14. 6807: 6803: 6793: 6773: 6766: 6746: 6739: 6714: 6706: 6695: 6685: 6666: 6660: 6627: 6623: 6603: 6596:. Retrieved 6581: 6574: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6499: 6492: 6472: 6465: 6445: 6438: 6418: 6411: 6391: 6384: 6365: 6360: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6283: 6276: 6256: 6249: 6229: 6222: 6202: 6172: 6165: 6145: 6138: 6118: 6111: 6091: 6084: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6044: 6033: 6013: 6006: 5996:December 31, 5994:. Retrieved 5979: 5972: 5960:. Retrieved 5947: 5937: 5928: 5908: 5901: 5881: 5874: 5864: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5821: 5814: 5805: 5790: 5782: 5773: 5766:. 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Historian 4049:collaborated 4041:took up arms 4029: 4013:Pierre Broue 3983:such as the 3974: 3958:Roy Medvedev 3943: 3900: 3889: 3872: 3828: 3813: 3797: 3780: 3752: 3721: 3678: 3667: 3644: 3620:deportations 3616:World War II 3613: 3576:Deportations 3539: 3529:faction and 3516: 3497:bloody purge 3492: 3477:proscription 3474: 3446: 3419: 3411: 3398: 3382: 3362:Sergei Kirov 3359: 3355:NKVD troikas 3344: 3208: 3194: 3182: 3167: 3127:architecture 3116: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3034: 3032: 3021: 3015: 2992: 2981:theories of 2977: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2811:, a Chinese 2809:Sheng Shicai 2807: 2788:totalitarian 2761: 2717:, including 2704: 2698: 2694: 2642: 2626:Leon Trotsky 2619: 2603:Bukharinists 2588: 2538: 2536: 2523: 2492: 2463:such as the 2449:urbanization 2437: 2431:such as the 2397:forced labor 2354: 2306:police state 2280:by dictator 2278:1927 to 1953 2276:(USSR) from 2274:Soviet Union 2266:totalitarian 2247: 2246: 2135:Second World 1849:Turkmenistan 1784:Soviet Union 1724:East Germany 1547:2002–present 1517:Eastern Bloc 1495:World War II 1443:Soviet Union 1320:Alfonso Cano 1275:Gustáv Husák 1265:Sanzō Nosaka 1230:Fidel Castro 1135:Earl Browder 1056: 979:Third Period 445:Eastern Bloc 425:World War II 376:Soviet Union 283:Edward Ochab 160:Stakhanovite 66: 40: 15189:Phraseology 15134:Prohibition 15122:Linguistics 15107:Drug policy 15100:1989 census 15021:Cybernetics 14923:Agriculture 14836:Great Purge 14798:Soviet Navy 14790:Soviet Army 14662:(1989–1991) 14656:(1938–1991) 14650:(1922–1936) 14634:Secretariat 14505:Gun control 14412:Caspian Sea 14396:Closed city 14325:Dissolution 14310:Perestroika 14252:Great Purge 14073:Imperialism 14039:Enlightened 13993:Pinochetism 13881:Mafia state 13852:Proletarian 13841:Dictablanda 13389:Remembrance 13355:Animal Farm 13181:Stalin Note 12868:Great Purge 12836:Great Break 12728:Great Break 12449:(1928–1941) 12365:(1946–1953) 12359:(1922–1952) 12199:(1), 37–65. 12095:(2nd ed.). 10616:January 14, 10590:January 14, 9647:. pp. 9216:jacobin.com 9051:Kotkin 2014 8915:Healey, Dan 8112:Basic Books 7971:December 2, 7707:Basic Books 7688:Tucker 1992 7488:Moshe Lewin 6039:Peters 2012 5688:Sandle 1999 5669:Sandle 1999 5650:Sandle 1999 5631:Sandle 1999 5609:Sandle 1999 5552:"Communism" 5534:November 3, 5503:Kotkin 1997 5491:Kotkin 1997 5304:Kotkin 1997 4711:red fascism 4606:David North 4505:Trotskyists 4426:revisionism 4422:Enver Hoxha 4315:antisemitic 4290:In Western 4118:bottlenecks 4009:Moshe Lewin 3744:World War I 3715:during the 3675:Meskhetians 3450:mass graves 3404:executioner 3370:Lev Kamenev 3335:Right: the 3223:Great Purge 3201:reactionary 3143:iconography 3066:(1941) and 3009:along with 2945:linguistics 2937:cybernetics 2908:Cybernetics 2873:UPTI Affair 2821:Great Purge 2796:party-state 2764:wither away 2475:took over. 2405:Great Purge 2393:show trials 2369:bourgeoisie 2118:Red fascism 1779:South Yemen 1759:North Korea 1652:Afghanistan 1579:Vietnam War 1569:Warsaw Pact 1485:Great Purge 1470:Great Break 1340:Harpal Brar 1280:János Kádár 1250:Kim Il Sung 1225:Che Guevara 1190:Enver Hoxha 1125:Ho Chi Minh 984:Vanguardism 905:Partiinost' 678:Red fascism 643:Great Purge 408:Great Purge 393:Great Break 293:Kim Il Sung 288:Enver Hoxha 170:Vanguardism 115:Great Break 15348:Categories 15229:Opposition 15219:Television 15199:Propaganda 15172:Literature 15046:Naukograds 15041:Sharashkas 14975:(currency) 14953:Inventions 14896:Censorship 14826:Red Terror 14510:Government 14384:Autonomous 14367:Autonomous 14300:Stagnation 14263:Evacuation 14111:Deep state 13971:Khomeinism 13949:Ideologies 13891:Ochlocracy 13857:Right-wing 13830:Benevolent 13784:government 13704:Lake Ritsa 13684:Uspenskoye 13601:(grandson) 13585:(grandson) 13577:(daughter) 13332:Trotskyism 13304:opposition 12980:Lysenkoism 12666:Korean War 12545:Winter War 12433:Chronology 12424:Death toll 12389:Early life 12078:1 (2018). 12071:Routledge. 11978:. Picador. 11721:October 1, 8653:(6): 826. 8147:(6): 959. 7788:Overy 2004 7766:Studies). 7583:Overy 2004 7516:Kuper, Leo 6037:Quoted in 5852:(2nd ed.). 5768:August 27, 5472:October 6, 5035:References 4885:Lev Gudkov 4859:patriotism 4764:) and the 4719:Bolshevism 4668:and other 4610:stagnation 4594:Tony Cliff 4578:capitalist 4570:Third Camp 4564:, whereby 4446:Trotskyism 4440:Trotskyism 4390:Mao Zedong 4218:Opposition 4189:Tony Cliff 4169:scientific 4110:economists 4066:healthcare 4055:, or made 4021:Trotskyism 3985:Mensheviks 3915:Article 58 3907:Red Terror 3903:continuity 3886:autocratic 3724:Great Turn 3659:Kazakhstan 3624:Separatism 3523:Trotskyist 3389:Article 58 3235:Sandarmokh 3210:classicide 2988:Lysenkoism 2973:statistics 2957:psychology 2685:capitalist 2643:All other 2385:repression 2039:Trotskyism 2024:Bolshevism 1891:Montenegro 1871:Yugoslavia 1859:Uzbekistan 1844:Tajikistan 1819:Kyrgyzstan 1814:Kazakhstan 1794:Azerbaijan 1754:Mozambique 1646:By country 1554:Korean War 1350:Xi Jinping 1310:Siad Barre 1240:Lúcio Lara 1090:Mao Zedong 673:Patriotism 608:Stalin era 540:CARC Party 465:Korean War 15379:Communism 15354:Stalinism 15290:Republics 15278:Republics 15266:Republics 15117:Languages 14981:Transport 14863:Holodomor 14756:Militsiya 14694:President 14586:Stalinism 14488:Elections 14362:Republics 14345:Geography 14335:Nostalgia 14247:Stalinism 14141:Strongman 14034:Despotism 14010:Stalinism 13966:Francoism 13961:Chiangism 13916:Theocracy 13901:Oligarchy 13803:Autocracy 13782:forms of 13694:New Athos 12960:Hotel Lux 12943:Vinnytsia 12898:Chortkiv 12888:Berezwecz 12883:Berezhany 12851:Holodomor 12708:Stalinism 12646:Cominform 12382:Overviews 12169:Stalinism 12097:Routledge 11865:144363003 11796:. Knopf. 11705:Stalinism 11621:. Knopf. 11239:Bloomberg 10563:August 3, 10216:0039-3797 10075:Gill 1998 10063:Gill 1998 9510:0309-2984 9168:2163-839X 8963:0260-9592 8917:. 2018. " 8895:Routledge 8332:205667754 8185:, p. 67. 8030:0966-8136 7506:. p. 300. 7397:2163-839X 6863:0036-0341 6824:0954-6545 6566:146284128 6550:0043-8871 6352:235392946 6336:1948-7185 5934:Stalinism 5040:Citations 4908:Georgians 4900:Armenians 4804:Stalinism 4750:Holodomor 4729:fascism. 4674:Stalinist 4662:Hungarian 4642:Bulgarian 4614:breakdown 4517:communist 4513:socialist 4495:voluntary 4304:socialist 4245:matters. 4235:economics 4122:shortages 4107:Menshevik 3948:and many 3935:Bolshevik 3804:Holodomor 3748:Civil War 3695:Holodomor 3531:anarchist 3337:Politburo 3164:in Prague 2969:economics 2953:sociology 2865:Sharashka 2800:reformist 2713:by other 2711:blasphemy 2688:bourgeois 2673:Lithuania 2663:―such as 2649:Bolshevik 2599:socialist 2539:Stalinism 2537:The term 2533:Etymology 2440:communism 2433:Holodomor 2264:) is the 2261:Stalinizm 2256:Сталинизм 2248:Stalinism 2123:Red Scare 2108:New class 1926:Comintern 1886:Macedonia 1829:Lithuania 1676:Cambodia 1542:1989–2002 1537:1976–1989 1532:1949–1976 1463:1982–1991 1458:1964–1982 1453:1953–1964 1448:1927–1953 1255:Chin Peng 1110:José Díaz 1057:Stalinism 1017:Guevarism 1012:Castroism 967:Socialist 450:Cominform 381:1927–1953 67:Stalinism 18:Stalinist 15394:Leninism 15333:Category 14886:Religion 14773:Chairmen 14619:Congress 14581:Leninism 14561:Propiska 14456:Politics 14315:Glasnost 14275:Cold War 14215:February 14099:See also 13976:Putinism 13847:Military 13734:Category 13674:Kuntsevo 13521:(mother) 13513:(father) 12948:Zolochiv 12933:Valozhyn 12903:Kurapaty 12701:Concepts 12614:Cold War 12053:. 2003. 12015:. 1997. 11972:. 2008. 11946:. 1967. 11936:. 2008. 11919:. 1998. 11875:(1992). 11857:43737425 11814:(2004). 11790:(2004). 11768:(1997). 11733:(2014). 11639:(1987). 11617:(2007). 11572:(1996). 11506:(1997). 11492:(1991). 11466:(1962). 11404:(2003). 11384:E. 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